18

NSW HSC 4 Unit Mathematics Examination 1993

8 x√
1. (a) Evaluate 3 (x+1)− x+1
dx by using the substitution x + 1 = u2 .
 π
dθ
(b) 2
0 2+cos θ by using the substitution t = tan θ2 .
 1
(c) Evaluate 2
0
sin−1 x dx.
4x+3 ax+b c
(d) (i) Find real numbers a, b and c such that (x2 +1)(x+2) = x2 +1 + x+2 .
 4x+3
(ii) Hence find (x2 +1)(x+2) dx.

2. (a) (i) On an Argand diagram shade in the region determined by the inequalities

π π
2 ≤ (z) ≤ 4 and ≤ arg z ≤ .
6 4

(ii) Let z0 be the complex number of maximum modulus satisfying the inequalities
of (i). Express z0 in the form a + ib.
(b) Let θ be a real number and consider (cos θ + i sin θ)3 .
(i) Prove cos 3θ = cos3 θ − 3 cos θ sin3 θ.
(ii) Find a similar expression for sin 3θ.
 z−4 
(c) Find the equation, in Cartesian form, of the locus of the point z if  z = 0.
(d) By substituting appropriate values of z1 and z2 into the equation arg zz12 =
arg z1 − arg z2 show that π4 = tan−1 2 − tan−1 31 .
(e) Let P, Q and R represent the complex numbers w1 , w2 , and w3 respectively.
What geometric properties characterize triangle P QR if w2 − w1 = i(w3 − w1 )?
Give reasons for your answer.
 
3. (a) Consider the point P ct, ct , where t = ±1, which lies on the rectangular
hyperbola xy = c2 .
(i) Show that the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola at P is x + t2 y = 2ct.
(ii) Let the tangent to the hyperbola at P intersect the coordinate axes at A and
B. Show that P A = P B.
(iii) Let the normal to the hyperbola at P meet the axes of symmetry of the hyper-
bola at C and D. Show that P C = P D = P A.
[You may assume that the equation of the normal is t3 x − ty = c(t4 − 1).]
(iv) Sketch a graph of the hyperbola showing the results proved so far.
(v) Explain why A, B, C and D must be the vertices of a square.
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(b) Let R(x0 , y0 ), P (x1 , y1 ), and Q(x2 , y2 ) be points on the circle x2 + y 2 + 2gx +
2f y + c = 0.
(i) If d is the distance between the points R and P , show that

d2
− = x0 x1 + y0 y1 + g(x0 + x1 ) + f (y0 + y1 ) + c.
2

(ii) Suppose Q is also distance d from R. Explain why the equation of the chord
P Q is
d2
− = x0 x + y0 y + g(x0 + x) + f (y0 + y) + c.
2
1−x
4. (a) Let f (x) = x . On separate diagrams sketch the graphs of the following
functions.
For each graph label any asymptote.
(i) y = f (x) (ii) y = f (|x|) (iii) y = ef (x) (iv) y 2 = f (x).
Discuss the behaviour of the curve of (iv) at x = 1.
(b) Suppose k is a constant greater than 1. Let f (x) = 1
1+(tan x)k
where 0 ≤ x ≤ π
2.
 
[You may assume f π2 = 0.]
 
(i) Show that f (x) + f π2 − x = 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π2 .
(ii) Sketch y = f (x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ π
2.

[There is no need to find f  (x) but assume y = f (x) has a horizontal tangent at
x = 0. Your graph should exhibit the property of (b) (i).]
π dx
(iii) Hence, or otherwise, evaluate 02 1+(tan x)k
.

5. (a) The diagram shows a simple pendulum consisting

of a particle P , of mass m kg, which is attached to a
fixed point F by a string of length l metres. The particle
P moves along a circular arc in a fixed vertical plane
through F . The point O is the lowest point of the arc,
∠OF P = θ, and the arc length OP = s metres. The
time t is measured in seconds and g m/s2 is the constant
gravitational acceleration.

d2 s d
1 2

(i) Show that the tangential acceleration of P is given by dt2 = l dθ 2 θ̇ , where
θ̇ = dθ
dt .
20
1 
d
(ii) Show that the equation of motion of the pendulum is l dθ 2 θ̇
2
= −g sin θ.
g
(iii) Suppose the pendulum is given an initial angular velocity of l radians/second
at θ = 0.
 
Show that 12 lθ̇2 = g cos θ − 12 .
π
Hence deduce that the maximum value of θ attained by the pendulum is 3.

(iv) Suppose that on the initial upward

 swing the angular velocity is better approx-
imated from the equation 2 lθ̇ = g cos θ − 12 − 10
1 2 g
(2 sin θ − θ).
Use one application of Newton’s method to find the maximum value of θ attained
by the pendulum. Take θ = π3 as the first approximation.
(b) (i) If a is a multiple root of the polynomial equation P (x) = 0, prove that
P  (a) = 0.
(ii) Find all roots of the equation 18x3 + 3x2 − 28x + 12 = 0 if two of the roots are
equal.

6. (a)

The solid S is generated by moving a straight edge so that it is always parallel to a

fixed plane P. It is constrained to pass through a circle C and line segment l. The
circle C, which forms a base for S, has radius a and the line segment l is distance d
from C. Both C and l are perpendicular to P and sit on P in such a way that the
perpendicular to C at its centre O bisects l.
(i) Calculate the area of the triangular cross-section EF G which is parallel to P
and distance x from the centre O of C.
(ii) Calculate the volume of S.
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(b) In the diagram ABCD is a cyclic

quadrilateral and P, Q, R and S are the
incentres of triangles ABC, BCD, CDA and
DAB respectively. The incentre of a
triangle is the point of intersection of the
bisectors of its three angles. Thus, for
example, BP bisects ∠ABC and CP bisects
∠ACB; similarly BQ bisects ∠DBC and CQ
bisects ∠DCB.

(i) Copy the diagram

(ii) Prove that ∠P BQ(= ∠P BC − ∠QBC) = 12 ∠ABD.
(iii) Prove that ∠P CQ = ∠P BQ and hence explain why BCQP must be a cyclic
quadrilateral.
(iv) Prove that ∠SP Q = ∠BAS + ∠BCQ.
(v) Deduce that SP QR is a rectangle.

7. (a) In the next 7 days, called day 1, day 2, . . . , day 7, Esther and George must
each take 3 days in a row off work. They choose their consecutive 3 days randomly
and independently of each other.
1
(i) Show that the probability that they both have day 1 off together is 25 .

(ii) What is the probability that day 2 is the first day that they both have off
together?
(iii) Find the probability that Esther and George have at least one day off together.

n
1
(b) For n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , let sn = 1 + r! .
r=1
1 xn −x
(i) Prove by mathematical induction that e − sn = e 0 n!
e dx.
(ii) From (i), deduce that 0 < e − sn < 3
(n+1)! for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

[Remember that e < 3 and e−x ≤ 1 for x ≥ 0.]

(iii) By using the inequality of (ii), deduce that (e − sn )n! is not an integer for
n = 2, 3, 4, . . . .
(iv) Show that there cannot exist positive integers p and q such that e = pq .
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8. (a) Let the points A1 , A2 , . . . , An represent the nth roots of unity, w1 , w2 , . . . , wn ,

and suppose P represents any complex number z such that |z| = 1.
(i) Prove that w1 + w2 + · · · + wn = 0.
(ii) Show that P A2i = (z − wi )(z − wi ) for i = 1, 2, . . . , n.

n
(iii) Prove that P A2i = 2n.
i=1

(b) Let f (x) = 1 + x2 and let x1 be a real number. For n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , define

xn+1 = xn − ff(xn)
(xn ) .

[You may assume that f  (xn ) = 0.]

(i) Show that |xn+1 − xn | ≥ 1 for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
(ii) Graph the function y = cot θ for 0 < θ < π.
(iii) Using your graph from (ii), show that there exists a real number θn such that
xn = cot θn where 0 < θn < π.
(iv) Deduce that cot θn+1 = cot 2θn for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
2 tan θ
[You may assume that tan 2θ = 1−tan2 θ .]

(v) Find all points x1 such that, for some n, x1 = xn+1 .