Kemh 1 Ps
Kemh 1 Ps
Kemh 1 Ps
2024-25
11076 – MATHEMATICS ISBN 81-7450-486-9
Textbook for Class XI
2024-25
Foreword
The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends that children’s life
at school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a
departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system
and causes a gap between the school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks
developed on the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They
also attempt to discourage rote learning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries
between different subject areas. We hope these measures will take us significantly
further in the direction of a child-centred system of education outlined in the National
Policy on Education (1986).
The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and
teachers will take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to
pursue imaginative activities and questions. We must recognise that given space,
time and freedom, children generate new knowledge by engaging with the information
passed on to them by adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of
examination is one of the key reasons why other resources and sites of learning are
ignored. Inculcating creativity and initiative is possible if we perceive and treat
children as participants in learning, not as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge.
These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of
functioning. Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in implementing
the annual calendar so that the required number of teaching days are actually devoted
to teaching. The methods used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how
effective this textbook proves for making children’s life at school a happy experience,
rather than a source of stress or boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address
the problem of curricular burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at
different stages with greater consideration for child psychology and the time available
for teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higher
priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in
small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience.
The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) appreciates
the hard work done by the Textbook Development Committee responsible for this
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book. We wish to thank the Chairperson of the advisory group in Science and
Mathematics, Professor J.V. Narlikar and the Chief Advisor for this book
Professor P.K. Jain for guiding the work of this committee. Several teachers
contributed to the development of this textbook; we are grateful to their principals
for making this possible. We are indebted to the institutions and organisations which
have generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, material and personnel.
We are especially grateful to the members of the National Monitoring Committee,
appointed by the Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human
Resource Development under the Chairpersonship of Professor Mrinal Miri and
Professor G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As an organisation
committed to the systemic reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its
products, NCERT welcomes comments and suggestions which will enable us to
undertake further revision and refinement.
Director
New Delhi National Council of Educational
20 December 2005 Research and Training
iv
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Rationalisation of Content in the Textbooks
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Textbook Development Committee
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Acknowledgements
The Council gratefully acknowledges the valuable contributions of the following
participants of the Textbook Review Workshop: P. Bhaskar Kumar, P.G.T., Jawahar
Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ananthpur, (A.P.); Vinayak Bujade, Lecturer, Vidarbha Buniyadi
Junior College, Sakkardara Chowk Nagpur, Maharashtra; Vandita Kalra, Lecturer,
Sarvodaya Kanya Vidyalaya Vikashpuri District Centre, New Delhi; P.L. Sachdeva
Deptt. of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka; P.K.Tiwari
Assistant Commissioner (Retd.), Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan; Jagdish Saran,
Department of Statistics, University of Delhi; Quddus Khan, Lecturer, Shibli National
P.G. College Azamgarh (U.P.); Sumat Kumar Jain, Lecturer, K.L. Jain Inter College
Sasni Hathras (U.P.); R.P. Gihare, Lecturer (BRC), Janpad Shiksha Kendra Chicholi
Distt. Betul (M.P.); Sangeeta Arora, P.G.T., A.P.J. School Saket, New Delhi; P.N.
Malhotra, ADE (Sc.), Directorate of Education, Delhi; D.R. Sharma, P.G.T., J.N.V.
Mungespur, Delhi; Saroj, P.G.T. Government Girls Sr. Secondary School, No. 1,
Roop Nagar, Delhi, Manoj Kumar Thakur, P.G.T., D.A.V. Public School, Rajender
Nagar, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad (U.P.) and R.P. Maurya, Reader, DESM, NCERT,
New Delhi.
Acknowledgements are due to Professor M. Chandra, Head, Department of
Education in Science and Mathematics for her support.
The Council acknowledges the efforts of the Computer Incharge, Deepak Kapoor;
Rakesh Kumar, Kamlesh Rao and Sajjad Haider Ansari, D.T.P. Operators; Kushal Pal
Singh Yadav, Copy Editor and Proof Readers, Mukhtar Hussain and Kanwar Singh.
The contribution of APC–Office, administration of DESM and Publication
Department is also duly acknowledged.
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Contents
Foreword iii
Rationalisation of Content in the Textbooks v
1. Sets 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Sets and their Representations 1
1.3 The Empty Set 5
1.4 Finite and Infinite Sets 6
1.5 Equal Sets 7
1.6 Subsets 9
1.7 Universal Set 12
1.8 Venn Diagrams 13
1.9 Operations on Sets 13
1.10 Complement of a Set 18
3. Trigonometric Functions 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Angles 43
3.3 Trigonometric Functions 49
3.4 Trigonometric Functions of Sum and Difference of Two Angles 57
4. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 76
4.1 Introduction 76
4.2 Complex Numbers 76
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4.3 Algebra of Complex Numbers 77
4.4 The Modulus and the Conjugate of a Complex Number 81
4.5 Argand Plane and Polar Representation 83
5. Linear Inequalities 89
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Inequalities 89
5.3 Algebraic Solutions of Linear Inequalities in One Variable
and their Graphical Representation 91
6. Permutations and Combinations 100
6.1 Introduction 100
6.2 Fundamental Principle of Counting 100
6.3 Permutations 104
6.4 Combinations 114
7. Binomial Theorem 126
7.1 Introduction 126
7.2 Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Indices 126
8. Sequences and Series 135
8.1 Introduction 135
8.2 Sequences 135
8.3 Series 137
8.4 Geometric Progression (G.P.) 139
8.5 Relationship Between A.M. and G.M. 144
9. Straight Lines 151
9.1 Introduction 151
9.2 Slope of a Line 152
9.3 Various Forms of the Equation of a Line 159
9.4 Distance of a Point From a Line 164
10. Conic Sections 176
10.1 Introduction 176
10.2 Sections of a Cone 176
10.3 Circle 179
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10.4 Parabola 182
10.5 Ellipse 187
10.6 Hyperbola 195
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Appendix 2: Mathematical Modelling 323
A.2.1 Introduction 323
A.2.2 Preliminaries 323
A.2.3 What is Mathematical Modelling 327
Answers 335
Supplementary Material 357
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