6 MATHEMATICS($TANDNat

). 10 The length, brexdth and heig

ore than wo prine

tacts) the fength of the ongest Fod that
dimensions the roomh exactiy,
Aite the snya!Hest number which is divisible by A
Ioth 3p and 65:.
Sol. Given, Iength 8m
breadth 6m 25 cm 625 cr.
Sot. Smailest nunber divisibie by 306 and 657 height 4m 75 cm 475m
LCM (306, 657) Since, the length of the
LCM (00, 657) 22338 1
IER Matking Slheme, 2019} HCF of 850, 625 and 475
Detailed Soution: 625 ) 850( 1
The snallest nunber (hat is divisible by two numbers 625
is obtaincd by finding the LCM of these numbers 225 )625(2
ere, the given nunbers are, 306 and 657
450
LCM 30% and 657
2 306, 657
I75) 225(1
175
3 153, 657
351, 219 50) 175{3
17 17, 73 15)

73 1, 73 25 ) 50(2
, 1 5t)

LCM = 2 x3x3 x 17 x73 = 22,338

Hence, the smallest number which is divisible by306 HCF (625, 850) -25
and 657 is 22338. : 25 divides 475
B Q. 7. Find the smallest natural number by which Hence, HCF (625, 850, 475) = 25
1,200 should be multiplied so that the square root
of the product is a rational number. Thus, the longest rod that can
U|Board lern , 2015-16) dimensions of the room exactBy = 25 crmmeasure
Sol. Since, 1200 =4 x 3 x (2 x 5) 1 1CBSE Varking scher.
=2' x3 x 5 1

Hence, the required smallest natural number is 3.

1COSE Marking Scheme, 2015] " Mostly candidates are unable to determine ak
Q. 8.Can two numbers have 15 as their HCF and 175 as what they have to find. Actually, mostly candide:
don't get to know that the question is about iHCE.
their LCM2 Give reasons. IR|Board Term-1, 2015| LCM.
Sol. Since, 15 does not divide 175 and Sometimes students calcuiate the longest length
LCM of two numbers should be exactly divisible by rod that lies in the room by finding its diagona.
their HCE 1
:. Two numbers cannot have their HCF as 15 and
LCM as 175.
Adequate practice is necessary for such typ:
Q.9. Check whether 4" can end with the digít 0 for any questions and basic concept of HCF and LC:
natural number n. should be clear.
A Board Term-, 2015, NCERT| " Students should read the question properly.
Sol. If the number 4, for any n, were to end with the
digit zero, then it would be divisible by 5 and 2.
A Q. 11. Iftwo positive integers p and qare writz
asp = b' and q = a'b, where a and bare prs
That is, the prime factorization of 4' would contain numbers then verify.
the prime 5 and 2. This is not possible because 4"
(2), so, the only prime in the factorization of
LCM (P, q) x HCF(p, g) =p.q.A{CBSE SQT
4" is 2. So, the uniqueness of the Fundamental Sol. Since, LCM (P. q) =
Theoremn of Arithmetic guarantees that there and HCF (P. )'= ab
are no other primes in the factorization of 4". So. Hence, LCM (P, g) x HCF (2, a) =a't xa
there i% FO naturai number nfor which 4" ends
With the digit zero. 2
HenceVeritied
(BSE Marking Schene, 2015|
 Amorning walk threc persons steps
of! 402x 2x 2 x 5 5
socether and heir steps neasure 40 cm, 42 Cm and
45 Ct respetively. 42 2 x 3xY7
What is the mittimum distance cach should 45 3x 3x5 3 x5 1
that cah can cover the same
distance in LCM (40, 42, 45) 2' x 3x 5 x7 2520 cm.
conplete steps ?
Sel. Requnnt 1minimum distance will be LCM of 40, 42
Hence, minimum distance each should walk
25.20 m.

Short Answer Type Questions-ll (3 marks cach)

)ind the greatest number of six digits exactly Q.2. 144 cartons of Coke cans and 90 cartons of Pepsi
divisible by 18, 24 and 36.
cans are to be stacked in a canteen. If each stack is
A Board lerm-1. 20t6) of the same height and if it contain equal cartons
Sol. LCM of 18, 24 and 36 of the same drink, what would be the greatest
I8 =2x3 number of cartons each stack would have ?

24 = 2x3 Sol. Since, the greatest number of cartons is the HCF of

144 and 90 1
36 = 2 x 3²
LCM (18,24, 36) = 2 x 3’72 1
144 = 2 x 3
The largest 6 digit number is 999999 90 =2 x 3 x5 1

Therefore, HCF (726, 275) = 2 x 3 = 18

13888Ouotient
72) 999999 3. Three bells toll at intervals of 9, 12, 15 minutes
-12. respectively. If they start tofling together, after
279 what time willthey next toll together? A

-216 Sol. Since, the time to toll next together = LCM (9,12,15) 1
639 9=3x 3=3?
-576 12 = 2x 2 x 3 =2 x 3
639
and 15 =3 X5
-576
LCM (9,12, 15) = 3x 22 x 5
639
= 180 minutes 1
-576
63--’ Remainder
Hence the bells will toll next together after 180
minutes. 1
:. The required number = 999999 63 = 999936. V½
0.4. Find HCF and LCM of 404 and 96 and verify that HCF × LCM = Product of the two given numbers.

R +UCBSE Delhi OD,2018)

Sol.Since, 404 = 2 x 2x 101= 2 x 101
and 96 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
= 2 x3
HCF of 404 and 96 =2 = 4 1
LCM of 404 and 96 = 101x2° x3 - 9696
HCF x LCM = 4 X 9696 =38784
Also, 404 x 96 = 38784
Hence, ICF × LCM = Product of 404 and 96. Hence Verified. i

CESE Marking Scheme, 2018

 (iAPSANy

1/

thehin

of o l
Sol.
colm

UF(IN2, I44) Sol. Let th

both
1

Detailed Soution : Comnonly Mede Erro

Gven, HCE o 14 an N0is n umm ot 1.3m lo " Studenta otten commit errors in finding Hct #
Non HCF 144 ad is0. LCM, Some students findl LCM iI HCF i akis Q.5. For
the question. divi
Sol.

HCF (14. 1S0) =2Nx3

Understandthe ditference between LCM andtG

G Long Answer Type Questions

Q.1. State Fundamental theorem of
Arithmetic. Find LCM
of numers 2520 and 10530 by prime Q. 2. Can the number 6", nbeing a
tactorization atural number,o
method. with the digit 5 ? Give
reasons.
Sol. Fundamental theorem of
arithnetic : Every Sol. It6" ends with 0 or 5,tthen it must
composite number can be expressed as the product have 5à atàt
of OwTs of primes and this Butonty prime factors of 6' are 2 3
actorization is and
unique. 6 (2x 3)" 2 x 3
From the fundamental theorem of arithnetc.
Revi
Sine 250 3'x5x?
and 0530 2x 3'x5x 3 prime tactornzation ofevery
unique. composte
LCM 3'x3x 5x7x 13 1 .
1

9484)
6"can ever end with 0 or 5.
{BSEMarkity, them
Q.3. Afruit vendor has 990 appies and 945 orangs
Packs them into baskets, Each basket containso
 |9
N of the ivofnuits but in equal number. Findthe Since, any possive integera is of the form 34, 3q + 1
eumber of fruits to be pot in each baskct in order to
hase minimUm numberTot baskets.
or 2for some integer q.
À
Ieta, a 1,a + 2be anv three ronsecutive integers.

Case I :If
afa + )a +2) = 3q(3 + 1X3y + 2)
3(2r)
= bqr, which is divisibie by 6.
45
(:: Product oftwo consecuive integers (3a + 1) and
(3q + 2) is an even integer, say 2r) 1
45
Case II:If
2
g90 = 945 x 1+ 45
.a(a + 1)(a+ 2) = (3q + 1)(3 + 2)(3 + 3)
= (2r) (3)(q + 1)
945 = 45 × 21 +0 = 6r(q + 1), 1
Snce, HCF of 990 and 945 is 45. 1 which is divisible by 6.
Thus. the fruit vendor should put 45 fruits in each Case III:If a =3q +2
hasket to haveminimum number of baskets. 1 ala + 1)(a + 2) = (3q + 2)(34 + 3)(3 + 4)
blarkin Scheme, 2016) = multiple of 6 for every q
= 6r (say), 1
0.4 An army contingent of 104 members is to march
behind an army band of 96 members in a parade. which is divisible by 6.
The two groups are to march in the same number Hence, the product of three consecutive integers is
of columns. What is the maximum number of divisible by 6and n-n is also divisible by 6.
columns in which they can march? A Q.6. Prove that n²-nis divisible by 2 for every positive
Sol. Let the number of columns be X. integer n. ABoard Term-1 2012)
Then, x is the largest number, which should divide Sol. Any positive integer is of the form 2, or 2q + 1, for
both 104 and 96 some integer 4.
104 = 96 x 1 +8 1 .:.When, n = 24
1 n'-n= n(n -1) ’ 2(2g -1) 1
96 = 8 X 12 + 0
.. HCF of 104 and 96 is 8 1 = 2m, where m = q(2-1)
Hence,8 columns are required. 1 which is divisible by 2.
n = 24 +1
Q.5.For any positive integer n, prove that n' - n is When,
divisible by 6. A Board Term-1, 2015] n(n - 1) = (24 + 1)(2g + 1-1)
= 2(2 t 1) 1
Sol. n-n =n( -1)
= n(n + 1)(1 - 1) = 2m, when m = q(24 + 1) 1
= (1 -1)n(1,+ 1) which is divisible by 2.
= product of three Hence, n - n is divisible by 2 for every positive
Hence Proved. 1
consecutive positive integers integer n.

TOPIC-2
Irrational Numbers, Terminating and Non-Terminating
Recurring Decimals
Scan t know
more about
this topic
Revision Notes
andq 0,
Rational Numbers: Anumber in the form , where pand q are co-prime numbers rational and
irrationai
numbers
sknown as rational number.

For example:2, -3, ,- e t c are rational numbers.

 MATHEMATICS

10
,(STAOA
.wire
Iraional Nobers
osihve iteger
tivides a, where as àComes fo an eid, then t..
ihen g
itp distesa, tattonal nursber
deaIepansion of
leminating Decionais : it
decimal
devinat tained fron
scaed terminating obtaine3
expansion
Decimals : The decimal
(or Recurring) decimal.
Non-terminating Repeating repeating (orrecurring)
terminating wth a temaind..
eodcatly. then it is called non fraction. If you end up
the denominator of a
hst divide thc nmeator by
repeating or recurring decimal. irrational.
trrninating decimal otherwise number is
ofa rational ahd an irrational number is irrational.
te sum or ditference non-zerorational and an irrational
pduct ad quotientof a factorization of gis ofthe
form 22r5,
where nand
such that the prime
º Leta=be rational number,
terminates.
integers. hen, x has a decimal expansion which expressedin the
negative
number whose decimal expansion terminates. Then, x Can be
Letbe aratiohal
where mand nare
º Let
Pand co-primes
x =g are be and the prime factorisation ofais of the form 2"5', non-nezatve:
a rational number, such that the prime factorization of gis not of the form 2"5 where , art

repeating.
Then, xhas a decimal expansion which is non-terminat1ng
non-negative integers.

onlGREENBOAK R
Howit is done
Show that 2 /3.5 i5 an itational number
Sol. : Step I: Let 2/3 +5be a tatioral nurmber
Hre RAS
Atational number can be expressed as
where b 0 and a and b are integers while LHS V3 is irauonal which is o: poste
Step I!: Then Step II : Hence DUI assumo:on tha: 2,3
rat:ona. number is wTOng Hence 2yi.
ar. iitat!Ona! number

Objective Type Questions (l mazs

|A] MULTIPLE CHOICEQUESTIONS: Q. 2. The decimal expansion of the rational na

14587
0.1. The product of a non-zero rational and an will terminate after:
irrational number is: 1250
(a) always irrational. (b) always rational.
(c) rational or irrational. (d) one., (a) one decimal place. {b) two decimal pla
pla
RNCERT Exemp.j (c) three decimal places. (d) four decimal
Sol. Correct option : (a) UNCERIEw
Explanation : The product of anon-zero rational
with and an irrational number is always irrational. Sol. Correct option :(d)
 |11
Eplanaticn.
J458 458 14587 Sol. Since,
125)
Thus, snallest rationat number is
14587 {2) 116,6% : 11.669, CSE Nfarkiug Shein 0Yte1
expansion does a rational
Thus,the given rational number terminates after Q. 2. What tvpe of decimal it from
: rdeimal places number has ? How can vou distinguish
expansion of irrational numbers ?
11 decimal
3 The decimalrepresentation of 2x5 will
expansion
erninate after 1 decimal place Sol. A rational number may has its decimal
non-terminating repeating
a terminate after 2 decimal places either terminating or
decimal expansion
terminate after 3 decimal places An irrational number has its
notterminate RCBSE SOP 20201 non-repeating and non-terminating.
(c) {CBSE Marking Scheme, 2616]1
Cal. Correct option 7
will have
{CBSE SQP Matking Seheme, 2019) Q.3. Write whether rational number 75
DetailedSolution: a non or
11
terminating decimal expansion
11 UCBSE SQP 2017]
Since terminating decimal.
2 x5 8x5
7 7
11 Sol.
= 0.275 75 3x5
40 number is not
Since, denominator of given rational
11 will terminate after 3 decimal places. of form 2" x 5",
expansion. 1
Thus, 2x5 Hence, it is non-terminating decimal
decimal places will the decimal
Q.4. After how many
ComnonlyMade Eror 23 terminate ?
fraction expansion of 2x5
Students commit errors in converting the RCBSE SQr 2018]
into decimal.
s 1
Sol. 4places. Marking Scheme, 2018)
give the [CBSE SQR
First convert the fraction into decimal, then
Detailed solution:
answer. 23 x5 23 x 5
23
BLANKS : 2x5= 2'x5° x5 T 2'x5
B)FILL IN THE
number line correspondsto a 115 115
.1. Every point on the = 0.0115
number which may be either (10)* 10000
places. ½
irrational
1
Hence,
23
willterminate after 4 decimal
Sol. real, rational, number is 2x5
form of an irrational
0. 2. The decimal R Commonly Made Error
neither nor
1 converting the
Sol. recurring, terminating Sometimes students make errors in
Q.3.0 is a/an number.
1
denominator in the form of 2 x 5".
Soi. rational
representation of the rational Answering Tip simplificationso as
Q.4. The decimal R Students should carefully do the
8
number to avoid waste of time.
27 1 2/45 +3/20 on simplification
Sol. 0.296 and an AI 0. 5. Write whether
sum or difference of a rational 2\5
V5. The rational number.
irrational number is gives an irrational or a ll 2018]
UCBS Conpt. Set 1, ,
Sol. irrational
ANSWER TYPEQUESTIONS: 6V5 +6V5
KJ VERY SHORT by
positive rational number Sol. For writing 2J5
1. Find the smallest 6which is rational.
multiplied so that its decimal Schene, 2019]
which should be CBSE Marking
places of decimal.
expansion terminates after 2ABoard ferm-i, 2016|
Ietattt Sstuttot Detailed Soution:

J2
A NTHEMATS(ANDAR
14
ad W3 732
Now, ve can write 'n
those cg.. just greater than rational
1.414
and it should be
terminating or notand les
C.15659, 1416893, 1.715644
Therefore, one rational
(
number
whh ixA raitonal number.
Q.a Fid a rational nunber
V3 is L4l6893.
Q.7. Write one rational and one
betwe n
letween 2 and N3. between 0.25 and 0.32. ir ational mumtbe,
Sol. Anv one rational numbet
between V2 (141
Sol. Rational number = 0.30 ACBSEs
appx) and v3 (1.73 approx.) Irrational number =0.3010203040
Or any other correct rational
and
CBSE Markangir atiSchee
onal
4 Short Answer Type
RN O. 1, Write the
Questions-I (mark
257
denominator of tthe rational number Sol.
in the torm 2"x 5", Denominator = 500
S00 where 11 and i1 are
2x5
non-negative integers. Hence write its
decimal Decimal expansion= 257 257 x2 514
epansion without actual division. 500 2x2 x5 1
VINCIRI Ewmp Board lero-t 2012 Set 671 = 0.514

Q.2 Given that 2 is irrational, {CBSE Marking srchenms, ~e

prove that (5+3V2) is an irrational
number. ACBSTDelli Oh
Sol. let us asstume
CBSE COompt. Set l, IL. H
5+3V2) is arational number.
5+3/2 =

(where,q+0and pand qare inleg

p-5q

This contradicts the given fact that 2 is

irrational.
Hence, (5 +342) is an irrational number.
CBSE Marking Sclierne, 2
OR
Sol,

phovt: S43@ is abral.

la,s62, 4o, kcra

 (13

03Shosthat 7 v5 is irrational, given that v5 is

irrational.
assume to the contrary that 7-5 is
Sel. Let us 7g-p is rational = v5 is ratiorai.
whacth is
rational.
P contradictorv
where pandqare co-prime and q=0 Hence, 7 - N5 is irrational

Slhort Answer Type Questions-ll

Detailed Solution:
0. 1. Express the number 0:3178 in the form of
rational number Let v2 be a rational number Then. v2 = -, where
p,q are integers, a=0.

Sol. Let
X= 0.3178 If HCF (p, a) = 1, then bv diiding p 2nd a bv HCE
(p, q), v2 can be reduced as
x = 0.3178178178.. 1

10,000x = 3178.178178... ...i) v2 = where HCF (2 ) =1 i

Now,
and 10x =3.178178... ..(") v2b = a
Subtracting, equation (iü) from equation (i) we get 2 =
9990x = 3175 1
a isdivisibie by 2
3175 635 1 a is divisible bv 2
X=
9990 1998 2 = 2, whereis an nteger
0.2. Prove that v2 is an irrational number. 2b=2
UCBSE Delhi Set-, II. 1IT, 2019. NCERT
|Borad Term-1. 2015) =2
is divisible bv 2
Soi. Let us assume /2 be arational number and its
b is divisibie bv 2
Simplest form be 4 ,a and b are coprime positive From (ii) and (üi), 2 is a common tactot of 2 and
which contradicts (i).
integers and b 0.
So, N2 is an irrational numbe. Hence Froved
So b Q.3.If pis a prime number, then prove that \F is an
irrational. ABoard Term-1 2N4 N3)
Thus a' is a multiple of 2
ais a multiple of 2. Sol. Letp be a prime number and if possible. let
Let a 2m for some integer m rationa!

:2n .. p=,where :and areO-prines ani =

Thus t is a multiple of 2
»bis amultiple of 2
Hence 2 is a common factor of a and b. Squaring on both sides, we get
This contradicts the fact that a and bare coprimes
Hence 2 is an irrational number.
CBSE Marking Scieme, 2019
 sAATHEAATICS
[Detailed Soiution

2"3
Let

Therefore. we carn nnte t r

2-3
2-,3 =
Fpme andrdavidesx pdvdes n)
S sa o n fator of m and but tn 5p
contratxts the fat that mard n are -prnes
Ihe ontraditin arises by assuming that v 3p-24
rabonal
3 =

Since, p and g are cO-prine integers, ther

Q.4 Prove that 3+ 5 is an irtational number A a rational number
Soi Let3 - 3 is arational number
But this contradicts the fact that ?
3-v5 =where q=0 number.
So, our assumption is wrong.
1

Therefore,
2-3 is an irrational numhe
5
v5 = -3
Hence P
1 Al o. 6. Given that v5 is irrationai, prove that :
is an iational number.

5is irrational and is rational (as assumed). Sol. Let us assume, to the contrav, that 23-:
rational number
But raional number cannot be equal to an irrational
number. .. 2v5-3 = -,where rand aare integer ani
-3+ v5 is an irrational number 1
2+v3
Q.5. Prove that is an irational number, given
that 3 is an irrational number.
Since pand qare integers
is a rationainurnber
Sol. Let us assunie be a rational number.
V5 is a rational number which is contr
Let2v8 (b+0. aand t are integers) as v3 is ar irrational number
52-28 Hience our assumption is wrOng and inerct *
is an irrational number.

is arational rhumber

Sometimes students fail to prove thesolutior

properh
which contradicts the fact that is irrationa! commit errors in explaining the steps

Thereioe is an irrationai nunber.

" Iry to explain the solution step bv
ime can be reduced in solying the q
 | 15

Long Answer Type Ouestions

I'rove thal v} iN an irrational number. Hence. 7a and 2¡ both are integers, heice is a
showthat 7 + 2 3 is also an irtational number. rational number.
A But this contradicts the tact that 3 is a rationa
let v3 ie a rational umber. number.
whereaand bare integers and co-primes Hence,7 + 2N3 is an irrationai number
Q. 2. $how that there is no positive integer n, for which
andh0.
Suaring on both sides, we have Vn-1+vn +1 is rational.
A Board ferm-I, 2012 Set481
=

Sol. Let us assume that there is a positive integer n tor

which yn -1+ vn +1 is rational and equal to
ais divisible by 3
. ais divisible by 3. ...(i) 1 where, pand qare posttive integers and (q z0). 1
Leta=3 tor any integer .
(3c) = 3b P ..()
9 = 3b

Since, b is divisible by 3 Vn-1+sn+1

So, bis divisible by 3 ..i) Vn-1-vn+1
From equation () and (ii), we have
(Vn-1+ Vn+l)Vn -1 -vn+1)
3is a factor of a and bwhich is contradicting the fact
that a and bare co-primes. Nn-1-vn+1 Vn-1 -vn+1
Thus, our assumption that v3 is a rational number (n-1)-(n +1) -2

is wrong 24
or vn+1 - yn-1 = .(ii) 1
Hence, V3 is an irrational number. 1

Hence Proved. Adding () and (ii), we get

(iü) Let us assume tocontrary that 7+ 2/3 is arational 2 Vn+1 = + ...(üi)
number.
From () and (1),
7+ 2V3
q' Vn -1 = ..iv) 1
q0 and pand q are co-primes. 2pq

2V3 = 2-7 From (üi) and (iv), Nn+1 and vn -1 both are
or
rational because p and g both are rational. But it
is possible oniy when (n + 1) and (n - 1) both are
2V3 P-74 perfect squares. But they differ by 2and two perfect
or
squares never differ by 2. So, both (n + 1) and (n - 1)
cannot be perfect squres, hence there is no positive
or
p-74 integer n for which vn-1 + vn+1 is rational. 1
24

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