ME221 Fluid Mechanics (Fall 2020)

HW 2 (Total 100 pt)

* Please note that there may be other approaches/strategies in solving the problems other
than the solutions provided in this document.

1. (8 points) (True/False) Please indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement
is false, correct it to make it true.

(A) (True/False) Any two points at the same elevation in the same liquid are at the same pressure.

F : This statement is valid for a static, shear free fluid. But in the case of uniform rigid body
acceleration, the parallelogram sum of g and -a gives the direction of the pressure gradient.

(B) (True/False) Among completely submerged objects with equal masses, objects with greater
volume have greater buoyancy.

T : A body immersed in a fluid experiences a vertical buoyant force equal to the weight of the
fluid it displaces. So, Among the completely submerged objects with equal masses, objects with
greater volume have greater buoyancy.

(C) (True/False) Lagrangian description of the flow field focuses on the properties of a flow at a
given point in space as a function of time.

F : Lagrangian description is not concerned with properties of flow fields. Lagrangian description
is concerned with every individual particle moving through the flow as a function of time. Eulerian
description is concerned with the field of flow.
(D) (True/False) A streamline is a line in a flow field that is everywhere tangent to the velocity
vector V at each point along the streamline for any instant of time t.

T : A streamline is a line everywhere tangent to the velocity vector at a given instant.

2. (10 points) Surface Tension Describe the effects of surfactant on surface tension. (a) (2 pts) Does
it increase or decrease the surface tension? (b) (4pts) How does it work to change the surface
tension? (c) (4 pts) Our body also uses surfactants to influence surface tension in the lungs. Explain
why surfactants are important in proper lung function. ( For this problem, web-based searching
would be required. Make sure to include the source by providing a proper citation )

Surfactant is normally produced by healthy lungs. It spreads like a thin film over the tiny air sacs in
the lungs and helps to keep the air sacs open. The air sacs must be open for proper breathing to
allow oxygen to enter the blood from the lungs and carbon dioxide to be released from the blood
into the lungs.

(https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/respiratory-distress-syndrome-newborn)

Sol)

(a) Surfactants are compounds that decreases surface tension.

(b) Surfactants are compounds that decreases surface tension. Surfactant contains hydrophilic(water
soluble) and hydrophobic(water insoluble) ends. When surfactants are placed in water, hydrophilic
ends are aligned towards the water. Hydrophobic ends are water insoluble and aligned toward the
air. This alignment can cause disorganize the surface structure of water and decrease surface tension.

(c) Without surfactant reducing the surface tension at the air / liquid interface within the alveoli of
the lung, the surface tension is so large that alectasis can be occurred. Alectasis means the collapse
of the lung. To prevent alveolar collapse at end-expiration by reducing surface tension within the
alveoli of the lung, “Pulmonary surfactant” is continually secreted into the alveolar space by the
type Ⅱ epithelial cells of alveoli. The function of pulmonary surfactant is essential to avoid alectasis
and to lower the work of breathing.

Pulmonary surfactant is a compounds of lipids and proteins which can decreases the surface tension
of the the air / liquid interface within the lung. The main factor that pulmonary surfactant can
decrease surface tension is the lipid called dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) which covers the
the air / liquid interface within the lung and reduces surface tensions. DPPC has hydrophilic ends
and hydrophobic ends. As most common surfactant molecules, they aligned on the water surface
with hydrophobic ends faced towards the air. This alignment can cause disorganize the surface
structure of water and reduce surface tension.

● Sources

1. Surfactants - ScienceDirect

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/surfactants

2. Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation: Surface Tension of Alveolar Fluid

https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiolo
gy_(Boundless)/21%3A_Respiratory_System/21.6%3A_Factors_Affecting_Pulmonary_Ventilation/21.6
A%3A_Factors_Affecting_Pulmonary_Ventilation%3A_Surface_Tension_of_Alveolar_Fluid

3. Han, S. and R. K. Mallampalli (2015). "The Role of Surfactant in Lung Disease and Host Defense
against Pulmonary Infections." Ann Am Thorac Soc 12(5): 765-774.
3. (12 points) Hydrostatic pressure A 30cm diameter sphere weighing 150kg closes the 15cm
diameter hole in the tank bottom. Find the force F to dislodge the sphere from the hole. (Hint:
Break up the system into multiple regions and solve!)

(a) (3 pts) What is the total downward force acting on the sphere by the water?

(b) (3 pts) What is the total upward force acting on the sphere by the water? ( Note that the sphere
is sitting on a hole exposed to air outside.)

(c) (6 pts) What is the force F to dislodge the sphere from the hole?

Sol)

𝐹𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝛾𝑤 (𝑉1 + 𝑉2 ) 𝐹𝑢𝑝 = 𝛾𝑤 (𝑉2 + 𝑉3 )

=> 𝐹𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 − 𝐹𝑢𝑝 = 𝛾𝑤 (𝑉1 − 𝑉3 ) ( 𝛾𝑤 = 9790 𝑁⁄𝑚2 )

=> ∴ total upward force acting on the sphere by the water : 𝐹𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑉3

total downward force acting on the sphere by the water : 𝐹𝑢𝑝 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑉1

∙ 𝑉3

0.15 sin 60°

∴ 𝑉3 = 9.2 × 10−3 𝑚3 𝐹𝑢𝑝 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑉3 = 90.0680 𝑁

0.15
𝑉𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫0.15 sin 60°(0.152 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑉𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 0.0752 π(1 − 0.3 sin 60°)

∴ 𝑉1 = 0.0129 𝐹𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑉1 = 126.291 𝑁

∙ The force F to dislodge the sphere from the hole

=> 𝐹 = 𝑊 + 𝐹𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 − 𝐹𝑢𝑝 = (150 × 9.81) + 126.291 − 90.0680 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟕. 𝟕 𝐍 ↑

=> ∴ (a) total downward force acting on the sphere by the water : 𝐹𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 126.291 𝑁

(b) total upward force acting on the sphere by the water : 𝐹𝑢𝑝 = 90.0680 𝑁

(c) 𝐹 = 𝑊 + 𝐹𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 − 𝐹𝑢𝑝 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟕. 𝟕 𝐍

The parabolic gate shown is 2 m wide (into the page) and pivoted at O; c = 0.25 m -1, D = 2 m, and
H=3m. Assume pa=0 at the free surface.

(a) (4 pts) Determine the magnitude and line of action of the vertical force on the gate due to the
water.

(b) (4 pts) Determine the horizontal force applied at “A” required to maintain the gate in equilibrium.

(c) (4 pts) Determine the vertical force applied at “A” required to maintain the gate in equilibrium.

(d) (8 pts) The depth of water to the “right” of the gate is increased from zero to L m. Determine
the depth L required to reduce the moment about “O” to 50 percent of the value for L=0.

Assume static fluid. 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜌 = 998 kg/ m3

Sol)

𝛒 = 𝟗𝟗𝟕𝐤𝐠/𝒎𝟑 g = 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 2 w = 2m D = 2m H = 3m c = 0.25

FAH

FAV

FV y’

FH
ycp
O
xcp
(a) 𝐹𝑣 = ∫ 𝜌𝑔ℎ ∙ 𝑑𝐴𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗,𝑥

√𝐷⁄𝑐

= ∫ 𝜌𝑔(𝐷 − 𝑦) ∙ 𝑤 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
0

2 𝜌𝑔𝑤 3⁄2
= ∙ 𝐷 = 73769.68 𝑁
3 √𝑐

1
𝑥𝐶𝑃 = ∫ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝐹𝑉
𝐹𝑉
√𝐷⁄𝑐
1
= ∫ 𝑥 ∙ 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑤 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝐹𝑉
0
 √𝐷⁄𝑐
1
= ∫ 𝑥 ∙ 𝜌𝑔(𝐷 − 𝑐𝑥 2 )𝑤 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝐹𝑉
0

1 𝜌𝑔𝑤𝐷2
= ∙ = 1.061 𝑚
4 𝐹𝑣 𝑐

𝐹𝐻 = 𝑃𝑐 𝐴𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗,𝑦

= 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑐 ∙ 𝑤𝐷

1
= 𝜌𝑔𝑤𝐷 2 = 39122 𝑁
2
𝐼𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝐶𝑃 = 𝑦𝑐 −
𝑦𝑐 𝐴𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗,𝑦

𝐷 𝑤𝐷3 1 2
= − ∙ = 𝑚 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚)
2 12 𝐷⁄ ∙ 𝑤𝐷 3
2

b) ∑ 𝑀𝑂 = 0 = 𝐹𝑉 𝑥𝐶𝑃 + 𝐹𝐻 𝑦𝐶𝑃 − 𝐹𝐴𝐻 𝐻

∴ 𝐹𝐴𝐻 = 34784.15 N

𝐻
c) ∑ 𝑀𝑂 = 0 = 𝐹𝑉 𝑥𝐶𝑃 + 𝐹𝐻 𝑦𝐶𝑃 − 𝐹𝐴𝑉 √
𝑐

∴ 𝐹𝐴𝑉 = 30102 N

𝐻
※ 𝑀𝐴 = 𝐹𝐴𝐻 ∙ 𝐻 = 𝐹𝐴𝑉 √ = 104352 𝑁 ( 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝐴 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑂 = 𝑀𝐴 )
𝑐

d)
0.5·FAH

FV

FH’
FH L
ycp’
FV’
xcp’

𝐹𝐻 ′ = 𝑃𝑐 𝐴𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗,𝑦

𝐿
= ρg ∙ 𝑤𝐿 = 9780.6 ∙ 𝐿2
2
 𝐼𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝐶𝑃 ′ = 𝑦𝑐 ′ −
𝑦𝑐 ′ 𝐴𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗,𝑦

𝐿 𝑤𝐿3 1 𝐿
= − ∙ = 𝑚 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚)
2 12 𝐿⁄ ∙ 𝑤𝐿 3
2

𝐹𝑉 ′ = ρg𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓

√𝐿⁄𝑐

= ρg ∫ (𝐿 − 𝑦)𝑤 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 = 26081 ∙ 𝐿3⁄2

1
𝑥𝐶𝑃 ′ = ∫ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑 𝐹𝑉 ′
𝐹𝑉 ′

√𝐿⁄𝑐
1
= ′ ∫ 𝑥 ∙ 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑤 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝐹𝑉
0

√𝐿⁄𝑐
1
= ′ ∫ 𝑥 ∙ 𝜌𝑔(𝐿 − 𝑐𝑥 2 )𝑤 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 = 0.75 ∙ 𝐿0.5
𝐹𝑉
0

1
∑ 𝑀𝑂 = 0 = 𝐹𝑉 𝑥𝐶𝑃 + 𝐹𝐻 𝑦𝐶𝑃 − 𝐹𝐴𝑉 𝐻 − 𝐹𝑉 ′ 𝑥𝐶𝑃 ′ − 𝐹𝐻 ′ 𝑦𝐶𝑃 ′
2

∴ 𝐿 = 1.4643 m

5. (10 points) Rigid Body Motion The open U-tube is partially filled with a liquid. When this device
is accelerated with a horizontal acceleration a, a differential reading h develops between the
manometer legs which are spaced a distance l apart. Determine the relationship between a, l, and
h. Show all your work and state any necessary assumptions if needed.

Sol)

dz a
 y
dy g  az
 dz h
Since,   and az  0
dy l
h a al
then    or h 
l g 0 g

6. (10 points) Mass Conservation The pipe flow fills a cylindrical surge tank as shown. At time t =
0, the water depth in the tank is intially 20 cm. V1=2.8m/s, V2=2m/s, d=12cm, and D=0.8m. Estimate
the time required to fill the remainder of the tank.

Sol)

CHOOSE YOUR CV! ( For a CV encircling the tank and the portion of the pipe below the tank )
From the conservation of mass, we get

 AV
1 1   A2V2   A3V3

1 1  A2V2  A3V3
AV
𝜋(0.12𝑚)2 𝜋(0.12𝑚)2 𝜋(0.8𝑚)2
2.8𝑚/𝑠 = 2.0𝑚/𝑠 + 𝑉3
4 4 4

𝑉3 = 0.018𝑚/𝑠 = 1.8𝑐𝑚/𝑠
𝑡 = (ℎ − ℎ𝑜 )/𝑉3 = (100𝑐𝑚 − 20𝑐𝑚)/1.8𝑐𝑚/𝑠 = 44.4𝑠

7. (10 points) Mass Conservation Water from a storm drain flows over an outfall onto a porous
bed which absorbs the water at a uniform vertical velocity of 8mm/s. The system is 5m wide into
the paper with the depth of 0.2m intially as shown below.

(a) (4 pts) For the bed to completely absorb the water, __________A__________ must equal
____________B________________. What are A & B?

(b) (6 pts) Find the length of bed which will completely absorb the storm water.
Sol)

(a) For the bed to completely absorb the water, (A) the volume flow rate(or the mass flow rate)
over the outfall must equal (B) the volume flow rate(or the mass flow rate) into the porous
bed.

(b) 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑄𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 V𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐴𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑑 V𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑑

𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0.2 × 5 𝑚2 𝐴𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 5 × 𝐿 𝑚2 V𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2 𝑚⁄𝑠 V𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 0.008 𝑚⁄𝑠

∴ 𝐿 ≈ 50 𝑚

8. (20 points Momentum Conservation) Water at 20°C flows through a 6cm diameter pipe which
has a 180° vertical bend. The total length of pipe between flanges 1 and 2 is 90cm. When the mass
flow rate is 30kg/s, p1=170kPa and p2=140kPa. Neglecting pipe weight, (a) (18 pts) determine the
total force which the flanges must withstand for this flow. (b) (2 pts) By comparing horizontal and
vertical force components, discuss what causes the lagest force on the flanges.

Sol)

Water : ρ = 998 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 & γ = 9790 𝑁⁄𝑚3 at 20℃, 𝑃𝑎 = 101000𝑃𝑎

∙ mass flow rate & volume flow rate

𝑚̇
𝑚̇ = 30 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠 Q = 0.0301 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠 ( Q= )
𝜌

∙ Pipe inlet & exit velocities ( 𝑉1 , 𝑉2 )

𝑄 0.0301 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉 = = = 10.6457 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐴 (𝜋⁄4)(0.062 )𝑚2
∙ Horizontal force balance

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑥,𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 + (𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑎 )𝐴1 + (𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑎 )𝐴2 = 𝑚̇ (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )

𝜋 𝜋
= 𝐹𝑥,𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 + (170000 − 101000) ( ) (0.062 ) + (140000 − 101000) ( ) (0.062 )
4 4
= (30)(−10.6457 − 10.6457)

∴ (𝑎) 𝐹𝑥,𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = −944.1048 N

∙ Vertical force balance (Neglecting pipe weight)

𝜋
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑦,𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑊𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 + 𝑊𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 (↓) = 0 + (9790) ( ) (0.062 )0.90
4
∴ (𝑎) 𝐹𝑦,𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 24.91 N
24.91
∴ (𝑎) 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = √(−944.1048)2 + 24.912 = 944.433 N ( θ = tan−1 ( ) = 1.511° )
944.108

(b) The magnitude of horizontal force is nearly equal to that of total force. (Horizontal force is much
larger than vertical force. Horizontal force is predominant force component compare to vertical
force.) The largest force on the flange is due to the 180° turn.