Ipomoeastaphylina Padma

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Antioxidant, cytotoxic and nutritive properties of Roem & Schult. Ipomoea

staphylina plant extracts with preliminary phytochemical and GCMS analysis
Article · December 2018
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Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2018; 4(4): 473-492 473
Research Article
Antioxidant, cytotoxic and nutritive properties of Ipomoea staphylina Roem & Schult.
plant extracts with preliminary phytochemical and GCMS analysis
Padmashree M.S.1, Ashwathanarayana R.2*, Raja Naika3, Roopa B.4
1
M. Sc. student, Department PG Studies and Research in Botany, Tumkur University, Tumkur-572103 Karnataka, India
2
Research student, Department PG Studies and Research in Applied Botany, Jnanasahyadri, Kuvempu University,
Shankaraghatta, Shimoga- 577451 Karnataka, India
3
Professor, Department PG Studies and Research in Botany, Jnanasahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga-
577451 Karnataka, India
4
Lecturer, Department PG Studies and Research in Applied Botany, Tumkur University, Tumkur-572103 Karnataka, India
Received: 1 May 2018 Revised: 25 May 2018 Accepted: 30 May 2018
Abstract
Objective: Ipomoea staphylina Roem & Schult. plant ethanolic extract were subjected to Antioxidant, cytotoxic and
nutritive experiment by using standard method. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extract of I. staphylina was
investigated for antioxidant experiment by using DPPH, ABTS, superoxide radical scavenging, Hydroxy radical
scavenging, Metal chelating assays. Cytotoxic experiment is done by trypan blue exclusion test using DLA and EAC
cancer cells. Nutritive value is performed by double acid digestion followed by Atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Results: Antioxidant experiment revealed that I. staphylina plant ethanolic extract has excellent antioxidant activity in
all tested experiments but comparably less with the standards used. I. staphylina plant ethanolic extract has negligible
toxicity compared to the standard curcumin used. From nutritive value experiment it is revealed that I. staphylina plant
has high iron content with rich macro and micronutrients. Conclusion: I. staphylina plant could be exploited as a
valuable source of antioxidant agent enriching with nutrients.
Keywords: Ipomoea staphylina Roem & Schult., antioxidant activity, cytotoxic activity, nutritive properties
Introduction health care (Valdiani et al., 2011).

Plants have been a valuable source of natural products for India is also one of the mega biodiversity countries in the
maintaining human health, especially, in the last decade with world. The total number of plant species of groups recorded
more intensive studies for natural therapies (Nascimento et al., from India is 45000. Of these seed-bearing account for nearly
2000). Medicinal herbs are widely used with a greater number 15,000-18,000. In India, more than 1000 species were used in
of people seeking remedies and health approaches free from several countries in the traditional system of medicine viz.
side effects caused by synthetic chemicals. Recently, Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani which has survived through
considerable attention has been paid to utilize eco-friendly 3000 years mainly using plant-based drugs. The ancient texts
and bio-friendly plant-based products for the prevention and like Rigveda (4500 – 1600 B.C) and Athrvana Veda mention
cure of different human diseases. It has been recorded that the use of several plants as medicine. The books on Ayurvedic
80% of the world's population has fidelity in traditional medicine such as Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita
medicine, particularly plant-based drugs for their primary referred to the use of more than 700 herbs (Aggarwal et al.,
2007).
*Address for Corresponding Author: Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult plant description
Ashwathanarayana R.
Department P G Studies and Research in Applied Botany, Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult is commonly known as
Jnanasahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga- Clustered Morning Glory, Kannada: Ugina kodi, Unang
577451, Karnataka, India kodi, Sunang kodi, Tamil: Onaankodi, Onan Kodi.
E-mail:ashwinjamadagni497@gmail.com Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult is a climber plant grows
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31024/ajpp.2018.4.4.16
2455-2674/Copyright © 2018, N.S. Memorial Scientiﬁc Research and Education Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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near water resources and distributed throughout India, China, et al., 2013), anti-inflammatory (Sarvalingam et al., 2011;
a,b
and Sri Lanka Deciduous forests. Leaves were stout stragglers. Kirtikar et al., 1995); Firdous et al., 2012), anti-diarrheal,
15 x 10 cm dimension, broadly ovate, base cordate, apex acute, gastroprotective effect (Suresh et al., 2011), anti-ulcer
membranous, nerves oblique; petiole 6.5 cm. Flower is Panicle properties (Banerjee et al., 2015), Antidiabetic properties
of cymes axillary, to 15 cm; pedicels 0.5-1 cm; bracts minute; (Firdous et al., 2016), α-amylase inhibitory activity (Kumar
outer sepals 5 x 4 mm, oblong, obtuse, inner obovate with et al., 2013), antioxidant (Firdous et al., 2014),
hyaline margins, 6 x 5 mm; corolla 2 cm long, shallowly 5-lobed, Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activity (Bag et al.,
funnel-shaped, pink; stamens 5, included, base dilated, hairy, 2013). Bioactive chemical constituents like Sitosteryl-3-O-
filaments 7-8 mm; anthers 3 mm; ovary 2 mm; style 1.5 cm, β-D-glucoside and chiro deoxy inositol were reported from
stigma 2, globose. In axillary or subterminal panicles; white with the leaves of Ipomoea staphylina (Reddy et al., 2013).
a purple throat. Flowering from December-March.Fruit is The aim of the research topic is to evaluate the antioxidant,
subglobose capsule; seeds oblong, subtrigonous, hairy at top. cytotoxic and nutritive properties Ipomoea staphylina
Fruiting is from January-April. (Gamble: Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schultin and compare it with the traditional use
Vol- II, 1883). and old data.
The plant Ipomoea staphylina has been used in different systems Materials and methods
of traditional medication for the treatment of diseases and
Plant collection and authentication
ailments of human beings. It has been reported for its analgesic
(Nagariya et al., 2010), anti-inflammatory (Sarvalingam etal., The plant materials were collected near Tomlinson church,
2011; Kirtikar et al., 1995), anti-diarrheal, gastroprotective Tumkur District, Karnataka in January 2018. (13.367190°
properties (Suresh et al., 2011). N, 77.101176° E) The plant was identified by
Dr.Y.N.Seetharam, Tumkur University and voucher
Ipomoea staphylina is used as purgative, dyspepsia,
specimen was conserved under the reference number
anthelmintic, bronchitis (Savitramma et al., 2015) and the
TU/BD/PMS/001 (Figure 1 and 2).
Ipomoea staphylina is used for respiratory disorders (Reddy et
al., 2013). A literature review reveals anti-inflammatory activity
a,b
(Firdous et al., 2012), 5-lipoxygenase, α-glucosidase and α-
amylase inhibitory activity of Ipomoea staphylina. Bioactive
chemical constituents reported from the leaves of Ipomoea
staphylina include Sitosteryl-3-O-β-D-glucoside and chiro
deoxy inositol (Reddy et al., 2013).
Analgesic activity of water and the methanolic extract was also
reported against acetic acid-induced writhing test (Kumar et al.,
2013). Some report proved that Ipomoea staphylina has anti-
ulcer properties (Banerjee et al., 2015), Antidiabetic properties
(Firdous et al., 2016), leaves of Ipomoea staphylina has
Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activity (Bag et al.,
2013).
In Tamil Nadu Kanikkars tribal people of Tirunelveli District,
used Ipomoea staphylina leaf latex to cure foot crack
(Muralidharan et al., 2012), in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu Irulas
and Palliyars tribes were eaten the plant leaves in raw and roots
were used as a anti dote for snake-bite (Sarvalingam et al., 2014;
Balasubramanian et al., 1997; Arinathan et al., 2007), root tubers
were rich with starch were eaten in raw (Mohan et al., 2010),
Valaiyans tribes of Karandamalai, Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu Figure 1. Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. a - plant
Ipomea plant leaves were boiled and made decoction used in the habit, b - plant flower c - collection of plant material, d-
treatment of stomach disorders (Kottaimuthu, 2008), In Andhra shade drying of the plant sample, e - plant sample grinded. f
Pradesh, the tribes called Chenchus used the plant leaves in the - soxhlet extraction with different solvents, g - extracts
treatment of piles (Kumar et al., 1999). collected in glass container. h- priliminary phytochemical
It has been reported as a analgesic (Nagariya et al., 2010; Kumar analysis of plant extracts.
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study the presence of the following constituents viz.,

Alkaloid, Flavonoids, Glycosides, Saponin, Steroids,
Tannins and Phenols.
GC-MS analysis
Plant extracts were subjected to Gas Chromatography and
mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) obtained spectra was
analyzed. GC Model: Thermo Trace GC Ultra, MS Model:
Thermo DSQ II, Ionization: Electron Impact Ionisation
(EI), Chemical Ionisation (CI), Mass Range: 1 - 1074 m/z.
The column used is HP-5MS UI (cross-linked 5 %
methyl phenyl Silox) capillary column (30 m x 0.25
mm) and the film thickness is 0.25 μm. The oven
temperature was increased from 50-200 °C at a rate of
10ºC/min. Then, continued 200-300°C at rate 30 °C/min.
Then post run for 10 minutes in 300 °C. Pure helium gas was
used as the carrier gas with flow rate of 1 mL/min. Injector
and detector temperatures were 250 °C. GC-MS was done
by injecting 1 μL of sample (0.1 % in absolute methanol).
In vitro Antioxidant activity
Figure 2. location where experiment plant was collected Scavenging of superoxide radicals
Superoxide radical scavenging activity was determined by
Plant preparation and extraction the NBT reduction method (McCord & Fridovich, 1969).
The reaction mixture contained 6 µM EDTA, 0.0015%
The plant samples were dried in shade for 20 to 25 days,
NaCN, 2 µM riboflavin, 50 µM NBT, various
mechanically powdered and subjected to Soxhlet extraction
concentrations of extract, and phosphate buffer (67 mM, pH
using petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol (De-Castro and
7.8) in a final volume of 3 mL. The tubes were uniformly
Ayuso. 1998). The crude extracts were collected in air-tight
illuminated with an incandescent lamp for 15 min and the
plastic containers and stored in cool condition.
optical density was measured at 560 nm before and after
Chemicals required illumination. The percentage inhibition of superoxide
Mayer's reagent, hydrochloric acid, Wagner's reagent, ferric radical generation was evaluated by comparing the
chloride, magnesium, sulphuric acid, acetic anhydride, bromine absorbance values of control and experimental tubes.
water, gelatin solution,Peptone, beef extract, agar, sodium Scavenging of hydroxyl radical
chloride, sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA), Preliminary 2+
Hydroxyl radicals generated from Fe / ascorbate/ H system
phytochemical reagents, 2,2-Diphenyl-2-
degrades deoxyribose producing thiobarbituric acid
picrylhydrazyl(DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-
reacting substance (TBARS) (Kunchandy & Rao, 1990).
6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxyl
The efficacy of the extracts to inhibit TBARS formation
anisole (BHA), Ferrozine, gallic acid, ferrous chloride, Folin–
was assessed. The reaction mixture contained 2.8 mM
Ciocalteu reagent, nitro blue tetrazolium sodium salt (NBT),
deoxyribose, 0.1 mM FeCl3, 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 mM H2O2,
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced (NADH),
0.1 mM ascorbic acid, 20 mM KH2PO4–KOH (pH 7.4), and
phosphate buffered saline (PBS), trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and
various concentrations of extracts in a final volume of 1 mL.
Trypan blue all other chemicals and solvents used were of
The reaction mixture was incubated for 1 h at 37°C. The
analytical grade.
TBARS formed was measured by the method of Ohkawa et
Preliminary phytochemical screening al. (1979) and the percentage inhibition was calculated from
Soxhlet extracted solvent crude extracts were screened for the the optical measurements of control and experimental
presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponin, glycosides, flavonoids, tubes.
steroids/sterols and phenols using standard methods (Ajaiyeoba. Scavenging of DPPH radicals
2000; Harborne, 1998).
Stable radical, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) in
Each extract was subjected to phytochemical investigation, to methanol was used as a substrate to evaluate antioxidant
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activity. The method is based on the reduction of DPPH radical in DLA arose as a Spontaneous Carcinoma in the thymus of
the presence of a hydrogen donating antioxidants leading to the mice in 1947.
formation of a non-radical form DPPH-H by the reaction. DPPH The cell lines were obtained from Amala Cancer Research
in its radical form has an absorption peak at 515 nm which Centre, Thrissur.
disappeared upon the reduction of antioxidant compounds.
Trypan blue dye exclusion technique
Absorbance was measured 20 min after the reaction was started.
Any compound, which is cytotoxic to cells, inhibits the cell
Radical scavenging activity was calculated using the following
proliferation and kills the cells. Trypan blue (Moldeus et al.,
formula:
1978) has the ability to penetrate into the dead cells and give
it a blue color. This method gives an exact number of dead
and viable cells (Kuttan et al., 1985).Cells were aspirated
IC50 value was calculated using the following formula: from the peritoneal cavity of tumor-bearing mice and it was
washed three times using PBS. The viability of cells was
checked using trypan blue (cell viability should be above
98%).
Scavenging of ABTS radicals The cell suspension was added to tubes containing various
ABTS (2, 2-azobis-3-ethylbenthiozoline-6-sulfonic acid) concentrations of the test compounds and the volume was
radical scavenging activity of the extract was determined by the made up to 1ml using phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
method described by Alzoreky and Nakahara (2001). The Control tubes containing only cell suspension. These assay
principle involves the oxidation of ABTS to its cation radicals by mixtures were incubated for 3h at 37ºC and then 1ml of
ferryl myoglobin formed in the reaction of H2O2 and trypan blue was added after incubation and the number of
metmyoglobin. Briefly, the stock solutions of 500 µM ABTS the dead cells was counted using a hemocytometer
diammonium salt, 400 µM myoglobin (MbIII), 740 µM (Shrivastava and Ganesh, 2010). The percentage
cytotoxicity was calculated using the following equation:
potassium ferricyanide, and 450 µM H2O2 were prepared in PBS
(pH 7.4). Metmyoglobin was prepared by mixing equal volumes
of myoglobin and potassium ferricyanide solutions. The reaction
mixture (2 mL) contained ABTS (150 µM), MbIII (2.25 µM),
Elemental composition of I. staphylina aerial parts
and varying concentrations of extracts in PBS. The reaction was
initiated by adding 75 µM H2O2 and oxidation reaction was The microelements, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper,
monitored at 734 nm. manganese, lead, and cadmium were analyzed by atomic
absorption spectra GBC 932 AA/AAS. plant samples were
Metal chelating activity
predigested with nitric acid (HNO3) and HCl in the ratio of
The chelation of ferrous ions was determined according to the 1:3 for 1-4 hour depending upon the plant sample. Then, the
method of Dinis et al., 1994. About 3 ml of extracts at different sample is kept over hot water bath (95º C) for 4-5 hours till
concentrations were taken in different test tubes followed by the the sample completely dissolved (Ang et al., 2005; Uddin et
addition of 50 µl of ferrous chloride (2 mM). The reaction was al., 2016).
initiated by the addition of 20 μL ferrozine (5 mM), and then the Statistical analysis
mixture was shaken vigorously and allowed to stand for 10 min at
For statistical analysis we used Prism 04 software and all
room temperature. After equilibrium, the absorbance of the
the experiment were triplicated and the values were
solution was measured at 562 nm against the blank. EDTA was
expressed in mean ± standard error of mean (SEM).
used as a standard for comparison. Percentage of inhibition and
the IC50value was calculated using Equation (1) and Equation (2). Results
In vitro cytotoxicity assay Extracts yield of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult.
leaf
Cell lines
Soxhlet extraction of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult.
EAC (Ehrlich's Ascites Carcinoma): Paul Ehrlich found the
leaves (700 grams) with solvents like petroleum ether gives
initial tumor for the Ehrlich's Ascites carcinoma in 1905. The
1.30 grams (3.95%), with chloroform 2.88 grams (8.76%) ,
ascites variant was obtained in 1932 by intraperitoneal
and with ethanol 28.69 grams (87.28%). (Table 1; Figure 3).
transplantation of Ehrlich's solid adenocarcinoma.
The result shows that the highest yield is obtained in ethanol
DLA (Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites): The initial tumor for the followed by chloroform and least is petroleum ether.
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Table 1. The percentage yield of crude extracts Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis of
Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. Leaf extracts
Organic Solvent used Yield of extracts in grams % of Yield
The preliminary phytochemical analysis of Ipomoea
Petroleum ether 1.305 3.95 staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf extracts were analysed
Chloroform 2.88 8.76 results showed that, the petroleum ether extract reveals the
presence of soponins, steroids, glycosides and sterols. The
Ethanol 28.693 87.28
chloroform extracts shows the presence of saponins, steroids,
sterols. The ethanolic extract give positive result for
alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, phenols
and sterols (Table 2).
Quantitative GC-MS analysis of Ipomoea staphylina
Roem. & Schult. leaf extracts
Due to the less extract yield and less secondary metabolites
we took only ethanolic extract of Ipomoea staphylina Roem.
& Schult. leaf for Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy
(GC-MS) analysis.
(GC-MS) analysis of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult.
ethanolic leaf extract confirms the presence of 79
compounds, out of these 24 compounds were unknown and
55 compounds were known for its medicinal properties, most
of them were antimicrobial agents 18 in numbers, followed
by 16 food additive and flavoring agents, 15 compounds were
antioxidant, 14 compounds have anticancer properties, 14
compounds were Anti-hypercholesterolemic, 12 compounds
Figure 3. Yield of crude extracts in percentage were anti-inflammatory agents, 6 compounds were cytotoxic,
Table 2. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf extracts
Secondary Metabolites Name of the Test Petroleum ether Extract Chloroform Extract Ethanolic Extract
Alkaloids Mayer’s test - - +

Wagner’s test - - +
Saponins Foam test + + +
Tannins Ferric chloride test - - -

Ferric chloride test - - +
Shenoda test - - +
Flavonoids Zinc HCl reduction test - - -

Alkaline reagent test - - +
Lead acetate test - - +
Steroids Salkowski test + + +

Keller-Kiliani test + + +
Glycosides Legal's test + - -

Ferric chloride test - - +
Phenols Ellagic acid test - - -
Sterols Liebermann Burchard test + + +
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6 compounds were used in cosmetics and perfumeries, 6 undecan-1-ol (0.06%) (Figure 4, 5; Table 3).
compounds have hepatoprotective properties, 5 compounds have In vitro Antioxidant properties of Ipomoea staphylina
antiviral properties, 5 compounds were analgesic, 4 compounds Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract
were insect pheromones, rest of them were allergenic, anesthetic,
Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract
antimutagenic, antispasmodic, choleretic, dermatitigenic,
subjected to different antioxidant experiements like DPPH
fungicide, herbicide, laxative, pesticide, lipoxygenase-inhibitor,
radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging
pesticide, tyrosinase inhibitor, vermifuge etc. major compound is
activity, NBT superoxide radical scavenging activity,
Dodecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy- (10.41%), followed by 9-
Hydroxy radical scavenging and Metal chelating activities.
Hexadecen-1-ol (9.52%), 9-Octadecen-1-ol (8.56%),
The experiments were triplicated and values were
Hydroperoxide, 1-ethylbutyl (5.88%) etc. and the least
expressed in terms of mean±standard error of mean (SEM).
percentage is 3,3,7,11-Tetramethyltricyclo[5.4.0.0(4,11)]
Figure 4. GC-MS analysis of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract
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Figure 5 (Continue..). GC-MS analysis of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract
Table 3. GC-MS analysis of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. Ethanolic extract
S. No % in crude Chemical name Properties

extract
1 0.11 2-Furanmethanol Moderately toxic, Flavoring Agents, important constituent of urine, present in the aroma of coffee,
tea, wheat bread, crispbread, soybean, cocoa, rice, potato chips, Adhesives and Sealants, anti-
oxidative activity (Fuster et al., 2000; Yanagimoto et al., 2002)
2 0.4 Propane, 1-(1-methylethoxy)- Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus, used in the treatment of mental disorders (Pinard et al., 2010)
3 0.98 2-Propanone, 1,3-dihydroxy- Used in the treatment of vitiligo, in cosmetics, antifungal agent in creams, Flavoring Agents,
intermediate of bacterial metabolism, less toxic commonly derived from sugar beets and sugar cane
(Kenar, 2007)
4 0.06 Butyrolactone cdc2 and cdk2 kinases inhibitor, anti-cancer activity, antimicrobial, antidepressant, Flavoring
Agents (Giarman et al., 1963; Nishio et al., 1996; Kitagawa et al., 1994)
5 0.23 2,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one Food-grade flavor ingredients (Hameed et al., 2015)
6 0.54 Diglycerol skin moisturizers, Hand cleaners, Insect repellent lotions and sprays, Deodorants, Chewing gums,
combinational drugs used in the treatment of respiratory and urinary track disorders (Nelson et al.,
1989)
7 0.1 2,3-Dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 1-methyl- Unknown
8 0.06 Pentanoic acid, 4-oxo- Hepatoprotective, Flavoring Agents (Ueno et al., 2007)
9 0.86 Cyclopentane, 1-acetyl-1,2-epoxy- Anti-inflammatory, antiviral and bronchodilatory properties (Awakan et al., 2018)
10 0.23 Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-ol Hepatitis C virus inhibitors, treatment of respiratory and urinary track disorders (Bianchi et al.,
2017)
11 0.08 Uracil, 1-methyl- Antiviral Compounds (Krzysztof et al. ,1987)
12 0.1 Alpha-amino-gamma-butyrolactone Unknown
13 1.92 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- Mutagen, Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity (Hiramoto et al., 1997; Kumar
et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2013)
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Table 3. Continue...
S. % in crude Chemical name Properties

No extract
14 0.21 1,2-Benzenediol Antibacterial, Flavoring Agents, Antioxidants, moderately toxic, treatment of respiratory and urinary track
disorders (Xu et al., 2003)
15 0.21 2-[2-(5-Norbornenyl)oxy]-tetrahydropyran Unknown
16 2.02 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5- Antimicrobial, Preservative (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2011)
(hydroxymethyl)-
17 0.97 1,2,3-Propanetriol, monoacetate Food Additives (Marielle et al., 2000)
18 5.88 Hydroperoxide, 1-ethylbutyl Unknown
19 2.68 1-Deoxy-d-arabitol Unknown
20 0.18 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol Can induce cell cycle arrest, antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, flavoring agent, also acts as
insect pheromones (Jeong et al., 2010; Silici et al., 2005; Jeong et al., 2011; Fukai et al., 2009)
21 0.08 3,4-Altrosan Bacteriostat, Fungicide (Jadhav et al., 2014)
22 0.4 Caryophyllene Local anaesthetic, Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Analgesic, Gastric cytoprotective,
Antimicrobial, induces apoptosis, moderate cytotoxic, antioxidant, anticancer antipyretic, platelet-
inhibitory and Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, sedative, fungicide (Ghelardini et al., 2001; Tambe et
al., 1996; Sabulala et al., 2006; Yang et al., 2000; Huang et al., 2012; Park et al., 2011; Calleja et al., 2013;
Dahham et al., 2015; Kumar et al., 2010)
23 0.58 Benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy-6-methyl- Pheromone of the Acarid Mite Tyrophagus perniciosus, Collohmannia gigantea, Dermatophagoides
farinae, Acarus siro, Tyrophagus neiswanderi. Used in the treatment Cancer, sexual or genital disorder,
antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, treatment in immunological or allergic disorder (Leal et al.,
1988)
24 1.54 Sucrose As a sweetener in foods and soft drinks, in the manufacture of syrups, in invert sugar, confectionery,
preserves and jams, demulcent, beverages, medications, pharmaceutical products, and caramel (Karen,
2004)
25 0.36 alpha.-Caryophyllene Essential oil present in Humulus lupulus, anti-inflammatory, Antitumor activity, analgesic, anti-
inflammatory,antiseptic, immunostimulant, perfumes (Fernandes et al., 2007; Legault et al., 2003; Legault
et al., 2007)
26 0.47 DL-Arabinitol Indicator of liver cirrhosis, gastrointestinal candidiasis etc in serum and urine (Wong et al., 1990)
27 10.41 Dodecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy- In the treatment of Fatty Acid Oxidation disorder, intermediate of liver fatty acid metabolism (Jones et al.,
2000)
28 0.37 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2- Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antiinflammatory, Analgesic (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2011)
methoxyphenol
29 0.17 Cyclohexanol, 1R-4-trans-acetamido-2,3- Camphor like odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers
trans-epoxy- (Yasuko et al., 2000)
30 1.2 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol Treatment in asthma, antimicrobial, cancer preventive, Anti-inflammatory (Ogunlesi et al., 2009; Yu et al.,
2008; Ponnamma et al., 2012; Srinivasan et al., 2014; )
31 0.37 Oxirane, hexadecyl- Unknown
32 0.15 Hexadecanoic acid, 15-methyl-, methyl Unknown
ester
33 0.17 Oleic Acid Antimicrobial, edible oils, Fish Oil Supplementation, Colorectal Cancer Prevention, Flavoring Agents,
Insecticide, Acaricide, Herbicide, Plant growth regulator, Surfactants Lubricants, Paint additives (Dilika et
al., 2000)
34 5.53 Pentadecanoic acid Adhesives and sealant chemicals, Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal), Finishing agents, Lubricants and
lubricant additives, Surface active agents, serum as a marker for intake of milk fat (Smedman et al., 1999)
35 0.15 Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester Antioxidant, lubricant, hypocholesterolemic nematicide, pesticide, anti-androgenic, flavoring agent,
hemolytic, 5-Alpha reductase inhibitor (Kumar et al., 2010; Maruthupandian et al., 2011)
36 0.12 d-Mannose protein quality control in human body (Lee et al., 1988)
37 2 Oleyl Alcohol Savory, emulsion stabilizers, surfactant - emulsifying agents, antifoaming agents, and skin conditioning
agents, cosmetics, protect the outer surface of plants and animals from water loss, chemical intermediate,
automotive lubricant, defoamer, cosolvent and plasticizer for printing ink, Oleyl alcohol is a natural
product in fish oils (Billich et al., 2004)
38 0.12 1-Heptadecanol Flavoring Agents, Insect sex pheromone, antiacne agents, antibiotic (Butler et al., 391981; Kubo et al.,
1994)
39 0.92 Phytol Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory (Srinivasan et al., 2014)
40 2.3 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- Anticoronary, Antialopecic, Antiarteriosclerotic, Antiarthritic, antianaphylactic, Antieczemic, Cancer
preventive, antiprostatic, hepatoprotective, Hypocholesterolemic, Metastatic, Nematicide, Insectifuge,
Antihistaminic, Antieczemic, Antiacne, 5-Alpha reductase inhibitor Antiandrogenic, Antiarthritic,
Anticoronary, (Ponnamma et al., 2012; Maruthupandian et al., 2011; Kalaivani et al., 2012)
41 3.54 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, Anti-inflammatory, Hypocholesterolemic, Antihistaminic (Srinivasan et al., 2014)
(Z,Z,Z)-
42 1.21 Octadecanoic acid Cosmetic, Flavor, Hypocholesterolemic, Lubricant, Perfumery, Propecic, Suppository (Ponnamma et al.,
2012)
43 8.56 9-Octadecen-1-ol, (E)- pheromonal component from the sting of the honey bee, (Pickett et al., 1982)
44 0.72 1-Nonadecanol Unknown
45 0.68 12-Chlorobicyclo[8.2.0]dodecan-11-one Unknown
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Table 3. Continue...
S. % in Chemical name Properties

No crude
extract
46 0.15 Z,E-2,13-Octadecadien-1-ol Insect sex pheromone component (Schwarz et al., 1983)

47 9.52 9-Hexadecen-1-ol, (Z)- Cosmetics, anti-hair fall agent, present in sex pheromones of Heliothis subflexa (Teal et al.,
1981; Choi, 2013)
48 0.44 1-Tetracosanol Unknown
49 2.85 Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl Unknown
ester
50 0.14 Ethanol, 2-(9-octadecenyloxy)-, (Z)- Unknown
51 0.25 cis-9-Hexadecenal Insect pheromone (Berg et al., 2005)
52 1.63 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl hypocholesterolemic, antieczemic, Nematicide, hepatoprotective (Gnanavel et al., 2013)
ester
53 1.28 Methyl (Z)-5,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoate Unknown
54 0.5 Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester Food additive in Dairy, Surfactants, Antiviral (Jaafar et al. ,2007 )
55 0.15 Octacosanoic acid, 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-, methyl ester, [2R- Unknown
(2R*,4R*,6R*,8R*)]-
56 1.4 2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaene, 2,6,10,15,19,23- Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Cancer-preventive,Antitumor, Immunostimulant, perfumery,
hexamethyl-, (all-E)- Pesticide, Sunscreen (Ponnamma et al., 2012)
57 0.06 1,5,9,9-Tetramethyl-2-oxatricyclo[6.4.0.0(4,8)]dodecane Unknown
58 0.5 1-Hexacosanol Naturally in the epicuticular wax and plant cuticle of many plant species (Asperger et al.,
1999)
59 0.16 Oxirane, 2,2-dimethyl-3-(3,7,12,16,20-pentamethyl- Unknown
3,7,11,15,19-heneicosapentaenyl)-,
60 0.06 3,3,7,11-Tetramethyltricyclo[5.4.0.0(4,11)]undecan-1-ol Fungistatic, Ginsenol is found in tea. Ginsenol is isolated from ginseng plant rootlets (Aleu
et al., 2001)
61 0.34 gamma.-Tocopherol Anticancer, Antioxidant, Antitumor, Antiinflammatory, Hypocholesterolemic,
Cardioprotective (Ponnamma et al., 2012)
62 0.28 1-Triacontanol plant growth stimulator, (Jones et al., 1979; Khandaker et al., 2013)
63 0.56 Vitamin E Antiaging, Antialzheimeran, Antidermatitic, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Antitumor, Cancer-
preventive, Hypocholesterolemic, Immunostimulant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant, antidermatitic, antileukemic, hepatoprotective, ypocholesterolemic,
antiulcerogenic, vasodilator, antispasmodic, antibronchitic, anticoronary (Ponnamma et al.,
2012; Srinivasan et al., 2014; Kumar et al., 2010)
64 0.15 beta.-Sitosterol Anti-hypercholesterolemia, Reduces blood levels of cholesterol, antioxidant activity,
anticancer (Kalaivani et al., 2012)
65 1.03 Campesterol Antioxidant, Hypocholesterolemic (Ponnamma et al., 2012)
66 1.77 Stigmasterol Antihepatotoxic, Antiviral, Antioxidant, Cancer preventive, Hypocholesterolemic
(Ponnamma et al., 2012)
67 0.69 4-Acetoxycinnamic acid Plant growth inhibitor (Hiradate et al., 1999)
68 0.1 Squalene Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Immunostimulant (Srinivasan et al., 2014)
69 3.77 gamma.-Sitosterol used to treat Hyperlipidemias, Antioxidant, antibacterial and prophylactic activities (Venkata
et al., 2012; Akpuaka et al., 2013)
69 3.77 gamma.-Sitosterol used to treat Hyperlipidemias, Antioxidant, antibacterial and prophylactic activities (Venkata
et al., 2012; Akpuaka et al., 2013)
70 0.16 Cholest-5-en-3-ol, 24-propylidene-, (3.beta.)- Unknown
71 0.11 Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 4-butyl-, 4-pentylphenyl Unknown
ester
72 0.95 4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14b-Octamethyl- Unknown
1,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a,14b-oc
73 0.28 9,19-Cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol, acetate Unknown
74 2.19 Lupeol Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Antitumor, Cancer preventive, Immunostimulant, Chemo
preventive, Lipoxygenase inhibitor, Pesticide (Maruthupandian et al., 2011)
75 0.1 D:B-Friedo-B':A'-neogammacer-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta.)- Unknown
76 4.9 Cyclohexane, 1,2-dimethyl-3,5-bis(1-methylethenyl)-, Unknown
(1.alpha.,2.beta.,3.beta.,5.alpha.)-
77 0.33 2-Propenoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- Antibacterial, flavor, Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Allergenic, Anesthetic, Antiinflammatory,
Antimutagenic, Antispasmodic, Cancer Preventive; Choleretic; Dermatitigenic,Fungicide,
Herbicide, Laxative, Pesticide, Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, Pesticide, Tyrosinase Inhibitor,
Vermifuge (Ponnamma et al., 2012; Kumar et al., 2010)
78 2.46 D:A-Friedooleanan-3-ol, (3.alpha.)- Unknown
79 0.53 Friedelan-3-one Unknown
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a. DPPH radical scavenging activity of Ipomoea staphylina b. ABTS radical scavenging activity of Ipomoea
Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract
Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract In ABTS radical scavenging activity Ipomoea staphylina
showed dose dependant radical scavenging activity in all tested Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract showed dose
concentrations. IC50 value of the ethanolic crude extract dependant antioxidant activity in all tested concentrations.
(45.07±1.72) is almost nearer to the to the value of standard IC50 value of the ethanolic crude extract (84.37±2.68) is
Ascorbic acid (39.48± 0.02) used (Table 4; Figure 6). comparable with the value of standard Butylated Hydroxyl
Anisole (66.92±0.36) used (Table 5; Figure 6).
Table 4. DPPH radical scavenging activity of Ipomoea Table 5. ABTS radical scavenging activity of Ipomoea
staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract
Concentration Scavenging IC50 value Standard µg/mL IC50 value of Concentration scavenging IC50 value Standard µg/mL IC50 value of
in µg/mL activity (Ascorbic acid) Standard in µg/mL activity (Butylated Standard

Hydroxyl Butylated
Ascorbic acid
Anisole) Hydroxyl Anisole
25 40±0.57 45.07±1.72 76.23±0.23 39.48± 0.02
50 37.33±0.88 84.37±2.68 47.34±0.32 66.92±0.36
50 77.33±1.85 82.32±0.43
100 74.33±1.2 84.65±0.05
75 103.66±3.28 113.11±0.09
150 92.66±2.72 120.43±0.36
100 119±1.15 134.54 ± 0.91
200 117±2.08 149.68±0.1
125 141.33±1.85 156.43± 0.02
250 141±3.6 185.65±0.3
150 160.66±0.88 176.65 ± 0.34 300 183±3.05 214.76±0.62
175 167.66±2.66 189.41 ± 0.54 350 194.6±2.72 254.36±0.06
200 188.66±1.45 210.87±0.32 400 226.66±5.17 287.98±0.6
Figure 6. Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. antioxidant activity a - DPPH radical scavenging activity, b - ABTS radical scavenging activity
c - Superoxide radical scavenging activity, d- Hydroxy radical scavenging activity, e - Metal chelating activity
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c. Metal chelating activity of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Table 8. Hydroxy radical scavenging activity of Ipomoea
Schult. leaf ethanolic extract staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract
In Metal chelating activity Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. Concentration scavenging IC50 value Standard IC50 value of
in µg/mL activity µg/mL (EDTA) Standard EDTA
leaf ethanolic extract showed dose dependant antioxidant
activity in all tested concentrations. IC50 value of the ethanolic 100 24.33±0.88 243.133±1.45 32.14±0.63 200.51±2.45
200 44±1.52 58.76±0.32
crude extract (271.261±1.45) is comparable with the value of
300 64±1.15 76.58±0.98
standard EDTA (213.69±2.13) (Table 6; Figure 6). 400 79.66±0.66 98.34±0.03
Table 6. Metal chelating activity of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. 500 96.33±1.33 119.24±0.19
600 115.33±1.45 144.65±0.31
& Schult. leaf ethanolic extract
700 146±2.51 172.23±0.48
Concentration in scavenging IC50 value Standard IC50 value of 800 170.66±0.88 195.76±0.45
µg/mL activity µg/mL (EDTA) Standard EDTA
Schult. leaf ethanolic extract
200 44±1.52 271.261±1.45 58.76±0.32 213.69±2.13
400 79.66±0.66 98.34±0.03 Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract
600 115.33±1.45 144.65±0.32 was subjected to in vitro Cytotoxic properties using DLA
800 161±1.15 195.76±0.45 (Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites) and EAC (Ehrlich's Ascites
1000 182±0.57 242.87±0.14
Carcinoma) cancer cells by Trypan blue dye exclusion
1200 205.33±0.88 283.24±0.36
technique. The cell lines were maintained at Amala Cancer
1400 254.33±2.6 332.31±0.05
Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, India. The
1800 322.33±0.88 375.52±0.82
experiments were triplicated and values were expressed in
terms of mean±standard error of mean (SEM).
d. Superoxide NBT radical scavenging activity of Ipomoea
staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract
was tested for in vitro cytotoxic experiment against DLA and
In Superoxide NBT radical scavenging activity Ipomoea EAC cancer cells showed moderate toxicity in all tested
staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract showed dose concentrations. Ethanolic extract is more toxic to EAC cells
dependant antioxidant activity in all tested concentrations. IC50 (CTC50:155.73±3.14) than DLA cells (CTC50:192.58±6.8)
value of the ethanolic crude extract (134.19±1.45) is comparable but not up to the mark compared to standard Curcumin
with the value of standard Gallic acid (102.17±0.49) used (Table (CTC50:54.31±1.5) used (Table 9; Figure 7).
7; Figure 6).
Table 7. Superoxide NBT radical scavenging activity of
Concentration scavenging IC50 value Standard IC50 value of

in µg/mL activity µg/mL (Gallic Standard Gallic
acid) acid
100 40.66±0.88 134.19±1.45 51.66±0.11 102.17±0.49

200 80.33±0.88 95.67±0.54
300 119.33±1.2 148.12±0.42
400 152±2.08 199.77±1.34
500 181.33±2.33 247.32±0.49
600 200.33±0.88 282.22±0.19
700 266.66±2.18 341.21±0.24
800 300.66±1.2 395.74±0.63
e. Hydroxy radical scavenging activity of Ipomoea

staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract
In Hydroxy radical scavenging activity Ipomoea staphylina
Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract showed dose dependant
antioxidant activity in all tested concentrations. IC50 value of the
ethanolic crude extract (243.133±1.45) is comparable with the
value of standard EDTA (200.51±2.45) used (Table 8; Figure 6). Figure 7. Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. invitro cytotoxic
activity a - percentage of cell death of DLA cancer cell, b -
In vitro Cytotoxic properties of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & percentage of cell death of EAC cell.
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Table 9. In vitro Cytotoxic properties of Ipomoea staphylina In all the nutrient component of Ipomoea staphylina Roem.
Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract & Schult. leaf sample iron (444.60 ±0.54) was found to be
highest, which is essential micro nutrient mainly help in the
Conc DLA cells EAC cells Standard Standard
treatment of anemic patients having the deficiency of iron in
(µg/mL) Percentage CTC50 Percentage CTC50 Curcumin CTC50
cytotoxicity cytotoxicity
the form of ferrous ion. In developing countries iron
deficiency is common factor affects the growth of devolping
10 2.33±0.33 192.58 5±0.57 155.73 15.4±3.3 54.31±1.5
±6.8 ±3.14
childerns. Ferrous ions also helps in the heamoglobin
20 6.66±0.33 10±0.57 34.4±3.3
50 15±0.57 24.33±0.33 100±0.5
formation which essential for human beings.
100 29±0.57 31.66±0.33 100±0.5
200 45.66±0.88 51±0.57 100±0.5
Elemental composition of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. &

Schult. leaf sample
Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf sample subjected for
nutrient analysis through atomic absorption spectroscopy. The
results was found to be saticifying with sufficient quantity of
macronutrients like nitrogen (4.27±0.54), phosphorus
(0.21±0.04), potassium (1.58±0.02), calcium (0.59±0.13), and
magnesium (0.030±0.05) in percentage (Table 10; Figure 8). Figure 9. Micronutrients of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. &
Micronutrients like Iron (444.60 ±0.54), manganese Schult. Leaf samples in percentage
(84.50±0.02), zinc (22.60±0.02) and copper (17.25±0.13) in Discussion
ppm (Table 11; Figure 9).
Soxhlet extraction
Table 10. Macronutrient of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Soxhlet extraction is a common procedure to extract
Schult. leaf sample phytoconstituents which is essential to mankind. The leaf
sample (700 grams) of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult.
Samples Macronutrients in percentage (mean ± st.dev)
yields more percentage of extact in ethanol (87.28%) when
N P K Ca Mg compared to other solvents like petroleum ether (3.95%) and
Leaf 4.27±0.54 0.21±0.04 1.58±0.02 0.59±0.13 0.030±0.05
with chloroform (8.76%) so it is revealed that, the plant leaf
sample is having more alcohol soluble extractive than other
Occurance Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium
solvents which is more essential in extraction of good
phytoconstituent (Table 1; Figure 3).
Table 11. Micronutrients of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. &
Schult. leaf sample Preliminary phytochemical analysis
Samples Micronutrients in ppm (mean ± st.dev) The preliminary phytochemical analysis of Ipomoea
Fe Mn Zn Cu staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf extracts also revealed the
presence of more phytoconstituent in the ethanolic extracts
Leaf 444.60 ±0.54 84.50±0.02 22.60±0.02 17.25±0.13
like alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides,
Occurance High Medium Medium Medium
phenols and sterols when compared to petroleum ether
extract which only confirms the presence of soponins,
steroids, glycosides and sterols, similarly chloroform
extracts confirms only the presence of saponins, steroids,
sterols. So, we took only ethanolic extract for Gas
Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopic (GC-MS)
analysis for confirmation of different constituents (Table 2).
GC-MS analysis
GC-MS analysis of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult.
leaf ethanolic extract was analysed in the instrument GC
Figure 8. Macronutrients of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Model: Thermo Trace GC Ultra, MS Model: Thermo DSQ
Schult. Leaf samples in percentage II, Ionization: Electron Impact Ionisation (EI), Chemical
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Ionisation (CI), Mass Range: 1 - 1074 m/z and obtained spectra Furanmethanol; 4H-Pyran-4 - one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-
was analysed, revealed the presence of 79 compounds in that 24 dihydroxy-6-methyl-; 1,2-Benzenediol; 2-Methoxy-4-
compounds were unknown and 55 compounds were known for vinylphenol; Caryophyllene; 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-
its medicinal properties. Major percentage of compound is propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol; Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl
Dodecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy- (10.41%) used in the treatment of ester; 2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaene, 2,6,10,15,19,23-
Fatty Acid Oxidation disorder and it also intermediate of liver hexamethyl-, (all-E)-; gamma.-Tocopherol; Vitamin E;
fatty acid metabolism (Jones et al., 2000), followed by 9- beta.-Sitosterol; Campesterol; Squalene; gamma.-
Hexadecen-1-ol (9.52%) used as Cosmetics, anti-hair fall agent Sitosterol; Lupeol.
(PubChem- 9-Hexadecen-1-ol/ C16H32O), 9-Octadecen-1-ol Twelve compounds have anti-inflammatory properties such
(8.56%), Hydroperoxide, 1-ethylbutyl (5.88%) etc. and the least as 2-Propenoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-; Vitamin E;
p e r c e n t a g e i s 3 , 3 , 7 , 1 1 - gamma.-Tocopherol; 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl
Tetramethyltricyclo[5.4.0.0(4,11)]undecan-1-ol (0.06%). ester, (Z,Z,Z)-; Phytol; 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-
Eighteen compounds were antimicrobial agents such as 1-ol; 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl) -2- methoxyphenol;
Butyrolactone; 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3 - dihydro - 3, 5 - dihydroxy alpha – Caryophyllene); Caryophyllene; 2-Methoxy-4-
- 6- methyl-; 1,2-Benzenediol;2 Furancarboxaldehyde, 5- vinylphenol; 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-
(hydroxymethyl)-; 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol; 3,4-Altrosan; 6-methyl-; Cyclopentane, 1-acetyl-1,2-epoxy-.
C ar y op h y lle ne ; 4 -(( 1 E )- 3-H yd ro x y -1 -p ro p en yl )-2 - Six compounds have hepatoprotective properties such as
methoxyphenol; 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol; Pent an oic aci d , 4-o xo- ; Ca ry oph yl lene; 9,1 2-
Oleic Acid; 1-Heptadecanol; Phytol; 2,6,10,14,18,22- Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-; 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid
Tetracosahexaene, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-, (all-E)-; (Z,Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; gamma.-Tocopherol;
3,3,7,11-Tetramethyltricyclo[5.4.0.0(4,11)]undecan-1-ol; Vitamin E.
Squalene; gamma.-Sitosterol; Lupeol; 2-Propenoic acid, 3-(4-
Five compounds have antiviral properties such as
hydroxyphenyl)-.
Cyclopentane, 1-acetyl-1,2-epoxy-; Uracil, 1-methyl-;
Fourteen compounds have anticancer properties such as Stigmasterol; Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-ol; Octadecanoic
Butyrolactone; Caryophyllene; alpha.-Caryophyllene; acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester.
3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol; Oleic acid; 9,12-
Five compounds have analgesic properties such as
Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- ; 2,6,10,14,18,22-
Caryophyllene; Benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy-6-methyl-;
Tetracosahexaene, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-, (all-E)-;
alpha.-Caryophyllene; 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-
gamma.-Tocopherol; Vitamin E; beta.-Sitosterol; Stigmasterol;
methoxyphenol; Vitamin E. (Table 3; Figure 4-5)
Lupeol; 2-Propenoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-; 2-Methoxy-4-
vinylphenol. In vitro antioxidant properties
Fourteen compounds have Anti-hypercholesterolemic In biological systems most of the free radicals are derivatives
properties such as 2-Propenoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-; of oxygen like superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl
Lupeol; gamma.-Sitosterol; Stigmasterol; beta.-Sitosterol; radical or derivatives of nitrogen like nitric oxide and
Campesterol; Vitamin E; gamma.-Tocopherol; 9,12- peroxynitrite. Reactive Oxygen Species were the major
Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; 9,12- cause for mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. They also induce
Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-; 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, toxic effects like inactivation of enzymes and alteration of
methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-; Octadecanoic acid; Hexadecanoic acid, intracellular oxidation-reduction state. It can also generate
ethyl ester; Dodecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-. many types of DNA modifications and chromosome
aberrations leading to carcinogenesis. The free radicals
Sixteen compounds were used as food additive and flavoring
damage on the cell/ tissues is neutralized by antioxidants
agent such as 2-Furanmethanol; 2-Propanone, 1,3-dihydroxy-;
such as á-tocopherol, carotenoids, glutathione, thiols,
Butyrolactone; 2,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-
vitamin C etc., by scavenging and decreasing their
one; Diglycerol; Pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-; 1,2-Benzenediol ;
formation. In plants several natural compounds exhibit
2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-; 1 , 2 , 3 -
antioxidant and/or radical scavenger properties. They
Propanetriol, monoacetate; 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol; Sucrose;
possess low molecular weight and the antioxidant
Oleic Acid; Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester; Octadecanoic acid;
mechanism is very complex (Cai et al., 2004).
Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; 2-Propenoic
acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-. In our study it is revealed that Ipomoea staphylina Roem. &
Schult. leaf ethanolic extract showed appreciable
Fifeteen compounds have antioxidant properties such as 2-
antioxidant activity in all tested concentrations which is
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almost comparable with the standards used. The antioxidant was found in normal level. Phosphorus is distributed in all
property of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic plant parts and easily percolated from one organ to another
extract is may be due to the presence of 15 compounds present in and mainly present in foliage older to younger leaves,
it, such as, 2-Furanmethanol; 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5- flowers and seeds. it is an essential element participate in
dihydroxy-6-methyl-; 1,2-Benzenediol; 2-Methoxy-4- photosynthesis, respiration and other metabolic processes.
vinylphenol; Caryophyllene; 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)- In the human body phosphorus has a vital role in the
2-methoxyphenol; Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester; formation of bone and teeth, helps in the metabolism of
2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaene, 2,6,10,15,19,23- corbohydrates and fats, helps in the synthesis of protiens in
hexamethyl-, (all-E)-; gamma.-Tocopherol; Vitamin E; beta.- the human body, triggers tisue repair mechanism, main
Sitosterol; Campesterol; Squalene; gamma.-Sitosterol; Lupeol. component of energy rich source called Adinosine tri
In vitro cytotoxic properties phosphate (ATP), maintains pH of the blood, maintains
heamoglobin structure stability (Calvo et al., 2015).
Many known plant also acts as poison due to overdosage so
many medicinal plants also becomes toxic when it is over In Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf, percentage of
consumed. So, threshold dosage of phytodrug is necessary to magnesium (Mg) was found to be normal. Magnesium is an
avoid its poisoning. essential nutrient which mainly present in leaf and fruit. In
leaf it required for photosynthesis and in fruit it is mainly
From our study it is revealed that Ipomoea staphylina Roem. &
present to activate sugar producing enzyme. In the human
Schult. leaf ethanolic extract showed moderate cytotoxicity
body magnesium is an vital nutrient in normal nerve and
against DLA and EAC in all tested concentrations which is not
muscle function, in maintaining steady heart beat, helps in
with the standard curcumin used. Eventhough 14 known
bone stability, in regulation normal blood glucose level,
anticancer compounds present in the ethanolic extract failed to
enzymes normal function, in maintaining normal body fluid,
suppress the cancer cells in effective way. So, Ipomoea
protein synthesis, cell reproduction, transport substances
staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf ethanolic extract, neither acts as
across cell barriers, in the synthesis of ATP, cofactor for more
effective anticancer agent in suppression of cancer cells nor
than 300 enzymes (Schwalfenberg et al., 2017).
toxic. Which also confirm the traditional use in the consumption
of leaves and roots by the tribes of Tamil Nadu. In Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf, percentage of
calcium (Ca) was found to be in normal level. In human
Elemental composition of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. &
being normal function atleast need 1,200 miligrams per day.
Schult. leaf
Bone is mainly made up of calcium supporting muscular
Macronutrient body. Calcium also play important role in cell signaling,
Potassium (K) was found in normal level in leaf sample. It is muscular contraction, blood clotting, nerve function,
commonly growing drought resistance plant so to tolerate the enzyme activation, cell membrane transport, maintaining
biotic stresses like pathogens and pests, for its survival it has to regular heartbeat, component of serum (Weaver et al., 2011).
show defense mechanism, so that disease prone parts like leaf Micronutrient
has most potassium accumulation. According to WHO normal
In Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf, the Copper was
human need atleast 4.7 grams of potassium per day to perform
found to be normal. Copper is essential for maintainance of
normal work. Potassium has very important role in human health
brain health, antioxidant defence, main component of
like, maintain a normal blood pressure, work as a electrolyte in
neuron communication, essential in healthy skin and
maintaining the body fluid, helps in the contraction of skeletal,
connective tissue, essential in body repair mechanism,
heart and smooth muscles, maintain the kidney health and nerve
structural maintainance of heart and blood vessels, proper
stability, healps in normal enzyme production in metabolism,
circulation of blood, formation of white blood cells, in
maintains normal bone strength (Aaron et al., 2013).
triggering immune response, mitochondrial normal function
In Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf, nitrogen (N) (Collins et al., 2011).
percentage in normal level. Nitrogen is a main component of
In Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf, the Iron (Fe)
DNA, RNA, amino acids, an essential nutrient mainly required
was found to be high. Leaves has highest iron content
for protein synthesis and enzymes, maintains normal growth of
involved in photosynthesis, mitochondrial respiration,
cell, messenger element to relaxing the muscles in the body. A
nitrogen assimilation, hormone biosynthesis (ethylene,
healthy adult need 110 miligrams of nitrogen per kg of body
gibberellic acid, jasmonic acid), Up to 80% of the cellular
weight (Tome et al., 2000).
iron is found in the chloroplasts that is consistent with its
In Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf, phosphorus (P) major function in photosynthesis. In human body iron is an
www.ajpp.in
essential component of red blood cells (RBC), important agents, Anti-hypercholesterolemic compounds, Anti-
components for some proteins, enzymes and also acts as enzyme inflammatory agents, Hepatoprotective agents, Antiviral
cofactor, normal function of heamoglobin and myoglobin, DNA agents, analgesic, Allergenic, Anesthetic, Antimutagenic,
synthesis, eletron transport, one of the component of catalyse, Antispasmodic, Choleretic, Dermatitigenic, Fungicide,
xanthine oxidase amd glutathione peroxidase (McDermid et al., Herbicide, Laxative, Pesticide, Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor,
2012). Pesticide, Tyrosinase Inhibitor, Vermifuge etc.
In Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf, manganese (Mn) Ethanolic extracts is very powerful due to the high
was found to be in normal condition. in humans manganese work efficiency attributed to its intermediate polarity leading to
as mettaloenzymes in the activation of enzyme-substrate the extraction of polar and non-polar compounds.
reaction, also present in bone, cartilages, connective tissue Elemental composition of the plant is tested gives positive
synthesis,proper functioning of tyroid and sex hormone, results for macro as well as micro nutrients in that plant is
regulation of blood sugar level, proper functioning urea cycle, rich with iron which is essential nutrient for human being.
carbohydrate, fat metabolism, amino acid metabolism, blood
The overall study on cytotoxic, antioxidant and elemental
clotting mechanism and also has antioxidant properties
composition reports that the plant species contains many
(Aschner et al., 2002).
active compounds which by their synergistic effect is
In Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. leaf, Zinc (Zn) was effective in scavenging reactive oxygen species and
found to be normal condition. In human body zinc play vital role moderately inhibits the growth of cancer cells. So, It is
in proper function of immune system by activation T finally concluded that leaf ethanolic extract of Ipomoea
lymphocytes, activation of atleast 100 enzymes, proper staphylina Roem. & Schult. can be explored for potential
neurophysiological function (Hambidge, 2000). antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancerous compounds
Conclusion with rich full of nutrients.
Currently, the suppression of radical scavegers, suppression of Aknowledgement
cancer cells is the greatest challenge. As such, new sources of The authors thankful to Department of Applied Botany,
anticancer and antioxidant agents are needed to be discovered Kuvempu University and Department of Botany, Tumkur
and it has become a worldwide challenge. Many scientists from University Karnataka for providing facilities to conduct our
academic institutions and pharmaceutical companies have made experimental work.
an effort to find and discover novel, safe and effective
Conflict of Interest: None
biologically active compound. One of the approaches is by
testing the compound derived from the plant origin. Plants are Author's Contribution
found to be an enormous source for variety of bioactive Mrs Pamashree MS and Mr Ashwathanarayana R, has
compounds with diverse molecular structure and function. collected the data, conducted the experiment and drafted the
These molecules are primarily derived from the secondary article. Dr. Raja Naika, Professor and Dr Roopa B has
metabolism of plants and were used to protect it against supervised the experiment reviewed the article.
predation by microorganisms, insects and herbivorous. The use
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Antioxidant, cytotoxic and nutritive properties of Roem & Schult. Ipomoea

Article · December 2018

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Received: 1 May 2018 Revised: 25 May 2018 Accepted: 30 May 2018

Introduction health care (Valdiani et al., 2011).

study the presence of the following constituents viz.,

Alkaloids Mayer’s test - - +

Saponins Foam test + + +

Tannins Ferric chloride test - - -

Flavonoids Zinc HCl reduction test - - -

Steroids Salkowski test + + +

Glycosides Legal's test + - -

Phenols Ellagic acid test - - -

Sterols Liebermann Burchard test + + +

S. No % in crude Chemical name Properties

S. % in crude Chemical name Properties

S. % in Chemical name Properties

46 0.15 Z,E-2,13-Octadecadien-1-ol Insect sex pheromone component (Schwarz et al., 1983)

in µg/mL activity (Ascorbic acid) Standard in µg/mL activity (Butylated Standard

Concentration scavenging IC50 value Standard IC50 value of

100 40.66±0.88 134.19±1.45 51.66±0.11 102.17±0.49

e. Hydroxy radical scavenging activity of Ipomoea

Elemental composition of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. &

Aleu J, Hanson JR, Galán RH, Collado IG. 2001. 269(1):29-35.

Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2018; 4(4): 473-492 492

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