ESSAY:

Writing Guide:
• Read the task carefully. Make sure you have enough ideas about the topic to write 220 - 260
words.
• The purpose of an essay is to present an argument clearly and coherently, and to provide
relevant evidence to support your point of view.
• Choose the two points from the task that you want to discuss, then plan your essay in
paragraphs. It's easy to organize your essay if each middle paragraph focuses on one of
the two points you have chosen from the task.
• You're presenting an argument with reasons for your opinions, so you must explain your ideas
clearly and then justify them. Plan what you want to say, making sure that you've included
evidence to support your point of view.
• Remember you can use the opinions given in the task to support your ideas, but don't quote
them you must rewrite them in your own words.
• Use a formal or semi-formal style.
• It may be appropriate to use rhetorical questions to lead into your argument or introduce your
ideas.
• Use a range of vocabulary and structures. You should use language at CI level.

• The purpose of an essay is to present an argument that will convince the reader of your point of
view, It should highlight and discuss important points or issues on a given topic, supporting and
developing the argument with extra details which are clari ed through reasons and examples.
• Don't begin your essay by explaining what you think.
• The reader should understand your opinion through the way you present your argument.This
means you should nish with a conclusion that summarises your own point of view, and this
should be a logical outcome of the argument you've presented. Your conclusion should not
come as a surprise.
• Try not to repeat ideas, which can be confusing for the reader, Make your essay a clearly
presented, well-developed and logical argument. Each idea should be linked with connectors,
and your whole argument should be coherent.
• Although you are arguing towards your conclusion, you should also try to include a balanced
discussion of ideas, showing you are aware of all the possible issues, even though you favour
one or the other.
• If you have two main points to make, you can give your essay a clear structure by dividing it into
four paragraphs…
INTRODUCTION:
It states what is to be discussed and why. Your main points are brie y introduced. This paragraph
need not be lengthy.
⁃ Ex: We often hear about the many bene ts of health and tness. However, less
often do we hear concrete suggestions for how to improve participation rates, particularly among
young people. In this essay I will discuss two possible actions that governments could focus on in
order to promote health and tness to youth today. (main points are brie y introduced.)
⁃ TIP 1: Pay attention to style and register! (Me, myself, I - when, for example, you’re
writing about environmental issues, you should be talking about the environment and not about
yourself.
⁃ YOU: ex: ‘You should have seen it!’ ‘if you know what I mean’ is not appropriate in
formal writing.
Ex:
- It is often said that …
- In could be said that…
- …is a hotly-debated topic/subject that often divides opinion.
- …is a topic that is often discussed but rarely solved.
- …is a topic that is becoming increasingly important…
- It is common knowledge that…
- Many people feel that …
- Many people today think…
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- We live in an age when many of us are…
- More and more families/people are choosing to …
- The trend nowadays is towards +ing
- Over the past/last ten years or so, …
- Recent research indicates that the number of …is increasing.
- Statistics indicate that…
- Hardly a week goes by without another report of … appearing in the media. This raises the
issue of whether …
- Although most people would generally agree that … few…

MAIN CONTENT: PARAGRAPHS 1-2

⁃ Paragraph 1: In this paragraph, more background information is provided in greater
detail (Describe the rst point/argument from the notes). Often the strongest main point is
expanded.
⁃ Paragraph 2: The second paragraph provides your second key point, lying it into
the theme of your essay. Again, bring in opposing points of view and support your second key
point with Information and background.
⁃ Tip 2: Remember about “linking” in the essay!
Ex:
First Paragraph - Topic sentences
- …. clearly/undoubtedly has an impact on…
- It is common knowledge that… plays a crucial role in…
- It is undoubtedly the case that…
- There is little doubt that…
- … is widely believed to contribute to…
- It is generally considered that…
- Recent research suggests that…
- Studies have shown that… has an impact/in uence on…
- Few people would contest/dispute the fact that…
Second Paragraph - Topic sentences
- Another factor to consider is…
- On the other hand/In contrast…
- It is often claimed that…
- All the evidence suggests that…
Stating your opinion:
- As I see it…
- It seems to me that … I would also say that ….
- I am convinced that …
- I am inclined to believe that …
- There is no doubt in my mind that …
- One of the drawbacks of …. is ….
- However, one of the bene ts is that …
- For this reason, I…
- It seams to me that…
- In my opinion, this is due to…
- From my perspective, this seems to be overstating the case
- In fact, I feel. That…
- I strongly be alive that…
Changing topic
- As regards the causes for this, …………..
- Concerning the causes for this, ………
- As for the causes, ………..
- While I can see some bene ts, these may be outweighed by the drawbacks…
- On the other hand, some students teel that ...
- in contrast to this point of view…
- Although this might seem to be sensible, it could also be…
- Conversely, it may be inappropriate for this situation,…
- On the contrary, it could be the perfect solution to ...
- Since this is a common issue for students …
- Whereas it may seem to be the solution, there are other things to consider ...
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 Presenting arguments
- One justi cation often given for ... is that…
- Advocates/Proponents would claim that ………………
- Those who object to …………….. often argue that ……………….
- Another objection is that ……
- However, it should not be forgotten that …
- … are opposed to … on the grounds that …
- From the point of view of …
- According to …
Describing causes
- One factor which has led to … is …
- One of the factors which has brought this about is …
- The problem often stems from …
- The situation has been exacerbated by …
- …has only made the situation worse.
- One consequence of …is …
Proposing steps and measures
- As regards the most appropriate response to this situation, one suggestion would be to …
- The rst step to be taken would be to …
- To alleviate the situation people should …
- In addition they ought to …
- This can only be dealt with if …
- To overcome this problem, …
- Were the government to …, the situation would doubtless improve.
- Individuals can do a great deal to …
- The burden of responsiblity lies in the hands of …
- It is vitally important that …
- Legislation should be introduced to control …
- It would be a grave error if we …
PARAGRAPH 3 (optional): This is optional and can be linked to the second paragraph. It
explains the nal point and links to the others.
CONCLUSION: The nal paragraph is used to summarize or conclude your essay. It shows how
the two key points you have presented compare or relate to each other. It also clearly re-states
your initial position from the introductory paragraph.
⁃ Ex: In summary, either approach would be a step in the right direction. In my view,
it would be wise to prioritize dealing with reducing competitiveness rst because I believe it would
help young people feel better about the sports they already do. They could then, in turn, in uence
their friends to join in.
Ex:
- In light of the above,
- Taking all this into consideration/account,…
- As far as I am concerned, / in my opinion, / as I see it, etc.
- … is the most e ective way to… due to the fact that…
- Despite the fact that… undoubtedly plays a role in… I rmly believe that… is more e ective due
to the fact that… its advantages outnumber/ outweigh those
- All in all it seems to me that …
- The obvious conclusion to be drawn is that …

REVIEW:
Writing Guide:
• simple present
• Semi formal
• Descriptive language —> lots of adjectives
• Personal opinion
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 • A review is often of a book or a lm. but it could also be about an exnibition, an event, a
website,etc.
• Plan carefully. Remember that the focus of a review is usually to interest and inform the reader.
• Each paragraph should focus on a di erent aspect of the review.
• Try to engage the reader by using techniques such as rhetorical questions, although you
shouldn't overuse these. Talk directly to the reader.
• The style of a review depends on the context. It may be semi-formal or informal, but you should
always use a range of language. Use modi ers and adjectives to help your reader understand
your expenence.
• Add examples to support your opinions.
• Try to nish in an interesting way You may have to include a recommendation. even i t is a
negative one. Give your own opinion at the end.

TITLE: catchy
Imagine you’re reviewing a book, you can write: (title) by (Author)
If, for example, you’re reviewing a hotel, you can write: (name of the hotel)-a review
Or just something catchy, that points to what you are going to review
INTRODUCTION: 2-3 sentence long minimum
Identify the thing you are going to be reviewing
Engage the reader, you can ask a rhetorical question.
you may use personal comments
type of book, etc/ title/ setting (when-where)
theme, main character, what are you reviewing
Ex:
- this | well written/fantastic/ thought provoking/informative Book/ lm/play is based on/tells the
story/starts with…
- The aim/purpose of this review is to…
- The rst thing you notice…
- What a movie/book/place!!!
SECOND PARAGRAPH:
- give details related to the topic (ami—> evaluation)
Ex:
- One thing I really liked about it, is…
- It’s worth reading/seeing because…
- A really good point/part is…
- The main character is… (Plot- characters- special e ects- performance- dialogues- costumes-
setting)
- I was pleasantly surprised by… (Examples —> related) - basic info/ brief description
- your opinion and reasons
- Make a logical connection between causes and e ect.
THIRD PARAGRAPH:
- shorter explanation of a negative (or opposite) aspect.
- Ex:
- One problem is…
- It isn’t…
- One thing that could be improved is…
- It also needs more…
- I was disappointed by…
- the acting is moving/ powerful/ excellent
- The acting is weak/ disappointing/
CONCLUSION:
- Overall assessment recommendation (with justi cation) and give reasons why one should/
shouldn’t se it
Ex:
- I would highly/ strongly/ certainly recommend/ not recommend
- It is not to be missed!
- Don’t bother reading/ seeing/going…
- It is a classic of its kind
- It is sure to be a best seller
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 - I advise you (not) to…
- So, all in all, if it is a romantic/ action/terror movie what you want, this is for you!

Descriptive adjectives:
Positive
- eye-catching - intriguing
- exciting - attractive
- charming - impressive
- enjoyable - stunning
- tender - appealing
- sensitive - easy reading
- powerful - catchy
- surprising - successful
- entertaining - pleasant
- imaginative - original
- rst rate - Thought provoking
- hilarious - Lively
- fascinating - Brilliant
- dazzling - Passionate
- charismatic - Moving
- absorbing - Superb

Negative
- second rate - silly
- boring - tiresome
- tedious - cliche
- brutal - disappointing
- disgusting - uninteresting
- predictable - Outdated
- weak story line - Unconvincing
- dreadful - unexpected
- violent - awful
- senseless

Neutral
- low-budget - Fast moving
- Dramatic - Satirical
- Sentimental - Picaresque.
-
Empathic adjectives
- awful game - impressive performance
- breathtaking scenery - inspirational story
- brilliant script - magni cent costumes
- dazzling special e ects - outstanding performance
- dreadful plot - shocking ending
- electrifying performance - stunning sets
- exceptional talent - superb CGI
- Tast-moving plot - terrifying special e ects
- hilarious script - thrilling experience

Tips:
1. Remember that reviews can include criticism as well as praise.
2. Divide your review into paragraphs with a clear introduction and conclusion.
3. Give a clear, concise description of the place you are reviewing.
4. Start each paragraph with a topic sentence
5. Keep your opinions/recommendations for the nal paragraph
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 REPORT:
Writing Guide:
• Three main areas:
• Present factual information: they can be made up, but you need to present them as if they were
factual.
• E ective and e cient text organization: think about the right paragraph structure, relevant
headings, di erent linking words and expressions.
• Making suggestions/recommendations: it’s the sole purpose of writing a report.
• Subheadings—> each paragraph is going to have a title
TITLE:
Ex:
- Report on… (and then the topic)
- (Topic):a report
INTRODUCTION:
it must contain all the necessary information covered by the report.
Ex:
- The aim/purpose/objective of this report is…
BODY PARAGRAPHS (MAIN CONTENT):
- you have to comment on/answer the main key point you were given.
- Each of the main key points should be placed in a separate section/paragraph
- Each paragraph should have a heading
CONCLUSION:
-it should contain a nal assessment of the report, providing information, conclusions and giving a
nal answer.

PROPOSAL:
Writing Guide:
• The purpose of a proposal is to give information, not to engage the reader, so
techniques like rhetorical questions aren't appropriate.
• A proposal usually contains suggestions for the future. using modal verbs.
• Use headings for each section to present information clearly.
• Bullet points are useful for recommendations. Don't include too many, though. You need
to show a range of Advanced language.
• Support recommendations with evidence using a formal or semi-formal style.
TITLE:
Ex:
- Proposal to… (topic)
- (Topic) : a proposal
INTRODUCTION: This is the aim / purpose of the proposal
• Purpose of your proposal: explain your purpose for writing
• Restate the topic
• The tree main key points you were given
Ex:
- In this proposal suggestions will be made / outlined / explained ...... in order to improve ..... as
requested by......
- The aim of this proposal is to .......
- This proposal is intended to highlight the current situation of ..... and provide ideas /
suggestions for …
- The purpose of this proposal is ...
- One of our priorities is ...
- One key aspect of our plans
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- The current situation is unsatisfactory because ...

BODY PARAGRAPHS (MAIN CONTENT):

• a group your ideas under headings for each section of your proposal. YOU SHOULD ANSWER
THE KEY POINTS YOU WERE GIVEN
• Formal/semi formal language.
Ex:
- As most people may be aware of ....
- There are a number of concerns / complaints about / regarding / with regard to .....
- A number of complaints were expressed by —-
- The current (sport centre) is functional. Nevertheless, users complain about ....
- As far as —--- is concerned ....
- When it comes to (ing) ...
- In terms of ...
- This issue can be tackled by ....
- An easy way to address this situation could be ....
- It is advisable to —-
- If this measure is taken —-
- This would be e ective / bene cial/ useful to...
- Doing this will ensure ....
- It would be an advantage to implement .....
- There is no doubt that ...
- The advantage is that ...
- It wIll give the opportunity to…
- There is no better way to…
- it would improve …
- it is essential/critical that ....
- There is an urgent need for
FINAL RECOMMENDATION / SUGGESTION:
• conclude our proposal and make our nal suggestions(main reason for writing a proposal)
• Make sure to include your nal suggestion in the last paragraph as well as some persuasive
language.
Ex:
- Having said this....
- In brief ...
- If the suggestions are implemented, the current situation will de nitely
improve
- I strongly urge the ....to consider this proposal
- It would be a good idea to ..
- One suggestion would be to would strongly recommend ...
- It would be possible/useful to…
- In the light of ...
- If these recommendations were to be implemented ...
- It is time to change/add…

LETTER/EMAIL:
• Make sure you understand the purpose of your letter.
• Think carefully about who you're writing to, and how well you know them. Use an appropriate
tone.
• If you have to respond to a letter, underline the key points in what they’ve written so that you
include everything they’ve asked.
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• Organize it into clear paragraphs. Use a appropriate opening and closing phrases, and give a
reason for writing.

BEGINNING/ENDING A FORMAL LETTER/EMAIL:

- Regarding your letter/article
- I am writing in response to
- With reference to Your .. am writing to apply for
- I look forward to hearing from you,
- Yours sincerely/farthfully
- Best regards/wishes
BEGINNING/ENDING AN INFORMAL LETTER/EMAIL:
- Thanks so much for
- Sorry not to have written earlier
- I thought it was time I ..
- It was great to hear from you ...
- I thought I'd let you know ...
- Sorry it's taken me so long to
- That's all for now - write back soon
- All the best/Cheers
REFERRING TO A PREVIOUS LETTER/EMAIL:
- with reference to your letter…
- You said that you were…
- You mentioned…
- You asked me to…
PROVIDING INFORMATION:
- Firstly. Id like vou to know…
- As a teenager, I feel that…
- in addition…