Name: Farha Kazim

Roll Number: 0000617124

Class: B.Ed. (2.5ODL)

Semester: Autumn 2023

Course Code: 5403

Course Name: Information and

Communication Technology

Tutor Name: Sir Zamanfar Hafeez

Assignment No: 1

File Format: PDF

Assignment By:
Farah Kazim
 Contents
Q1: (a) Why internet and cell phones are being considered the best example of
ICT? Explain and exemplify it in detail?
Q1: (b) Enlist the ICT devices? And write down the advantages and drawbacks of
each with example.

Q2: Differentiate the following.

(a) Motherboard and Micro processor
(b) Plotters and Printers
(c) Document Scanner and Image Scanner
(d) Graphic Adopter and Monitor

Q3: (a) What do you mean by computer? Elaborate basic operations performed by
the computer with an example.
Q3: (b) Discuss different generations of computer.

Q4: (a) Elaborate the function of the control and Arithmetic and logic unit.
Q4: (b) Enlist input and output devices. Define each and differentiate them.

Q5: (a) Discuss the function of point of sale Terminal and ATM machine.
Q5: (b) In what respect speech synthesizer is helpful for user? Explain with the
help of a scenario.
 Assignment No 1 February 8, 2024

Q1: (a) Why internet and cell phones are being considered the best
example of ICT? Explain and exemplify it in detail?
Ans: The internet is often considered a good example of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) because it has revolutionized the way we
communicate, access information, and conduct business. The internet has made it
possible for people all around the world to connect with each other instantly and has
made information available to anyone with an internet connection. One of the key
benefits of the internet is that it has made communication faster and more efficient .Cell
phones are considered a good example of Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) for several reasons: Connectivity: Cell phones allow users to stay connected to
the internet and make calls and send messages from anywhere in the world, providing
seamless communication and access to information. We know that the Internet and cell
phones are considered good examples of ICT because both left a significant impact on
society they made our lives much easier. We will somehow discuss its reasons;

 Everything that happens nowadays is done through the Internet, and everything from
basic communication to accessing the internet is done through the use of a mobile
phone. Shopping, meetings, texting, video conferencing, news, and much more can all
be done with a single touch, and you'll know what's going on in every part of the globe
in a fraction of a second.
 The infrastructure and components that enable modern computing are known as ICT, or
information and communications technology (or technologies). Information Technology
is referred to as ICT. This highlights the importance of unified communication and the
integration of telecommunications and computers, as well as corporate software,
middleware, storage, and audiovisual, in allowing users to access, save, transfer, and
alter data. The phrase "information and communication technology" (ICT) refers to the
merging of audio-visual and telephone networks with computer networks via single
cabling or connection systems.
 You can speak with anybody you want and buy from wherever you want on your mobile
device. The usage of the Internet surged last year as a result of the COVID -19
breakout; as a result of this lockdown, every educational institution launched online
classes, work from home began, online shopping rose, online grocery shopping
increased, and all of this expanded swiftly. A mobile phone that does not have access to
the Internet is deemed worthless. As a result it is regarded as the finest example of ICT.

STUDENT NAME : FARHA KAZIM TUTOR NAME: ZAMANFAR HAFEEZ

Assignment No 1 February 8, 2024

Q1: (b) Enlist the ICT devices? And write down the advantages and
drawbacks of each with example.
Ans: An ICT device is a small, portable device that you can use for various tasks
related to information and communication technology (ICT). Common ICT gadgets
include laptops, smartphones, tablets and e-readers. These devices typically have a
wide range of features. You can use them for various purposes, such as staying
connected with friends and family, working on the go or accessing information and
entertainment.
These are some of ICT devices with their advantages and disadvantages;
Smartphone: If you are like most people, your smartphone is probably the most
important gadget in your life. You commonly use it for many functions, such as sending
texts, making calls, browsing the internet, checking email. The disadvantage of smart
phone is our daily lives now can't function without our smartphones. It's a terrific method
to stay in touch with friends and family and convenient. Sadly, this dependence on
technology has resulted in various security problems that might endanger you.
Tablets: You can use tablets for many of the same things as a smartphone but usually
have a larger screen size. Some use cases for tablets include playing games, watching
movies, reading books, browsing the internet. There are many drawbacks of tablets one of
them is Tablets are costly to buy If you buy a smartphone at a tablet price then the
smartphone gives you more features than a tablet. A similar price smartphone has
more processor speed, higher RAM, and higher screen density.
Laptops: You can use laptops for tasks such as word processing, browsing the
internet, playing games, and watching movies. Laptops are usually more expensive
than desktops, but they are becoming increasingly cheaper as technology improves
unfortunately laptops can be vulnerable to damage that ordinary computers don’t
usually experience. From accidental drops to rainy weather mishaps and even sitting on
them – all of these occurrences are frequently leading causes of laptop breakdowns.
Desktop computers: You can use desktop computers for tasks such as word
processing, browsing the internet, playing games, and watching movies. They are also
commonly used by businesses and students. Desktop computer has Lack of Portability,
Desktop computers need more, power in today’s era people used to avoid it just
because of its structural issues.
USB flash drive also known as a USB stick, USB drive is a plug and play portable
storage device that uses flash memory and is lightweight enough to attach to a
keychain. A USB flash drive can be used in place of a compact disc. While the physical
form and size can be considered an advantage, it also makes the device more
vulnerable to being lost, stolen, or damaged.
Television: TV or modern Television are also the type of ICT tool because they provide
a wide amount of information about the mass communication through the various TV
channels. Watching television has negative health effects, the majority of children that

STUDENT NAME : FARHA KAZIM TUTOR NAME: ZAMANFAR HAFEEZ

Assignment No 1 February 8, 2024

watch television have this negative impact. The most common health issues we suffer
from as a consequence of viewing TV are eye irritation, back pain, and body aches.

Q2: Differentiate the following.

Ans:(a)Motherboard and Micro processor

S.NO Motherboard Micro Processor

1 Motherboard allows communication The processor carries instructions of a
between the components of the computer program to perform
computer such as arithmetic, logical and control
processor, memory, and operations specified by the instructions.
connectors.
2 The motherboard contains chipset, There are fast memory locations called
memory controllers, interface cards registers inside the processor. They
such as sound cards, video cards, help to store and transfer data to other
network cards, and other units as instructed by the CPU.
components integrated together.

(b)Plotters and Printers

S.NO Plotters Printers

1 A plotter is a type of hardware used A printer is also a type of hardware that

to produce outputs from devices is used to produce output. It is used to
such as computers. They produce convert the information in soft copy to
graphical information on a sheet of the hard copy of the same information.
paper.
2 Printers operate at high speed. Plotters operate at low speed.

(c)Document Scanner and Image Scanner

S.NO Document Scanner Image Scanner

1 A document scanner is a device that An image scanner is a digital device

converts paper documents into used to scan images, pictures, printed
digital files, capturing text and text and objects and then convert them
images with precision. to digital images.
2 There are several types of these Image scanners are used in a variety
machines, including flatbed of domestic and industrial applications
scanners and sheet-fed scanners. like design, reverse engineering,
orthotics, gaming and testing.

STUDENT NAME : FARHA KAZIM TUTOR NAME: ZAMANFAR HAFEEZ

Assignment No 1 February 8, 2024

(d)Graphic Adopter and Monitor

S.NO Graphic Adopter Monitor

1 Graphics adapter a printed A monitor is an electronic output device

circuit board that can be added to that is also known as a video display
a personal computer to enable it to terminal (VDT) or a video display
drive a particular type of graphics unit (VDU).
display.
2 The most widely used graphics It is used to display images, text, video,
adapters are for IBM and IBM- and graphics information generated by
compatible systems and a connected computer via a computer's
video card

Q3: (a) What do you mean by computer? Elaborate basic operations performed by
the computer with an example.

Ans: Computer: A computer is a programmable electronic device that accepts raw data as
input and processes it with a set of instructions (a program) to produce the result as output. It
renders output just after performing mathematical and logical operations and can save the
output for future use. It can process numerical as well as non-numerical calculations. The term
"computer" is derived from the Latin word "computare" which means to calculate.

A computer is designed to execute applications and provides a variety of solutions

through integrated hardware and software components. It works with the help of programs
and represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits. It also has a memory
that stores the data, programs, and result of processing. The components of a computer
such as machinery that includes wires, transistors, circuits, hard disk are called hardware.
Whereas, the programs and data are called software.

It is believed that the Analytical Engine was the first computer which was invented by
Charles Babbage in 1837. It used punch cards as read-only memory. Charles Babbage
is also known as the father of the computer.

Basic Operations of a Computer System

1. Inputting
2. Processing
3. Outputting
4. Storing
5. Controlling

STUDENT NAME : FARHA KAZIM TUTOR NAME: ZAMANFAR HAFEEZ

Assignment No 1 February 8, 2024

Input Unit

Inputting is a basic operation of a computer system. This is the act of feeding in the data
and instruction to the computer (by computer here it means the processing unit).A
computer system consists of different functional units and Input Unit does the operation
of Inputting. By inputting you should understand that it is to send data and/or instruction
to the computer in the required format. Information and programs are entered into the
computer through Input devices such as Keyboard, Mouse, Light Pen, Joystick,
Scanners, Microphone etc. are some examples of input unit devices.

Output Unit

This unit takes care of receiving processed information from processing unit and
present it to the user in the suitable form. A computer produces results in binary form
and output unit does decoding to make it usable to the users. The devices that can
output information from a computer are known as output unit devices. Monitors,
Speakers, Projectors are soft output devices whereas printers, plotters produce hard
copy output. Soft copy output is something that is temporary or is available only as long
as the output device is turned on. Contrary to these are hard copy output which is
permanent.

Processing Unit

The task of performing calculations and comparisons are known as processing. The unit
in Computer System that is responsible for processing is ALU (Arithmetic and Logical
Unit). ALU is the place where actual execution of the instructions takes place during the
processing operations. All calculations & comparisons are made in the ALU. The data
and instructions stored in the primary storage are transferred to it as when required.
ALU may produce Intermediate results and store it in the memory which is also
transferred back to the ALU for the final processing. After completion of processing the
final results are send to storage units from ALU.

Storage Unit:

Before actual processing start, data & instructions entered to the computer must be
stored somewhere inside the computer. Similarly, results produced by the computer are
required to be stored before it is passed to the output unit. The intermediate result
produced by the computer must also be stored for further processing. Thus the
importance of storage Unit in a computer system is vital. Based on whether the storage
device is inside the main machine or not, it can be internal or external storage. Similarly,
looking at whether the storage device works close with CPU or works as backup media,
they can be primary storage or secondary storage. Primary storage is also called
primary memory. Secondary storage is known by other names such as backup storage
or secondary memory. For the storage purpose, a computer system may have different
devices such as registers, cache, RAM/ROM, flash, magnetic disks, and optical disks
and so on.

STUDENT NAME : FARHA KAZIM TUTOR NAME: ZAMANFAR HAFEEZ

Assignment No 1 February 8, 2024

Control Unit:

A control unit, or CU, is circuitry within a computer’s processor that directs operations. It
instructs the memory, logic unit, and both output and input devices of the computer on
how to respond to the program’s instructions. CPUs and GPUs are examples of devices
that use control units.

Q3: (b) Discuss different generations of computer.

Ans: Each generation of computers has brought significant advances in speed and
power to computing tasks. Learn about each of the five generations of computers and
major technology developments that have led to the computer technology that we use
today.

The history of computer development is a computer science topic that is often used to
reference the different generations of computing devices. Each computer generation is
characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the
way computers operate.

Most major developments from the 1940s to the present day have resulted in
increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful, and more efficient computing machines
and technology, thus minimizing storage and increasing portability.

The First Generation Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956)

The first computer systems used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for
main memory, and they were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. These computers
were very expensive to operate, and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, the
first computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. The
maximum internal storage capacity was 20,000 characters. First-generation computers
relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by
computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. It
would take operators days or even weeks to set up a new problem. Input was based on
punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. It was in this
generation that the Von Neumann architecture was introduced, which displays the
design architecture of an electronic digital computer. Later, the UNIVAC
and ENIAC computers, invented by J. Presper Eckert, became examples of first-
generation computer technology. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer
delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

The Second Generation Transistors (1956-1963)

The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in the second generation of
computers. The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread
use in computers until the late 1950s. This generation of computers also included
hardware advances like magnetic core memory, magnetic tape, and the magnetic disk.

The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become
smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient, and more reliable than their first-
generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that
STUDENT NAME : FARHA KAZIM TUTOR NAME: ZAMANFAR HAFEEZ
Assignment No 1 February 8, 2024

subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. A
second-generation computer still relied on punched cards for input and printouts
for output.

The Third Generation Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips,
called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of
computers. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users would interact with a third-
generation computer through keyboards, monitors, and interfaces with an operating
system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a
central program that monitored the memory. Computers, for the first time, became
accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their
predecessors.

The Fourth Generation Microprocessor (1971-Present)

The microprocessor ushered in the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of
integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. The technology in the first
generation that filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004
chip, developed in 1971, integrated all the components of the computer, from the central
processing unit and memory to input/output controls, on a single chip. In
1981, IBM introduced its first personal computer for the home user, and in
1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm
of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products
began to use the microprocessor chip. As these small computers became more
powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the
development of the Internet. Each fourth-generation computer also saw the computer
development of GUIs, the mouse, and handheld technology.

The Fifth Generation Artificial Intelligence (Present And Beyond)

Fifth-generation computer technology, based on artificial intelligence, is still in
development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are
being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to
make artificial intelligence a reality. This is also so far the prime generation for packing a
large amount of storage into a compact and portable device. Quantum and molecular
and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The
goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that will respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

Q4: (a) Elaborate the function of the control and Arithmetic and logic unit.
Ans: The control unit or CU is programmed to control all the activities performed inside
the computer system. The computer system’s main memory transfers information and
instructions to the control unit. It regulates and indicates other units such as logic unit,
memory, input, and output unit on handling and dealing with specific instructions or
problems in sequential order. Examples of devices that utilize control units include
CPUs and GPUs.
STUDENT NAME : FARHA KAZIM TUTOR NAME: ZAMANFAR HAFEEZ
Assignment No 1 February 8, 2024

Functions Of Control Unit

 The control unit in the computer system controls regulates and manages all the
devices in the computer.
 The control unit decides all the activities performed in the computer system,
specifically in sequential order.
 It also regulates and manages all the operations of the processor or CPU.
 They are responsible for communicating between ALU {Arithmetic Logic Unit}
and Main Memory inside the computer system.
 The Control unit manages and regulates it and coordinates between the input,
output, and storage devices.
 It controls and tells the input devices to read the data and instructions from the
source and save their desired memory location.
 It also controls all the necessary activities inside the ALU [Arithmetic Logic Unit].
 It also plays a vital role in the booting process of the computer system.
 It also helps processors to complete all the necessary activities given to them.
 It handles all the major activities like fetching, decoding, and execution.
 The control unit is an integrated circuit in a processor.

Ans: Arithmetic Logic Unit an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to
perform arithmetic and logic operations. It represents the fundamental building block of
the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer.

Functions of Arithmetic Logic Unit

 Arithmetic Circuit: Responsible for arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,

multiplication, and division.
 Logic Circuit: Responsible for logical operations like AND, OR, NOT, and XOR.
 Registers: These are used to store the input, output, and intermediate results.
 Control Unit: This component determines which operation to carry out and
controls the flow of data.

Q4: (b) Enlist input and output devices. Define each and differentiate
them.

Input And Output Devices Input and Output devices are a major part of the
computer. They are a type of hardware device that makes up the computer system.
These allow the system to function properly with external help. They both deal with data
but in different ways. Some of important input and output devices are;

 Keyboard, mouse, joystick, Track ball, Scanner.

 Monitors, Printers,Speakers,Projectors,Plotter

STUDENT NAME : FARHA KAZIM TUTOR NAME: ZAMANFAR HAFEEZ

Assignment No 1 February 8, 2024

Input Devices
Keyboard: The most basic input device to enter data on the system or any other
device with the help of the keys is a keyboard. They establish a connection with the
computer either by Wi-Fi or by a USB system. There are keys for everything – numbers,
letters, characters, and functions. The typing keys are A – Z and number keys till 09.
The numeric keypad has 17 keys allowing users to perform different calculations. Then
there are function keys for special computer features at the top row. The control keys
have arrow signs on them allowing users to scroll on the page and select. Then there
are special-purpose keys like space, enter, shift, etc.

Mouse: Mouse is a hand-supported input device that allows users to move the cursor
on the screen is a mouse. It works on a flat surface with a wheel between the left and
right buttons. Laptops have a touchpad as does the function of a mouse. The invention
of the mouse took place in 1063 by Douglas C. Engelbart.
The earliest version of the mouse had a rollerball underneath but the modern ones are
made with optical technology with a light beam.

Joystick : joystick is a pointing device to move the cursor on the monitor screen but
not the same as a mouse. It has a spherical ball stick-type structure. It can move in all
directions and is a computer aid design mainly for gaming purposes.

Track Ball: A common accessory for notebooks and laptops that works as a
replacement for a mouse. With a similar structure, it has a half inserted ball which the
fingers move to send signals for cursor movement. It is kind of stationary taking very
little space. It comes in a ball, button, and square shape as well.

Scanner: A scanner works like a photocopy machine is an input device to make

information available on a pc from paper. This is mainly to manipulate the information by
converting an image into a digital form and then printing it.

Output Devices

Monitor: The visual display units are the most important output device responsible for
showing the visual made of pixels to the user. The pixels decide the image sharpness.
There are two types of viewing screen on the monitor Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
Monitor, Flat-Panel Display Monitor.

Printers: A printer is an output device that prints paper documents. This includes text
documents, images, or a combination of both. The two most common types of printers
are inkjet and laser printers. Inkjet printers are commonly used by consumers, while
laser printers are a typical choice for businesses. Dot matrix printers, which have
become increasingly rare, are still used for basic text printing.

STUDENT NAME : FARHA KAZIM TUTOR NAME: ZAMANFAR HAFEEZ

Assignment No 1 February 8, 2024

Speaker: An output device that produces sound after receiving a command from
the computer. They support the computers as well as other hardware devices. Now
we also have wireless speakers with Bluetooth technology.

Projector: This is an optical device that presents visuals on the screen, stationary
and moving both. They are present at movie theatres, auditoriums, etc. It connects
to the computer and displays the image on it on a larger screen.

Plotter: It is a device to make graphics, prints and other vector images to give a
real life illustration vibe. It is mandatory to have a graphic card to use the device.
The pen like device that comes with it helps in replicating the exact design on the
computer.

Q5: (a) Discuss the function of point of sale Terminal and ATM
machine.
Function of Point Of Sale
Point of sale (POS) software is designed to handle a variety of functions related to sales
transactions. Some core functions of POS software include:

1. Sales Processing: POS software allows businesses to process sales

transactions, including the scanning of products, accepting various forms of
payment, and issuing receipts.
2. Inventory Management: Many POS systems track inventory levels in real-
time, automatically updating stock levels as items are sold.
3. Reporting and Analytics: POS software often provides reporting and
analytics tools to help businesses track sales, inventory levels, and customer
purchasing patterns.
4. Customer Relationship Management (CRM): Some POS systems include
CRM features to help businesses manage customer data and track purchase
history.
5. Employee Management: POS software may include features for managing
employee access, tracking sales performance, and monitoring employee
productivity.
When it comes to handling transaction data, POS systems typically store this
information in a secure database. Transaction data includes details such as the items
purchased, the payment method used, the time and date of the transaction, and any
applicable discounts or promotions. This data can be used for reporting, inventory
management, and customer analytics. Additionally, POS systems often have security
measures in place to protect sensitive transaction data, such as encryption and access
controls.
Function of ATM Machine
An ATM, or Automated Teller Machine, is a device that allows users to perform basic
banking transactions without the need for a human teller. This includes withdrawing
cash, depositing money, transferring funds between accounts, checking account
balances, and more.

STUDENT NAME : FARHA KAZIM TUTOR NAME: ZAMANFAR HAFEEZ

Assignment No 1 February 8, 2024

ATMs work by connecting to a financial institution's computer network, which allows

them to access the user's bank account information. When a user inserts their bank
card and enters their PIN, the ATM communicates with the bank's computer to verify the
account and process the requested transaction. If the transaction is approved, the ATM
dispenses the requested cash or completes the other requested transaction.

ATMs are usually available 24/7 and are located in various public places such as banks,
shopping centers, airports, and convenience stores, providing convenient access to
banking services for users.

Q5: (b) In what respect speech synthesizer is helpful for user? Explain
with the help of a scenario.

Speech synthesizer
Ans: In the fast-paced digital era, technology continually evolves to enhance user
experiences. One such innovation that has significantly impacted the way users interact
with devices is the speech synthesizer. In this article, we delve into the myriad ways in
which speech synthesizers prove invaluable to users, unraveling their transformative
potential through a real-world scenario. In an increasingly interconnected world, clear
communication is paramount. Speech synthesizers play a pivotal role in breaking down
communication barriers for users with diverse needs. Whether its individuals with visual
impairments or those seeking language support, these advanced tools ensure that
information is accessible to everyone, fostering inclusivity in the digital landscape.
Let’s envision a scenario to underscore the practical significance of speech
synthesizers. Meet Sarah, a visually impaired professional striving for success in her
career. As she embarks on her day, she relies on a speech synthesizer integrated into
her smartphone to access information seamlessly. Sarah’s day begins with her
smartphone alarm, announced by the soothing voice of her speech synthesizer. As she
navigates her emails, the synthesizer reads out the contents, enabling her to stay
informed without the need for visual assistance. This proves crucial for Sarah to kick
start her day independently. Upon arriving at her workplace, Sarah encounters written
documents and reports. The speech synthesizer comes to her aid, converting written
text into spoken words. This not only saves time but also empowers her to actively
engage in meetings, discussions, and collaborative projects, contributing effectively to
her team. In the evening, Sarah plans to meet friends at a new restaurant. Using her
smartphone’s GPS and speech synthesizer, she navigates the city with ease. The
synthesizer not only provides turn-by-turn directions but also offers information about
nearby points of interest, enhancing her overall social experience.

STUDENT NAME : FARHA KAZIM TUTOR NAME: ZAMANFAR HAFEEZ