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INTRODUCTION  EX: staphylococcus aureus & escherichia

 Health is all about wellbeing. coli; streptococcus, staphylococcus, E. coli,
 Physically, emotionally, mentally, and tuberculosis (TB) bacteria
spiritually (aspects of a person)
 Healthy/full of health - these aspects are PARASITIC
working according on how they were  Intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases
designed.  Arise from various types of parasites,
 Disease/Discomfort - these aspects are not which are organisms that live in or on a
functioning well. host organism
DIS - without; EASE - comfort  EX: Ascaris lumbricoides & schistosoma
haematobium for extra-intestinal; malaria
CATEGORIES OF DISEASE (caused by Plasmodium parasites),
1. GENETIC/INTRINSIC giardiasis, and hookworm infections
 Caused by a change/mutation (DNA
sequence) FUNGAL/MYCOTIC
 EX: down syndrome, muscular dystrophy,  most fungal diseases are mild, it ranges
hemophilia (deficiency or absence of from superficial infections but could also
specific blood clotting factor) reach deeper into the body affecting vital
organs
2. ACQUIRED/EXTRINSIC  EX: Malassezia furfur and Candida
 From our environment albicans (common); athlete's foot,
 From our lifestyle ringworm, candidiasis (yeast infection),
and fungal pneumonia
CATEGORIES OF ACQUIRED/EXTRINSIC
PHYSICAL VIRAL
 External conditions; related to the  Viruses - infectious agents & are not
environment & external forces acting on considered as living organisms; made of
the body. nucleic acids that’s function is to replicate
 EX: caused by mechanical trauma, heat  TWO TYPES (based on genome) - DNA and
and cold, electrical discharges, changes in RNA viruses
pressure, and radiation
Laboratory Tests - it is requested when a person
CHEMICAL is suffering from disease, he/she needs a
 Substances/compounds by interacting w/ scientific evidence (assessment for initial
the body diagnosis).
 Upon contact/after prolonged exposure to
toxic & irritant chemicals in the 2 METHODS HOW A TEST IS PERFORMED
environment (lead, dioxin, carbon dioxide) PHENOTYPIC DIAGNOSTIC METHOD
 Use characteristics of the specimen to
NUTRITIONAL identify the etiology of disease.
 Homeostasis should be maintained even in  Not specific; requires several evidence to
the activities that we do. point our the cause
 Too much/too little is detrimental
 Diet and nutrients GENOTYPIC DIAGNOSTIC METHOD
 Uses molecular methods - identifying the
INFECTIOUS specific DNA
 Caused by microorganisms; transmission of  The collected DNA samples are multiplied
pathogens a million times to assure the accurac of the
 Those that have entered our body to identification and is also compared to a
survive = will cause us harm known DNA.
 Fast replacing the old one = accuracy and
TYPES OF INFECTIOUS speed of identification
BACTERIAL
 Most common infections NOTE: specimen collection is essential = it os
 caused by various types of bacteria (single the first determinant of the success of diagnosis
celled) & treatment.
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In relation to laboratory work,
whatever quality of specimen we test, that is
also the quality of result we will get.

Medical Lab Scientist - tasked to properly collect

specimen.
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MODULE 1 Medical Technologist - licensed; Medical
Laboratory Technician - not licensed
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
 Determining the cause of disease DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Medical - relating to, or concerned w/ the
Symbol of Medicine - the disease (poisoning practice of medicine as to diagnosis and
from snake bites), the cause (snake bite), and treatment of diseases
the cure (obedience)
Laboratory - “LABOR” which means work a
DISEASE place where we perform experiments to
 A condition; the body in whole or part are determine the cause of disease
not function the way it should
 Unknown and seen (olden times) Science - intellectual and practical activity
encompassing the systematic study of the
Robert Koch’s theory “Cause and Effect” - if structure and behavior of the physical and
there is a disease, there’s a cause natural world through observation and
experiment; a process followed
Medical Laboratory Scientist - determine the
cause of disease Medical Laboratory Science - “Systematic
process of determining the cause of disease”
Medical Laboratory Science are defined as:
HISTORY:
ANNA FAGELSON (1962)
 “The branch of medicine concerned w/ the 1500 BC
performance of laboratory determinations  Intestinal parasites like Ascaris and Taenia
and analyses used in the diagnosis and (written in the Ebers papyrus from Egypt)
treatment of disease and the maintenance
of health” 600 BC
 Sweet taste of urine from diabetic patients
RUTH HEINEMANN (1963) (Hindus)
 “The application of natural, physical, and
biological sciences to the performance of 460-377 BC (Hippocrates)
laboratory procedures which aid in the  Father of Medicine
diagnosis and treatment of diseases”  “Hippocratic Oath”
 4 Humors in diagnosing diseases
RA 5527 - auxiliary branch of laboratory
medicine which deals w/ the examination of 14th CENTURY
tissues, secretion and excretion of the human  “Urinalysis” - performed by Hindu doctors
body and body fluids by various electronic,  Observing ants getting attracted to urine of
chemical, microscopic and other medical certain individuals
laboratory procedures or techniques either
manual or automated which will aid the - (Alessandra Gilliani)
physician in the diagnosis, study and treatment  Employed to perform tests in laboratory
of disease and in the promotion of health in (University of Bologna)
general.  Succumbed to a laboratory-acquired
infection
Medical Laboratory Science, formerly known as
Medical Technology - (Jean Baptiste van Helmont)
 Necessary to adopt the word Laboratory  Gravimetric testing of urine samples
Science in place of Technology to give
more dignity to the profession 1590s (Zacharias Janssen)
 1st compound microscope w/ Hans Janssen
NOTE: Medical Technologist and Medical (father)
Laboratory Technician have been used
interchangeably by many 1632 (Anton Van Leewenhoek)
 1st functional microscope
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 1st described protozoa, blood cells,  Use of laboratory animals for
bacterial shapes and sperm expermentation, as part of the means to
diagnose disease
1628 - 1694 (Marcelo Malphigi)
 “Father of Anatomic Pathology” - (Dr. William Welch)
 Greatest of the early microcopist  Established the 1st Laboratory School of
Pathology (Bellevue Hospital Medical
1665 (Robert Hooke) College)
 Discovered cells from cork  1st professor of patholohu (Johns Hopkins
University)
1847 (Rudolf Virchow)
 Theory of Biogenesis 1887 (Dr. William Osler Michell Pruden)
 “Father of Microscopic Pathology”  Applied clinical pathology to clinical
diagnosis (William Pepper Laboratory,
- (Dr. Calvin Ellis) University of Pennsylvania Hospital)
 1st to use microscope in examining  Introduced the microscope & blood
specimens (Massachusetts General counting machine
Hospital)
- (Dr. Douglas)
- (Dr. William Occam)  Instructor (well-equipped chemical
 Lab findings as preliminary evidence in laboratory, University of Michigan)
diagnosis
 Formulated “Occam’s Razor” - (Dr. Osler, George Dock, Douglas)
 Established a lab (University Hospital of
1848 (Herman Fehling) Philadelphia)
 Quantitative urine test using Fehling’s
Reagents 1908 (Dr. James Todd, Arthur H. Sanford)
 Fehling A - CuSO4; Fehling’s B - Potassium  Manual in Clinical Diagnosis (by Laborator
Sodium Tartarate Methods)

- (Germany-Greece-Japan-Turkey-England-USA) - (George Papaniculao)

 Advancement of chemistry by the use of  Pap’s staining technique
dyes
1915
1861 (Louis Pasteur)  Law for hospitals to have laboratory
 “Father of Modern Bacteriology” facilities in Pennsylvania
 1992 - 3,035 hospitals ar w/ labs
1876 (Robert Koch)
 Koch’s Postulate - microorganisms tansmit 1908-1920
disease  100 male technicians to 3500
 “Father of Bacteriologic Techniques”
1914-1918
- (Edward Jenner)  WW1 - need for more technicians
 Cowpox vaccination against smallpox
 “Father of Immunology” 1922-1923
 Course in Laboratory Technician
- (Alexander Fleming) (University of Minnesota)
 Invented penicillin from Penicillum  American Society of Clinical Pathologists
notatum (ASCP) was organized
 Denver Society of Pathology
- (Paul Ehrlich)  American Board of Pathology
 Discovered Salvarsan “magic bullet” as a
cure for Syphilis 1933
 “Father of Chemotheraphy”  American Society of Clinical Laboratory
Technicians (ASCLT), renamed as American
1878 (Dr. William Burdou Sunderson) Society of Medical Technologists (ASMT)
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1939-1945 1964 (Crisanto Almario)
 WW2  PAMET was organized
 Need for blood (closed system)  Almario (president)
 Advancement in instrumentation
 Development of Colorimetry 1967
 Automation  UB (College of Medical Technolog)
 Quality control
1970
1945 (26th Medical Laboratory of the US Army)  Philippine Association of Medical
 Public Health Laboratory under MHD Technology and Public Health (PASMETH)
(Quiricada, Sta. Cruz Manila) To maintain the highest standard of MT/PH
 Training of civilians education & to foster close relations among
these school
June 1945
 Laboratory was endorsed to the National
DOH
 Objectives were not pursued

September 1945 (Dr. Pio de Rodam Mariano

Icasiano)
 Established the Manila Public Health
Laboratory

1947
 Training of high school graduates
 No definite program, no motivation,
no certificates

1954 (Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana, Briones)

 Prepared a syllabus good for 6-months

-
 Formal MT education (Philippine Union
College @ Baesa, Caloocan and Rizal)
 Internship (Manila Sanitarium)

1956 (Dr. Jesse Umali)

 1st graduate
 Established the Omega Laboratory

1957
 UST offered MT as an elective for BS
Pharmacy students

1961
 Approval of 4-yr MT Course

1962
 Centro Escolar University offered the
course

-
 BS Public Health (University of the
Philippines)
 Post Graduate Schools (UST, PWU, SLU; UP
- non thesis)
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MODULE 2  May be given directly or indirectly through
“The Practice of the Medical Laboratory another, renders professional services for
Science Profession” the purpose of aiding the physician in the
diagnosis, study and treatment of disease
 Application of the different principles in the promotion of health
 Scientific determination of the cause of  Performs the ff:
diseases a. Examination of tissues, secretions and
excretions of the human body and body fluids
LABORATORY PERSONNEL by various electronic, chemical, microscopic,
1. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST/MEDICAL bacteriologic, hematologic, serologic,
LABORATORY SCIENTIST immunologic, nuclear, and other laboratory
 Work of medical technology procedures and techniques employing either
 Under the supervision of a manual or automated procedures;
pathologist/licensed physician b. Blood banking procedures and techniques;
 Authorized by the DOH in places when c. Parasitologic, Mycologic, and Microbiologic
there is no pathologist procedures and techniques;
 Licensed d. Histopathologic and Cytotechnology;
provided that nothing in this paragraph shall
Criteria: inhibit a duly registered a medical technology
a. Finished a required degree from college or technician from performing histopathologic
university (BSMLS/BSPH) from a CHED techniques and procedures;
recognized school e. Clinical research involving patients or human
b. Undergone internship in a DOH accredited beings requiring the use of and/or application of
laboratory medical technology knowledge and procedures;
c. Licensed (Board of Medical Technology) f. Preparations and standardization of reagents,
under PRC standards, stains and others, provided such
reagents, standards, stains and others are
2. PATHOLOGIST exclusive for the use of their laboratory;
 Duly registered physician g. Collection and preservation of specimens
 Trained in methods laboratory medicine,
or gross and microscopic study and  Vital healthcare detectives - uncovers and
interpretation of tissues, secretion and provides info from laboratory analyses that
excretion of the human body and its assists physicians in patient diagnosis and
functions in order to diagnose disease treatment, & disease
 Determine the effectiveness of treatment, monitoring/prevention (American Society
ascertain cause of death, advance for Clinical Laboratory Science
medicine by means of research Professionals)

Two types: Clinical Pathologist & Anatomic NOTE: our profession uses investigation as a
Pathologist scientific method in determining the cause of
disease.
3. MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIAN
 Not a graduate of BSMLS/BS in Hygiene SCIENTIFIC METHOD
 Passed the civil service examination 1. Observation of phenomenon
 Performs the work of MedTech, under the 2. Formulation of problem
supervision of registered 3. Formulation of hypothesis
MedTech/Pathologist 4. Gathering of data
 Unable to pass the board exam after 3 5. Experimentation
times 6. Analysis of data
7. Conclusion
MEDTECH PROFESSION 8. Recommendation
SECTION 2 OF RA 5527
 Deemed in the Practice of Medical Evidences are find whether the hypothesis is
Technology correct or not.
 Professional Medical Technologist
 Fee, salary or other compensation or
reward pain
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2 SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY MODELS
1. DEDUCTIVE REASONING (Analytical
Reasoning)
Laboratory findings are based on general
information
 Syllogism (conclusion is drawn (whether
valid or not) from two given or assumed
propositions (premises)
 Each of the assumptions shares a term w/
the conclusion; shares a common or
middle term not present n the conclusion
 Derives the consequences of the assumed
 Given the truth of the assumptions, a valid
deduction guarantees the truth of the
conclusion
 Starts w/ the assertion of general rule,
proceeds to a guaranteed specific
conclusion
 General rule to specific application
 If the original assertions are true, the
conclusion are also true

2. INDUCTIVE REASONING (Synthetic Reasoning)

 The truth on the conclusion is not
guaranteed; generalization is based on
scientific information
 Begins w/ observation that are specific and
limited in scope, to a generalization
conclusion that is likely (but not certain) in
light of accumulated evidence
 Specific to general
NOTE: much scientific research is carried out by
this: gathering evidence, seeking patters, and
forming a hypothesis or theory (to explain what
is seen)

3. ABDUCTIVE REASONING
 Logical inference
 Observation to a hypothesis (accounts for
the observation)
 Provides incomplete evidence, requires
further confirmatory procedures
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MODULE 3
COMMUNICATION PLURAL FORMS
 Integral part  Nouns in medical terminologies
 Fosters understanding; minimizing  Usually follows rules in english grammar
confusions except:
 In terms of words spoken or written
(verbal) or even gestures & signs (non-
verbal)

NOTE: medical field uses common

terminologies/standard language to
reduce/eradicate errors; to communicate
efficiently and effectively to make the
documentation easier and focus on the patient

COMPONENTS OF WORDS
The wider the vocabulary of a professional, the
more competent they become PLURAL FORM EXCEPTIONS
 Times that do not apply because words are
Medical terms - usually derived from Greek and Greek/Latin
Latin; Prefixes, suffixes and rootwords are  Latin terms:
combined to form words  Adjective & noun must agree in
gender, number & case
1. ROOT WORD
 Main part or stem of a word
 Expresses the basic meaning; frequently
indicates a body part
 With a combining form (vowel such as
a,e,i,o,u) or a root words, or may be
combined w/ another root word
 Prefix or suffix - describe a particular
structure or function

2. PREFIXES
 At the beginning POSSESSIVE CASE OF LATIN MEDICAL TERMS
 Describes the location & intensity  Used in Latin to show possessive case

3. SUFFIXES
 At the end (to change the original ABBREVIATIONS
meaning)  In place of words to shorten
 Indicates a procedure, condition, disease notes/documentation
or part of speech  When using in patient care reports, use
standard, accepted to avoid confusion and
errors
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MODULE 4
Medical Laboratory Science Curicculum
CHED Memorandum Order 13 series of 2017
(Policies, Standards and Guidelines (PSG)

Classification of Courses:
 General education
 Core courses
 Professional courses
 Internship

BSMLS PROGRAM
 3-yr academic and 1-yr internship
 General Education Courses in 4 semesters
& 2 short term programs (freshmen);
Professional Courses (ANPATH and
Chemistry)
 ANPATH and Chem - foundation of Board
Courses for 2nd sem and 2nd yr
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