BEAM-SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN

YO.-
THE
SimplyPREDIMENSIONAL
supported bridge NAME

TYPICAL SECTION:

c TO c
0.05 0.05

0.70
g
AND SLAB
0.50
POSTER .15x.15
h
MAIN BEAM
DIAPHRAGM BEAM

to b Yes b to
5.00

Total Bridge Length Lt(m) = 22.00

Trunk Width 1.00 Number of Diaphragm Beams N= 4
Bridge Calculation Light L(m) = 21.00 Cant Beams Diaphragm b' = 1.30
Track Width 3.60 A(m) = 3.60 Diaphragm Beam Width e= 0.25
Main Beam Cant. 1.47 H(m) = 1.50 Distance between Diaphragm Bea D= 6.67
Main Beam Width 0.4~0.6 b(m) = 0.50
Main Beam Separation S(m) = 2.10 FREIGHT TRAIN HS-20
Slab Thickness 0.18 E(m) = 0.20
Sidewalk Width 0.60 C(m) = 0.65 Concrete f'c = 210 kg/cm2
Sidewalk Thickness 0.20 g(m) = 0.20 Steel fy = 4200 kg/cm2
Flown Length a(m) = 0.95 Bridge Clearance: 20.00 m.

l
and d and d and d and

b'

DIAPHRAGM BEAMS
II.- SLAB DESIGN:
The main reinforcement of the Slab will be perpendicular to the traffic.

2.1. MAIN ARMOR INTERIOR SECTION

Moment per Own Weight (Md) :
- Load metering (for 1 m. width):
P. own = (1m.)(E)(2.4 T/m3) 0.48
Asphalt = (1m.)(0.05)(2.0 T/m3) 0.10
Wd = 0.58 T/m
- Assuming a coefficient 1/10 for the moments (+) and (-):
Md =[ Wd.(S)^2 ]/10 ===> Md = 0.25578 Tm +/-

Overload Moment (Ml) :

- How is a slab reinforced perpendicular to the direction of traffic:
Ml = (S+0.61) P/9.74 (Q: Heavier wheel load: HS-20 7.258 T.)
Ml = 2.01942 Tm
- As there is continuity between slab and beam, it is recommended to affect the timing of factors:
Mom. positive = 0.80 Ml ===> + Ml = 1.6155384 Tm
Mom. negative=0.90 Ml ===> - Ml = 1.8174807 Tm

Moment per Impact (Mi) :

- Impact Coefficient:
I=15.24/(S+38)= 0.38
I <= 0.30 Lower Value ==> I= 0.30
- Moments:
Mom. positive = I Ml+ ===> + My = 0.4846615 Tm
Mom. negative = I Ml- ===> - My = 0.5452442 Tm

Superelevation verification: (Design by Service or Work Efforts)

- Moments per Service:
M = Md + Ml + Mi (bending moment)
Mom. positive = ===> + M = 2.3559799 Tm
Mom. negative = ===> - M = 2.6185049 Tm
- Minimum cant: d = [ (2.M)/(Fc.KJb) ]^(1/2)
where:
b = 1 m. = 100 cm
Fc = 0.4 f'c = 0.40 x 210 = 84 Kg/cm2
Fs = 0.4 fy = 0.40 x 4200 = 1680 Kg/cm2
It is = 2100000 Kg/cm2
Ec = 15000 Root(f'c) 217371 Kg/cm2
n = Es / Ec = 10 > 6 OK
r = Fs / Fc = 20
K = n / (n+r) = 0.3257
J = 1 - K/3 = 0.8914
===> d= 13.90 cm. <E= 20.00 cm O.K.
Admitting a 2" (5 cm) covering and assuming the use of iron 5/8 " = 1.59 cm
The Cant would be: E - 5.00 - 1.59 /2 = 14.21 cm
 Let's consider for the design d= 14.00 cm

Design by Rotura:
- Ultimate Resistant Moment:
Mu = 1.30 [Md+1.67(Ml+Mi)]
Mom. positive = ===> + Mu = 4.892048 Tm
Mom. negative = ===> - Mu = 5.4619898 Tm
- Steel :
Mu = Ø.As.fy.[d-(As.fy)/(1.70 f'c.b)] Ø = 0.90
===> As = (f'c.bd)/fy [0.85-Root(0.7225-1.70(Mu)/(Ø.f'c.bd^2))]

- Positive steel: (per 1 m of slab width)

+As = 10.10 cm2
Verifying the minimum amount by amount:
As min = 14/f and bd ===> Asmin= 4.66667 cm2
As min < +As .......... O.K.
Considering steel 5/8 "= 2.00 cm2, The spacing of the bars will be:
s = (Av. b) / As ===> s= 19.80 cm
Positive steel: 5/8 "@ 20 cm

- Negative steel: (per 1 m of slab width)

-Ace = 11.42 cm2
As min < -As .......... O.K.
Considering steel 5/8 " = 2.00 cm2, The spacing of the bars will be:
s = (Av. b) / As ===> s= 17.52 cm
Negative steel: 5/8 "@ 18 cm

2.2. MAIN FRAME CANTILEVER SECTION

Moment per Own Weight (Md) : Per meter of length.
Section Load (T) Dist.(m) Moment (Tm)
1 (C)(0.20)(1)(2.4) 0.312 0.625 0.195
2 (0.05/2)(0.20)(1)(2.40) 0.012 0.283 0.003
3 (0.50)(E/2)(1)(2.40) 0.120 0.617 0.074
4 (a-0.50)(E)(1)(2.40) 0.216 0.225 0.049
5 (0.15)(0.15)(1)(2.40) 0.054 0.050 0.003
Asphalt (aC-0.05)(0.05)(1)(2.00) 0.025 0.125 0.003
Railing 0.150 0.150 0.875 0.131
===> Md = 0.458 Tm

Overload Moment (Ml) :

- How is a slab reinforced perpendicular to the direction of traffic:
Effective Width: E = (0.80)(X)+1.143 E= 1.10 m.
(Beam to Wheel face distance: X = -0.05 m)
Resulting moment: Ml = (P)(X) / E Ml = -0.329 Tm
(Q: Heavier wheel load: HS-20 7.258 T.)

Moment per Impact (Mi) :

Mi = (I) (Ml) ===> Ml = -0.099 Tm

Design by Rotura:
- Ultimate Resistant Moment:
Mu = 1.30 [Md+1.67(Ml+Mi)] ===> Mu = -0.333 Tm
- Steel :
Solving ===> As = -0.626 cm2
As min = 14/f and bd = 4.667 cm2
As min < As .......... Falso ===> As = 4.667 cm2
 Considering steel 5/8 " = 2.00 cm2, The spacing of the bars will be:
s = (Av. b) / As ===> s= 42.86 cm
Steel : 5/8 "@ 43 cm

23. DISTRIBUTION STEEL:

Since the main steel is perpendicular to the traffic:
% Asr = 121 / ( L )^0.5 < 67 % As ===> % Asr = 27.06 % As
% Asr < 67% As .......... O.K.
===> Distribution Steel: Asr = 3.089 cm2
Considering steel 1/2 " = 1.29 cm2, The spacing of the bars will be:
s = (Av. b) / As ===> s= 41.76 cm
Distribution Steel: 1/2 "@ 42 cm

2.4. STEEL TEMPERATURE:

Ast = 0.0018 b E > 2.64 cm2 ===> Ast = 3.600 cm2
Ast > 2.64 cm2 .......... O.K.
Considering steel 3/8 "= 0.71 cm2, The spacing of the bars will be:
s = (Av. b) / As ===> s= 19.72 cm
Steel Temperature: 3/8 "@ 20 cm

III.- DESIGN OF MAIN BEAMS.

There are two Main Beams in the direction of traffic.

3.1. MAIN FRAME OUTER BEAM

Moment per Own Weight (Md) :
- Load metering (per meter of slab and beam):
pp slab= (E)(a-0.5+S/2+b)(2.4 T/m3) 0.960
pp beam= [(HE)(b)+0.15^2](2.4 T/m3) 1.614
Asphalt = (0.05)(A/2)(2.0 T/m3) 0.180
Sidewalk = (0.65)(0.4 T/m2) 0.260
Flown = (0.20*C+0.005+0.25*E)(2.4T/m3) 0.444
Wd = 3.458 T/m
- Contribution of the Diaphragm Beams
pp Diaphragm Beam (b')(e)(S/2)(2.4 T/m3) ==> Wv = 0.819 T.
Number of Diaphragm Beams: N= 4
- Calculation of the Md for the section at the center of the light (critical section)
According to Diag. of Line of Influence of moments in the case of 4 Diaphragm Beams. you have:
Md = Wd(L^2/8)+Wv(2L/6) ===> Md = 196.355 Tm

Overload Moment (Ml) :

- Charge Concentration Coefficient (Cc):
For this case of a one-lane bridge and HS-20 loads, we have:
R = [ 1 + 0.70/(S+b) ] Pr
===> Cc = [ 1 + 0.70/(S+b) ] ==> Cc = 1.269
- Maximum moment per wheel axle in the critical section (0.70 m from the center)
According to the Moment Influence Line Diagram, for this case we have:
Ms/c = Cc [ P/2 (2.25L^2 - 10.5L + 4.41) / L ]
where : P= 3.629 T. ==> Ms/c = 85.120 Tm (By Beam)
- Equivalent Overload Moment
Considering the Overload of the Regulation, placing the blade load in the
critical position (halfway along the bridge length)
Meq = [ 9/4L + 0.96 (L^2)/8 ] /2 ==> Meq = 50.085 Tm (By Beam)
- Moment due to Overload (Ml):
We take the largest ==> Ml = 85.120 Tm

Moment per Impact (Mi) :

- Impact Coefficient:
I=15.24/(L+38)= 0.26
I <= 0.30 ==> I= 0.26
==> My = 21.987 Tm

T BEAM DESIGN
Superelevation verification: (Design by Service or Work Efforts)
- Moment per Service:
M = Md + Ml + Mi ==> M= 303.462 Tm
- Minimum cant:
d = [ (2.M)/(Fc.KJb) ]^(1/2) b
where: (AND) hf
b = Smallest value of the following expressions:
b <= L/4 ==> b <= 5.25 m
(b-bw) <= 16 hf ==> b <= 3.70 m
b <= bw + S ==> b <= 2.60 m
Assuming b = 2.60 m. Assuming that the neutral axis is inside bw
of the wing (C < E) we carry out the calculations as if it were a rectangular beam
Wide b= 260 cm
Cant:
d= 97.83 cm. < H= 150.00 cm O.K.
Let's consider for the design d= 140.00 cm
- Steel Area: (By service)
As = M/(Fs.Jd) ==> As = 144.73701 cm2
- We verify the amount:
Balanced amount:
pb = (0.85 f'c ß)/fy . (0.003Es)/(0.003Es+fy) ==> bp = 0.0217
β = 0.85
Maximum amount: pmax = 0.75 bp ==> pmax = 0.0163
Beam Quantity: p = As/(bd) ==> p = 0.0040
==> p < pmax .................. O.K.

Design by Rotura:
- Ultimate Resistant Moment:
Mu = 1.30 [Md+1.67(Ml+Mi)] ==> Mu = 487.78985 Tm
- Steel :
Mu = Ø.As.fy.[d-(As.fy)/(1.70 f'c.b)] Ø= 0.90
===> As = (f'c.bd)/fy [0.85-Root(0.7225-1.70(Mu)/(Ø.f'c.bd^2))]
Solving:
As = 95.10 cm2
In this case the Amount of the Beam will be indicated as:
p = As/(bd) ==> p= 0.0026 < pmax O.K.
To not check deflections:
pmax = 0.18 f'c/fy ==> pmax = 0.0090 >p O.K.

Neutral Axis Verification:

a = (As.fy)/(0.85f'c.d) = => a = 8.606145 cm. <E= 20.00 O.K.
Es correcto el diseño de la Viga como Rectangular pues el Eje neutro se halla en el ala de la Viga
 Verification for Fatigue in Service:
Maximum service moment: M = Md+Ml+Mi = 303.462 Tm
fs max = M/(As.Jd) ==> fs max = 2556.925 Kg/cm2
Minimum service time: Mmin=Md= 196.355 Tm
fs min = Mmin/(As.Jd) ==> fs min = 1654.461 Kg/cm2
Range of acting stresses:
f ac = (fs max) - (fs min) ==> f ac = 902.463 Kg/cm2
Range of allowable stresses:
f ad = 1635.36-0.36(fs min) ==> f ad = 1039.754 Kg/cm2
===> f ad < f ac ........ O.K.

Steel Distribution:
If we consider bars of 1" = 5.10 cm2 then the number of bars will be:
No. of rods 1" = 19

In this case the steel will be distributed in layers and will be considered 24 Rods Ø 1"
As = ( 122.40 cm2)
Cracking Check:
For severe exposure conditions:
Z = 23000 Kg/cm2
The value of A is: A = 2.Xb/(No. bars)
A= 62.5 OO OO OO OO
Maximum allowable stress: Fs max = Z/(dc.A)^(1/3) OO OO OO OO
Fs max adm = 2960.83 kg/cm2 x= 15 OO OO OO OO
Maximum acting stress: Fs max = M/(As.dJ) dc = 7.5
Fs max act = 1986.59 kg/cm2 50.00
===> Fs max act < Fs max adm ....... O.K.

3.2. CUT VERIFICATION.

By own weight:
The Shear Stress per Own Weight (Vd) for this case of 4 Diaphragms will be:
Vd = Wd.L/2 + Wv.(1+2/3+1/3) ===> Vd = 37.947 T.

Due to HS-20 Overload:

The Overload Shear Stress (Vl) is given by the following relationship:
Vl = Cc [ 4.P + 4.P.(L-4.20)/L + P.(L-8.40)/L ]
P: Front axle wheel load = 3,629 / 2 Kg ==> >P= 1.8145 T.
===> Vl = 17.96355 T.

By Impact:
The Impact Shear Stress (Vi) will be:
Vi = I . Vl ===> Vi = 4.64007631 T.

Design by Rotura:
Total Shear Stress (Vu) :
Vu = 1.30 [Vd+1.67(Vl+Vi)] ==> Vu = 98.4035727 T.
Nominal Shear Stress (V'u) :
V'u = Vu / (Ø bd) ==> V'u = 3.180 kg/cm2
Resistant Shear Stress of Concrete (Vc):
Vc = Ø [ 0.5 (f'c)^0.5 + 175.p.Vu.d/Mu ]
for Shear stress: Ø= 0.85
 ==> Vc = 6.160 kg/cm2
===> Vc > V'u ....... O.K.
As V'u < Vc, theoretically no reinforcement is required in the Soul, despite this we will place
minimum steel with stirrups 1/2 " = 1.27 cm2 making an area of:
Av = 2 x as = 2.54 cm2
being the spacing:
S = (Av.fy) / [(V'u-Vc).b] ==> S= 72 cm.

3.3. SIDE STEEL

Since the Beam is more than two feet (0.61 m.), it will be convenient to place Lateral Steel in a
amount of :
As lat. = 0.10 (As) ==> As lat = 9.510 cm2.
The spacing between bars must comply:
S <= 30cm. ; S <= bw = 50 cm
we will choose S= 30 cm.
The free height of the nerve is: 130.00 cm., estimating 10 cm. at the top and bottom
we remain 110 cm. making: 4 irons
As it will be arranged on both sides, the total amount of irons is n= 8 so each one will be:
Av = (As lat) / n = 1.189 cm2 =1Ø 1/2" = 1.27 cm2
Then we will have, on both sides of the Beam rib: 4 irons of 1/2"

IV.- DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGM BEAMS

4.1. MAIN STEEL

The bending moment that the diaphragms must withstand is equal to the torsional moment that they must
support the main beams throughout the area of ​influence of each diaphragm.
The Torsional moment in the main beams is a fraction of the negative bending moment that is
generated in the slab at its supports in the beams.

The bending moment with which each Diaphragm must be designed is the following:
M = T + Mpp
where:
T: Bending moment in the main beams along the area of ​influence
T = 0.70 [ (-)Mom max slab] D
Mom max slab: Maximum negative design bending moment of the slab /m width
Mpp: Moment due to self-weight of the diaphragm beam.
Wpp = (b')(e)(2.40 T/m3) = 0.780 T/m
Mpp = Wpp(S^2/10) ===> Mpp = 0.34398 Tm
so:
M = T + Mpp ; T= 26.44513 Tm ===> M= 26.789 Tm
As = (f'c.bd)/fy [0.85-Root(0.7225-1.70(Mi)/(Ø.f'c.bd^2))]
b= 25.00 cm. ; d= 124 cm.
As = 5.85 cm2
Considering steel 5/8" = 2.00 cm2
No. of rods 5/8" = 3
4.6667
27.056

3.60
(AND)
 BEAM-SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN

PRE-SIZE:
Simply supported bridge

TYPICAL SECTION:

c A c
0.05 0.05

0.70
g
E SLAB
0.50
POSTER .15x.15
H
MAIN BEAM
DIAPHRAGM BEAM

a b S b a
5.00

Total Bridge Length Lt(m) = 4.50

Trunk Width 4.00 Number of Diaphragm Beams N= 1
Bridge Calculation Light L(m) = 0.50 Cant Beams Diaphragm b' = 0.40
Track Width 3.60 A(m) = 3.60 Diaphragm Beam Width e= 0.40
Main Beam Cant. 0.035 H(m) = 0.75 Distance between Diaphragm Bea D= #DIV/0!
Main Beam Width 0.4~0.6 b(m) = 0.45
Main Beam Separation S(m) = 2.35 FREIGHT TRAIN HS-20
Slab Thickness 0.18 E(m) = 0.18
Sidewalk Width 0.60 C(m) = 0.65 Concrete f'c = 210 kg/cm2
Sidewalk Thickness 0.20 g(m) = 0.20 Steel fy = 4200 kg/cm2
Flown Length a(m) = 0.88 Bridge Clearance: -3.50 m.

L
e D e D e D e

b'

DIAPHRAGM BEAMS
II.- SLAB DESIGN:
The main reinforcement of the Slab will be perpendicular to the traffic.

2.1. MAIN ARMOR INTERIOR SECTION

Moment per Own Weight (Md) :
- Load metering (for 1 m. width):
P. own = (1m.)(E)(2.4 T/m3) 0.43
Asphalt = (1m.)(0.05)(2.0 T/m3) 0.10
Wd = 0.53 T/m
- Assuming a coefficient 1/10 for the moments (+) and (-):
Md =[ Wd.(S)^2 ]/10 ===> Md = 0.293797 Tm +/-

Overload Moment (Ml) :

- How is a slab reinforced perpendicular to the direction of traffic:
Ml = (S+0.61) P/9.74 (Q: Heavier wheel load: HS-20 7.258 T.)
Ml = 2.20572 Tm
- As there is continuity between slab and beam, it is recommended to affect the timing of factors:
Mom. positive = 0.80 Ml ===> + Ml = 1.7645733 Tm
Mom. negative=0.90 Ml ===> - Ml = 1.985145 Tm

Moment per Impact (Mi) :

- Impact Coefficient:
I=15.24/(S+38)= 0.38
I <= 0.30 Lower Value ==> I= 0.30
- Moments:
Mom. positive = I Ml+ ===> + My = 0.529372 Tm
Mom. negative = I Ml- ===> - My = 0.5955435 Tm

Superelevation verification: (Design by Service or Work Efforts)

- Moments per Service:
M = Md + Ml + Mi (bending moment)
Mom. positive = ===> + M = 2.5877423 Tm
Mom. negative = ===> - M = 2.8744855 Tm
- Minimum cant: d = [ (2.M)/(Fc.KJb) ]^(1/2)
where:
b = 1 m. = 100 cm
Fc = 0.4 f'c = 0.40 x 210 = 84 Kg/cm2
Fs = 0.4 fy = 0.40 x 4200 = 1680 Kg/cm2
It is = 2100000 Kg/cm2
Ec = 15000 Root(f'c) 217371 Kg/cm2
n = Es / Ec = 10 > 6 OK
r = Fs / Fc = 20
K = n / (n+r) = 0.3257
J = 1 - K/3 = 0.8914
===> d= 14.57 cm. <E= 18.00 cm O.K.
Admitting a 2" (5 cm) covering and assuming the use of iron 5/8 " = 1.59 cm
The Cant would be: E - 5.00 - 1.59 /2 = 12.21 cm
 Let's consider for the design d= 12.00 cm

Design by Rotura:
- Ultimate Resistant Moment:
Mu = 1.30 [Md+1.67(Ml+Mi)]
Mom. positive = ===> + Mu = 5.3620913 Tm
Mom. negative = ===> - Mu = 5.9846107 Tm
- Steel :
Mu = Ø.As.fy.[d-(As.fy)/(1.70 f'c.b)] Ø = 0.90
===> As = (f'c.bd)/fy [0.85-Root(0.7225-1.70(Mu)/(Ø.f'c.bd^2))]

- Positive steel: (per 1 m of slab width)

+As = 13.65 cm2
Verifying the minimum amount by amount:
As min = 14/f and bd ===> Asmin= 4.00000 cm2
As min < +As .......... O.K.
Considering steel 5/8 "= 2.00 cm2, The spacing of the bars will be:
s = (Av. b) / As ===> s= 14.66 cm
Positive steel: 5/8 "@ 15 cm

- Negative steel: (per 1 m of slab width)

-Ace = 15.57 cm2
As min < -As .......... O.K.
Considering steel 5/8 " = 2.00 cm2, The spacing of the bars will be:
s = (Av. b) / As ===> s= 12.84 cm
Negative steel: 5/8 "@ 13 cm

2.2. MAIN FRAME CANTILEVER SECTION

Moment per Own Weight (Md) : Per meter of length.
Section Load (T) Dist.(m) Moment (Tm)
1 (C)(0.20)(1)(2.4) 0.312 0.550 0.172
2 (0.05/2)(0.20)(1)(2.40) 0.012 0.208 0.003
3 (0.50)(E/2)(1)(2.40) 0.108 0.542 0.059
4 (a-0.50)(E)(1)(2.40) 0.162 0.188 0.030
5 (0.15)(0.15)(1)(2.40) 0.054 0.050 0.003
Asphalt (aC-0.05)(0.05)(1)(2.00) 0.017 0.088 0.002
Railing 0.150 0.150 0.800 0.120
===> Md = 0.387 Tm

Overload Moment (Ml) :

- How is a slab reinforced perpendicular to the direction of traffic:
Effective Width: E = (0.80)(X)+1.143 E= 1.04 m.
(Beam to Wheel face distance: X = -0.13 m)
Resulting moment: Ml = (P)(X) / E Ml = -0.870 Tm
(Q: Heavier wheel load: HS-20 7.258 T.)

Moment per Impact (Mi) :

Mi = (I) (Ml) ===> Ml = -0.261 Tm

Design by Rotura:
- Ultimate Resistant Moment:
Mu = 1.30 [Md+1.67(Ml+Mi)] ===> Mu = -1.952 Tm
- Steel :
Solving ===> As = -4.135 cm2
As min = 14/f and bd = 4.000 cm2
As min < As .......... Falso ===> As = 4.000 cm2
 Considering steel 5/8 " = 2.00 cm2, The spacing of the bars will be:
s = (Av. b) / As ===> s= 50.00 cm
Steel : 5/8 "@ 50 cm

23. DISTRIBUTION STEEL:

Since the main steel is perpendicular to the traffic:
% Asr = 121 / ( L )^0.5 < 67 % As ===> % Asr = Err:502 % As
% Asr < 67% As .......... Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
===> Distribution Steel: Asr = Err:502 cm2
Considering steel 1/2 " = 1.29 cm2, The spacing of the bars will be:
s = (Av. b) / As ===> s= Err:502 cm
Distribution Steel: 1/2 "@ Err:502 cm

2.4. STEEL TEMPERATURE:

Ast = 0.0018 b E > 2.64 cm2 ===> Ast = 3.240 cm2
Ast > 2.64 cm2 .......... O.K.
Considering steel 3/8 "= 0.71 cm2, The spacing of the bars will be:
s = (Av. b) / As ===> s= 21.91 cm
Steel Temperature: 3/8 "@ 22 cm

III.- DESIGN OF MAIN BEAMS.

There are two Main Beams in the direction of traffic.

3.1. MAIN FRAME OUTER BEAM

Moment per Own Weight (Md) :
- Load metering (per meter of slab and beam):
pp slab= (E)(a-0.5+S/2+b)(2.4 T/m3) 0.864
pp beam= [(HE)(b)+0.15^2](2.4 T/m3) 0.670
Asphalt = (0.05)(A/2)(2.0 T/m3) 0.180
Sidewalk = (0.65)(0.4 T/m2) 0.260
Flown = (0.20*C+0.005+0.25*E)(2.4T/m3) 0.432
Wd = 2.406 T/m
- Contribution of the Diaphragm Beams
pp Diaphragm Beam (b')(e)(S/2)(2.4 T/m3) ==> Wv = 0.4512 T.
Number of Diaphragm Beams: N= 1
- Calculation of the Md for the section at the center of the light (critical section)
According to Diag. of Line of Influence of moments in the case of 4 Diaphragm Beams. you have:
Md = Wd(L^2/8)+Wv(2L/6) ===> Md = 0.150 Tm

Overload Moment (Ml) :

- Charge Concentration Coefficient (Cc):
For this case of a one-lane bridge and HS-20 loads, we have:
R = [ 1 + 0.70/(S+b) ] Pr
===> Cc = [ 1 + 0.70/(S+b) ] ==> Cc = 1.250
- Maximum moment per wheel axle in the critical section (0.70 m from the center)
According to the Moment Influence Line Diagram, for this case we have:
Ms/c = Cc [ P/2 (2.25L^2 - 10.5L + 4.41) / L ]
where : P= 3.629 T. ==> Ms/c = -1.259 Tm (By Beam)
- Equivalent Overload Moment
Considering the Overload of the Regulation, placing the blade load in the
critical position (halfway along the bridge length)
Meq = [ 9/4L + 0.96 (L^2)/8 ] /2 ==> Meq = 0.578 Tm (By Beam)
- Moment due to Overload (Ml):
We take the largest ==> Ml = 0.578 Tm

Moment per Impact (Mi) :

- Impact Coefficient:
I=15.24/(L+38)= 0.40
I <= 0.30 ==> I= 0.30
==> My = 0.173 Tm

T BEAM DESIGN
Superelevation verification: (Design by Service or Work Efforts)
- Moment per Service:
M = Md + Ml + Mi ==> M= 0.901 Tm
- Minimum cant:
d = [ (2.M)/(Fc.KJb) ]^(1/2) b
where: (AND) hf
b = Smallest value of the following expressions:
b <= L/4 ==> b <= 0.13 m
(b-bw) <= 16 hf ==> b <= 3.33 m
b <= bw + S ==> b <= 2.80 m
Assuming b = 0.13 m. Assuming that the neutral axis is inside bw
of the wing (C < E) we carry out the calculations as if it were a rectangular beam
Wide b= 12.5 cm
Cant:
d= 24.31 cm. < H= 75.00 cm O.K.
Let's consider for the design d= 65.00 cm
- Steel Area: (By service)
As = M/(Fs.Jd) ==> As = 0.9257111 cm2
- We verify the amount:
Balanced amount:
pb = (0.85 f'c ß)/fy . (0.003Es)/(0.003Es+fy) ==> bp = 0.0217
β = 0.85
Maximum amount: pmax = 0.75 bp ==> pmax = 0.0163
Beam Quantity: p = As/(bd) ==> p = 0.0011
==> p < pmax .................. O.K.

Design by Rotura:
- Ultimate Resistant Moment:
Mu = 1.30 [Md+1.67(Ml+Mi)] ==> Mu = 1.82536575 Tm
- Steel :
Mu = Ø.As.fy.[d-(As.fy)/(1.70 f'c.b)] Ø= 0.90
===> As = (f'c.bd)/fy [0.85-Root(0.7225-1.70(Mu)/(Ø.f'c.bd^2))]
Solving:
As = 0.75 cm2
In this case the Amount of the Beam will be indicated as:
p = As/(bd) ==> p= 0.0009 < pmax O.K.
To not check deflections:
pmax = 0.18 f'c/fy ==> pmax = 0.0090 >p O.K.

Neutral Axis Verification:

a = (As.fy)/(0.85f'c.d) = => a = 1.413822 cm. <E= 18.00 O.K.
Es correcto el diseño de la Viga como Rectangular pues el Eje neutro se halla en el ala de la Viga
 Verification for Fatigue in Service:
Maximum service moment: M = Md+Ml+Mi = 0.901 Tm
fs max = M/(As.Jd) ==> fs max = 2070.575 Kg/cm2
Minimum service time: Mmin=Md= 0.150 Tm
fs min = Mmin/(As.Jd) ==> fs min = 345.527 Kg/cm2
Range of acting stresses:
f ac = (fs max) - (fs min) ==> f ac = 1725.048 Kg/cm2
Range of allowable stresses:
f ad = 1635.36-0.36(fs min) ==> f ad = 1510.970 Kg/cm2
===> f ad < f ac ........ FALSO

Steel Distribution:
If we consider bars of 1" = 5.10 cm2 then the number of bars will be:
No. of rods 1" = 1

In this case the steel will be distributed in layers and will be considered 24 Rods Ø 1"
As = ( 122.40 cm2)
Cracking Check:
For severe exposure conditions:
Z = 23000 Kg/cm2
The value of A is: A = 2.Xb/(No. bars)
A= 56.25 OO OO OO OO
Maximum allowable stress: Fs max = Z/(dc.A)^(1/3) OO OO OO OO
Fs max adm = 3066.67 kg/cm2 x= 15 OO OO OO OO
Maximum acting stress: Fs max = M/(As.dJ) dc = 7.5
Fs max act = 12.71 kg/cm2 45.00
===> Fs max act < Fs max adm ....... O.K.

3.2. CUT VERIFICATION.

By own weight:
The Shear Stress per Own Weight (Vd) for this case of 4 Diaphragms will be:
Vd = Wd.L/2 + Wv.(1+2/3+1/3) ===> Vd = 1.504 T.

Due to HS-20 Overload:

The Overload Shear Stress (Vl) is given by the following relationship:
Vl = Cc [ 4.P + 4.P.(L-4.20)/L + P.(L-8.40)/L ]
P: Front axle wheel load = 3,629 / 2 Kg ==> >P= 1.8145 T.
===> Vl = -93.900375 T.

By Impact:
The Impact Shear Stress (Vi) will be:
Vi = I . Vl ===> Vi = -28.1701125 T.

Design by Rotura:
Total Shear Stress (Vu) :
Vu = 1.30 [Vd+1.67(Vl+Vi)] ==> Vu = -263.060088 T.
Nominal Shear Stress (V'u) :
V'u = Vu / (Ø bd) ==> V'u = -380.901 kg/cm2
Resistant Shear Stress of Concrete (Vc):
Vc = Ø [ 0.5 (f'c)^0.5 + 175.p.Vu.d/Mu ]
for Shear stress: Ø= 0.85
 ==> Vc = 6.030 kg/cm2
===> Vc > V'u ....... O.K.
As V'u < Vc, theoretically no reinforcement is required in the Soul, despite this we will place
minimum steel with stirrups 1/2 " = 1.27 cm2 making an area of:
Av = 2 x as = 2.54 cm2
being the spacing:
S = (Av.fy) / [(V'u-Vc).b] ==> S= 1 cm.

3.3. SIDE STEEL

Since the Beam is more than two feet (0.61 m.), it will be convenient to place Lateral Steel in a
amount of :
As lat. = 0.10 (As) ==> As lat = 0.075 cm2.
The spacing between bars must comply:
S <= 30cm. ; S <= bw = 45 cm
we will choose S= 30 cm.
The free height of the nerve is: 57.00 cm., estimating 10 cm. at the top and bottom
we remain 37 cm. making: 2 irons
As it will be arranged on both sides, the total amount of irons is n= 4 so each one will be:
Av = (As lat) / n = 0.019 cm2 =1Ø 1/2" = 1.27 cm2
Then we will have, on both sides of the Beam rib: 2 irons of 1/2"

IV.- DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGM BEAMS

4.1. MAIN STEEL

The bending moment that the diaphragms must withstand is equal to the torsional moment that they must
support the main beams throughout the area of ​influence of each diaphragm.
The Torsional moment in the main beams is a fraction of the negative bending moment that is
generated in the slab at its supports in the beams.

The bending moment with which each Diaphragm must be designed is the following:
M = T + Mpp
where:
T: Bending moment in the main beams along the area of ​influence
T = 0.70 [ (-)Mom max slab] D
Mom max slab: Maximum negative design bending moment of the slab /m width
Mpp: Moment due to self-weight of the diaphragm beam.
Wpp = (b')(e)(2.40 T/m3) = 0.384 T/m
Mpp = Wpp(S^2/10) ===> Mpp = 0.212064 Tm
so:
M = T + Mpp ; T= #DIV/0! Tm ===> M= #DIV/0! Tm
As = (f'c.bd)/fy [0.85-Root(0.7225-1.70(Mi)/(Ø.f'c.bd^2))]
b= 40.00 cm. ; d= 34 cm.
As = #DIV/0! cm2
Considering steel 5/8" = 2.00 cm2
No. of rods 5/8" = #DIV/0!
4
Err:502

3.24
(AND)