CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

TESTING
CE 313

AGGREGATE
CHAPTER 2

Members:
Abayan, Abram Nathaniel
Alota, Rosanna
Cacho, Sophia Nicole
Mudlong, Earl Rameses
Presbitero, Justinne
BSCE 3A

Engr. Jeric R. Aduna

Professor

1
 AGGREGATES

Aggregates are the main ingredient in making materials like Concrete and
Mortar which account for 70–80% of the concrete volume. Aggregate as a filler with
binding material is the derived product of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic
rocks, and thus it is hard, strong, and durable. It can also be made from blast furnace
slag. As aggregates are used in large quantities in the manufacturing of concrete,
they have a significant effect on the properties of the concrete. Therefore, it is vitally
important to choose the right variety and quality before constructing. Unlike other
materials like cement and water, this does not require any special storage place and
has negligible effects when exposed to various climatic conditions.

You might not know it, but aggregates play a hugely important role within our
lives. No matter where you go, you are most likely surrounded by structures and
items that are made up of different types of aggregate materials.

Aggregate plays an important role in defining concrete properties. The

texture, shape, size, chemical nature, and gradation of aggregate affect the concrete
quality. The choice of the wrong aggregate for concrete can lead to the degradation
of concrete quality that ultimately results in poor performance or failure, or both.

Aggregates strongly influence concrete's freshly mixed and hardened

properties, mixture proportions, and economy. Consequently, selection of aggregates
is an important process. Although some variation in aggregate properties is
expected, characteristics that are considered include:

❖ Grading
❖ Durability
❖ Particle Shape and Surface Texture
❖ Abrasion and Skid Resistance
❖ Unit Weights and Voids
❖ Absorption and Surface Moisture

2
 USES OF AGGREGATES

Uses of Aggregate (General)

Aggregates can be used in a number of ways in construction. In roads and

railway ballast the aggregates are used to resist the overall (static as well as
dynamic) load, to distribute the load properly to the supporting ground and to drain
the water off the surface. In concrete the aggregate is used for economy, reducing
shrinkage and cracks and to strengthen the structure. They are also used in water
filtration and sewage treatment processes. The uses of aggregates can be
summarized in to the following three categories;

❖ As a Load Bearing Material

❖ As a Filling Material
❖ As an Infiltrating Material

Uses of Aggregate in Concrete

Aggregate is an essential ingredient of concrete. The purpose of aggregates

in concrete is:

❖ Mortar Mix To provide a rigid structure

❖ To reduce the shrinkage and cracking
❖ Concrete aggregate is used in many structures and substructures e.g.
different elements of a Building, bridges, foundations
❖ The smaller the aggregate size the greater its surface area and the more
binding material (cement) will be required, resulting in a higher cost
❖ The greater the aggregate size the larger will be the voids, resulting in
wastage of binding material(cement)

Hence a mixture of coarse and fine aggregate is used in concrete to avoid

both these problems. Proper proportion of concrete mixture based on its classes will
be discussed in chapter four (4- which is Concrete).

Uses of Aggregates in Roads

Aggregates are used as the base, subbase, and/or surface of roads in several
forms:

❖ Stabilized using cementitious materials (blends of cement, fly ash, slag, lime).
❖ Stabilized with bituminous materials (bitumen or tar).
❖ Stabilized with other materials (resins, fibers, geosynthetics, etc.).
❖ Recycled aggregate.

3
 In roads, it is also used to help distribute the load and assist in ground water
running off the road. Aggregates are foundational to road construction, serving as
base materials that provide stability, strength, and proper drainage to road surfaces.
The right selection and placement of aggregates contribute to the longevity and
safety of roadways.

Other Uses of Aggregates in Construction

❖ Building Foundations: Aggregates are crucial in constructing stable building

foundations. They provide a solid base that distributes the load of the
structure evenly, minimising settling or shifting over time.
❖ Drainage Systems: Certain aggregates, such as gravel, possess excellent
drainage properties. They are used in drainage systems to prevent water
accumulation and potential damage to infrastructure by allowing water to flow
freely.
❖ Asphalt Production: Aggregates play a pivotal role in the production of
asphalt mixes used for road paving and maintenance. The proper
combination of aggregates influences the durability, skid resistance, and
overall quality of the asphalt surface
❖ Landscaping: Aggregates are employed in landscaping projects to create
aesthetically pleasing outdoor spaces. They can be used to construct
pathways, decorative features, and functional elements that enhance the
visual appeal and usability of landscapes. Different types of aggregates can
be chosen based on the desired aesthetic and functional outcomes.

4
 TYPES OF AGGREGATES

1. FINE AGGREGATE

Fine aggregates are basically natural sand

particles from the land through the mining
process, the fine aggregates consist of natural
sand or any crushed stone particles that are ¼” or
smaller. This product is often referred to as 1/4’”
minus as it refers to the size, or grading, of this
particular aggregate. Aggregates less than 4.75
mm in size are called fine aggregates River sand,
crushed stone sand, crushed gravel sand are the
main sources of fine aggregates.

Role of fine aggregate in a concrete mix

The majority of the volume in the formulations for making a concrete mix is
taken up by fine particles, which serve as the structural filler. You are able to have a
substantial influence on the output by modifying the makeup of the fine aggregate as
well as its geometry, size, and other characteristics. The function of fine aggregate
may be broken down into the following points:

❖ The use of fine aggregates helps the mixture to sustain its dimensions.
❖ The use of fine aggregate has the potential to affect both the elastic
properties and the damage tolerance of the concrete.
❖ The quality of the fine aggregates also affects the proportions of the mixture
as well as its hardening capabilities.
❖ In addition, the characteristics of the fine aggregates have a considerable
bearing on the degree to which the concrete will shrink.

5
 2. COARSE AGGREGATE

Coarse aggregates are those that

cannot pass through an IS Sieve of 4.75mm.
They are gravel or crushed stone that occurs
naturally and is used to make concrete. Their
largest size is 63 mm and higher. Blasting the
stone quarries is typically how coarse
aggregates are created. However, they are
occasionally also hand-crushed. Stones of
varying sizes can be crushed together in the
machinery. On the other hand, only stones of comparable sizes are utilised when
crushing by hand. To create high-quality concrete, coarse aggregates are mixed in a
specific ratio.

Coarse Aggregate is used in a variety of ways in the construction industry as

needed. The coarse aggregate is used to resist the load coming from the concrete
structure of the construction and to distribute the load properly in the ground to the
foundation.

Coarse aggregate is used as material in construction as follows,

❖ As for filling material

❖ As bearing material
❖ As infiltration material

Types of Coarse Aggregates

a. Granite aggregates

Granite aggregates are crushed hard

rock of granular structure, being the most
common on Earth. Granite rock comes from
magma that erupted on the ground surface
and then hardened. Good properties of
granite make it the most popular building
material. It is the best aggregate for high-
grade concrete. Granite is also used as a
decorative stone. It can be gray, red, or pink
and has a lot of shades. After polishing it acquires a beautiful smooth surface.
Granite is mostly composed of feldspar, quartz and mica crystals, the content
of which influences the color and shades of the stone.

6
 b. Gravel aggregates

Gravel aggregates are aggregates

acquired as the result of sifting quarried rock
and by crushing natural stone rock. In
strength, gravel aggregates are inferior to
granite aggregates, but they also have their
advantages: their radioactive background is
usually very low and they are cheaper than
granite aggregates. Gravel aggregates are
used for foundations and concrete and in
products made of reinforced concrete and in
road construction.

There are two types of gravel aggregates:

1. Scabbled stone - regular, natural or crushed.

2. Gravel - rounded pebbles usually of river or sea origin.

3. LIMESTONE AGGREGATES

Limestone aggregates are a product of

the crushing of sedimentary rock - limestone,
which is composed mainly of calcite (calcium
carbonate - CaC03). Limestone aggregates
(sometimes called lime or dolomite aggregate)
is one of the main types of aggregates that
besides the gravel and the granite types is
used in road construction and in production of
reinforced concrete objects.

Limestone is an important source of construction aggregate due to its

strength, versatility, and low thermal expansion. It is used in concrete production
(producing a stronger concrete less prone to expansion); used in asphalt production
(hydrated lime reduces cracking and stripping); road construction (as a road base
due to its strength and durability); new construction (in home construction under
concrete slabs that form the foundation for homes); erosion control (as riprap along
rivers, streams, drainage and road edges); and soil stabilization.

7
 4. SECONDARY AGGREGATES

Secondary aggregate comes from

crushing construction waste - concrete,
bricks, and asphalt. This type of aggregate is
made with the same equipment as other
types of aggregates. The main benefit of
secondary aggregate is its low cost: on
average, it is two times cheaper than the
granite type.

In the past, secondary aggregates were thought of as inferior and waste

products, but as the advantages to the environment have come to light, the opinions
of people are beginning to shift. However, laws in certain regions categorize these
materials as waste, making it difficult and occasionally impossible to make use of
them as resources.

Many secondary aggregates are by-products of industrial processes that were

not previously used as aggregates and were often landfilled rather than re-used. This
legacy means that legislation surrounding some secondary aggregates classifies
them as waste and it can be difficult to change this and clients' perceptions of such
materials.

In the early days of recycling, secondary aggregates were often viewed as

'dirty' materials and compared to contaminated material because of their waste
classification. But testing and increasing knowledge from successful use of
secondary aggregates is challenging that.

Categories and Examples

Secondary aggregates generally fall into two categories - natural and

manufactured. Examples of naturally occurring secondary aggregates include china
clay, sand and slate aggregates and these materials do not usually encounter the
issues of waste classification. Where it does often become a problem is with
manufactured materials, such as pulverised fuel ash (PFA), spent oil shale and
metallurgical slags, as well as construction and demolition waste.

In terms of strength, frost resistance, and certain other characteristics

secondary aggregate is inferior to aggregates made of natural stones; nonetheless it
has wide application:

❖ As a large-scale filler for concretes

❖ In road construction
❖ In maintenance works

8
 ❖ And For reinforcing the weak soils

5. SLAG AGGREGATES

Slag aggregates are obtained by crushing

of smelter slag or by special treatment of
fire-liquid slag melt (molten slag aggregates).
Currently there are many types of concrete that
are developed and used in construction that
include metallurgical slags both as a binding
component and as fillers. The cost of products
from slag concrete is 20-30% lower than
traditional ones.

Aggregate is used in numerous government-funded projects, especially when

it comes to public works. The crushed rock material is used in water filtration and
sewage treatment processes, snow and ice control, and erosion control, all
necessary in maintaining the safety of our communities.

There are plenty of other uses for aggregate material, such as agricultural
re-mineralizing, dust control, and field drainage. Whatever projects you may need
aggregate for, our crushers will be able to provide exactly the material you need.

The crushed rock that makes up aggregate material fills many purposes in
construction projects. Aggregate provides drainage, fills voids to stabilize the
foundation, and protects underground pipes. The material is also used for roofing
granules and landscape material. All of these are necessary in building schools,
hospitals, apartments, homes and offices.

9
Other Types of Aggregates According to Source

1. Natural Aggregates

The rock fragments that need minimal processing before use are called
natural aggregates. The natural aggregates are generally available at the earth’s
surface which are collected by excavating pits in-ground, on riverbeds, and on the
seabed. As these Aggregates are naturally obtained which may have a lot of
impurities, the collected aggregates must be washed to clean the foreign materials or
else the binding material will not work properly. IS 383:1970 (Reaffirmed 2002) lays
the guidelines for coarse and fine natural aggregates.

Natural aggregate is vital to the construction industry. Although natural

aggregate is a high volume/low value commodity that is abundant, new sources are
becoming increasingly difficult to find and develop because of rigid industry
specifications, political considerations, development and transportation costs, and
environmental concerns. There are two primary sources of natural aggregate: (1)
exposed or near-surface bedrock that can be crushed, and (2) deposits of sand and
gravel. Remote sensing and airborne geophysics detect surface and near-surface
phenomena, and may be useful for detecting and mapping potential aggregate
sources; however, before a methodology for applying these techniques can be
developed, it is necessary to understand the type, distribution, physical properties,
and characteristics of natural aggregate deposits.

Examples:

❖ 10mm and 20mm Blue Metal - is a natural

aggregate that is commonly used for
drainage in many different fields. Its many
uses include backfilling trenches, around
PVC, for drainage behind retaining walls,
and even as a base for concrete and deep
garden beds to promote drainage.

❖ Cold Mix - is a 5-7mm, high performance,

bituminous cold asphalt product, that is
suitable for temporary repairs on potholes,
footpaths, driveways, car-parks, roads etc.
It is designed for maximum strength in
confined spaces.

10
 ❖ Hot Mix Asphalt - is a bituminous hot
asphalt product that is suitable for all areas
and pavements that are exposed to heavy
traffic. This includes roads, car-parks,
driveways, footpaths etc. Hot Mix provides
maximum strength and durability in all
areas, making it a permanent stable
solution for all pavement jobs.

❖ Sand and Gravel Mix - Also known as

Concrete Mix, Sand & Gravel Mix is a blend
of natural Blue Metal and Washed River
Sand that can be mixed with cement to
make concrete and core fill for retaining
wall blocks.

3. Artificial Aggregates

Artificial aggregates are aggregates produced from materials that are

produced through an artificial process.

Artificial aggregates are eco-friendly materials. They are made out of various
by-products such as fly ash, power plant solid waste, rice husk ash, blast furnace
slag, granite powder, iron ore slag, over burnt brickbats etc. As such these materials
are considered as pollutants of the environment.

The waste materials from industrialization are one of the concern issues in
sustainable development. Recycling and reducing the waste material is one of the
strategies to produce a better sustainable system. One of the methods is by using
the waste materials to produce artificial aggregate.

Examples:

❖ Broken bricks - We mainly get artificial

aggregates from the destruction of old
buildings. Broken bricks are mainly used
for the construction of temporary buildings.

11
 ❖ Sintered Fly Ash - Sintered fly ash is a
lightweight material which can be used as
an equivalent of stone aggregates in
concrete. Fly ash can widely reduce the
self-weight of structures. Sintered fly ash is
cheaper than natural stones or crushed
rocks.

4. Recycled Aggregates

Recycled Aggregates is a term that describes crushed cement concrete or

asphalt pavement from construction debris that is reused in other building projects.

The use of recycled materials for construction is a sustainable move in the

construction industry. It has numerous benefits including limiting the need for virgin
aggregates, reducing energy consumption, reducing Waste heading to the Landfill
and reducing emissions. Not only is it a great option for the environment, but using
aggregate materials leads to cost savings and can be leveraged to gain credits for
undefined certification.

Aggregate recycling is a simple process there is no complex method involved.

The recycling method includes breaking, removing, and crushing existing concrete
into a material with a specified size and quality. Reinforcement and other mixed items
in concrete must be removed from the aggregate.

Example:

❖ Recycled Concrete Aggregate - is

usually the concrete produced from
construction and demolition wastes, which
either partially or completely replaces
conventional natural aggregates

❖ Railway Ballast - Railroad Ballast,

otherwise known as railway or railroad
ballast is an aggregate formed from
crushed stones such as granite and other
smaller materials such as clay. Primarily
utility and construction companies use
railway ballast to provide a level base for
rails and sleepers. Railroad ties, or
sleepers, are the rectangular support
piece kept perpendicular to the tracks.

12
 AGGREGATE FOR CONSTRUCTION

Aggregates are used in concrete for very specific purposes. The use of
coarse and fine aggregates in concrete provides significant economic benefits for the
final cost of concrete in place.

ITEM 703 – AGGREGATES

703.1 Fine Aggregate for Concrete and Incidentals

Fine Aggregate for concrete shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO

M6, with no deleterious substances in excess of the following percentages:

Lightweight aggregate, if required or

Grading Requirements
permitted by the Special Provisions, shall
meet the pertinent requirements of Sieve Mass, Percent
AASHTO M 195. Passing

9.5 mm (¾ in.) 100

I. 703.1.2 Granular backfill filter
material for under drains and filler 4.75 mm (No.4) 95 to 100
for paved waterways shall be
permeable and shall meet the 2.36 mm (No.8) 80 to 100
requirements of AASHTO M 6,
1.18 mm (No.16) 50 to 85
except that soundness tests will not
be required and minor variations in 600 μm (No.30) 25 to 60
grading and content of deleterious
substances may be approved by the
Engineer.
300 μm (No.50) 10 to 30

II. 703.1.3 Aggregate for minor 150 μm (No.100) 2 to 10

concrete structures shall be clean,
durable, uniformly graded sand and gravel, crushed slag or crushed stone,
100 percent of which will pass a 37.5 mm (1-1/2 inches) sieve and containing
not more than 5 percent passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve.

703.2 Coarse Aggregate for Portland Cement Concrete

Coarse aggregate for concrete shall meet the requirements of AASHTO M 80.

Lightweight aggregate, if required or permitted by the Special Provisions,

shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 195, for the grading specified.

13
703.3 Aggregate for Portland Cement Treated and Stabilized Base Course

The crushed and uncrushed granular material shall consist of hard durable
stones and rocks of accepted quality, free from an excess of flat, elongated, soft or
disintegrated pieces or other objectionable matter. The method used in obtaining the
aggregate shall be such that the finished product shall be as consistent as practical

All materials passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) mesh produced in the crushing
operation of either the stone or gravel shall be incorporated in the base material to
the extent permitted by the gradation requirements. The plasticity index shall not be
less 4 nor more than 10. 377

703.4 Aggregate for Untreated Sub-base, Base or Surface Courses

Aggregate shall consist of hard, durable particles or fragments of crushed

stone, crushed slag or crushed or natural gravel. Materials that break up when
alternately wetted and dried shall not be used.

Aggregate is the material retained on the 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve and shall
have a percentage of wear of not more than 50 for sub-base and not more than 45
for Base and Surface Courses as determined by AASHTO Method T 96.

Fine aggregate is the material passing the 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve and shall
consist of natural or crushed sand and fine mineral particles. The fraction passing the
0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall not be greater than 0.66 (two-thirds) of the fraction
passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve. For base courses, the fraction passing the
0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a liquid limit not greater than 25 and a plasticity
index not greater than 6, while for sub-base course; the liquid limit shall not be
greater than 35 plasticity index not greater than 12.

For surface courses, the fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall
have a liquid limit not greater than 35 and a plasticity index not less than 4 or greater
than 9.

All materials shall be free from vegetable matter and lumps or balls of clay.

When crushed aggregate is specified, not less than 50 mass percent of the
particles retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve shall have at least one fractured face.

Gradation of each designated size of aggregate shall be obtained by

crushing, screening and blending processes as may be necessary.

14
Classification of Aggregates Based on Its Shape

Rounded Aggregates

❖ Resulting in the minimum percentage of voids

(32 – 33%) hence gives more workability.
❖ Unsuitable for high-strength concrete or
pavement construction because of poor
interlocking behavior and weak bond strength.
❖ River/seashore

Irregular Aggregates

❖ Partly rounded with an uneven surface.

❖ May result in 35- 37% of voids, give lesser
workability when compared to rounded
aggregates.
❖ The bond strength is slightly higher than rounded
aggregates.

Angular Aggregates

❖ Has the maximum percentage of void ranging

from 38 to 45%.
❖ Has a very good interlocking bond,
❖ Very suitable for high strength concrete and for
pavements.

Flaky Aggregates

❖ When the aggregate thickness is small when

compared with the width and length of that
aggregate, it is considered a flaky aggregate.

Elongated Aggregates

❖ When the length of aggregate is larger than the

other two dimensions then it is called elongated
aggregate or the length of aggregate is greater
than 180% of its mean dimension.

15
Flaky and Elongated

❖ An aggregate is said to be flaky and

elongated when it satisfies both the
conditions of a flaky and an elongated
aggregate

16
 VARIOUS AGGREGATE TESTING METHODS AND LABORATORY TEST

SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATE

This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution of
fine and coarse aggregates by sieving. This method is also used primarily to
determine the grading of materials proposed for use as aggregates or being used as
aggregates. Aggregate samples are passed through a stack of standard sieves
arranged in descending order of opening sizes. The particles that retained on sieve
#4 (4.75mm) are coarse aggregates while particles that pass through sieve #4 but
retained on sieve #200 are considered fine aggregates. The results are used to
determine compliance of the particle size distribution with applicable specification
requirements and to provide necessary data for control of the production of various
aggregate products and mixtures containing aggregates. The data may also be
useful in developing relationships concerning porosity and packing. (ASTM C136/
C136M-14) Sieve Apparatus

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION FOR COARSE AGGREGATE

This test method covers the determination of relative density (specific gravity)
and the absorption of coarse aggregates. The specific gravity of is the ratio of the
weight of a given volume of an aggregate to the weight of an equal volume of water.
Water absorption is the percentage of water absorbed by air-dried aggregate when
submerged in water at 27°C for 24 hours. This test is done to measure the strength
of a material. The relative density (specific gravity), a dimensionless quantity, is
expressed as oven-dry (OD), saturated-surface-dry (SSD), or as apparent relative
density (apparent specific gravity). The OD relative density is determined after drying
the aggregate. The SSD relative density and absorption are determined after soaking
the aggregate in water for a prescribed duration.

17
 Relative density (specific gravity) is the ratio of mass of an aggregate to the
mass of a volume of water equal to the volume of the aggregate particles also
referred to as the absolute volume of the aggregate. It is also expressed as the ratio
of the density of the aggregate particles to the density of water. Distinction is made
between the density of aggregate particles and the bulk density of aggregates as
determined by Test Method C29/C29M, which includes the volume of voids between
the particles of aggregates. (ASTM C127-15)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION FOR FINE AGGREGATE

This test method covers the determination of the relative density (specific
gravity) and absorption of fine aggregates. Bulk relative density (specific gravity) is
the characteristic generally used for calculation of the volume occupied by the
aggregate in various mixtures containing aggregate including Portland cement
concrete, bituminous concrete, and other mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed
on an absolute volume basis. Bulk relative density (specific gravity) is used in the
computation of voids in aggregate in C1252 and C29/C29M. Bulk relative density
(specific gravity) determined on the saturated surface dry (SSD) basis is used if the
aggregate is wet, that is, if its absorption has been satisfied. Conversely, the bulk
relative density (specific gravity) determined on the oven-dry basis is used for
computations when the aggregate is dry or assumed to be dry. (ASTM D7172- 14)

18
 AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE

Impact Value, as determined using the standard 4.5 kg (10 Ibm) hammer, has
direct application to design and construction of pavements and a general application
to earthworks compaction control and evaluation of strength characteristics of a wide
range of materials, such as soils, soil aggregates, stabilized soil and recreational turf.
Impact Value is one of the properties used to evaluate the strength of a layer of soil
up to about 150 mm (6 in.) in thickness and by inference to indicate the compaction
condition of this layer. Impact Value reflects and responds to changes in physical
characteristics that influence strength. It is a dynamic force penetration property and
may be used to set a strength parameter.

This test method provides immediate results in terms of IV and may be used
for the process control of pavement or earth fill activities where the avoidance of
delays is important and where there is a need to determine variability when
statistically based quality assurance procedures are being used. This test method
does not provide results directly as a percentage of compaction but rather as
strength index value from which compaction may be inferred for the particular
moisture conditions. From observations, strength either remains constant along the
dry side of the compaction curve or else reaches a peak and declines rapidly with
increase in water content slightly dry of optimum water content This is generally
between 95 and 98% maximum dry density. As-compacted target strength in terms of
IV may be designated from laboratory testing or field trials as strength to achieve in
the field as the result of a compaction process for a desired density and water
content. If testing is performed after compaction when conditions are such that the
water content has changed from the critical value, determination of the actual water
content by laboratory testing enables the field density to be inferred from regression
equations using IV, density and water content. (ASTM D5874-16)

19
 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO

This test method is used to evaluate the potential strength of subgrade,

subbase, and base course materials, including recycled materials for use in the
design of road and airfield pavements. The CBR value obtained in this test forms an
integral part of several flexible pavement design methods. (ASTM D1883-10)

CBR Ranges

Percent (%) Status

≤2 Weak

2.01 to 14.99 Normal

≥ 15.00 Very Stable

20
 AGGREGATE CRUSHING AND ABRASION VALUE

The test has been widely used as an indicator of the relative quality or
competence of various sources of aggregate having similar mineral compositions.
The results do not automatically permit valid comparisons to be made between
sources distinctly different in origin, composition, or structure. Assign specification
limits with extreme care in consideration of available aggregate types and their
performance history in specific end uses.

This test method covers testing sizes of coarse aggregate larger than 19 mm
(4 in.) for resistance to degradation using the Los Angeles testing machine. (ASTM
C131 / C131M-14)

Crushing Test Value:

ACV = ( Wp(2.36 mm) / WT ) x 100%

Aggregates Crushing Value

Ranges

Value (%) Status

≤ 10 Strong

10.01 to 34.99 Normal

≥ 35.00 Weak

21
 RIFFLE SAMPLE SPLITTER

Riffle Sample Splitter allows dividing samples into two representative

subsamples with a good accuracy. Riffle Sample Splitter is the most universally used
sampling device for preparing representative splits of dry, free-flowing granular
product

There are four types of Riffle-Type Sample Splitters

The H-3962.XX or the Humboldt Riffle-Type Sample Splitters

for Material from 0.25” to 0.50” is for small material samples with
pans, scoop, and brush.

The H-3987.XX or the Humboldt Riffle-Type Sample Splitters

for Material from 0.66” to 1.67” is for medium material samples

with pans, scoop, and brush.

The H-3980.XX or the Humboldt Riffle-Type Sample Splitter

with Removable Hopper – removable hopper aids in cleaning of
splitter between tests

The H-3970.XX or the Enclosed Sample Splitters – enclosed

design is ideal for dusty samples including coal, coke and chaff.

22
 BUOYANCY BALANCE

Buoyancy Balance is a system developed by ELE consists of a rigid support

frame, incorporating a water tank mounted on a platform. A mechanical lifting device
is used to raise the water tank through the frame height immersing the specimen
suspended below the balance. The balance supplied may also be used as a standard
weighing device, thus providing a versatile and comprehensive weighing system in
the laboratory.6000 g x 0.1 g supplied with frame, water tank and suspension hook.

❖ It is used for specific gravity determination of concrete or aggregates.

❖ The density of concrete specimens is determined by dimensional checks,
weighting and calculation of weight in air/water buoyancy method. Comes
with a sample plate, water tank and wire basket. Buoyancy Balance

23
 REFERENCES

Mahajan, B. (2020, May 21). Aggregate Impact Value Test | Impact Test of

Aggregate | Impact Value | AIV Test. Civiconcepts.

https://civiconcepts.com/blog/aggregate-impact-value-test

Bala. (2020, May 16). Aggregate Impact Value Test - Procedure & Uses - [Civil

Planets]. Civil Planets.

https://civilplanets.com/aggregate-impact-value-test/

Satheesh. (2020, May 31). What Is Grading Of Aggregates? And Its Limits

[Civil Planets]. Civil Planets.

https://civilplanets.com/grading-of-aggregates/

https://www.facebook.com/mr.lonely100. (2021). Sieve Analysis Of Coarse And

Fine Aggregates. Construction How.

https://constructionhow.com/sieve-analysis-of-coarse-and-fine-aggregate

s/

Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Tests on Aggregates - The Constructor.

(2010, February 22). The Constructor.

https://theconstructor.org/building/aggregates-specific-gravity-water-abso

rption-test/1358/

Mahajan, B. (2020, May 25). Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test of

Coarse Aggregate | Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate. Civiconcepts.

https://civiconcepts.com/blog/specific-gravity-and-water-absorption-test-o

f-coarse-aggregate#:~:text=The%20specific%20gravity%20of%20coarse

,ranges%20from%200.1%20to%202%25.

24
 ‌Butwani, R. (2023, August 12). Construction Aggregate: Types, Uses,

andPrices.https://timesproperty.com/news/post/how-welcoming-are

-indians-of-senior-living-projects-blid5418?offset=3

Jamal, H. (2017, August 30). Uses of Aggregate, in Construction,

Roads, Railway Ballast

https://www.aboutcivil.org/uses-of-aggregate.html

https://civiconcepts.com/blog/types-of-aggregates
https://enviroskiphire.co.uk/2022/04/types-of-aggregates-and-their-uses/
https://www.gmat.co.uk/4-different-types-of-aggregates-everyone-should-know/
https://dailycivil.com/types-of-aggregates-used-in-construction/
https://constructionkart.in/types-of-aggregates-and-classification/
https://viyaconstructions.com/aggregates-in-construction/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02257020
https://parkleasandsoil.com.au/building-supplies/natural-aggregates-quarry-products/
https://housing.com/news/fine-aggregate-types-and-applications-in-building-construct
ion/#:~:text=The%20size%20of%20fine%20aggregate,also%20fall%20under%20this
%20category.
https://shorelineaggregate.com/limestone-aggregate-construction-asphalt-concrete-c
ement-aglime/
https://www.aggbusiness.com/ab10/feature/secondary-aggregates-resource-not-wast
e-stream

25