Paper Solution 2

Department of Civil Engineering, Darshan Institute of Engineering & Tech.
Rajkot
Assignment – 2
Design of Highway Pavement
Last date to % Weightage =35.64 Mark=

Total submit:30/8/2022
Sketches - 3 Mark 7 4 Mark Q 6 7 Mark 9
Q Q Q
Need to Sketches - 3 Mark 4 Mark Q 7 Mark
SR.write Q
Questions Q
Year Mar
1 Explain the flexible pavement components and functions of its. S2022 k3
2 State advantages and disadvantages of earth roads S2022 3

3 Explain ESWL. S2022 3
4 Explain IRC recommendations for design of dowel bars. S2022 3
5 Explain the term ‘Effective CBR’ W2021 3
6 What are warping stresses? How are they developed in CC pavements? W2020 3
7 What is an equivalent single axle load? How can it be determined? W2020 3
8 Differentiate between Flexible and rigid pavement with neat sketch S2022 4
9 Discuss different software available for design of pavement. S2022 4
As C.C. Pavement has a thickness of 18 cm and has two lanes of 7.2 m with S2022 4
a longitudinal joint along the centre. Design the dimensions and spacing of
10 the tie bar. Use of the following data: Allowable working stress in tension, Ss
= 1400 kg/cm2 ; Unit weight of concrete, W = 2400 kg/ m3 ; Coefficient of
friction = 1.5: Allowable bond stress in deformed bars = 24.6 kg/cm2 .
11 Draw the cross section of typical pavement and label components. W2021 4
12 Write a note on: Equivalent Wheel load factor W2021 4
13 State assumptions and limitations of Boussinesq’s theory W2020 4
14 Explain the procedure of design of rigid pavements as per IRC-58 guidelines. S2022 7
15 Explain the procedure of design of flexible pavements as per IRC-37 S2022 7
guidelines.
GTU Paper Solution of Pavement Design and Highway Construction Sem 5 Civil (GTU 3150613) 1
Department of Civil Engineering, Darshan Institute of Engineering & Tech. Rajkot
Design a concrete pavement for the following data as per the guidelines of 7
IRC 58 Design wheel load: 5000 kg Present traffic: 500 CV/day Design life: 20
o
16 years Traffic growth rate: 8% Temperature variation: 10 C Modulus of W2021
subgrade reaction K: 6 kg/cm3 Flexural strength of concrete: 40 kg/cm3
Modulus of elasticity E: 3 × 105 kg/cm2 Poisson’s ratio: 0.15 Co-efficient of
thermal expansion α: 10 × 10-6 / oC
17 Describe Group Index Method of flexible pavement design W2021 7
Design a flexible pavement for the following data using CBR method Traffic 7
density: 1000 CV/day Traffic growth rate: 8% per annum Road will be opened
18 for traffic after construction period of two years CBR value of WBM course: W2021
70% CBR value of Murum sub base: 40% Load at penetration of 5 mm: 90 kg
Load at penetration of 2.5 mm: 60 kg
19 Explain the concept of ESWL ? W2021 7
Mention various steps involved in mechanistic pavement design of W2020 7
20
bituminous pavements as per IRC 37
W2020 7
21 List the different stresses induced in cement concrete pavements. Discuss
the critical combination of these stresses.
A 2.5 cm diameter dowel bar is transferring a vertical load of 3500N across W2020 7
a 0.5 cm wide joint. Compute the dowel bar deflection at the edge of the
22 joint and the corresponding concrete bearing stresses. Can the concrete
handle this stress? Given, Kc of 100,000 MPa/m, Er of 200,000 MPa, and f c’
of 28 MPa.
1. Explain the flexible pavement components and functions of its.
Function of Subgrade
 The function of subgrade is to transfer the loads of upper layer of pavement to the
lower earth mass without deuteriation
Functions of granular sub base course
1. To increase the bearing capacity of subgrade.
2. To improve the drainage property of subgrade by arresting the capillary water.
3. To prevent the subgrade soil penetrating into the base course.
4. To protect the subgrade against frost action.
5. To drain off rain water entered into the pavement layers to the side drains.
Functions of base course:
1. Flexible pavements, to distribute the load coming from upper layers to the subbase and
sub grade To
2. increase the bearing capacity of the pavement
3. To prevent mud pumping in case of rigid pavement.
4. To protect the subgrade from frost action
5. To provide level surface for wearing course.
Function of wearing course
1. To give a smooth riding surface.
2. To prevent the entry of water into the lower layers by providing impermeable layer.
3. To prevent accumulation of dust or dirt on the road surface.
4. To transfer the wheel loads to the base course.

5. To reduce the friction between the tyre of vehicles and the road surface.
2. State advantages and disadvantages of Earth roads
Advantages of Earth roads
1. It is the cheapest type of road and can be constructed on a less budget.
2. Earthen materials are easily available.
3. Local people and materials are utilized during the construction.
4. Can be blacktopped easily whenever required.
5. Can be constructed in less time ( i.e., Fast Construction).
Dis-Advantages of Earth roads

1. Requires frequent maintenance ( mainly after heavy rainfall).
2. Dusty.
3. Can’t bear heavy loads.
4. Ruts are formed quickly.
3.Explain ESWL.
Equivalent single wheel load of the dual wheel load assembly at a depth (Z) may be defined as
single wheel load replacement of the dual wheel load assembly which will causes the same
magnitude of vertical deflection or same value of compressive stresses at the depth (Z).
The load dispersion is assumed to be

at an angle of 45°. In the dual wheel
assembly,
Let,
d = clear gap between the two
wheels,
S = spacing between centers of
wheels,
a = radius of the circular contact area
of each wheel
S = d + 2a
Up to the depth d/2 each wheel load P acts independently and below that the stress induced due
to each wheel load begins to overlap. At depth 2S and above, the stress induced are due to the
effect of both wheels as the are of overlap consider
4. Explain IRC recommendations for design of dowel bars.
5. Explain the term ‘Effective CBR’

 Composite strength of the subgrade and the embankment soil below it is termed as
EFFECTIVE CBR.
 This composite strength should be taken for design consideration rather than strength
of top 500mm.

6.What are warping stresses? How are they developed in CC pavements?
 Temperature differential between the top and bottom of the slab causes warping stress
in the pavement
 If the temperature of the upper surface of the slab is higher than the bottom surface then
top surface tends to expand and the bottom surface tends to contract resulting in
compressive stress at the top, tensile stress at bottom and vice versa

Day time responsible for Bottom Up Night time responsible for Top Down
Cracking (BUC) Cracking (TDC)
7. What is an equivalent single axle load?

Repeat Question …for answer refer Q No-3, Page No4
8. Differentiate between Flexible and rigid pavement with neat sketch
Difference Between Flexible and Rigid Pavement

1 Low flexural strength Very High flexural strength
2 Load transfer from grain to grain Load transfer as a slab/bridge action
3 Designed for life of 15 year Designed for a life of 30 or more year
4 Initial cost is lower but life cycle cost is Initial cost is higher but life cycle cost is low
higher
5 Total thickness is higher Total thickness of pavement is lower
6 Can use soon after construction Can use after 28 days of curing
7 Suitable for good quality of subgrade soil Suitable for poor quality of subgrade soil
8 More maintenance Very less maintenance
9 Adoptability to stage construction No Adoptability to stage construction
Cross section of Flexible Pavement Cross section of Rigid Pavement
Load Distribution in Flexible Pavment Load Distribution in Rigid Pavement
9.Discuss different software available for design of pavement

 For design of Flexible pavement following software’s are in practice.
 As we know pavement is consider as a multilayer elastic behavior
 Most of the software analysis the pavement in terms of stresses and strains using multi-
layer elastic theory
 As we know for single layer analysis pioneer scientist is Boussinesq’s and for two layers
is burmister than after number of researcher has worked to solve the problem of
multilayer stresses like Ahalvin, Kelvin, Joes.
 For multi-layer analysis it is quite complex to calculate stresses & Strains manually So
number of software’s are available for analysis
o Name of software’s used for flexible pavement design
Sr. No Name of software Country Using Approach

1 IIT-Pave India Linear Elastic
2 MEPDG USA Linear Elastic
3 MICH-Pave USA Linear Elastic
4 KENLAYER USA Linear Elastic
5 PAVEXpress USA Linear Elastic
10. As C.C. Pavement has a thickness of 18 cm and has two lanes of 7.2 m with a longitudinal
joint along the center. Design the dimensions and spacing of the tie bar. Use of the following
data: Allowable working stress in tension, Ss = 1400 kg/cm2 ; Unit weight of concrete, W = 2400
kg/ m3 ; Coefficient of friction = 1.5: Allowable bond stress in deformed bars = 24.6 kg/cm 2 .
Solution :
Width of Pavement Given 7.2 m for two lane for single lane = 7.2/2 =3.6 m …where tie bar is used
to tie the both lane
11. Draw the cross section of typical pavement and label components.
Cross section of Rigid/ Concrete Pavement

12. Write a note on: Equivalent Wheel load factor
 EWLFs are used to covert different axle loads equivalent repetitions of standard axle.
 EWLF defines the damage caused to the pavement by one application of the axle load
under consideration relative to the damage caused by a single application of a standard axle
 A simplification of this is the FOURTH POWER LAW given as :
 A simplification of this is the FOURTH POWER LAW given as :

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 −𝑃 4 𝑃 4
 1
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = (𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 −𝑃 ) = ( 𝑃1 )
 Example :160kN, 80 kN standard axle load comparison

80 4
 EWL factor = (80 ) = 1.00
160 4
 EWL factor = ( 80 ) = 16.00
13.State assumptions and limitations of Boussinesq’s theory
In 1885, Boussinesq presented a theory for calculating the stresses in soil mass based on the
following assumptions
1. The soil is homogenous (without any stratification) and isotopically linear elastic
which means that it abides by Hook's law
2. The soil mass boundary is a semi-infinite elastic half-space
3. The load is applied on to a level surface
4. The soil mass is weightless
Limitation of boussinesq’s theory: -

1. The solution was derived assuming the soil as an elastic medium, but the soil does not
behave as an elastic material.
2. When the stress decrease in soil, the relation between the stress and the strain is non
linear but it is assumed as linear , therefore, the solution is not strictly applicable.
3. In deep sand deposits, the modulus of elasticity increase with an increase in depth and
therefore, Boussinesq’s solution will not give satisfactory results.
4. The point loads applied below ground surface causes somewhat smaller stresses than
are caused by surface loads, and therefore, the solution is not strictly applicable.
14.Explain the procedure of design of rigid pavements as per IRC-58 guidelines.
Steps for the Design of Cement Concrete Pavement as per IRC Guidelines:
1. Various design parameters such as

o design axle load,
o temperature differential,
o K-value of the supporting layers and the
o relevant properties of cement concreate are noted. Like Poisson ratio -µ
o Thermal coefficient of concrete α
2. The spacing between the longitudinal joints and transverse joint are decided ( Panel size)
3. A trial thickness of pavement is assumed keeping in view the magnitude of design axel
load and the locality where the pavement is to be constructed
4. Using the stress chart edge load stress due to the design axel load and the stress ratio are
determined; if stress ratio lower than 0.44, the trial thickness is accepted;
5. Number of repetitions of different axel loads of magnitude higher than the design axle
load expected during the design period is computed
6. Stress due to different single and tandem axle loads of magnitude higher than the design
axle load on the pavement of tentative finalized thickness are determine using the edge
load stress charts.
7. Stress ratio, expected number of repetitions during design life are tabulated ( Table need
to prepare)
8. If the cumulative fatigue damage (CFD) exceeds 1.0, higher trial thickness is assumed
(repeated above exercise until value is less than1.0)
9. The warping stresses at the edge of slab of selected thickness is determine.
10. Edge Load stress higher magnitude of load determine during design life and total flexural
stress due to warping and the highest load. ( Total load stress is less than the flexural
strength, the design thickness is accepted., if not than assume higher pavement
thickness or improve flexural strength of concrete)
11. The final pavement thickness is checked for corner load stress
15.Explain the procedure of design of flexible pavements as per IRC-37 guidelines.

Design Inputs Collected:
a) Subgrade CBR
b) Initial Traffic
c) Construction Period
d) Design Life
e) Traffic Growth rate
f) No of Lane
g) Vehicle Damage factor ( calculated form Axle load spectrum)
Design Steps
1. Calculate Effective resilience modulus (Mr) of Subgrade from Subgrade CBR
2. Compute Design traffic N Using below equation
N = Design traffic
r = Traffic Growth rate
n = Design Life
A = Design traffic at the time of road opening
D = lane distribution factor
F = Vehicle damage factor
3. Select trial section from Given plates in IRC 37:2018 based on CBR & Traffic in terms of
msa
4. Calculate resilant modulus of granular layer Mr (GRAN) using equation given in
IRC37:2018
𝑴𝑹𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑵 = 𝟎. 𝟐 ∗ 𝒉𝟎.𝟒𝟓 ∗ 𝑴𝑹𝑺𝑼𝑷𝑷𝑶𝑹𝑻

h= height of granular layer in mm
𝑀𝑅𝐺𝑅𝐴𝑁 = Resilience modulus of granular layer
𝑀𝑅𝑆𝑈𝑃𝑃𝑂𝑅𝑇 = Effective Resilience modulus of Supportive layer ( Subgrade)
5. Calculate Allowable vertical compressive strain &Allowable horizontal tensile strain at

bottom of bituminous layer & on top of subgrade for a design traffic using performance
model for rutting & fatigue criteria for 80% & 90% reliability as per IRC 37:2018
6. Analyze the pavement using IITPAVE for given inputs of

Modulus of elasticity (Mr) of Bituminous layer, granular layer & Subgrade
Poisson’s ratio of Bituminous layer, granular layer & Subgrade
Thickness of Bituminous layer, granular layer & Subgrade is considered infinite thickness
7. Check for critical stresses & strains
8. Now compare as below
Condition 1
Computed Horizontal tensile strain < allowable Horizontal tensile strain
Condition 2
Computed vertical compressive strain Shall be < allowable vertical compressive strain
If Above both the condition are meet the design is safe
9. Otherwise select different thickness or different material with improve module
16.Design a concrete pavement for the following data as per the guidelines of IRC 58 Design
wheel load: 5000 kg, Present traffic: 500 CV/day, Design life: 20 years, Traffic growth rate: 8%,
Temperature variation: 10oC, Modulus of subgrade reaction K: 6 kg/cm3 ,Flexural strength of
concrete: 40 kg/cm3 ,Modulus of elasticity E: 3 × 105 kg/cm2 ,Poisson’s ratio: 0.15 ,Co-efficient
of thermal expansion α: 10 × 10-6 / oC
Solution: Given data,

Design wheel load: 5000 kg
Present traffic: 500 CV/day,
Design life: 20 years,
Traffic growth rate: 8%,
Temperature variation: 10oC,
Modulus of subgrade reaction K: 6 kg/cm3
Flexural strength of concrete: 40 kg/cm3 ,
Modulus of elasticity E: 3 × 105 kg/cm2 ,

Poisson’s ratio: 0.15,
Co-efficient of thermal expansion α: 10 × 10-6 / oC
Assume thickness of pavement section

h = 30 cm,
Panel size
Spacing of contraction joint (ly)=4.2m,
spacing of longitudinal joint(lx)=3.75m
Step 1: - Calculate Radius of relative stiffness-l
1/4 1/4
𝐸ℎ3 3∗105 ∗303
l= [12𝐾(1−𝜇2 )] == [12∗6.0(1−0.152)] = 103.04 𝑐𝑚
Step 2: - Calculate Radius of resisting section-b

𝑎 15
= = 0.5 < 1.74
ℎ 30
∴ 𝑏 = √1.6𝑎2 + ℎ2 − 0.675ℎ = √1.6 ∗ 152 + 302 − 0.675 ∗ 30 = 14.84 𝑐𝑚
Step 3: - Calculate wheel load stress at Interior, edge & corner
0.316 𝑃 𝑙
Stress at the interior, 𝑺𝒊 = [4 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( ) + 1.069]
ℎ2 𝑏
0.316 ∗ 5000 103.04
𝑺𝒊 = 2
[4 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( ) + 1.069] = 6.81 𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
30 14
0.572 𝑃 𝑙
Stress at the edge, 𝑺𝒆 = 2
[4 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( ) + 0.359]
ℎ 𝑏
0.572 ∗ 5000 103.04
𝑺𝒆 = 2
[4 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( ) + 0.359] = 12.15 𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
30 14
0.6
3𝑃 𝑎√2
Stress at the corner, 𝑺𝒄 = 2 [1 − ( ) ]
ℎ 𝑙
0.6
3 ∗ 5000 15√2
𝑺𝒄 = 2
[1 − ( ) ] = 10.20 𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
30 103.04
Step 4: - Calculate Temperature stress at Interior, edge & corner

𝐸𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑥 + 𝜇𝐶𝑦
Stress at the interior, 𝑺𝒕𝒊 = [ ]
2 1 − 𝜇2
3 ∗ 105 ∗ 10 ∗ 10 − 6 ∗ 10 0.50 + 0.15 ∗ 0.47
𝑺𝒊 = [ ] = 8.75 𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
2 1 − 0.152
𝐶𝑥 𝐸𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑦 𝐸𝑒𝑡
Stress at the edge 𝑺𝑡𝑒 = OR ( which ever is higher) ( Cx, and Cy available from chart)
2 2
Consider panel size =3.5 m * 4.5 m

𝑙𝑥 = 3.75 𝑚 = 375 𝑐𝑚, 𝑙𝑦 = 4.2 𝑚
= 420 𝑐𝑚
𝑙𝑥 375
𝐶𝑥 = 𝑙 = 103.04 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟑
𝑙𝑦 420
𝐶𝑥 = = = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟕
𝑙 103.04
Now refer chart

Higher shall be selected
Higher is Cx value is 4.07….as shown, line
drawn from x axis, the ratio of Lx/l -4.07, on Y
axis Cx or Cy is available
Cx from chart = 0.5
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐝𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞

0.50 ∗ 3 ∗ 105 ∗ 10 ∗ 10 − 6 ∗ 13.8
𝑺𝒕𝒆 = = 10.35 𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
2
𝐸𝑒𝑡 𝑎
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐫 due to 𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 = 𝑺𝑡𝑐 = √
3(1 − 𝜇) 𝑙
3 ∗ 105 ∗ 10 ∗ 10 − 6 ∗ 10 15
𝑆𝑡𝑐 = √ = 4.48 𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
3(1 − 0.15) 103.04
Total of both = Stresses at Edge due to wheel load + Stresses at edge due to temperature
12.15 + 10.35 = 22.5<40 Kg/ cm2
It is less than the flexural strength of concrete 40 Kg/cm2
So, adopted 30cm thickness is safe against load stress and temperature stress
17. Describe Group Index Method of flexible pavement design
 Fine grained soil of each classification group exhibits a wide range of properties as
subgrade material.
 In order to classify the fine-grained soils within one group and for judging their suitability
as subgrade material, an index system has been introduced in Highway Research Board
( HRB) classification which is termed as ‘Group index’.
 Soil are thus assigned arbitrary numerical numbers known as group index (GI), which is
function of percentage material passing 0.075 mm (75 micron) sieve, liquid limit and
plasticity index of soil and is given in equation:
 GI =0.2 * a + 0.005 * a * c + 0.01 * b * d
For understanding of GI method, the example given below
18.Design a flexible pavement for the following data using CBR method Traffic density: 1000
CV/day Traffic growth rate: 8% per annum Road will be opened for traffic after construction
period of two years CBR value of WBM course: 70%, CBR value of Murum sub base: 40%, Load
at penetration of 5 mm: 90 kg Load at penetration of 2.5 mm: 60 kg
Solution: -
Given Data,
Traffic density (A) : - 1000cv/day
Average traffic growth rate (r) : - 8%
CBR value of WBM course: 70%,
CBR value of Murum sub base: 40%
Assume design life of pavement (n) : - 15 years
Load at penetration of 5 mm: 90 kg, Load at penetration of 2.5 mm: 60 kg
Step -1 Calculate subgrade CBR
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 2.5 𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝐵𝑅 𝑎𝑡 2.5 𝑚𝑚 = *100
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
60
𝐶𝐵𝑅 𝑎𝑡 2.5 𝑚𝑚 = 1370*100 =4.37%
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 5 𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝐵𝑅 𝑎𝑡 5 𝑚𝑚 = ∗ 100
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
90
𝐶𝐵𝑅 𝑎𝑡 5 𝑚𝑚 = 2055*100 = 4.37%
Considered design CBR 4.37% As both CBR are same

Step 2 :- Calculation design traffic
P=A(1+r)n
P=1000(1+0.08)15 =3172 CVPD
Step 3:- Refer chart X- axis top CBR, Y-axis thickness
So, provided
Sr no CBR are Given

1 CBR of Subgrade 4.37% It will give the total thickness of pavement based
on below chart
2 CBR value of Murum sub It will give the thickness of Sub base layer from
base: 40% below chart
3 CBR value of WBM course: It ill give thickness of base course from below
70%, chart
39cm thick Embankment, 9cm thick GSB, 10cm thick WBM & Provided minimum bituminous
layer thickness 7cm thick for bituminous Surface course
21.Explain the concept of ESWL ?

Refer Question no 3
20.List the different stresses induced in cement concrete pavements. Discuss the critical
combination of these stresses.
1. Temperature Stresses – Due to the temperature differential between the top and
bottom of the slab, curling stresses (similar to bending stresses) are induced at the
bottom or top of the slab
2. Wheel Load Stresses – CC slab is subjected to flexural stresses due to the wheel loads
The following conditions are found to be critical combinations
Location of Wheel Load Temperature Combination of Highest Stress

Stress Stress Stress or stress
Warping Stress
Interior low High L+H
Edge Moderate Moderate M+M M+M
Corner High Low H+L
22. A 2.5 cm diameter dowel bar is transferring a vertical load of 3500 N across a 0.5 cm wide
joint. Compute the dowel bar deflection at the edge of the joint and the corresponding
concrete bearing stresses. Can the concrete handle this stress? Given, Kc of 100,000 MPa/m, Er
of 200,000 MPa, and fck of 28 MPa.
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Department of Civil Engineering, Darshan Institute of Engineering & Tech.

Last date to % Weightage =35.64 Mark=

1 Explain the flexible pavement components and functions of its. S2022 k3

2 State advantages and disadvantages of earth roads S2022 3

1. Explain the flexible pavement components and functions of its.

4. To transfer the wheel loads to the base course.

Dis-Advantages of Earth roads

The load dispersion is assumed to be

4. Explain IRC recommendations for design of dowel bars.

5. Explain the term ‘Effective CBR’

7. What is an equivalent single axle load?

8. Differentiate between Flexible and rigid pavement with neat sketch

Difference Between Flexible and Rigid Pavement

Cross section of Flexible Pavement Cross section of Rigid Pavement

Load Distribution in Flexible Pavment Load Distribution in Rigid Pavement

9.Discuss different software available for design of pavement

Sr. No Name of software Country Using Approach

Cross section of Rigid/ Concrete Pavement

 A simplification of this is the FOURTH POWER LAW given as :

 Example :160kN, 80 kN standard axle load comparison

13.State assumptions and limitations of Boussinesq’s theory

Limitation of boussinesq’s theory: -

1. Various design parameters such as

15.Explain the procedure of design of flexible pavements as per IRC-37 guidelines.

𝑴𝑹𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑵 = 𝟎. 𝟐 ∗ 𝒉𝟎.𝟒𝟓 ∗ 𝑴𝑹𝑺𝑼𝑷𝑷𝑶𝑹𝑻

5. Calculate Allowable vertical compressive strain &Allowable horizontal tensile strain at

6. Analyze the pavement using IITPAVE for given inputs of

Solution: Given data,

Modulus of elasticity E: 3 × 105 kg/cm2 ,

Assume thickness of pavement section

Step 2: - Calculate Radius of resisting section-b

Step 4: - Calculate Temperature stress at Interior, edge & corner

Consider panel size =3.5 m * 4.5 m

Now refer chart

𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐝𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞

17. Describe Group Index Method of flexible pavement design

 GI =0.2 * a + 0.005 * a * c + 0.01 * b * d

For understanding of GI method, the example given below

Considered design CBR 4.37% As both CBR are same

Sr no CBR are Given

21.Explain the concept of ESWL ?

Location of Wheel Load Temperature Combination of Highest Stress

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