TRIGONOMETRY

CONTENTS D~
~ Ar:CD~~
- ypo. Hypo. ~

• Right Angle Triangle E

Perpendicular
F 8

• Trigonometric Ratio (T.R.) of some

Specific Angles

• Trigonometric Ratios of B~C

Complementary Angles
Hypotenuse Perpendicular Base
• Trigonometric Identities for LA
for LC
AC
AC
BC
AB
AB
BC
Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics in The trigonometry ratio are
which we study of relationships between the sides sine of L S, cosine of L0, tangent of L0,
& angles of a triangle. cotangent of L0, secant of L0, cosecant of LS.

Fact : In Greek words : These ratios are abbreviated as sin 0, cos 0, tan 0,
cot 8, sec e , cosec e and the relation with sides
Tri= three are
gon = sides
metron = measure (P ) ~ (H)

The ratio of sides of a right angle triangle

with respect to acute angles are called
~~F (B)
"Trigonometric ratios of the angle".
sin 0 =PIH= DE/DF
-I RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLE cos e = B/H = EF/DF

I . A a having one angle equal to 90° is called tan e = P/B = DE/EF

right angle a. cote = B/P=EF/DE

2. The sum of other two acute (Less than 90°) secs =H/B=DF/EF
angles is 90°. (or both acute angles are cosec 0 =HIP= DF/DE
complementary) 1
By above table sin 0 = - -- , cos 0 = _I_,
3. The side opposite to 90°, is called hypotenuse, cosec8 sece
it is longest side in a. I sine P/H P
tan0 = - - alsotan0 = - - = - - = -
4. The side opposite to given one acute angle is cote case B/H B
perpendicular. :. we can say "Trigonometric Ratio" represents
5. The rest (lllrd) side is base. ratio between acute angles & sides of triangle.
 ❖ EXAMPLES ❖

Ex.I lf ABC is right angle triangle, LB = 90°,

AB= 12 cm, AC= 13 cm then find sin A and
cos C.
Sol. Using Pythagoras theorem
We have sin B = AC

~~c
AB

and . Q = -PR
sm
PQ

AC = PR
BC= ✓AC2 -AB2 = ✓169 - 144 = 5 cm Then
AB PQ
sin A= BC = 2_ AC AB
AC 13 Therefore, - = - =k say ....(I)
PR PQ '
AB 12
cosC=-=- Ans. Now, using Pythagoras theorem,
AC 13
BC= ✓AB 2 -AC2
Ex.2 If sin A = ~ in right triangle ABC, then
and QR= ✓PQ 2 -PR 2
find value of tan A, cosec A, tan B, cosec B.

So,
BC = .JAB2 - AC 2
Sol. QR ✓PQ2 - PR 2
I ~
_ ✓k2PQ2 - k 2PR 2
C I B
- ✓PQ2 -PR2
1
0 sin A = - - = BC
✓ 2 AB _ k✓PQ 2 - PR 2
- ✓PQ2 -PR2 = k .....(2)
AC = ✓AB 2 - BC 2 = ✓(✓2k) 2 - (k) 2
From (I) and (2), we have
= ✓2k 2 - k 2 = ..Jk.2 =k AC AB BC
-=- = -
BC k PR PQ QR
tan A= - = - = I
AC k
Then, by using Theorem, ~ACB ~ ~PRQ and
cosec A = - 1 - = ✓2k = ✓2 therefore, L B= L Q.
sin A k
Ex.4 Consider MCB, right-angled at C, in which
tan B = AC = ~ = I AB = 29 units, BC = 21 units and L ABC = 0
BC k (see figure). Determine the value of

cosec B = AB = ✓2k = ✓2 (i) cos2 0 + sin20,

AC k
(ii) cos2 0 - sin20 [NCERTI
Ex.3 If L B and L Q are acute angles such that sin
B = sin Q, then prove that L B = L Q.
(NCERTI
Sol. Let us consider two right triangles ABC and
PQR where sin B = sin Q.
21
Sol. ln MCB, we have

AC= ✓AB 2 -BC 2 = ✓(29) 2 -(21)2

8k~
= ./(29- 21)(29 + 21) = ./(8)(50)
B 15k C
= ../400 = 20 units
. AC 20 BC 21 AC= ✓AB 2 +BC 2 = ✓64k 2 +225k 2
So e = -
SID = - cos e = - = -
' AB 29 ' AB 29
= ✓289k 2 = 17k
2 2
Now, (i) cos20 + sin20 - ( 20 ) + (21 ) . BC 15k 15
sinA=-=-=-
29 29 AC 17k 17
400+ 441 AC 17k 17
= I, sec A= - = - = - Ans.
841 AB 8k 8

and (ii) cos20 - sin20 = G; J- G~ J Ex.7 .

G 1Ven sec
e =
13
- , calculate all other
12
_ (21 + 20)(21 - 20) _ 41 trigonometric ratios. [NCERTI
- 29 2 - 841
Sol. 0 sec e = ~ = Hypotenuse
Ex.5 In 8 OPQ, right-angled at P, OP= 7 cm and 12 Base
OQ - PQ = I cm (see figure). Determine the
values of sin Q and cos Q. [NCERTI perpendicular= .J(l3k) 2 -(12k)2

= ✓(169-144)k 2 =5k

PlO
. P 5k 5
sme= - = - = -
H 13k 13
I 12
case= - - = -
7cm sece 13
Sol. ln 8OPQ, we have
tane=!=~=2..
OQ2 = op2 + PQ2 B 12k 12
i.e (I + PQ)2 = OP2 + PQ2 B 12k 12
cote= - = - = -
i.e. I + PQ2 + 2PQ = OP2 + PQ2 P Sk 5
i.e. I + 2PQ = 72 H 13k 13
i.e. PQ = 24 cm and OQ = I + PQ = 25 cm cosec 0 = - = - = -
P 5k 5
24 Ex.8 In 8ABC, right -angled at B, AB = 7 cm and
So, sin Q = J_ and cos Q =
25 25 (AC - BC) = I cm. Find the values of sin C
Note: and cosC.
I . The values of sin e & cos e are always less than Sol. Consider 8ABC in which L B = 90°, AB = 7 cm
or equal to I & greater than or equal to -1. and (AC - BC)= I cm.
2. Value of tan 0 & cote lie between-oo to +oo. C
3. sin A , cos A, etc. are not product of sin and A.
x cm
4. (sin A) 2 ,;, sin A2 etc.
(x-l)cm
Ex.6 Given 15 cot A = 8, find sin A and sec A.
(NCERTI A ~ - - - ~B
8
base 7cm
Sol. cot A= - = - - - - -
15 perpendicular Let AC= x cm.
Then, BC= (x- I) cm
 By Pythagoras theorem, we have : . P 8k 8
sm 8 = - = - - = - -
AB2 + BC2 = AC2 ⇒ (7)2 + (x - I )2 = x 2 H Mk .Jll3
⇒ 49 + x2 - 2x + I = x2 B 7k 7
cos0= - = - - = - -
⇒ 2x=5O H Mk ✓113
⇒ x=25 (i) (I+ sin8)(l-sin8)
(I+ cos0)(1- cos0)

_(1+*3 J(1-*3J
A~--~B
7cm
- ( 1+ $i3 $i3 J J(1-

AC = 25 cm, BC = (25 - I )cm = 24 cm _ <M + s)(M - s)

and AB= 7cm. - (.J113 + 7)(.J113 - 7)
For T-ratios of LC, we have 113-64 49
Ans.
base = BC = 24 cm, 113 -49 64
perpendicular= AB = 7 cm and
hypotenuse = AC = 25 cm. (ii) cot28 = (~)2 = (7k )2 = 49 Ans.
P 8k 64
. AB 7 BC 24
:. smC= - = - andcosC= - = -. Ex.II If 3 cot A = 4, check whether
AC 25 AC 25
Ex.9 If LA and LB are acute angles such that l-tan 2 A
- - : :2-- = cos2 A - sin2A or not.
cos A = cos B, then show that LA= LB. !+tan A
[NCERTI [NCERTI
Sol 0 cos A= cos B 4 3
Sol. 0cotA= - tan A= -
AC BC 3 4
AB AB

~---~~A
4k
C~B
AC=BC AC= ✓AB 2 + BC2
/1 is an isosceles 11 = ✓25k 2 = 5k
LA = LB Proved.
sin A=~= I
5k 5
7 4k 4
Ex.IO If cot 8 = - , evaluate : INCERT[ cosA=-=-
8 5k 5
.) (l+sin8)(1 - sin8) ("") 2
( 1 -'----'--'------'- , 11 cot28 LHS= l-tan A
(I+ cos0)(1 - cos0)
l+tan 2 A
Sol 0 cot 0 = !_ = Base = B
8 Perpendicular p 1-(¾J =
1--
9
_____l_§_
H= ✓(8k) 2 + (7k)2 = ✓(64 + 49)k
1+(¾J 1+- 9
16
=Mk
 = (16-9)/16 = J_
(16+9)/16 25 Sol
RHS = cos2A- sin2A
16 9 7
25 25 25
0 PR+ QR= 25 cm
LHS= RHS
PQ = 5 cm
Let PR =x cm
Ex.12 In triangle ABC, right-angled at B, if
I :. QR=(25-x)cm
tan A = Jj , find the value of: [NCERT[
Using Pythagoras theorem
PR2 = PQ2 + QR2
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C
x2 = 52 + (25 - x)2
(ii) cos A cos C - sin A sin C
x2 = 25 + 625 + x2 - 50x
I p
Sol. tan A= Jj = B ⇒ 50x=650

⇒ x= 13 cm =PR
:. QR=25-13= 12cm.

":~c
:.AC=
2
✓(✓3k) +(k) 2
= 2
✓3k +k 2
=2k
. QR 12k 12
smP = - = - = -
PR 13k 13

cosP= PQ =~= 2_
PR 13k 13
tan p = QR= 12k = g_ Ans.
. BC k I PQ 5k 5
:. sm A= - =- =- ·
AC 2k 2'
Ex.14 If sin A = I5 , find cos A and tan A.
sin C = AB = ✓3k = Jj ·
AC 2k 2 ' . . A Perpendicular 3
So.I S mce sm = - - ' - - - - - = - , so
AB ✓ 3k ✓ 3 Hypotenuse 5
cos A = - = - = - ·
AC 2k 2 ' We draw a triangle ABC, right angled at B
BC k I such that
cosC= - = - = -
AC 2k 2
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C

~3

I 3 A 4 B
=-+-=I
4 4 Perpendicular= BC = 3 units,
(ii) cos A cos C - sin A sin C and, Hypotenuse = AC = 5 units.
By Pythagoras theorem, we have
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC2
⇒ 52 = AB2 + 32
= Jj - Jj =O ⇒ AB2=52_32
4 4 ⇒ AB2 = 16 ⇒ AB = 4
Ex.13 In 6PQR, right-angled at Q, PR+ QR = 25 cm When we consider the t-ratio of LA, we have
and PQ = 5 cm. Determine the values of Base = AB = 4, Perpendicular = BC = 3,
sin P, cos P and tan P. [NCERT[ Hypotenuse= AC= 5.
 Base 4 B such that Base = AB = I and Perpendicular
cos A=
Hypotenuse 5 =BC= ✓ 2 - I.
and tan A = Perpendicular = i By Pythagoras theorem, we have
' Base 4 AC 2 = AB2 + BC2

Ex.15 If cosec A = ✓lo , find other five

trigonometric ratios.
~'2-1
. A Hypotenuse ✓lo
Sol. S mce cosec = ----- = -- A B
Perpendicular 1 '
⇒ AC2 = 12+ (✓2- 1)2
so we draw a right triangle ABC, right angled
at B such that ⇒ AC2 = I + 2 + 2 - 2✓2
Perpendicular = BC = I unit. and,
⇒ AC 2 = 4 - 2✓2 ⇒ AC = .j4 - 2✓2
Hypotenuse = AC = ✓lo units.
By Pythagoras theorem, we have . A = -BC ✓2-1
N OW SID ---=== , and
' AC ✓4-2✓2
AC 2 = AB2 + BC2

zjl
AB I
cos A= - = ---===
AC ✓4 - 2✓2
✓2- 1 I
sin AcosA X---;===
✓4-2✓2 ./4-2✓2
A B ✓2-1 ✓2-1 I ✓2
⇒ (✓lo )2 = AB2 + I2 4-2✓2 2✓2(✓2 - 1) = 2✓2 = 4
⇒ AB2= 10-1 =9
~ sin2 0 = (sin 0)2
⇒ AB= ✓9=3 cos2 0 = (cos 0)2
When we consider the trigonometric ratios of tan20 = (tan 0)2
LA, we have
cosec2 0 = (cosec 0) 2
Base = AB = 3, Perpendicular = BC = I, and
sec2 0 = (sec 0)2
Hypotenuse = AC = ✓lo.
cot2 0 = (cot 0)2
sin A = Perpendicular = _I_ .
Hypotenuse ✓Io ' ❖ EXAMPLES ❖
Base
cos A = - -- - -
3
· Ex.17 ln a A ABC right angled at C, if tan A= ~
Hypotenuse - ✓lo '
tan A = Perpendicular = .!_ • and tan B = ✓3 . Show that
Base 3' sin A cos B + cos A sin B = I.
Sol Let us draw a AABC, right angled at C in
sec A = Hypotenuse = ✓lo .
Base 3 ' which tan B = ✓3 and tan A = ~.
and cot A = Base = l =3
Perpendicular

EL16

Sol.
lftan A = ✓

.
S mce
tan A
2 - 1, show that sinA cosA=

=- Perpendicular
---- = -
Base
✓ 2- I
- so
I '
we draw a right triangle ABC, right angled at
✓2 .
4
LJ
A C
 I C
Now tan A= -
' ✓3
BC I r. Bel ~3
⇒ AC - ✓3 L0tan A = ~
A 4 B
⇒ BC=xandAC= ✓3x ....(i) By Pythagoras theorem, we have
And, tan B = ✓3 AC 2 = AB 2 + BC2
⇒ 52=42 +BC2
AC ✓3 r. ACl
⇒ --- le tan B = BC~ ⇒ BC2 = 52 - 42 = 9
BC
⇒ BC= ✓9=3
⇒ AC = ✓3 x and BC = x ....(ii)
BC 3
From (i) and (ii), we have tanex=-=-
AB 4
BC = x, AC = ✓ 3x
By Pythagoras theorem, we have
,_I .!_
1-tanex
Now, - - - = __ 4 = 1_ = .!.
AB2 = AC2 + BC2 7
I + tanex I + -3 7
⇒ AB2 = (✓ 3x) 2 + x2 4 4
⇒ AB 2 = 3x2 + x2 12
Ex.19 lfcot B = - , prove that
⇒ AB 2 =4x2 5
⇒ AB=2x tan 2 B - sin2 B = sin4 B. sec2B.
When we find the t-rations of LA, we have . Base 12
Sol. Smce cot 8 = ul - , so we
Base= AC= ✓ 3 x, Perpendicular= BC= x, Perpendic ar 5
and Hypotenuse = AB = 2x. draw a right triangle ABC, right angled at C
BC x I such that Base = BC = 12 units.
sin A = - = - = - and
AB 2x 2 Perpendicular= AC = 5 units.
✓ 3x ✓ 3 A

2::J,
AC
cos A= - = -- = -
AB 2x 2
When we consider the t-ratios of LB, we have
Base= BC = x, Perpendicular = AC = ✓3 x,
B 12 C
and Hypotenuse = AB = 2x.
By Pythagoras theorem, we have
BC x I AB 2 = BC2 + AC 2
cos B = - = - = - and
AB 2x 2 ⇒ AB 2 =l22 +5 2 =169
. AC ✓3
smB=- = - - = -
./ix ⇒ AB= ✓169 = 13
AB 2x 2 . AC 5 AC 5
sm B = - = - tan B = - = -
Now, AB 13 ' BC 12
. I I ✓3 ✓3 AB 13
sinA cosB + cosA smB = - x - + - x - andsecB= - = -
2 2 2 2 BC 12
I 3 Now, LHS = tan2B - sin2B = (tanB)2 - (sinB)2
=-+-=I.
4 4 2 2
5) ( 5) 25 25
5 1-tanex
If sec ex = - , evaluate - - -
= ( ii ii = 144 - 169
Ex.18
4 I+ tanex
_ 25 ( I l ) _ 25 ( 169-144)
Hypotenuse 5 - 144 - 169 - 144x 169
Sol. Since sec ex = ---"-'---- = - , so we draw
Base 4 25 25x 25
a right triangle ABC, right angled at B such that = 25 X
144x 169 144x 169
Hypotenuse= AC = 5 units,
52 X 52
Base= AB= 4 units, and LBAC = ex. ....(i)
2 2
12 X 13
 and, RHS = sin 4B sec2B Sol. We have,
= (sin 8)4 (sec 8)2 AB=a

UJJ (:~J
⇒ AD+DB=a [0 AD=DB]
⇒ AD+AD=a
= X

54 ⇒ 2AD=a ⇒ AD = ~
2
2 2
13 X 12
Thus AD=DB= ~
52 X 52 ' 2
....(ii)
132 X (2 2 By Pythagoras theorem, we have
From (i) and (ii), we have AC2=AB 2 + BC2
tan2B - sin2B = sin4 B sec2B. ⇒ b2=a2 + BC2
Ex.20 In a right triangle ABC, right angled at B, the ⇒ BC2=b2-a2 ⇒ BC= .Jb 2 -a 2
ratio of AB to AC is I : ✓ 2 . Find the values Thus, in iiBCD, we have
of 2 2
Base=BC = .Jb -a
( 1.) 2 tan A and (ii) 2 tan A
2
t + tan 2 A 1- tan A .
and Perpendicular= BO =
a
AB I r;;. 2
Sol. We have, AB : AC= I : vL. 1.e. AC= ✓2 Applying Pybthagoras theorem in iiBCD, we
have
AB = x and AC = ✓2 x. BC2 + 802 = CO2
C
⇒ (~J
LJ
(.Jb2-a2)2 + =CO2

82
⇒ CO 2 = b2 - a 2 + -
4
A 8 4b2 -4a2 +a 2
By Pythagoras theorem, we have
⇒ co2 = - - - - -
4
AC 2 = AB2 + BC2
✓4b -3a 22
⇒ (✓ 2 x)2 = x2 + BC 2 ⇒ CD=--'------
⇒ BC2 = 2x2 - x2 = x 2
2
Now,
⇒ BC=x

tan A= BC= ~ =I (i) sin 0 = BD

AB X
CD
a/2 a
2tanA =~=3_=! ⇒ sin 0 = --=====
Now, I+ tan 2 A I + 12 2 ✓4b 2 - 3a 2 ✓4b -3a 2
2

2tanA 2x I 2 2
Now,
I - tan 2 A 1-1 o· which is ..) cos S = -BC
(11
undefined. CD
Ex.21 In fig. AD = DB and LB is a right angle. .Jb2 - a2 2~
Detennine ⇒ cos0 = ---.====
(i) sin 0
✓4b 2 -3a 2 ✓4b2 -3a 2
(ii) cos 0
(iii) tan 0 (iv) sin2 0 + cos2 0
2
A ( ... )
Ill tan
S = -BO
CD

b/ J ⇒
a/2 a
tan0 = - - - = - - = =, and
.Jb2-a2 2.Jb2 - a2

C
e l B
(iv) sin2 0 + cos2 0
 [✓4b,.-J,' J [✓~ J
Sol.(i) sin 60° cos 30° + cos 600 sin 30°
✓ 3 ✓ 3 I I 3 I
• + =-X-+- X -=-+-=I
2 2 2 2 4 4
2 2 2
a +4(b -a ) (ii) sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° sin 45°
2 2
4b -3a 4 b 2 -3a 2 ✓3 I I I
= - X-+-X -
2
4b - 3a
2
=I 2 ..fi 2 ..fi
4b 2 -3a 2 ✓3 I ✓3+1
=--+--=--
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO (T.R.) OF 2..fi 2..fi 2..fi
SOME SPECIFIC ANGLES
Ex.23 Evaluate the following expression :
The angles 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90° are angles for (i) tan 60° cosec2 45° + sec2 600 tan 45°
which we have values ofT.R. (ii) 4cot2 45° - sec2 60° + sin2 60° + cos2 90°.
LA 00 30° 45° 60° 900 Sol.(i) tan 60° cosec2 45° + sec2 600 tan 45°
tan 60° (cosec 45°)2 + (sec 60°}2 tan 45°
sin A 0 -
I I ✓3 I
2 ..fi -2 = ✓3 x (✓2)2 + (2)2 x I

✓3 I I = ✓ 3 x2+4=4+2 ✓ 3
cos A I - - 0
(ii) 4cot2 45° - sec2 60° + sin2 60° + cos2 90°
2 ..fi 2
= 4(cot 45°)2 - ( sec 60°}2
tan A 0 I Not
I + (sin 600)2 + (cos 90°)2
✓3 ✓3

J
defined

cot A Not
✓3 I
I
0
= 4 x ( I)2 - (2)2 + [ ~ +0
defined ✓3
=4 - 4+ I +o=I
2
sec A I ..fi 2 Not 4 4
✓3 defined
EL24 Show that :
2
cosec A Not
defined
2 ..fi ✓3
I (i) 2(cos245° + tan2600)-6(sin245° - tan2300) = 6
(ii) 2(cos460° + sin430°)- (tan2 60° + cot2 45°)

• sin 9 t when 0 t , 0 ~ 0 ~ 90° + 3 sec230° = .!.

4
• cos 0 ..j, when 0 t , 0 ~ 0 ~ 90° Sol.(i) 2(cos 245° + tan260°)- 6(sin245°-tan230°)
•

•
tan 0, cot 0 are not defined for 0 = 90° & 0
respectively.
cosec 0, sec 9 are not defined when 0 = 0 &
90° respectively.
=2[( J
~ +(✓3) 2 l-6[(~ J-(~ Jl
• sin 0 = cos 0 for only 0 = 45° = 2 ( ½+3 } 6(½ - ½ )=2('~
6
)~(3~ 2
)
e E) 180° = 7tC

• 30° = ( ¾ r 45° = ( ¾J
=2x I__ 6 x .!_ = 7 - I = 6
2 6
(ii) 2(cos460° + sin4 30°) - (tan260° + cot245°)

60° = ( ~ r 90° = ( %J
= J
2((½ +(½ J}((✓3)2 +
+ 3 sec2 30°
2
(1) )+3 ( 1J
❖ EXAMPLES ❖
Ex.22 Evaluate each of the following in the simplest =2 (_!_ + _!_ )- (3 + I) + 3 x ~
fonn : 16 16 3
(i) sin 60° cos 300 + cos 600 sin 30° I I
=2 x --4+4=-
(ii) sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° sin 45° 8 4
Ex.25 Find the value ofx in each of the following:
And, sinx = sin30° = .!.
(i) tan 3x = sin 45° cos 45° + sin 30° 2
(ii) cos x = cos 60° cos 30° + sin 60° sin 30°
.Jt-cos2x
Sol.(i) tan 3x = sin 45° cos 45° + sin 30° sinx= - - - -
2
I I I
⇒ tan 3X = - X - +-
.fi. .fi. 2
Ex.27 Find the value of0 in each of the following:
I I (i) 2 sin 28 = ✓3 (ii) 2 cos 38 = I
⇒ tan 3x= - + -
2 2 Sol(i) 2 sin 28 = ../3
⇒ tan 3x= I
⇒ tan 3x = tan 45° ⇒ sin 28 = ../3
2
⇒ 3x = 45° ⇒ X = 15°
⇒ sin 28 = sin 60°
(ii) cos x = cos 60° cos 30° + sin 60° sin 30°
⇒ 2e = 60° ⇒ e = 30°
I ✓3 ✓3 I (ii) 2 cos 38 = I
⇒ COS X =- X - +- X -
2 2 2 2 I
⇒ cos38 = -

⇒ cosx= -
../3 + -
../3 2
4 4 ⇒ cos 38 = cos 60°
⇒ 38 = 60° ⇒ e = 20°.
⇒ cosx= -
../3
2 Ex.28 If 8 is an acute angle and sin 8 = cos 8, find
the value of 2 tan2e + sin2e - I.
⇒ COS X = COS 30°
⇒ x=300 Sol. sin 8 = cos 8
sine cos8
Ex.26 Ifx = 30°, veri.fy that ⇒ -----
2 cos8 cos8
(i) tan 2x = tan: [Dividing both sides by cos 8]
I-tan X
⇒ tan8 = I
(..) sm. x = ✓ 1-cos2x
11
2
⇒ tan8 = tan45° ⇒ e = 45°
2 tan2e + sin2e - I
Sol.(i) When x = 30°, we have 2x = 60° . = 2tan245° + sin245° - I
tan 2x = tan 60° = ../3
2tanx 2tan30° =2(t)2+(~J-t
And,
1- tan 2 x 1- tan 2 30"
I =2+.!.-1=~-1=I.
2x- 2 2 2
../3
Ex.29 An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle
1- ( i J of radius 6 cm. Find its side.
Sol. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle inscribed
in a circle of radius 6 cm. Let O be the centre
of the circle.

2tanx
tan2x= - - -
1- tan2x
(ii) When x = 30°, we have 2x = 60°.

:. ✓ 1 - c;s2x = ✓ 1-c~s60"

.J~LJ¼=¾
Then, OA = OB = OC = 6 cm.
 Let OD be perpendicular from O on side BC. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF
Then, D is mid-point of BC and OB and OC COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES
are bisectors of LB and LC respectively.
0 We know complementary angles are pair of
:. LOBO= 30°
angles whose sum is 90°
ln d08D, right angled at D, we have
LOBO= 30° and 08 = 6 cm. Like 40°, 50°; 60°, 30°; 20°, 70°; 15°, 75°; etc,
Formulae:
cos LOBO= BD ⇒ cos60° = BD
08 6 sin (90° - 0) = cos 0, cot (90° - 0) = tan0

⇒ BD = 6 cos 60° = 6 x ✓3 = 3✓3 cm. cos (90° -0) = sin 0, sec (90° -0) = cosec 0
2 tan (90° -0) = cot 0, cosec (90° -0) = sec 0
⇒ BC= 2 8D = 2(3✓ 3 )cm= 6✓ 3 cm. tan65°
Ex.32 Evaluate - - . [NCERTI
Hence, the side of the equilateral triangle is cot25°
6✓3 cm. Sol. 0 65° + 25° = 90°
Ex.JO Using the formula,
tan 65° = tan (900 - 25°) = cot 25° =
sin(A - 8) = sinA cosB - cosA sinB, find the 1
cot 25° cot 25° cot 25°
value of sin 15°.
Sol. Let A = 45° and 8 = 30°. Then A - B = 15°. Ans.
Putting A = 45° and 8 = 30° in the given Ex.33 Without using trigonometric tables, evaluate
formula, we get the following :
sin(45° - 300) = sin45° cos30° - cos45° sin30° .. ) sin 41° ... ) sin 30°1 T
(i) cos 37° ( II - - - ( Ill
. I ✓3 I I sin 53° COS 49° cos 59°43'
or, sm(45°-30°)= ✓2 x
2 - ✓2 x
2 Sol.(i) We have
✓3-1 ✓3-1 cos 37° = cos(90°-53°) = sin 53° =
2✓ 2 ⇒ sin 15° =
2✓2
= 1
sin 53° sin 53° sin 53°

Ex.JI If tan (A+ B) = ✓3 and tan (A - 8) = ~ ; [0 cos(90° -0) = sin 0)

(ii) We have,
0° <A+ B ~ 90° ; A> 8, find A and 8. sin 41° = sin(90°-49°) = cos49° =
1
Sol. tan (A+ B) = ✓3 = tan 60° cos 49° cos49° cos49°
&tan(A-8)= 1/ ✓3 =tan30° [0 sin (90°- 0) = cos 0)
A + B = 60° .......(I) (iii) We have,
A - 8 = 30° .......(2) sin 30°17' sin(90°- 59°43') _ cos59°43' = I.
cos 59°43' cos59°43' cos59°43'
2A = 90° ⇒ A = 45° Ans.
adding (I) & (2) Ex.34 Without using trigonometric tables evaluate
A+ 8=60 the following :
A-8 =30 (i) sin2 25° + sin2 65° (ii) cos 2 13° - sin277°
Sub fact equation (2) from (I) SoL(i) We have,
A+B=60 sin225° + sin265° = sin2 (90° - 65°) + sin265°
A-8 = 30 = cos265° + sin265° = I
- + -
[0 sin (90° - 0) = cos 0)
28= 30° (ii) We have,
⇒ B = 15°. Ans. cos2 13°- sin277° = cos2(900- 77°)- sin277°
Note : sin(A + 8) = sin A cos 8 + cos A sin B = sin277° - sin277° = 0
sin(A + 8) * sin A+ sin 8. [0 cos (90° -0) = sin 0)
Ex.35 Without using trigonometric tables, evaluate Ex.37 Without using trigonometric tables, evaluate
the following : the following :
(i) cot 54° + tan 20° _ 2 sin 2 20°+ sin 2 70° + sin(90°-8)sin 8
tan 36° cot 70° cos2 20°+cos2 70° tan0
(ii) sec 50° sin 40° + cos 40° cosec 50° cos(90°---e) cos8
+------
Sol.(i) We have, cote
cot 54° + tan 20° _ sin 2 20°+ sin 2 70° + sin(90°---e) sin 8
2 Sol.
tan 36° cot 70° cos2 20°+cos2 70° tan8
+ cos(90°---e)cos8
= cot(90°-36°) + tan20° _
2 cote
tan 36° cot(90°- 20°) 2 2
= sin 20°+sin (90°-20°) + sin(90°-8)sin8
tan 36° tan 20° cos 2 20°+cos2 (90°-20°) tan8
=--+---2=1+1-2=0
tan 36° tan 20°
+ cos(90°-8)cos8
(ii) We have, cote
sec50° sin40° + cos40° cosec50° sin 2 20°+cos2 20° + cos8sin8 + sin8cos8
= sec(90° - 40°) sin40° cos 2 20°+sin 2 20° sine cos8
+ cos40° cosec(90° - 40°) cos8 sin8
= cosec40° sin40° + cos400sec40° sin(90°---e) = cos8 andl
[ cos(90°---e) = sin8IJ
= sin 40° + cos 40° = I + I = 2
sin 40° cos 40° = !
+ cos2 8 + sin2 8 = I + I = 2
Ex.36 Express each of the following in tenns
I
of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0° Ex.38 lf tan 28 = cot (8 + 6°), where 28 and 8 + 6°
and 45°; are acute angles, find the value of8.
Sol. We have,
(i) cosec 69° + cot 69°
tan 28 = cot (8 + 6°)
(ii) sin 81°+ tan 81° ⇒ cot(90° - 28) = cot (8 + 6°)
(iii) sin 72° + cot 72° ⇒ 90° - 28 =8 + 6° ⇒ 38 = 84°
Sol.(i) We have, ⇒ 8 =28°
cosec 69° + cot 69° Ex.39 lf A, B, C are the interior angles of a triangle
= cosec (900- 21°) + cot (90° - 21°) B+C A
ABC, prove that tan - - = cot -
= sec 21°+ tan 21° 2 2
Sol. In MBC, we have
[0 cosec (90° - 8) = sec 8 and
A+ B +C = 180°
cot (90° -8) = tan 8] ⇒ B + C = 180° - A
(ii) We have, ⇒ B+C =90o- A
sin 81°+tan 81° 2 2
= sin (90° - 9°) + tan (900 - 9°)
= cos 9° + cot 9°
⇒ tan ( B; C ) = tan ( 90°- ~)
[0 sin (90° -8) = cos 8 and
tan (90° -8) = cot 8]
⇒ tan (B~C) =cot~

(iii) We have, Ex.40 If tan 2A = cot (A - 18°), where 2A is an acute

sin 72° + cot 72° angle, find the value of A. [NCERTI
= sin (90° - I 8°) + cot (900 - 18°) Sol. tan 2A = cot (A - 18°)
cot (90° - 2A) = cot (A - 18°)
= COS I 8° + tan I 8°
(0 cot (90° -8) = tan 8)
[0 sin (90° - 18°) = cos 18° and 90° - 2A = A - 18°
tan (90° - 18°) = cot 18°) 3A = 108°
A= 36° Ans.
Ex.41 If tan A= cot B, prove that A+ B = 90°. = cos2e . sec2e
Sol. 0tanA=cotB [0 I + tan2e = sec2e)
tan A = tan (90° - 8)
A=90° -B
1
=cos2e.(- -
cos2 e
) re sec0=~l
L cose ~
A+ B = 90°. Proved
Ex.45 Prove the following trigonometric identities :
Ex.42 If A, B and C are interior angles of a triangle
ABC, then show that ( i) sine = cosec0 + cot e
1-cose
sin (B;C)=cos; [NCERTI (ii) tan0 + sin0 = sec0 + I
tan0 - sine secs -1
Sol. 0 A + B + C = 180° (a.s.p. of~)
Sol.(i) We have,
B +C = 180° - A
sine x (I + cos0)
LHS=---
(B;C )= 900 _ ~ (1- cos0) (I+ cos0)
[Multiplying numerator and

sin (
8
; C ) = sin(900 - ~) sin0(l+cos0)
denominator by ( I + cosS)J
sin0(l +cos0)
= l - cos20 = sin 2 0
sm(B;c )=cos~ Proved.
[0 I - cos2e = sin2e]
Ex.43 Express sin 67° + cos 75° in terms of I + cos0 I cos0
---=--+--
trigonometric ratios of angles between 0° sine sine sine
and 45°. = cosec0 + cote = RHS
Sol. 0 23 = 90- 67 & 15 = 90 - 75 7
~
I cos0
:. sin 67° + cos 75° 0 - - = cosec0 and--= cot SI
sine sine ~
= sin (90 - 23)0 + cos (90 - I 5}°
(ii) We have,
= cos 23° + sin I 5°. Aas.
-I TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
LHS = tan0 + sin0
tan0-sin0

(I) tan 0 = sin S

cose
(linear) sine
- - +sm
= cose
. e 1
sin e(- - +
cose
I)
(2) sin 2 0+cos 2 0= 1 7 -sine . e
- -Sm sine( - ' - 1)
cose cose
2
(3) I + tan e = sec e 2
I square identites
2 2 _ l _ +I
(4) l +cot 0=cosec 0J
cose = sec0+ I = RHS
_ l_ _ J secS-1
❖ EXAMPLES ❖ cose
Ex.44 Prove the following trigonometric identities : Ex.46 Prove the following identities :
(i) ( I - sin20) sec2e = I (i) (sin0 + cosec0)2 + (cos0 + sec0)2
(ii) cos2e (I+ tan2e) = I
= 7 + tan2e + cot20
Sol.(i) We have,
(ii) (sme + sec0)2 + (cos0 + cosec0)2
LHS = ( I - sm20) sec2e = cos2e sec2e
= ( I + sec0 cosec0)2
[0 I - sin2e = cos2e]
(iii) sec4e - sec2e = tan4e + tan2e
7
~
1 I
= cos2e. ( - ) e sec0==::-o! Sol.(i) We have,
cos2 0 cose~
= I =RHS LHS = (sin0 + cosec0)2 + (cos0 + sec0)2
(ii) We have, = (sin2e + cosec2e + 2sin0 cosec0)
LHS = cos2e (l + tan2e) (cos2e + sec2e + 2cos0 sec0)
 1 (ii) We have,
= (sin 20 + cosec20 + 2sin0.-.--)
sm0 LHS = cot4A- l = (cosec2A- 1)2-1
(0 cot2A = cosec2A-l
1
+ (cos 20 +sec2 0+ 2cos0.--) :. cot4A = (cosec2A- t)2]
cos0
cosec4A -2
= cosec2A + I - t
= (sin2e + cosec2e + 2) + (cos2e + sec2e + 2)
= cosec4A - 2 cosec2A = RHS
= sin20 + cos20 + cosec2 0 + sec20 + 4
(iii) We have,
= I + (I +cot20)+(1 + tan20)+4
LHS = sin6A + cos6A = (sin2 A)3 + (cos2 A)3
(0 cosec20 = I + cot20, sec20 = I + tan20]
= (sin2 A + cos2 A) {(sin2 A)2 + (cos2 A)2
= 7 + tan20 + cot20 = RHS.
- sin2 A cos2 A)}
(ii) We have,
LHS = (sin 0 + sec0)2 + (cos 0 + cosec0)2 [E> a 3 + b3 =(a+ b) (a2- ab+ b2)]
2 2 ={(sin2 A)2 + (cos2 A)2 + 2 sin2 A cos2 A
• 1 ) + ( cos0+--
= ( sm0+-- I ) - sin2 A cos2 A}
cos0 sin0
= [(sin2 A+ cos2 AY- 3 sin2 A cos2 A]
. '" + -I - +2sin0
= sm..,, - - + cos20 = I- 3 sin2 A cos2 A= RHS
cos20 cos0
Ex.48 Prove the following identities :
+-l-+2cos0 · 2A + cos2A = _ _ _ _ _
sin 20 sin0 (i) ~ 2
cos2A sin 2A sin 2Acos 2A
1 1
= (sin2e + cos2e) +(- - 2 + --2 )+ 2
cos 0 sin 0 ") cosA sin A
( n - - - + - - - - = sinA + cosA
I - tanA sinA - cosA
2 ( sin 0 + cos0 ) 2 2 2
cos0 sin0 (iii) (l+sin0) +(1-sin0) (1+sin 8)
2
cos20 l-sin 2 8
= (sin20 + cos20) +(sin2 0 + cos2 0)
sin 20cos20 Sol.(i) We have,
· 2A 2 4 2
LHS=~ + cos A= sin A+cos A
+ 2(sin 20 + cos20)
cos2A sin 2A sin 2 Acos2A
sin0cos0
[on taking LCM]
=l+----+ 2
sin 20 cos20 sin 0 cos0 (sin A)2 + (cos A) + 2sin 2 Acos 2 A
2 2 2
- 2sin 2 Acos 2 A
2 2
sin Acos A
= (1+ . I )2 =(I +sec0cosec0)2=RHS
sm0cos0 2 2 2 2 2
(sin A+ cos A) -2sin Acos A
(iii) We have, LHS = sec40 - sec20 2 2
sin Acos A
= sec20 (sec20- I)= (I + tan20)(1 + tan20 - I)
(0 sec20 = I + tan2e]
I- 2sin Acos2 A
2

= (1 + tan20) tan20 = tan20 + tan40 = RHS. sin 2 Acos 2 A

Ex.47 Prove the following identities : 2=RHS

(i) cos4 A - cos2 A= sin4 A- sin2 A sin 2 Acos 2 A
(ii) cot4 A - I = cosec4 A - 2cosec2 A (ii) We have,
(iii) sin6 A+ cos6 A = 1 - 3sin2 A cos2 A. LHS = cos A +
2
sin A
Sol.(i) We have, I- tan A sin A-cos A
LHS = cos4A- cos2A = cos2A (cos2A - t) cosA sin 2 A
= - cos2 A (1 - cos2 A)= - cos2A sin2A +-----
] - sinA sinA-cosA
= -(I - sin2 A) sin2 A= -sin2 A+ sin4 A cosA
= sin4 A - sin2 A = RHS
 cosA sin 2 A = (sin2 0 - cos2 0 ){( sin 2 0 )2 + (cos2 0 )2
+ + 2 sin 20 cos2 0 - 2 s in2 0 cos2 0}
cosA-sinA sinA - cosA
cosA = (sin2 0 - cos2 0) {(sin2 e + cos2 0)2
cos2 A sin 2 A - 2sin2 0 cos2 0}
+
cosA-sinA sinA-cosA = (sin2e -cos2e) ( I - 2 sin2e cos2e) = RHS
2 2 Ex.50 lf (secA + tanA)(secB + tanBXsecC + tanC)
cos A sin A
cosA-sinA cosA-sinA = (secA - tanAXsecB - tanB)(secC - tanC)
cos2 A - sin 2 A prove that each of the side is equal to ± I.
cosA - sinA Sol. We have,
(secA + tanA)(secB + tanB)(secC + tanC)
= (cosA+sinA)(cosA-sinA)
= (secA - tanAXsecB -tanB)(secC - tanC)
cosA - sinA
Multiplying both sides by
= cos A + sin A = RHS
(iii) We have,
(secA-tanA)(secB - tanB)(secC -tanC) we get
2 2 (secA + tanA) (secB + tanB) (secC + tanC)
LHS = (I + sin 0) + (l-sin0) (secA - tanA) (secB -tanB) (secC -tanC)
cos2 0 = (secA-tanA)2 (secB -tanB)2 (secC - tanC}2
_ (1 + 2sin 0 + sin 2 0)+ (l -2sin0 + sin 2 0) ⇒ (sec2A - tan2A)(sec2B-tan28) (sec2C -tan2C)
- cos2 0 = (secA -tanA)2(secB - tanB)2(secC - tanC)2
2+2sin 2 0 2(1+sin 2 0) 2 ⇒ I = ((secA - tanA)(secB - tanB) (secC-tanC)]2
2(t+sin 2 0) ⇒ (secA - tanA)(secB- tanB)(secC - tanC) =±I
cos2 0 1-sin 2 0 l-sin 0
Similarly, multiplying both sides by
=RHS.
(secA + tanAXsecB + tanB)(secC + tanC),
Ex.49 Prove the following identities : we get
(i) 2 (sin6 0 + cos6 0) - 3(sin4 0 + cos4 0) + I = 0 (secA + tanA)(secB + tanB)(secC + tanC) =±I
(ii) (sin8 e - cos8e) =
Ex.SI If tan0 + sine = m and tan0 - sin0 = n, show
(sin 2 0 -cos2 0) ( I - 2sin2 0 cos2e)
Sol.(i) We have, that m2 - n2 = 4 ~ .
LHS = 2(sin60 + cos60) - 3(sin40 + cos40) + I Sol. We have,
= 2 [(sin2 0 )3 + (cos2 0 )3] LHS = m2 - n2 = (tan0 + sin0)2 -(tan0 -sin0)2
- (3 (sin2 0)2 + (cos2 0)2] + I = 4tan0 sin0 (0(a + b}2-(a- b)2 = 4ab]
2
= 2[(sin 0 + cos 0) {(sin 20)2 + (cos 2 0)2
2
And, RHS=4&
- sin2e cos2 0)]}
2 = 4.f(tan0 +sin0)(tan0 - sin0)
- 3[(sin 0) + (cos 0)2 + 2 sin2 0 cos2 0
2 2
-2 sin2 0 cos2 0] + I = 4 ✓1an 2 e -sin 2 0
2 2
= 2((sin 0)2 + (cos 0) + 2 sin2 0 cos2 0
2
. 29
-3 sin2 0 cos2 0] =4 ~ - sin 2 e
2
-3 [(sin 0 + cos 0) - 2 sin 0 cos2 0) + I
2 2 2 2 cos 0
=2[(sin20 +cos20)2 - 3 sin20 cos20] 2 2 2
sin__
=4 , _ e - sin
__ 0 cos
__e
- 3 (1- 2 sin2 0 cos20] + I 2
cos 0
=2(1-3 sin20 cos20) - 3(1-2sin20 cos20)+ I
2 2 4
=2-6sin20cos20 -3+6sin2 0cos20+ I = sin 0(1-cos 0) = sin 0
4 2
4
= O= RHS cos 0 cos2e
(ii) We have,
sin 2 0 . sine .
LHS = sin 8 0 -cos8 0 = (sin4 0)2 - (cos4 0)2 =4- - = 4sm0 - - =4sm0tan0
case cose
= (sin4 0 - cos4 0)(sin4 0 + cos4 0)
Thus we have
= (sin 20-cos2 0)(sin2 0 + cos2 0)
(sin4 e + cos4 0) LHS = RHS, i.e. m2 - n2 = 4 &
Ex.52 If cos0 + sin0 = ✓2 cos0, show that Sol LHS = (m2 + n2)cos2f3
cos0 - sin0 = ✓2 sin0. =( -
cos
-2+
2
a -cos
-c 2
2
ao s2 l3 J
Sol. We have, cos 13 sin 13
cos0 + sin0 = ✓2 cos0
⇒ ( cos0 + sin0 )2 = 2 cos20
[e m = cosa and n = cosa~
cosl3 sinl3 ~
⇒ cos20 + sin20 + 2 cos0sin0 = 2 cos20

⇒ cos20 - 2cos0 sin0 = sin 0

2
=
2 2
( cos asin 13+ cos acos
2 2
2 2
J
13 cos2
13
⇒ cos20 - 2cos0sin0 + sin20 = 2sin20 cos 13 sin 13
2
⇒ (cos0 - sin0) = 2sin20
2 1 2
⇒ cos0 - sin0 = ✓2 sin0 = cos a( 2 2 }os 13
cos l3sin 13
If sin0 + cos0 = p and sec0 + cosec0 = q,
Ex.53

Sol.
show that q(p 2 - I) = 2p
We have,
2
= cos a = ( cosa
sin 2 13 sin 13
J = nZ = RHS

LHS = q(p2 - I) ELS6 1f a.cos0 + bsin0 = m and asin0 - bcos0 = n,

= (sec0 + cosec0) [(sin0 + cos0)2 - I] prove that a2 + b2 = m 2 + n2.
1 1 Sol. We have,
= ( -- + -.- ) {sin2e + cos2e + 2s~C0!6 - I} RHS = m 2 +n2
cos0 sm0
= (acos0 + bsin0)2 + (asin0 - bcos0)2
= ( sin 8 + ~ose ) [I + 2 sin0 cos0 - I) = (a2cos20 + b2sin20 + 2ab cos0sin0)
cos0sm0 + (a2 sin20 + b2cos20 - 2ab sin0cos0)
= a2(cos20 + sin20) + b2(sin20 + cos20)
= ( sin0 + ~os0) (2 sin0 cos0)
cos0sm0 = a2 + b2 = LHS.
Ex.57 If acos0 - bsin0 = c, prove that
= 2(sin0 + cos0) = 2p = RHS
asin0 + bcos0 = ± .Ja 2 + b 2 -c 2
2- I
Ex.54 lfsec0 + tan0 = p, show that-';----- = sin0. Sol. We have,
p +I (acos0 - bsin0)2 + (asin0 + bcos0)2
Sol. We have, = (a2cos20 + b2sin20 - 2ab sin0cos0)
2 2 + (a2sin20 + b 2cos20 + 2absin0cos0)
LHS = p - I = (sec0 + tan0) - I
2 = a (cos20 + sin20) + b2(sin20 + cos20)
2
p +l (sec0 + tan0)2 + I
= a2 + b2
sec2 0 + tan 2 0 + 2sec0 tan0- I ⇒ c2 + (asin0 + bcos0)2 = a2 + b2
2 2
sec 0 + tan 0 + 2sec0 tan0 + I [0 acos0 - bsin0 = c]
2 2 ⇒ (asin0 + bcos0)2 = a 2 + b2 - c2
= (sec 0-1) + tan 0 + 2sec0 tan0
sec2 0 + 2sec0 tan0 +(I+ tan 2 0) ⇒ asin0 + bcos0 = ± .Ja 2 + b 2 - c 2 •
2 2
Ex.58 Prove that :
tan 0 + tan 0 + 2sec0tan0 (I - sin0 + cos0)2 = 2(1 + cos0)(1 - sin0)
2
sec 2 0 + 2sec0 tan0 + sec 0 Sol (1- sin0 + cos0)2
2
2 tan 0 + 2 tan0 sece = I + sin20 + cos20 - 2s~ + 2cos0 - 2sin0cos0
= 2 - 2sin0 + 2cos0 - 2sin0cos0
2sec
2
e + 2sec0 tan0 = 2 ( I - sin0) + 2 cos0 ( I - sin0)
= 2tan0(tan0+sec0)
= 2( 1 - sin0)(1 + cos0) = RHS
2sec0(sec0 + tan0) Ex.59 1fsin0 + sin20 = I, prove that cos20 + cos40 = I.
tan0 sin0 Sol. We have,
= -- = = sin0 = RHS
sec0 cos0sec0 sin0 + sin20 = I
⇒ sin0 = I - sin20

ELSS If cosa = m and cosa = n show that ⇒ sin0 =cos20

cosl3 sin 13 Now, cos20 + cos48 = cos20 + (cos20 )2
(m2 + n2)cos2l3 = n2. = cos20 + sin20 = I
 sin0-cos8+ I
Ex.60 Prove that : Ex.62 Prove that ------ ----
sine+ cosS-1 - sec0 - tanS '
sine - cos0 sine+ cose 2 using the identity sec20 = I + tan20.
----+----
sine + cos0 sin0- cose 2sin 2 0 -1 sin8- cos0 + I tan0- l + secS
Sol. We have, S~ lliS=-----
sinS + cosS - I tanS + I - sec
e
sine - cos0 sin 0 + cos0 = (tanS+secS)-1
LHS= - - - - + - - - -
sin 0 + cos0 sin 0 - cos0 (tan0-sec8)+1
= (sine -cos0) 2 +(sine+ cos0)2 = {(tan0 + sec8)- l}(tan8 -sec0)
(sin0 + cos0)(sin0 -cos0) {(tan0- sec0) + l}(tanS - sec0)
_ 2(sin 2 0+cos2 0) = (tan 2 8 -sec2 0)-(tanS - secS)
- sin 2 0-cos2 0 {tan8-sec8+ l}(tan0-sec8)
[0 (a+ b)2 +(a - b)2= 2(a2 + b2)]
- l -tan0 + secS
2
(tanS- sec0 + l)(tan0-sec0)
sin 2 8-(l-sin 2 8)
-I I
2 =----= ,
= RHS. tan 0 - sec0 sec0 - tan 8
(2sin 2 8-1) which is the RHS of the identity, we are
Ex.61 Express the ratios cos A, tan A and sec A in required to prove.
terms of sin A.
Sol. Since cos2A + sin2A = I, therefore,
2A
cos2 A = I -sin2A, i.e., cos A= ±.Jr-,- -si-n,....-
This gives
cos A = .J,...t---si-n2,----A- (Why ?)
Hence,
sin A sin A
tan A= - - -,===~ and
cosA .JI-sin 2 A
I I
sec A= - - = - , = = = =
cos A .Ji-
sin 2 A
 EXERCISE# 1
Q.1 If sina = ~ and tanp = I, find the value of Q.8 Prove the following :
(i) sin0 sin(90° -0)- co~cos(90°-0) = 0
sin(a + P), where a and P both are acute. (ii) sin0cos(90°-0)cos0
sin(90°-0)
I I
Q.2 If cosa = - and tanp = r,; , find the value cos0
2 v3 +_ _sin(90°-0) sin 0
__;__ ___,___ =I
sin(90°-0)
of sin(a + p ), where a and p both are acute.
(iii) sin0 cos0
Q.3 Without using trigonometric tables evaluate sin(90°-0) + cos(90°-0) = sec0 cosec0
the following : 8
(iv) sin(90" -0) cos(90" - 0) = tan
2
(i) sin2QO C) cos!9°
II - -
C") Sin2JO
Ill - - -
I + cot (90°-0)
cos70° sin 71° cos69° cos(90°-0) + I + sin(90°-0)
(V) 2cosec0
CIV) -
tan 100 secl 1° (vi) sin 20°30' I + sin(90°-0) cos(90°-0)
- (v)
cotgo0 cosec79° cos69°30'
.) I I
( VI - - - - - + - - - - -
Q.4 Without using trigonometric tables evaluate 1+ cos(90"-0) I- cos(90"-0)

the following : = 2 cosec2(90° - 0)

2 2 (vii) sin2(90° -0)( I + cot2(90° -0)) = I
(i) (sin49°) +(cos4 1°) ...) cos(90°-0)sec(90°-0)tan0
cos4 !0 sin 49° ( VIII
cos ec(90°-0) sin(90°-0)cot(90°-0)
(ii) cot40° _.!_(cot35°) + tan(90°- 0) =
tan 50° 2 sin 55° 2
cote
. ) tan(90°- A)cotA A 0
Q.5 Without using trigonometric tables evaluate ( ix - - - ~ - - - cos2 =
2
cosec A
the following :
(x) cos(90°-A)sin(90°-A) _ . 2
(i) tan 35° + cot 7go _ 1 tan(90o-A) - sm A
cot55° tan 12°
(ii) cosec267° - tan 223° Q.9 Without using trigonometric tables, evaluate
each of the following :
Q.6 Without using trigonometric tables evaluate (i) sec2 I 0° - cot2gQ0
the following : + sin I 5°cos 75°+cos I 5°sin 75°
(i) sin2 20° + sin2 70° - tan2 45° cos0 sin(90°-0) + sin 0 cos(90°-0)
(ii) sec 50° sin 40° + cos 40° cosec 50° (ii) sin(50° + 0)-cos(40° -0)
Q.7 Without using trigonometric tables prove the + tan I°tan I 0°tan20°tan70°tango°tang9°
(iii) cot0tan(90° -0)- sec(90" -0)cosec0
following:
(i) tan 20° tan 35° tan 45° tan 55° tan 70° = I + sin225° + sin265° +..fi (tan5° tan45°tang5°)

(ii) sin4g0 sec42° + cos 4go cosec42° = 2 (iv) cot0tan(90° - 0)- sec(90° - 0)cosec0

(iii) sin 63° cos27° + cos 63° sin 27° = I + Ji (tan5°tan30°tang5°) +sin225°+sin265°
. ) sin 70° cosec20° (v) -tan0cot(90°-0) + sec0cosec(90°-0)
( 1v - - - + - - - - cos70"cosec20" = I
cos 20° sec 70° tan 10°tan 20°tan 45° tan 70°tan goo
cosgo0 sin 2 35°+sin 2 55°
(v) - - - +cos59°cosec31°=2 +------------
sin 10° tan 10°tan 20°tan 45°tan 70°tan goo
Q.10 The round balloon of radius r subtends an I
Q.17 If tanA and tanB = -, by using
angle a at the eye of the observer while the 2 3
angle of elevation of its centre is J3. Prove
tan(A + 8)
tanA+tanB
prove that
that the height of the centre of the balloon is r 1-tanAtanB '
sinJ3 cosec a/2. A+ 8 = 45°
Q.11 lftan0 = 8/15 and 0° < 0 < 90°, find sin0. Q.18 If 4 tan0 = 3, find the value of
4sin0-2cos0
Q.12 lf sin0 = 8/1 7 and 0° < 0 < 90°, find tan0.
4sin0 + 3cos0
24
Q.13 If sinA = , find the value of tanA + secA,
25 Q.19 If cosec0 = -13 , find the value of
12
where 0° < A < 90°.
2sin0-3cos0
Q.14 If 5 tan0 = 12, find the value of 4sin0-9cos0
2cos0+ sin0
sin0 -cos0

3 l-cos0
Q.15 If tan0 = - , find the value of - - - .
4 I+ cos0

12 l+sin0
Q.16 lftan0 = - , find the value of - - - .
5 I- sin0
 ANSWER KEY

1. 1 2. 1 3. (i) l , (ii) 1, (iii) 1, (iv) 1, (v) 1, (vi) 1

4. (i) 2, (ii) _!_ 5. (i) I, (ii) 1 6. (i) 0, (ii) 2

2

9. (i) 2, (ii) I, (iii) ✓3, (iv) I, (v) 2 11. .!. 12• .!_
17 15

13. 7 14. 22 15. _!_

7 9

16. 25 18. _!_ 19.3

6
 EXERCISE# 2
3
Q.1 Find the value of ( ; ) radians in degrees. Q.12 lf3cos0 = 5sin0, then find the value of
3
5 sin0- 2sec 0 + 2cos0 )·
Q.2 Find the value of 150° in radians. ( 5sin 0 + 2sec3 0 - 2cos0

Q.3 lf sin0 = 2- , then find the values of tan0 and Q.13 If tan0 = (3/4 ), then find the value of
13
(cos2e - sin2e).
sece.
Q.14 Find the value oftan75°.
X
Q.4 If tan0 then find the value of
y a
Q.15 If tan0 then find the value of
X
xsin0 + ycos0 )-
( xsin0 - ycos0 X

✓a2+x2.
Q.5 If 5tan0 4, find the value of
Q.16 If 3sinx + 5cosx 5, then the value of
5sin0-3cos0 )· (3cosx - 5sinx)2.
( 5sin0+2cos0
Q.17 Find the value of
Q.6 If I6cotx = 12, then find the value of
(sinA + cosA)2 + (sinA - cosA)2.
s~ x-cosx )·
( smx+cosx l +sinA
Q.18 Find the value of
1-sinA
Q.7 If tan0 = (3/4) and 0 < 0 < 90°, then find the
value of(sin0 cos0). 1-sinA
Q.19 Find the value of
l+sinA
Q.8 If 8 tanx = 15, then find the value of
(sinx - cosx). 1-cosx
Q.20 Find the value of
I I +cosx
Q.9 If tan0 = -..fi, then find the value of
1+ cosx
Q.21 Find the value of
2
cosec 0-sec 0
2
J 1-cosx
( cos ec20 + sec2 0 ·
secx-tanx
Q.22 Find the value of
I secx+tanx
Q.10 lf cote = then find the value of
Jj '
Q.23 Find the value of
l-cos
( 2-sin 2 0
2
9)· cot0 tan0 )
( cote - cot30 + tan0- tan39 .

4 Q.24 Find the value of

Q.11 If tan0 = then find the value of
3' sin A + sin B cos A - cos B J
1-sin0 ( cosA+cosB + sinA-sinB ·
1+ sin0
Q.25 Find the value of sin 15°. Q.28 Find the value of
(cot! 5° cot! 6° cot! 7°.... cot73° cot74° cot75°).
Q.26 Find the value of (sin40° - cos50°).

Q.27 If x =r sinA cosB, y =r sinA sinB and

z = r cosA, then which is correct ?
~)~+~+~=~ (~~-~+~=~
(C) x2 + y2 _ 22 = ~ (D) -x2 + y2 + 22 = r2

ANSWER KEY
1. 108° 2. (5:J 3. 2.. and~
12 12
x2 + y2
4 • - 2- -
2 5• .!. 6. _!_
X - y 6 7

7. -12 8. -
7
9. l
25 17 4

10. ~ 11• .!. 12. E.!_

5 3 979

13. }__ 14. 2 - ✓3 15. cos0

25
16.9 17.2
18. sec A + tan A 19. sec A - tan A 20. cosec x - cot x
21. cosec x + cot x 22. sec x - tan x 23. I

24.0 25. ✓3 - l 26.0

2✓2
27. (A) 28. I