UNIT 6

Student name

Group/Class

Date Score

GRAMMAR

1 Order the words to form statements with inverted conditionals.

1 more qualifications / many teenagers believe that / at school / they / have gained /
had / they / behaved better / would / .
Many teenagers believe that had they behaved better at school, they would have
gained more qualifications.
2 the county jail / I / it’s an oversimplification to say that / so many times / an affluent
area / wouldn’t / I / had / have visited / grown up in / .
It's an oversimplification to say that had I grown up in an af fluent area, I wouldn't
have visited the county j ail so many times.
3 in the school starting age / would / the government / crime / more children / had / not
/ have turned to / intervened / .
Had the government not intervened in the school starting age, more children would
have turned to crime.
4 I / better / my school teachers / would / in class / arguably / had / been stricter / have
behaved / probably / .
Arguably, had my school teachers been stricter, I would probably have behaved better
in class.
5 a law-abiding citizen / his parents / not / it is likely that / he / been / had / poor / have
been / would / .
It is likely that had his parents not been poor, he would have been a law-abiding citizen.

Score: /5
2 Check (✔) the correct sentences and rewrite the incorrect sentences.

1 Experts would argue that had the offenders’ fathers not committed such serious
offences, the offenders would have had not such a propensity for crime.
Experts would argue that had the of f enders' f athers not committed such serious
of f ences, the of f enders would not have had such a propensity f or crime.
2 Research suggests that had the twins been raised in identical backgrounds, would
they have still had very different experiences.
Research suggests that had the twins been raised in identical backgrounds, they would
still have had very dif f erent experiences.
3 It seems highly likely that had young offenders’ families receive more support, they
would have had strategies in place to deal with their children’s behavior.
It seems highly likely that had young of f enders' f amilies received more support, they
would have had strategies in place to deal with their children's behavior.
4 I’d argue that the state invested more money into support networks, more effective
measures would have been put in place to deter young people from a life of
crime.
I'd argue that had the state invested more money into support networks, more
ef f ective measures would have been put in place to deter young people f rom a
lif e of crime.
5 Had the offenders’ backgrounds been different, they may not have displayed such
deviant tendencies. ✔

Score: /5

3 Choose the correct alternatives to complete the sentences.

1 I’d argue that had I not received/had I received not guidance and support from my
parents, I would certainly have been more influenced by my peers.
2 It seems highly likely that his parents had recognized/had his parents recognized the
signs, social services would have intervened earlier.
3 The implication that had I lived in a more affluent area,
I wouldn’t have behaved/wouldn’t I have behaved in such a manner seems plausible.
4 Had my brother and I not been separated at birth,
our inherited characteristics would/would our inherited characteristics have
diminished?
 5 Had we grown/Have we grown up together in the same family, our experiences would
not necessarily have been the same.

Score: /5

VOCABULARY

4 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

There are many different ideas about what causes (1) deviant behavior. Different
theories address biological, sociological, and psychological factors. The notion that our
(2) f acial features somehow determine our (3) propensity to behave
antisocially has been (4) systematically rejected by modern researchers in this field.
The idea that criminals merely (5) inherit their behavior is widely recognized as
being a gross oversimplification of what determines criminal behavior.

1 A facial B deviant C rational

2 A prominent B genetic C facial
3 A analogy B notion C propensity
4 A systematically B consequently C initially
5 A distort B inherit C evaluate

Score: /5
 5 Match the sentence halves.

Adolescents often turn to a simply stem from a person’s

life of crime upbringing?

How likely is it that aggressive is brought about by extensive

behavior viewing of violence on TV?

Can a propensity toward crime as a consequence of being

and deviance raised in poverty.

Low self-esteem and academic exert a direct influence on an

failure adolescent’s emotions and
behaviors.
Research indicates that social
conditions can could trigger anger, aggression,
and disruptive behavior among
adolescents.

Score: /5

6 Complete the words in the sentences. The first letter is given, and there is one space
for each letter.

1 Findings from some reports i m p l y that deviant behavior is passed on from

one generation to the next.
2 A decline in one’s social and economic position in society often
c o i n c i d e s with a growth in erratic behavior.
3 Research has shown that risk factors a c c u m u l a t e d over
time determine violent behavior rather than a single risk factor, such as gender.
4 The Departments of Health and Human Services in many states are currently
e v a l u a t i n g their services to see what additional support can
be offered to those at risk of criminality.
5 Critics say that the state should not i n t e r v e n e in family life in
the latest drive to boost education standards.

Score: /5

READING
Read the article about behavioral economics.

Behavioral Economics

Rational choice theory, undermining traditional economics, assumes that individuals

make sensible decisions in their own interests unmoved by emotions and outside
influences.

Behavioral economics combines economics with psychology to consider how real

people fare when making decisions influenced by numerous factors, such as self-
control and peer pressure.

How choices are presented can have a direct influence on decisions. This can affect
everything from what people pay for a cup of coffee to how they save for retirement.

Here are some examples:

Nudge Theory

Used to influence individuals and whole communities, it explains how small

interventions can influence choice. It’s about helping people to make difficult
decisions, such as by making choices “opt-out” rather than “opt-in”, or by suggesting
other people have already done something.

Prospect Theory

People are more upset by losses than made happy by gains. For example, people who
receive a free ticket to something and then can't go, feel worse than if they hadn't
received the ticket. Travel companies use this idea to offer limited-time discounts to
people who book early, counting on the fact that holidaymakers will feel worse if they
miss that earlybird window.

Mental Accounting

This suggests that people have a tendency to place greater value on some dollars
than others, even though they have the same value. As a consequence, they might
drive farther to save $5 on a $10 purchase, but they would not drive farther to save $5
on a $100 purchase.
Dominated Alternatives

Introducing a decoy option may trigger people to choose a preferred option. For
example, magazine subscribers who are offered an “online only” subscription for $45
or an “online + print” subscription for $114 will, for the majority, choose the first
option. However, if a third decoy option, $114 for “print only”, is introduced, it will
prompt many more to choose the second option. The mere introduction of the third
option makes option 2 look more attractive, as subscribers perceive they are getting
the online version for free.

Willpower

People show a lack of self-control even when they know what is best. As a
consequence, snacks bought in advance are usually healthier than those bought for
immediate consumption.

Authority

Seeing reviews of a product or service online or elsewhere before you buy is a tried
and tested method of alleviating customers' potential concerns and fears about
committing to that product or service. E-commerce sites know this, so usually make
customer feedback ratings and reviews very visible to consumers before they buy.
 7 Match the summary to the theory.

Preferences change when Authority

there is an extra option that is
asymmetrically dominant. Prospect Theory

People act logically and make Dominated Alternatives

the right decisions using the

Mental Accounting
correct information available.

Rational Choice Theory

People think of value in relative
rather than absolute terms.

People assume everyone else

knows better than they do.

The pain of giving something

up is stronger than the pleasure
derived from receiving it.

Score: /5

8 Check (✔) the correct sentences.

1 An oversimplification of nudge theory is that making things easier helps people to

make better choices. ✔
2 Companies pressure customers by implying that they will lose money if they don’t
book quickly. ✔

3 Companies always want you to buy the most expensive option they offer.

4 Impulse purchases are often a wise choice.

5 Customer reviews are there to give more information about the product.

Score: /5

WRITING
9 ”Nature vs. nurture: which causes crime?” Discuss this question. Write between 300
and 350 words.

Score: / 10