Skripsi Lia

1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Human beings as a part of the culture cannot be disassociated with others,
because they are closely related to society. What they do or work is named as the
culture; its result can be cultivated or accepted by the others. In globalization era,
according to Sapir, the developing of culture has been effected by the language
development. 1
That happens to the terms of Indonesian language especially as result of
knowledge and technology development, and using register marks. It can be
defined either narrowly or broadly, but it is narrowly and commonly perceived as
jargon such as the tourism fields.
Definition of language itself is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used by
human being for cooperation, communication and identification of himself. 2
Moreover, language is a basic tool of communication. People can communicate
with others by the language. So, the language becomes an important thing in
human life; it represents a basic need of people. Without communication, they can
do nothing.
Based on the definition above, the language functions for communicating
each other and it also as the part of culture. Thus, in social context there are two
kinds of relation between language and culture; they are Filogenetic and
1
Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction Sociolinguistics, (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), p.212
2
Djoko Kentjono, Dasar-dasar Linguistik Umum,(Jakarta: Fakultas FIB UI, 1984), p.2
2
Ontogenetic. Bahasa bagian dari kebudayaan disebut dengan Filogenetik. 3
(Language as the part of culture is called as Filogenetic), and seseorang belajar
kebudayaan melalui bahasa disebut dengan Ontogenetic. 4 (A person that learns
the culture through the language is called as Ontogenetic). Both of them are the
elements of language study. Every one can study them in all languages.
Moreover, a person uses a language to express his idea and feeling. It is
the basic function of language as a mean for communication and interaction with
the others. The language plays important role of each aspect in the life, whereas,
that the people have many activities in their life, so the meaning of
communication of the language has many varieties like health, economics,
political languages, etc. This is named as register; it is the part of language
variety. Haliday (1970, 1990) drew a primary distinction between two types of
language variety: the first is dialect defining as variety according to the user and
the second is register defining as variety according to the use. 5
The other variety is named as register, such as agriculture, forestry, police,
and airport fields, which have different terms. A narrow and common definition of
register is called as jargon. So, register is a specific vocabulary associated with
different occupational groups. Each register has its term. That may be taken from
the foreign words.
Using a new term from foreign language, which the people often do, that
can be seen in many scientific fields such as economics, politics, medicine, etc.
3
Abdul Chaer,Loenie Agustina, Sosiolinguistik; Pengenalan Awal, (Jakarta: PT. Rineka
Cipta, 2004), p.52
4
Ibid
5
R.A.Hudson, Sociolinguistics, (London: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p.48
3
The new terms borrowed by Indonesian words are almost taken from English
terms. There are also many borrowing terms from other languages like Dutch,
French, Latin, Arab, etc. In this case, it occurs because borrowing is easier than
creating a new language, for example the word pabrik. That word has been
popular in Indonesian; it is taken from Dutch fabriek and in English named as
factory. 6 So, it indicates a possibility that in the next time there will be many
register terms in Indonesia that is created by Indonesian people whether it is from
Dutch, French, Latin, Arab, or English, because language is elastic one.
Sometimes it will change.
As the writer concerns, this paper discusses tourism register Indonesia
words borrowed from English words. English is the international language used
commonly in modern era. Immediately, Indonesian accepts the English words,
both their forms and spelling, while there are words forms of borrowing term that
a spelling is same as the Indonesian language.
The writer takes one example of tourism fields such as tourist in English.
The word tourist now becomes popular called turis in Indonesia. This word is
actually borrowed term, which a pronunciation is same as the Indonesian language
for instance tourist – turis. And this word is originally taken from the word tour,
from earlier French tor and Latin tornus, thus tour is making a tour of tourist. 7
The word tourist is taken from tour and adding ist. Tour is a journey for pleasure
during several different towns or countries. By adding –ist as derivation of suffix,
6
Winferd P.Lehmen, Historical Linguistics; An Introduction, (New York: The University of
Texas, 1972), p.216
7
W.W. Skeat, Etymological Dictionary of The English Language, (Oxford: Clarendon Press),
p.121
4
it refers to a person who is traveling. Tourist means the person who is traveling
from a place to other places for finding pleasure.
There are many reasons why Indonesian people borrow English terms
besides Dutch, Arabic or other language. One of them is caused that English is the
world language; so many Indonesian terms are taken from English. Moreover,
many scientific terms of Indonesia also use register that is taken from English. It
is considered that in international relation the people usually use English. Amran
Halim has opinions about English as follows;
1. Bahasa Inggris merupakan mata pelajaran wajib di lembaga pendidikan,
sehingga lebih dikenal. (English is the primary lesson in educational
context, so it is more popular than other languages)
2. Bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa asing yang diutamakan sebagai sarana
komunikasi resmi antara Indonesia dengan Negara lainnya. (English is
the foreign language used by Indonesian people for communication with
the others)
3. Sebagaian besar kepustakaan dalam bidang ilmu pengetahuan dan
teknologi ditulis dalam bahasa inggris. (Most the library of science and
technology are written in English)
4. Bahasa Inggris adalah salah satu bahasa resmi dilingkungan PBB.
(English is one of formal language in the United Nation)

5
5. Bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa kerja di kalangan bangsa-bangsa di Asia
Tenggara. 8 (English is daily language of societies in Southeast Asian
people)
From many reasons above, it is understood that English can have strong
position in the world, so that English has also influence Indonesian language in
many aspects whether it is in education, politics, economics, arts, and also
tourism.
In this case, especially in the application of the meaning in English or
other languages, every meaning of word affects a borrowed term, and it happens
to semantics change or changes of meaning. So then, semantics change can result
the borrowings. Perubahahan makna adalah perubahan makna kata dalam
sejarah suatu bahasa dan dalam kontak dengan bahasa-bahasa lain. 9 (Semantics
change is the changes of words meaning within a history and contact of language
with other languages).
The meaning change is a necessary to say something about the way in
which words are gradually taken from that meaning. Then, causes of semantics
change are language and culture development, as previously it has been explained.
Language development includes the meaning and form; both of them can be
disassociated to each other. Meaning of words and the way of meanings
development is known as semantics; whereas etymology of semantics is a study of
changes of word form seen from history of language, such changes of word forms
from original lexicon in the language. This is because language has developed and
8
Amran Halim, Sikap Bahasa dan Pelaksanaan Kebijaksanaan Bahasa Indonesia, Makalah
dalam Kongres Bahasa Indonesia III, 1978, p.9
9
Harimurti Kridalaksana, Kamus Linguistik, (Jakarta: PT.Gramedia, 1993), Edisi 3, p.172
6
changed the word form from borrowing. It has been observed that in their word
sense development often pursue certain well-marked tendencies. More common of
these are named as extension of meaning, narrowing of meaning, degeneration
and regeneration, which those will be discussed in Chapter II.
Therefore, the writer as student of Humanities Faculty would like to do
research on the analysis of tourism register in English lexical borrowings into
Indonesia language. The meaning of Humanities itself is the same as the culture,
thus this topic has related to the cultural aspect. So that she wants to analyze the
English lexical borrowings of tourism field, which is popular in the social
environment by using those terms in tourism field.
B. Focus of Study
In writing this paper, the writer would like to limit the discussion on
English lexical borrowing of tourism field accepted as Indonesian words. She
collects various articles from magazines that have a connection with tourism term,
and then she takes and analyzes some words borrowed by Indonesian and to get
their meaning difference and use.
C. Research Question
The research questions the writer wants to analyze are as follows:
1. How is the borrowed English tourism register different from their original
version?
7
2. What kind of semantic changes do happen to the borrowed English
tourism register?
D. Objective of Study
Based on the research questions above, the writer wishes to describe the
English register borrowed by Indonesian language in tourism fields and happened
changes of meaning to these lexical borrowings.
E. Significance of Study
The writer hopes the result of the research will be advantageous to her
especially and the reader generally, in order to know what kind of words in
English terms called register. Based on cultural development that happens in
language development, thus she wants to know what does kind of English tourism
registers and borrowings happen in changes of meaning.
She hopes that this research can be contribution for others especially for
cultural and language studies in State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta. In study
of semantics and sociolinguistics she realizes that many interesting things to
research. One of them is in tourism field. Indonesian people can know English
tourism registers and borrowings trough this research result. Finally, the result of
this research can motivate other researcher to do the same study but different
object.
8
F. Research Methodology
1. Method of Research
In this research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method where she
describes the corpus of English lexical tourism register borrowed by Indonesian
language and changes of meaning that happened, such as extension, narrowing,
degeneration, and regeneration.
2. Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis of this research is the corpus of tourism fields
collected from various articles of Indonesia magazines such as Intisari, Tamasya
and Jalan-Jalan magazine.
3. Instrument of Research
The researcher uses herself as a main instrument by reading and marking
the English register used in Indonesia magazines or newspapers. Then, the data
are tabulated to make it easier to analyze.
4. The Approach to Analyze the Data
The writer uses sociolinguistics and semantics theory for data analysis
through the following steps:
a. Collecting the English tourism register borrowed by Indonesian
b. Analyzing the lexical meaning in Indonesia and English languages (the
meaning is based on dictionaries)
c. Deciding changes of meaning that happened then classify into varieties
changes of meaning such as degeneration, regeneration, extension and
narrowing
9
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In this research, the writer uses two aspects of sociolinguistics theory,
namely register and borrowing, and semantics theory that has close relation to the
changes of meaning. Rene Appel, Gerad Hobert and Greus Meijer have stated that
sociolinguistics is a study of language relating to the social and cultural contexts.
It is as the writer told in chapter one that language and culture has a strong
relation and cannot be disassociated each other, so language is for communication
and also a part of definite culture. 10 Sosiolinguitik adalah kajian mengenai bahasa
dan pemakaiannya dalam konteks sosial dan kebudayaan. 11 (Sociolinguistics is a
study of language and its use within social and cultural contexts).
As the part of culture, language has enough concepts and signs to clarify
many activities weather it is spiritually or materially, and then the people consider
them as a human language. 12 So, language is the part of their group culture. Every
group or society has enough concept and sign or symbol to clarify their activities.
A useful language is a language that can always change in the next time,
even though its change does not look as soon as possible. In developing, it will
seem that the language adds the concept and sign for doing something without
stagnant. For example the word komputer in fifty years ago in Indonesia, it has not
10 Abdul Chaer, Loenie Agustina, Op.Cit., p.4-5

11
Samsuri, Analisa Bahasa, (Jakarta: Erlangga, 1981), p.50
12
M.A.K.Haliday, Mclntosh Augus, Strevens Peter, The User and Use of language, in Joshua
A.Fishman (ed.), Reading in the Sociology of Language, (The Hague: Mouton & Company, 1968),
p.41
10
been known in Indonesia, but now it has been popular. It means that many
Indonesian people have the concept komputer. The word computer is calculating
machine only, 13 but in English-Indonesia dictionaries, computer is defined as
“alat penyimpanan keterangan pada rekaman-rekaman, menganalisanya dan
memberikan keterangan yang diminta.” 14 This meaning, of course, looks more
suitable with computer concepts as many people use. In addition, the calculating
machine is one of computer forms only.
So, English into Indonesian language obviously has added concepts and
signs within Indonesian. It is named as language contacts between Indonesian and
English. Many terms of English or Indonesia get language contacts.
Kontak bahasa adalah hubungan kebahasan yang terjadi antara satu

masyarakat bahasa dengan masyarakat bahasa yang lain. 15 (A language
contact is a relation of language that happened between a human language
and other human languages)
This language contacts will happen in mutual affected both direct and
indirectly among the languages that are mutual related. The causes of the language
contact are language changes, and then it becomes a part of human language
obviously which will be noted of a history language development itself. 16
The language is divided into two parts; they are verbal and non-verbal. 17
The verbal language includes words, phrases and sentences, whereas non-verbal
language includes gesturers or sign. The function of the language is the human
13
Hornoby AS, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, (New York: Oxford University Press),
Sixth Edition, p.249
14
A.S. Hornby, E.C. Parnwell, Siswojo, Kamus Inggris – Indonesia, (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford
University Press, 1979), p.77
15
Samsuri, Op. Cit., p.661
16
William F. Mackey, The Description of Bilingualism, in Joshua A. Fishman (ed.), Reading in
the Sociology of Language, (The Hague: Mouton & company, 1968), p.554
17
Jean Berko Gleason, Nan Bernstein Ratner, Psycholinguistics, Second Edition, (Orlando:
Harcourt Brace & Company, 1993), p. 7
11
communication both written and oral languages. 18 The written languages include
words, phases and sentences, whereas oral languages include sounds and
speeches.
To know the language is by understanding certain sound sequences that
signify certain concepts or meanings. 19 Speaker of English knows what those
mean and those mean something different from toy or girl or pterodactyl. When
you know a language you know words in that language. So, the meaning of the
word is the smallest segment of speech that can be used alone. 20
It has been estimated that the English contains more than a million words,
of which fewer than half are included in unabridged dictionaries; English has been
a prodigious borrowed of words that is in our languages. This has come through
invasions, immigrations, explorations, trade, and other avenues of contact between
English and some foreign language. Here there are many processes of word
formation, as Baugh has pointed out:
a. Sources of the new words, borrowings or adoptions
This process is to be expected in the light of the English disposition to
borrow words from other languages in the past. The new words have been taken
over ready from the people whom the idea or thing designated has been obtained.
For example, from the French come garage, chiffon, consommé; From Italian
come confetti and vendetta; and from Spanish, by way of the united state bonanza,
while the East is represented by Afghan from India and chop suey from China.
18
Ronald Wardhaugh, Op.Cit., p.3
19
Victoria Fromkin & Robert Rodman, An Introduction to Language, (Orlando, Florida:
Harcourt Brace & Company, 1974), Sixth Edition, p.5
20
Normance &Stageberg, An Introductory English Grammar, (New York: Holt, Rinchart and
Winston, 1950), p. 121
12
The cosmopolitan character of the English vocabulary already pointed out is thus
being maintained, and a person shall see in the next chapter that America has
added may other foreign words, particularly from Spanish and the languages of
the American Indian.
b. Self-explaining compound
It is simply the joining of two or more words into a single word such as the
word fire-extinguisher, the word fire means api, extinguisher is taken from
extinguish by ending –er (extinguish+er). Extinguish means
memadamkan/mematikan and –er is one of a bound morpheme, its function in
English is noun forming. So, the meaning of fire extinguisher is alat pemadam
api.
c. Coinages
A considerable number of new words must be attributed to deliberate
invention or coinage. There has probably never been a time when the creative
impulse has not spent itself occasionally in inventing new words, but their
chances of general adoption now are often creased by a campaign of advertising
as deliberate as the effort which created them such as Kodak seems to be pure
invention; nowadays Kodak has all but displaced the word camera in popular use,
irrespective of the make of the instrument.
d. Blending
The blending is fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of one
word with the last part of another, as in brunch, from breakfast and lunch, that
13
means is used facetiously in speaking of those who get up too late for breakfast or
nearly lunch.
e. Common words from proper names
The common words from proper names have been derived in the past; they
are the names of persons, places and brands such as sandwich. This word is from
a noble on one occasion, putting slice of meat between pieces of bread.
f. Employing an old word
Employing an old word in a new sense sometimes extends from old words
with new meaning, the resource of the vocabulary within. For example, ‘skyline’
the truth meaning is the line a long that the sky seems to touch the earth, but
nowadays has a new meaning is the outline, as of a city, seen against the sky. 21
Based on the title in these writings, the writer tries to explain the English
lexical borrowings in definite fields. It is tourism field called as register, or
usually perceived as jargon.
A. Register
Register is simply defined as an occupational variety of language,
especially marked by a special set of vocabulary (technical terminology)
associated with a profession or occupation or other defined social group and
21
Albert C, Baugh, History of the English Language, (USA: D. Appleton Century Company,
Inc, 1935), p.373-379
14
forming part of in group variety or this is most commonly perceived as jargon,
and most people that associate it will be particular word choices.22
Ronald Wardhaugh defines register narrowly and broadly as follow:
Register is another complicating in any study of language varieties

(broadly).
And registers are sets of vocabulary items associated with discrete
occupational or social group (narrowly), such as in jargon of airline
pilots, bank managers, surgeons, etc. 23
People who work at the particular trade or occupation develop new terms
for a new concept such as the terms like a sticky wicket and bit for a six. Both are
understood best by people with some experience of cricket namely jargon. 24
Whereas in everyday language term, jargon is applied to a wide range of different
phenomena, including the specialist register of professionals such as lawyers or
sailors, sociolinguistics employ terms like sub-language, register to most
phenomena called everyday jargon. 25 Jargon boundary is a set of terms and
expressions used by a social or occupational group, but not used and often not
understood by the speech community. 26
So, narrowly register is called as jargon. The most phenomena commonly
have a relation with a field or used by profession group, and a special or technical
vocabulary evolves to meet the special needs of the profession. For example,
physicians and health professionals use medical jargon, so linguist uses a
22
Peter Stockwell, Sociolinguistics, –in A Resource Book For Students, (London & New York:
Routledge, 2002), p.6
23
Ronald Wardhaugh, Op.Cit., p.48
24
Bernard Spolksky, Sociolinguistics, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p.33
25
Rajend Mestrhrie, Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics, -in P. Muhlhausler, Jargons,
(Amsterdam-New York-Oxford-Shannon-Singapore-Tokyo: Elsevier/Pergaman, 2001), p.483
26
Hartmann & Stork, Sosiologi Bahasa, -translated by A. Chaedar Alwasilah, (Bandung:
Angkasa, 1985), p.61
15
technical linguistics jargon with vocabulary items such as phoneme, morpheme,
transformation, and so on, and in addition in tourism field has vocabulary or term
itself. The specialist jargon serves not just to label new and needed concepts, but
to establish bonds between members of the group and enforce boundaries for
outsider. If somebody cannot understand jargon of others, he does not belong to
their group.
Register, as previously it has been explained above according to Halliday,
is the part of language varieties. That is a primary distinction between two types
of language varieties: “dialect” which is defined as variety according to user, it is
what a person speaks, determined by whom he is, and “register” which is defined
as variety according to the user, it is what the person is speaking, determined by
what he is doing at the time. 27
The language variety cannot be included into dialect, but register. By
discussing register, usually it is connected by the dialect. Perhaps people have a
dialect in their life, such as a resident who lived in Seashore, but they are
impossible to be lived by one register only, because in their life as a group of
society and daily activities has more than one what they have done. It is also
probably in modern life, there are people know one dialect only, but in generally
modern society people who lived by more than one dialects (regional or social)
and wrestle with many register, caused in modern societies of course the people
can be concerned with different activities.
27
Adam Makkai, Valerie Makkai and Luigi Helmann, Language As Social Semiotic: Towards
A General Sociolinguistics Theory in M.A.K. Haliday, (Columbia: Hornbeam Press, 1977), p. 22-
23
16
A wider definition of register is seen as a sort of social genre of linguistic
usage (sometime specified as a sociolect to differentiate it from ‘dialect’). 28
Example of register under this definition would include the language of a
newspaper article, academic prose, a recipe in a cookery book, and so on. It is
important that register is defined primarily by the circumstance and purpose of the
communicative situation, rather than by the individual user or social group using
the variety. One way of pinpointing a register is to identify a communicative event
along three dimensions:
A variety in language used for a specific purpose, as opposed to a social

or regional dialect (which varies by speakers). Register may be more
narrowly defined by reference to subject matter (FIELD OF DISCOURSE,
e.g. the jargon of fishing, gambling, etc.), to medium, (MODE OF
DISCOURSE, e.g. printed material, written letter, message on tape, etc.),
or to level of formality (MANNER OF DISCOURSE, e.g. formal, casual,
intimate, etc.) 29
The field is the social setting and purpose of the interaction; its example is
like above. Another case of an academic article in a professional journal, for
example, is the field that would be the subject matter of the article, and the
purpose in publishing it would be to spread the argument and ideas among
academic colleagues. The mode refers to the medium of communication, for
example, spoken, written, or e-mailed. For instance, an academic article is in the
written mode.
Finally, the manner is the same with tenor reference to the relationship
between the participants in the event such as the writer of the article, readers
including academic colleagues and students constitute the tenor here. Tenor is the
28
Peter Stockwell, Op.Cit., p.7
29
Hartmann & Stork, Op.Cit., p.63
17
same with style reference to variations within register that can represent individual
choices along social dimension; one stylistic dimension within the register would
be the scale of formality or casualness.
So, in order to know about that immediately, there is a slogan that can
help: field refers to ‘why’ and ‘about what’ a communication takes place; mode is
about ‘how’; and tenor is about ‘to whom’. 30 For example, how the speaker
defines how he sees the person with whom he is communicating.
Therefore, register can be concluded as a variety of language most likely
to be used in a specific situation and with particular roles and statuses involved,
and also register is marked by choices of vocabulary and of other aspects of style,
such as known by jargon.
B. Borrowings
When speaker of one language borrows words from another language, the
foreign word come to be used as regular vocabulary item, it is called by
borrowing. For example, when a speaker of English says, “they have a great deal
of savoir-faire,” this word savoir-faire was originally a borrowed word (or
loanword) from French, but it has come to be used as a vocabulary item in
English. 31
From that example, it is considered that borrowing is different from code
switching, which assumes mastery, or two or more languages and the use of a
30
R. A. Hudson, Op.Cit., p.49
31
Andrian Akmajian, Richard A.Demers, Ann K. Farmer & Robert M. Harnish, Linguistics, An
Introduction Language and Communication, (London, England, Cambridge: Masachusetts, 1995),
p.291
18
wide range of rules of the languages is to be switched. By contrast, borrowing
usually involves the adaptation of a word into phonetic and grammatical system of
the other language. Further more, the borrowing of a word does not presuppose
knowledge of the language from which it is taken; the term ‘borrowing’ does not
have the sense of impermanence and single ownership evident in its everyday
meaning. 32
According to Wardhaugh, Borrowings are the part of language changes in
study of sociolinguistics. He has stated; there are two kinds of language change
such as internal and external, internally changes include in phonology,
morphology and syntax, while externally change is brought through borrowings.
Changes that occur through borrowing from other dialects or languages are often
quite clearly distinguishable, for while at least, from changes that come
internally. 33
As stated by Hockett, whenever two idiolect or languages come into
contact, one of them may be modified. Face-to-face communication is the contact
directly; either speaker may imitate some feature of the other’s speech, as in
reading, the contact is indirect. So, the influence can only pass in one way;
whereas the communication of speaker may follow some feature. This is called by
model (or the target) of the other’s speech called by substitution, then the
languages which becomes the model is called by donor (or the source language),
this donor is called a replica and it can be importation, and the language which
acquires something new in the process in the borrowing idiolect or language. The
32
Rajend Mesturie, Joan Swann, Andrea Deumert and William L. leap, Introducing
Sociolinguistics, (Edinburgh: University Press, 2000), p.249
33
Ronald Wardaugh, Op.Cit., p.188
19
process itself is called borrowing. 34 The borrowing is a form that has spread from
one linguistic variety (the source) into another variety (the target), it is nearly
synonymous with ‘loanword,’ 35 but the borrowing is often really a stem (smaller
than a word), and maybe phrase (large than a word).
The study of borrowing is interesting to general linguistics, because the
borrowing language may have several possible ways incorporating the foreign
form into its own phonological, morphological, and semantics system, 36 so that
the borrowing language will be result of semantics change or changes of meaning,
because it does not have a sense of impermanence meaning. It will explain in the
next discussion.
Borrowing words from other languages are also important thing in
analyzing a new word. The borrowing occurs when one language adds to its own
lexicon, a word or morpheme from another language. The borrowed words, of
course, remain in the source language or donor, so there is no need to be returned.
Most languages are borrower.
So, the lexicon can be divided into native and non-native words. The
native one is the word that is seen based on history or etymology. While, non-
native word is loanwords, or borrowed that are imported from another language. 37
The language may borrow the word directly or indirectly. The direct
borrowing means that the borrowed item is the native word in the language from
34
Charles F, A Course Modern Linguistics, (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1958),
p.402-403
35
Rajend Mestrhrie, Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics, -in J. Heath, Borrowing,
(Amsterdam-New York-Oxford-Shannon-Singapore-Tokyo: Elsevier/Pergaman, 2001), p.432
36
Ibid, p.433
37
Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, Op.Cit., p.459
20
which it is borrowed. For instance, feast is borrowed directly from French and can
be traced back to Latin festurn. On the other hand, the word algebra is borrowed
from Spanish, which in turn has borrowed it from Arabic. Thus, algebra is
indirect borrowed from Arabic with Spanish as an intermediary. 38
The language can grow up in globalization era. This indicates that the
languages are living, and the language can change by time. Its change is very
protruding in lexical or words. So, day by day as many as the words can be added.
For instance, the word terminal, nowadays that word has given in an Indonesian
lexical, and also there are many lexical borrowings from other languages such as
tiket, bagasi, etc. Expropriation of English lexical into Indonesian languages is the
process of language contacts between English and Indonesia languages. For this
reason, borrowings played an important role in sociolinguistics;
Peminjaman kata asing kedalam masyarakat peminjaman bahasa sering

disebabkan karena asosiasi simbolik bahasa yang dipinjam dalam kontak
pertemuan tertentu. 39 (The foreign language borrowings in the society
borrow the language, which language symbol association that is borrowed
in a contact situation causes it.)
Besides borrowings in sociolinguistics there is also bilingual. It is caused
by language contacts. It will be caused by borrowings, as Thomason has stated;
“…Bilingual mixed language genesis is akin to, and in effect actually is,
borrowing.” 40
38
Ibid, p.460
39
M. Marcellino, Penyerapan Unsur Bahasa Asing dalam pers Bahasa Indonesia; Suatu
TinjauanLinguistik, sosiolinguistik dan Psikolinguistik, (Jakarta: Universitas Atmajaya, 1996),
p.15
40
Fedric W.Field, Foreward by Bernard Comrie, Linguistic Borrowing in Bilingual Contexts,
(Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing Company, 1984), p.12
21
Indonesia has many languages; it is more than one kind. It is caused that
there are language contacts between Indonesian and other languages or foreign
languages, so then Indonesian people can use the languages more than one such as
English, Dutch, Arabic, etc. So that it is caused by borrowings of language.
Indonesian people borrow foreign languages, because they have got domination of
foreign language and the presence of language contacts; it is called as bilingual.
Usually, in language borrowings are mostly borrowed from Dutch, Arabic and
English, especially in Indonesia languages of definite fields, such as in tourism
field.
Many Indonesian people use Dutch as their foreign languages. It seems
from the history of war by long time ago. Dutch colonized and lived in Indonesia
for several hundred years ago. Dutch is learned by Indonesia as language
authority, and then this is difference from the other people that has learned Arabic
and English languages. Indonesian people have learned Arabic because of
religious contact. In long time ago, Arabian people came to Indonesia to bring
Islam. They guided Indonesian about Islam. Because of that, Arabic was known
and used by Indonesian people.
This is same as Old English. When Christian had introduced to English on
597, Christian has come to English, and also Latin. Even though, it did not mean
as the first contact for Old English and Latin at the time, because before it had
happened in twice contacts with Latin languages. 41
41
Albert Baugh, Op.Cit., p.86-96
22
Baugh has also pointed out that Old English and Latin languages at first
has happened before the Anglo-Saxon people that has come to England and then
continues for Old English period (450-1150). The second contact has happened
indirectly, but through the Celts people that have got relation with Latin languages
for Roma’s cohabitation since 43 to 410 years. Then there is a little similarity with
Dutch and Indonesia in language. 42
Generally, Indonesian people organize English after Dutch’s cohabitation
in Indonesia, and after revolution this contact happened because the cultural
contact between the people that have used English and Indonesian languages.
Besides that, through knowledge English also has got relation with Indonesia
language. English influences much Indonesia knowledge. Finally, as a
consequence, many Indonesian people can dominate this English language. The
position of English will be shift of position of Dutch. Before independence
revolution, Dutch as foreign language became popular in groups of Indonesian
people. English is occupied this place. So, English is cohabitation in Indonesia
which English as the second language, even now English as the first foreign
language in Indonesia, because as known English has been popular in educational
environment.
There are three types of loans or borrowed elements into a number of
classes depending on phonological and semantics characteristics, as follows:
42
Ibid
23
1. Loanword
The loanword is an importation of form and meaning with degrees of
phonological integration (all, none, or partial), and the importation of the model
(the target), for example in using of the word hamburger. Indonesian people have
known that hamburger is a meal or food. There is no other word beside that word
used by Indonesian people, because it has not found the equivalent word yet in
Indonesia language, so the whole Indonesian words adopted spelling and
pronunciation which used by original forms.
2. Loanblend
Loanblend is combination of foreign and native forms. It has a similarity
in pronunciation whether it is in foreign or native language. For instance, in
English the word club becomes klub in Indonesia. The pronunciation is the same,
but spelling is different.
3. Loanshift
The loanshift is the foreign concept (meaning) of represented by a native
form, this includes loan translation (calques), example, English superman from
German ubermensch, and semantic loans which the range meanings expressed by
a native form that is extended to include a new and usually related concept,
example, U.S. Spanish grados “degrees” extended to include the meaning of
English “grades” (Spanish notas). 43
43
Fedric W.Field, Foreward by Bernard Comrie, Op.Cit., p.8-9
24
Whereas, according to Bloomfield, there are two kinds of borrowings, they
are; dialect and cultural borrowings. 44 Dialect borrowings are the borrowed
features come from within the same speech-area, as in English father, rather with
[a] in [Ε] dialect. Besides that, other example in Indonesia language such as at first
the people will be doubtful to use forms of territories languages (dialect
borrowings) thus, of course, bilingual will use lexical borrowings from territories
languages. For instance, many terms of Javanese is used by Indonesia language
such as sembrono, sarana, memboyong, luwes etc. These words has been still used
to enrich Indonesian languages, provided those words has not made interference
of Indonesia languages.
Cultural borrowings in Indonesian languages happened because of
borrowing elements of foreign languages. Indonesia has organized language
contacts with another nations, thus probably Indonesian languages has borrowed
so many elements of foreign languages, for example the word khusus from Arabic
language, lemari from Portuguese, and kamar from Dutch. Cultural borrowings
have pointed what it is learned by other state. By the end, English lexical
borrowings almost from French, such as woman’s dress, and also English are
borrowed by German, such as kinds of food (frankfurter, wiener, hamburger,
pretzel, lager beer), and sport terms, such as match, golf, baseball, football, and
rugby.
44
Leonard Bloomfield, Language, (New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1933), p.429
25
As Sapir has stated, “The simplest kind of influence the one language may
exert on another is the ‘borrowing’ of words. When there is cultural borrowing
there is always the likelihood that the associated words may be borrowed too”. 45
That cultural borrowing is caused by language changes. There are many
language contacts; therefore it always presupposes some degree of cultural
contact, however limited. And since, of all sector of language, it is the lexicon that
reflects the culture of its speaker most closely you will in your consideration of
the result of cultural contact on language turn first of all to the lexicon.
There are many motives of the acceptance of foreign languages or words,
as follows:
a. Lexical borrowings have the clear concept about tourism terms.
b. Mother tongue does not have the terms that correspond with development
of tourism field.
c. Among people refuse to use their mother tongue, because they commonly
use the lexical borrowings. 46
There are two conditions of motivation for borrowing why one language
borrows other language; those told as follows:
a. Prestige motive
There is a wish for prestige looks. The people whom they admire are in
speech-pattern as well as in other respect. Perhaps, it is constantly in dialect
borrowing, it becomes important in language borrowings only under special
45
Edwar, Sapir, ‘Language’An Introduction to the Study of Speech, (New York: Harcourt,
Brace and Company, 1939), p.206
46
Louis, Guilbert, La CreativiteLexicale, (Paris: Larausse,1975), p.93-95
26
condition, and the prestige factor leads to extensive borrowings from the dominant
languages into non-dominant one.
b. Need-filling motive
There is a need for human necessity to identify something. The other
motive for borrowing is to fill a gap among borrowing idiolects, as immigrants to
the United States in the last seventy-five years that have drawn heavily on English
for new words, partly on the prestige basis and partly for need-filling purpose.
Two motives must often be mingled. We cannot always say which is more
important in giving the instance. In exchange, however, American English has
acquired only a sparse scattering of need-filling loans from the various languages
of the immigrants; hamburger, wiener from immigrant German, tortilla from
Mexican Spanish, spaghetti, pizza, grinder (sandwich) from Italian. Those
examples of borrowing under the need-filling motive have been of borrowing
from one language, but the same many variety borrowings take place constantly
among dialect of a single language. 47
From those examples, long time ago Indonesian people has not known
those words yet, because there are not language contacts or culture changes
between Indonesian and England. So, it is become popular nowadays and also
used by Indonesian, despite it borrows from other languages, but almost the word
borrows from English.
Sometime one of those motives from a question why it has the language
used another words in speech is because the word, express of idea or concept in
47
Charles F,Op.Cit., p.404-405
27
the language and the culture, has not been a suitable equivalent yet in the language
of another culture. Therefore, when a person wants to speak the concept from
another culture, often uses that concept, the word has been translated, and often
the meaning what he wants to speak is so far.
When the person says about tourism, so then he will use many English
lexical borrowed by Indonesia languages, whereas when he says about a history
Islamic development, so that he will use many Arabic of words or lexical.
C. Semantics Changes
The semantics change is a part of the change that takes place in the history
of all languages that consist of change in the meanings or semantic function of
some of the words in their vocabularies, considered as the continuing lexical
content of successive stages of the language. The study of semantics change
though of less immediate concern in comparative linguistics is very relevant to the
historical study of languages.
Semantics is the branch of linguistics dealing with the meanings of words
and sentences. 48 Then, the study of meaning in language is called Semasiology or
semantics. 49 According to Slametmuljana: Semantik adalah penelitian makna kata
dalam bahasa tertentu menurut system Penggolongan. 50 (Semantics is a meaning
analysis in certain languages using classifying system)
So, semantics is the study of meaning that contains how a first of meaning
is, how it develops and also the answer of question why the meaning can happen
48
Abdul Hamid, Semantics, (Teaching Materials), (Jakarta: UIN, 2006), p.1
49
Albert Baugh, Op.Cit., p.232
50
Mansoer Pateda, Semantik Leksikal, (Ende:Nusa Indah, 1980), p.19
28
in changing of meaning in a history of language. Definition of semantics is a
study of meaning, so then the meaning that is referent to one meaning is words,
previously about words that have explained in language discussion.
In semantics there are two kinds of meaning: lexical and grammatical
meanings. 51 The lexical meaning (or dictionary-meaning) is a meaning that is
composed of smaller meaningful parts, or it is the meaning from dictionary
directly. Lexeme itself is a unit of language forms that has meaning, while lexicon
is the same as vocabulary, and the lexeme is the same as words. So that, lexical
meaning can be defined; makna yang sesuai dengan referennya, makna yang
sesuai dengan observasi, atau makna yang sungguh-sungguh nyata dalam
kehidupan kita. 52 (The meaning is that suitable with reference, observation, and it
is real in our life)
For example, the word table has a definite meaning, besides table has
reference in a noun, so it is clear that reference has relation with meaning, and
reference as one of feature of lexical meaning. The lexical meaning based on
advanced dictionary in English language, table is a piece of furniture that consists
of a flat top supported by legs. Thus, lexical meaning or semantics meaning is the
real description about a concept like referred it. The lexical is connected to the
words of language or lexicon.
Grammatical meaning in every language has a grammatical system.
Different languages have somewhat different grammatical system. 53 So, there is a
51
Charles W. Kreidler, Introducing English Semantics, (London & New York: Routledge,
1998), p.49
52
Abdul Chaer, Loenie Agustina, Op.Cit., p.62-64
53
Charles W. Kreidler, Op. Cit., p.50
29
meaning as caused by grammatical process such as affixes process, reduplication
and composition. For example, go - going - gone, have gone etc.
According to Ferdinand de Sausure, the meaning relates to signifier
(significant) that is called as the word in the language and signified (signifie) that
is called as the object in the world; it means “stands for”, “refers to”, “denotes”.
However, both signified and signifier is strictly a sound image and concept.
It is different from a theory of meaning introduced by Ogden and Richard
illustrating a triangle of semantics (the relation between that a triangle of
semantics which has a meaning) that there are three components of meaning; they
are Sign or symbol, reference and referent. Symbol is the linguistic elements such
as words, sentences, phrase etc. The referent is the object while, thought or
reference is the concept. Based on that theory there is no direct link between
symbol and referent or between language and object in the world without trough
‘thought’ or ‘reference’, the first in the concept of our mind. 54
But, another fact that is also faced by the user or speaker is the word
meaning that is not always static. So, the word choice is always precisely. Each
the user must pay attention of the language changes that happen in words of
meaning. The group of human languages firstly knows the word and meaning. At
the time it will happen the semantics shift in a certain area, while the other areas
are still defended by original meaning, therefore the changes of meaning has not
been included in time only, but also in the place.
54
F.R. Palmer, Semantic A new outline, (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p.25-
26
30
The influence of foreign languages in fact has an important role on
semantic change in Indonesian language. In choosing the words, the basic of
deciding whether the meaning have already changed or not is using the word with
rational definite meaning (places must be national, and time must be direct).
Semantics changes may also affect sets of words, or word-field. For
example, it may be found in kinship term in Old English, such as a distinction has
made between uncles on the father’s side, Old English fǽdera, and uncle on the
mother’s side, Old English ёam, so that English kinship system now has only one
term uncle. The changes of meaning do not result from importation of the word
uncle from Old French oncle, but rather from the change of culture. 55
In short time the meaning of word can be changed and extended. It can
happen because the uses of languages are continuously in adding some new words
in connection with the globalization era. According to Baugh, there are four kinds
of changes of meaning as follows:
a. Extension of meaning
This kind of change means the widening of a word’s signification until it
covers more than the idea originally conveyed. The tendency is called
generalization. For instance, the word lovely means primarily worth to be loved,
and great means large in size, the opposite of small or little, or its can called
polysemy (the word that has more than one meaning in semantics). In the word
55
Winferd P.Lehmen, Op.Cit., p.13-14
31
development, lovely has no a meaning like above only, but it can be used to
explain the meaning of lovely view or a lovely holiday, etc. 56
The word great now is also used to explain that the weather is great, or the
book is great. Probably it means that a student full enjoyed and if he said that a
book and the student evaluated that a book as a work of art. So, the word lovely
and great happen in extension of meaning or generalization.
b. Narrowing of meaning
The narrowing is a process of the word meaning that gradually becomes
more specific than its previous meaning, or it is also used for a special field, for
example the word doctor. Beside it is used in medical field, people also use it in
law field, theology and others. But now, when we say ‘we send him for the
doctor’, we point out to a member of the profession of those fields; it is a medical
doctor.
Sometimes, we have found the word that has a special meaning for a
special group, for instance the word gas. This word is an inclusive term for the
chemist, but it has a special meaning for a housewife and a driver. The narrowing
of meaning can also happen in the specific area because of the influence of the
culture, for example nickel. In America nickel with this symbol ‘Ni’ means not
only logam (a metallic element), but also a coin or a piece of metal that is created
from nickel.
56
Hornby, The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Current English, (Oxford:University
Press,1963), second edition, p.506
32
c. Degeneration of meaning
It may take several forms. It may take the form of the gradual extension to
many particular meaning senses, that a word may have had is completely lost.
This is one form of generalization, such as in the words lovely and great. In other
form, it is a word that has retained very specific meaning but a less favorable one
than it originally had. For instance, the word smug was originally a good word. It
means neat or trim; it presents suggestion of objectionable self-satisfaction that
seems to have grown up during the nineteenth century.
d. Regeneration of meaning
This kind is the opposite of degeneration of meaning; it is a process of
language shifts, which a new word meaning felt better, or attained respectability
from the last meaning that considered disparagement. For example, the word
smock, which was mentioned as losing case in the eighteenth century, has now
been rehabilitated as applied to an outer garment. We used it for a certain type of
woman’s dress and we speak of an Artist’s smock. Another word in the eighteenth
century is snob and sham were slang, but in the nineteenth they attained
respectability. So, the change of meaning that words undergo is another evidence
of the constant state of flux that characterizes language as it lives on the lips of
men.
Those fourth kinds of changes of meaning above are changes of meaning
in general and particular field, such as in tourism fields; somebody can see one
example of tourism term.

33
“…Saya jadi ikut cruise ke Alaska”. The word cruise in English is as a
loanblend type, because its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word; kruise.
This word has lexical meanings (based in dictionaries) as follow:
a. Pelayaran, menjelajahi 57
b. Sebuah pelayaran pesiar di laut dengan tujuan bersenang-senang
(pleasure), tidak semata-mata sebagai pelayaran angkutan dari satu tempat
ke tempat tertentu; pelayaran ini dapat merupakan pelayaran keliling
(kembali ke asal) atau pelayaran satu tujuan (single voyage.) 58
c. A journey by sea, visiting different places, especially as a holiday or
vocation 59 .
This word cruise is “sail to and from over the sea”. This word is from Dutch;
kruisen, it means to make cross. 60 This is based on loanshift which view of
etymology or native word. Thus, based on its lexical meanings a,b,c there is no
semantics change or changes of meaning occurred, because those meaning are the
same.
57
John M. Echols, Hassan Shadly, Kamus Inggris Indonesia,(Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka
Utama, 1992), p. 157
58
Surjanto. Dkk, Kamus Istilah Pariwisata, (Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa Depdiknas, 2003), p.74-75
59
Hornoby A.S. Op.Cit., p.303
60
C.T. Onions, The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, (New York: Oxford at the
Clarendon Press, 1966), p.231
34
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
I. DATA DESCRIPTION
In this description of data, the writer discuses tourism register in English
lexical borrowings taken from three magazines of tourism; they are Intisari (April,
No. 501), Tamasya (June-July and October-November, 2005) and Jalan-jalan
(October-November 2005, Vol.1, No. 4). Intisari is a life style magazine that also
contains many tourism and traveling articles. Tamasya is a tour and life style
special media. And then, Jalan-jalan itself is the magazine that consists of
traveling, hotel and restaurant rubric.
From those magazines, the writer collects the register tourism data up to
25 words or terms and then analyzes them. She actually would like to collect the
data up to 70 words, but she just analyzes 25 words as a sample of the research.
Each word has the lexical meaning or the meaning of a lexical form, both English
and Indonesian based on the dictionaries, as follows:
1. The meaning is collected from English-Indonesian dictionary (Echols and
Hassan Shadly, 1992 and Peter Salim, 1996)
2. The meaning is collected from dictionary of tourism term (Kodyat
Romaini, 1992 and Surjano dkk, 2003)
3. The meaning is collected from the current English dictionary (Hornby AS,
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Current English, Sixth Edition)

35
The analyses of those 25 words are divided into two groups; first,
Indonesian tourism register from other languages such as Dutch, French, etc;
second, the classification of English lexical borrowings. Therefore, the writer tries
to make tabulation of collected data through the following:

36
37
38
II. DATA ANALYSIS
From the tabulated data or corpus that are put on the table above, the
writer tries to classify and analyze them by categorizing into types of borrowings,
lexical meanings, etymology, and varieties of meaning changes. To get more
illustrations, the writer analyzes them into two groups as told above.
A. Indonesian tourism registers from other languages
1. Adventur
This word is loanblend type, because its pronunciation is the same as
Indonesian word; adventur, but the spelling is different. This word is taken from
English; adventure, but Indonesian people commonly uses it by the word
adventur. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries) of this word as
follows:
a. Petualangan, pekerjaan yang mengandung resiko. 61
b. Petualangan. 62
c. Adventure: excitement associated with danger, taking risks 63
Historically, it can be called as loanshift type. This word is from French;
aventure and Latin adventurus. The meaning is about to arrive and part. It is a
64
bold and dangerous undertaking of uncertain issue. So, it can be concluded that
based on those meanings there is no meaning change of this word.
61
John M.Echlos, Hassan Shadly, Kamus Inggris Indonesia,(Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka
Utama,1992), p. 14, and Peter Salim, The Contemporary English-Indonesia
Dictionary,(Jakarta:Modern English Press,1996), Seventh Edition, p.35
62
Romaini, Kodyat, Kamus pariwisata dan Perhotelan, (Jakarta: PT. Grasindo, 1992), p. 3
63
Hornby, The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Current English, (Oxford: University Press,
2000), Sixth Edition, p.18
64
John Daugoll Patterson Virtues English Dictionary Encyclopedia, (London: Coulsden,
Virtue & Company Limited), p.15
39
Etymologically, both English and Indonesia word have the same meaning;
adventure is traveling that is taken to risk or hazard.
2. Bal
This word is included into loanblend type; the reason why this word is one of
the loanblend terms is the same as the word adventure. The word bale in English
becomes bal in Indonesian. In Indonesian tourism term, bal is more common than
bale. The lexical meanings of this word are as follows:
a. Bal: bandela, Bungkus, atau sejumlah besar barang yang diikat bersama. 65
b. Bandelan/kemasan barang yang akan dimuat atau dibongkar dari kapal. 66
c. Bale: A large a mount of a light material pressed tightly together and tied
up. 67
Originally, this is one whose history or etymology is taken from Middle
Dutch baal. The meaning is bell, bundle, and package. 68 Thus, according to the
writer, there is meaning change of this word namely narrowing, because the
meaning of tourism field is more specific than other meanings, bale is package
that puts on the ship.
3. Bufet
Based on types of borrowing, this word is loanblend type. The reason to
explain this word is same as the word adventure and bale. Nowadays, this word
65
Peter Salim, The Contemporary English-Indonesia Dictionary, (Jakarta : modern English
Press, 1996), Seventh Edition,p. 163
66
Romaini, Kodyat, Op. Cit., p. 11
67
Hornby, Op. Cit., p. 81
68
C.T. Onions, Op.Cit., p.70
40
has been familiar in Indonesian as bupet/bufet, while, especially in tourism field it
is as buffet. Both of them have different meaning. Here are its lexical meanings:
a. Bupet/bufet: kedai tempat menjual makanan dan minuman ringan, dan
prasmanan 69
b. Suatu sistem penghidangan makanan, dimana semua jenis makanan
dihidangkan di atas meja panjang dan tamu dipersilahkan memilih dan
mengambil sendiri yang disukai. 70
c. Buffet: a counter where food and drink may be bought and eaten or drunk,
especially in a railway station or on train, or a meal at which guest serves
themselves. 71
Etymologically, this word is taken from French buffet. Its meaning is a
sideboard, a cupboard, or closet, to hold China, crystal, plate and other like
articles; the space set apart for refreshments in public places. 72 So, based on those
meaning, there is a meaning change of this word namely an extension, because it
depends on the context of that word. In tourism field, the word buffet aims to
meals or drinks to guest, which they are taken or served by themselves. Therefore,
the writer takes a conclusion that it becomes familiar in Indonesia by the name
prasmanan.
4. Diskotik
This word is loanblend type. Its pronunciation is the same as the
Indonesian word, because this word has been integrated. The word Discotheque in
69
John M. Echols, Hassan Shadly&Peter Salim, Op.Cit., p. 86&256
70
Romaini, Kodyat,Op.Cit., p. 14
71
Hornoby, Op.Cit., p. 153
72
41
English becomes diskotik in Indonesia. It is taken from original word;
discotheque. And then, the Indonesian people adapt the word as diskotik, because
it is arbitrary and more popular. Because this word is not strange anymore,
diskotik can mean as a place for young people to pleasure. Here are its lexical
meanings:
a. Kelab malam atau tempat lain untuk berdansa. 73
b. Kelab malam 74
c. Discotheque: a club, party etc. usually with flashing light, where people
dance to pop music. 75
Etymologically, this word is taken from French discotheque. The meaning
is a place to dance or the person looks for pleasure; thus, there is no meaning
change of this word. So, the writer concludes based on this meaning that diskotik
is a place to dance or party. In tourism term, it is more specified as a club for night
activity, or it is more popular to call Nightclub.
5. Ekspedisi
This word is loanblend type, because the pronunciation is the same as the
Indonesian word. Indonesian people translate the word expedition in English into
ekspedisi. Expedition it self is taken from the verb expedite that means to make
something happen more quickly.
So that, the word ekspedisi is considered as the new word has more
prestigious. So, this word is more popular by ekspedisi in Indonesia, especially in
Indonesian tourism field. They would rather use the word ekspedisi than to
73
Peter Salim, Op.Cit., p. 523
74
Romaini, Kodyat, Op.Cit., p. 33
75
Hornoby, Op..Cit., p. 357
42
translate it into the word petualangan. Here are its lexical meanings of this word
as follows:
a. Kecepatan, perjalanan yang terorganisir dengan tujuan tertentu, or
kelompok yang mengadakan perjalanan. 76
b. Perjalanan penyelidikan ilmiah disuatu daerah yang belum dikenal. 77
c. Expedition: an organized journey or voyage with a particular aim. 78
Etymologically, this term is from Latin. It consists of two words;
exped+tion, but this term as based bound that cannot stand alone, and it is always
annexed to one or more morphemes to form a word. The meaning of this word is
promptness; dispatch: journey made for a purpose. 79 Based on its lexical
meanings, there is the meaning change in the word expedition namely narrowing,
because in tourism that term is used for scientific research, so that this journey has
a scientific purpose. While, based on its original meaning, it is speed voyage
whether it is formal or informal.
6. Cek in
This word is loanblend type; the reason is the same as the word above
expedition. In English check in is the same as the Indonesian word cek in. It is
compound from check+in that cannot be disassociated from each other, especially
in hotel term for the guest coming into the hotel room, and it is generally known
in tourism term. Usually, this word is written in English word check in at the
hotel, because all people know this word as international term. But, Indonesian
76
77
78
Hornby,Op.Cit., p. 438
79
43
people say it cek in. So, the writer just says that the pronunciation between check
in and cek in are the same, but the spelling is different. Here are its lexical
meanings of this word:
a. Cek in :mendaftarkan diri 80
b. Lapor masuk/ berangkat ke hotel, pesawat 81
c. Check in: register as a guest at hotel or as a passenger at an airport. 82
Etymologically, this word is from Persia shah; it is a king, then it is
borrowed by Arabic shag, and then it is borrowed by French echec. The meaning
is a sudden stop repulse, defeat and check. This word is due to the game, which it
is the game of classic chess. So that it becomes the word check, which the Middle
English people borrow and adapt it as the word chek. The meaning is a stop; also
check. 83 While the word –in is from English, the meaning is available. 84 Based on
those meanings, thus there is a meaning change of this word namely extension,
especially in tourism term it is for guest coming into the hotel.
7. Cek out
The explanation of this word is the same as check in. This word is derived
from two words as check+out and it is similar to the Indonesian word cek out.
Then, its lexical meanings as follows:
80
Peter Salim, The ContemporaryEnglish-Indonesia Dictionary,(Jakarta: Modern English
Press,1996), p. 319
81
Surjanto,Op.Cit., p. 48
82
Press,2000), Sixth Edition, p.200
83
W.W. Skeat, A concise Etymological Dictionary of The English Language, (Oxford: At The
Clarendon press, 1953), p.86
84
Ibid, p.258
44
a. Cek out: pengecekan, memeriksa. 85
b. Lapor keluar, tamu diharuskan melaporkan jika akan meninggalkan hotel
dan menyelesaikan pembayaran rekening. 86
c. Check out: the places where you pay for the things that you are buying in a
Supermarket, or at the time when you leave at the end of your stay. 87
Etymologically, this word is from Persia shah, it is a king, then it is
borrowed by Arabic shag, and then it is borrowed by French echec. The meaning
is a sudden stop repulse, defeat and check. This word is due to the game, which it
is the game of classic chess. So that it becomes the term check, which in the
Middle English people borrow it by the word chek. The meaning is a stop; also
check. 88 The word out is from Middle English oute or ute. According to WW.
Skaet, the word out is compound one that cannot be disassociated from each other,
because two words have one meaning. So then the writer concludes that there is
meaning change of this word namely extension, especially in tourism term which
is used to say a guest coming out the hotel.
8. Klub
This word is loanblend type, because the pronunciation is similar to the
Indonesian word. In English the word club becomes klub in Indonesia. Whereas,
its lexical meanings of this word as follows:
85
Peter Salim, Loc.Cit., p. 319
86
87
Hornby, Loc.Cit., p. 200
88
W.W. Skeat, A concise Etymological Dictionary of The English Language, Loc, Cit., p.86
45
a. Tempat perkumpulan, tongkat. 89
b. Tempat orang-orang berkumpul disuatu tempat untuk bersenang-senang,
seperti, klubbing. 90
c. There are two meaning of club. It is depend on contextual
Club: a group of people, who meet together regularly, for a particular
activity, sport, etc, or a place where people, especially young people, go
and listen to music, dance, etc. 91
This word is from Spanish baston. The meaning is a stick used in ball
games. In Old Norse, it is taken from the word klubba. That meaning is a
combination or association of person. 92 Thus, there is a meaning change of this
word that is recognized namely degeneration, because at first it means a good
thing. The meaning is for a group of people in a certain place for a particular
activity. So, when the people hear that word, they will have a good positive
thinking. But nowadays, klub is a place where the young people go to listen the
music and dance, such as going to nightclubs. In this activity, the people usually
drink alcohol. So, when the people hear it, they will have a negative thinking,
especially in tourism field. Someone who goes to usually would like to get a fun.
89
John M. Echols, Hassan Shadly, Kamus Inggris Indonesia, (Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka
Utama, 1992) & Peter Salim, The Contemporary English-Indonesia Dictionary, (Jakarta : modern
English Press, 1996), Seventh Edition,p. 120&346
90
91
Hornby, Op.Cit., p. 224
92
C.T. Onions, The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, (New York: Oxford at the
Clarendon Press, 1966), p.167
46
9. Resor
Based on the types of borrowing, this word includes into loanblend,
because the pronunciation is the same as the Indonesian word. In English the word
resort becomes resor in Indonesia. The word resort is used especially for a person
who stays at the place for vocation or recreation such as hotel. While, resor is a
small place such as an office, so it is not still broad or uncertain place. The lexical
meanings of this word as follows:
a. Tempat yang sering dikunjungi orang, atau tempat beristirahat. 93
b. Suatu tempat untuk rekreasi. 94
c. Resort: a place where a lot of people go on holiday or vocation. 95
Etymologically, this word is from French ressortir, prefix –re and sortir.
The meaning is to go out. In Latin it is from sortiri, the meaning is to obtain, to
acquire by lot, from sors, sotis, lot. sort. Thus, resort is a place frequented. 96 So,
from those meanings above, there is a meaning change of this word namely
narrowing, because basically the meaning of this word is to go out only. Perhaps,
the meaning is still general, and not specific, but in tourism register field, the
meaning especially is a place for holiday or vocation.
10. Lobi
Based on types of borrowing, this word is loanblend type, because the
pronunciation is similar to the Indonesian word, but the spelling is different. In
English the word lobby becomes lobi in Indonesia. Usually, the spelling of this
93
94
Surjanto, Op.Cit., P. 213
95
96
John Daugoll Patterson, Op.Cit., p.735
47
word is lobby as the people see or write in a basement, hotel, etc. Here are its
lexical meanings of this word:
a. Lobi: ruang tunggu di gedung untuk umum atau ruang masuk. 97
b. Ruang tunggu untuk tamu atau orang lain yang berurusan dengan hotel. 98
c. Lobby: a large area inside the entrance of a public building where people
can meet and wait, (in British as parliament) 99
As loanshift type or etymologically, this word is taken from Latin lobia,
lobium. The meaning is a portico. This word is also from Old German laubja that
means an arbour. Besides, in German it is from word laube, it is an enclosed
space in one or more apartments. It is also a small hall or waiting room. 100 Based
on those meaning above, it can be concluded that there is no meaning change of
this word, but in tourism meaning it is more specific. Lobby is a waiting room for
guest in a hotel or apartment.
11. Suvenir
Based on types of borrowing, this word is loanblend type, because the
pronunciation is the same as the Indonesian word. In English, it is spelled
souvenir, and Indonesian as suvenir. Here are its lexical meanings as follows:
a. Suvenir : tanda mata, kenang-kenangan. 101
b. Sesuatu yang diperoleh dalam perjalanan wisata sebagai kenang-
kenangan. 102
97
98
99
100
101
John M. Echols, Hassan Shadly&Peter Salim, Op.Cit., p. 542
48
c. Souvenir: thing that you buy and keep to remind yourself of a place, on
occasion or vocation: something that you bring back for the other people
when you have been on vocation. 103
Based on loanshift or etymology, this word is from French desservir, the
meaning of the word is taken from French and Latin subvernire. The meaning is
to occur to mind, which reminds or revives the memory of anything, a
keepsake. 104 So, there is a meaning change of this word namely narrowing.
Nowadays, the meaning of this word is more specific than its previous meaning; it
is for a thing that a person gets after going to picnic, and previously it is for
memory. The word souvenir is still used by the people until now.
12. Kafé
This word is loanblend type. The pronunciation of this word in English is
the same as the Indonesian word. In English it is said as cafe, but in Indonesian it
is popular as kafe. In order to be more prestigious, Indonesian people usually use
the word cafe in English spelling. Here are its lexical meanings:
a. Kafe: kedai kopi, restorant. 105
b. Tempat makan untuk umum (public dining place). 106
c. Café: a place where you can buy drinks and simple meals. 107
Etymologically, it can be called as loanshift type. This word is from
French coffe. The meaning is a coffee house such as restaurant. 108 Thus, based on
102
103
Hornby, Op.Cit., p.1236
104
105
106
107
49
those meaning above, it is considered that there is no meaning change of this
word. Until now, it is still used in Indonesia especially in tourism field of
restaurant term.
13. Katering
The word katering is included into loanblend, because this word has a
similarity in pronunciation. In English it is known as catering, and in Indonesian
it is popular as katering. This word actually consists of two words cater+ing, but
as compound one it is simply the joining of two or more words into a one word, so
it cannot be disassociated to each other. Catering is as noun if two words becomes
one; cater as verb and –ing as form of verb. When two words are united, it will be
as gerund or noun form. The meaning of that word in English and Indonesian
language is the same; it is to provide foods and drinks for a social event. Here are
its lexical meanings of this word as follows:
a. Melayani pesanan untuk pesta-pesta dan sebagainya, jasa boga. 109
b. Usaha yang bergerak di bidang pelayanan makanan untuk lembaga atau
badan yang memesannya untuk berbagai macam. 110
c. Catering: the work of providing food and drinks for meetings or social
event. 111
Etymologically, this word is a foreign language. This word consists of
cater+ing. Cater is from French and Latin that are formed as a verb. The meaning
is to buy provision. From Middle English, this term is taken from original word
108
109
John M. Echols, Hassan Shadly&Peter Salim,Op.Cit., p. 103&302
110
111
50
catour. The meaning is a buyer of provision (whom we should now call a cater-
er) or it is short for a catour, formed from a cat, it is a buying. 112 While, adding -
ing is bound morpheme that one of the functions is as gerund. 113 So, after seeing
those meanings there are meaning change of this word namely extension, because
both etymologically and lexical meanings whether in original or tourism meaning
are different. In the etymological meaning it is to buy equipments, but the purpose
in lexical meaning is for providing food and drinks in certain events. This word is
still used by people especially in tourism field in restaurant term.
14. Landskip
This word is loanblend type, because its pronunciation in English or
Indonesian language is the same but they are different in spelling; landskip in
Indonesia, and; landscape in English. People still use it, especially in tourism
term. Landscape is self-explaining compound, because it cannot be disassociated
to each other. Here are its lexical meanings of this word:
a. Pemandangan alam, bentang alam, lukisan pemandangan. 114
b. Bentang alam, unsur-unsur alam yang terbentang membentuk suatu
pemandangan. 115
c. Landscape: a person whose job is planning designing the environment,
especially so that roads, buildings, etc. 116
This word is adopted from Dutch landskip. The meaning is a painter’s
term, picture representing natural inland scenery. 117 Based on those meaning in
112
W. W. Skeat, Op.Cit, p.571
113
Ibid, p.64
114
John M. Echols, Hassan Shadly&Peter Salim,Op.Cit., p. 347&1045
115
116
51
(a), (b), (c), there is a meaning change of this word namely narrowing. Basically
the meaning of landscape is a person whose job is planning designing such as
painter, but meaning in tourism jargon is scene only. So, its use depends on the
context of the word.
15. Turis
The word tourist now becomes popular called turis in Indonesia. This
word is actually borrowed term, whose pronunciation is same as the Indonesian
language, or it is named as loanblend. Here are its lexical meanings as follows:
a. Pariwisatawan, turis, pelancong. 118
b. Sebagai pelancong atau pariwisatawan di suatu tempat baik sementara
maupun untk selama-lamanya, dan tujuannya untuk bersenang-senang atau
ada keperluan. 119
c. Tourist is a person who is traveling or visiting a place for pleasure. 120
Etymologically, this word is from French tor and Latin tornus. The
meaning is tour makes a tour of tourist. 121 This word consists of tour+ist. Tour is
a journey for pleasure during which several different town is visited, and -ist as
derivation is suffix that refers to a person who is traveling. So, based on its lexical
meanings, there is no meaning change of this word. Everyone knows this word,
because it has not been strange anymore. It becomes popular as turis in
Indonesian, and tourist in English.
117
C.T. Onions,Op.Cit., p.514
118
John M. Echols, Hassan Shadly&Peter Salim, Loc.Cit, p. 598&2087
119
Damardjati, Istilah-istilah Dunia Pariwisata, (Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita, 1981), p. 76
120
Hornby, Loc.Cit.
121
W. W. Skeat, Loc.Cit.
52
16. Kargo
This word is loanblend type, because its pronunciation is similar to the
Indonesian word. It is still used by Indonesian people especially in tourism filed
or travel term. The Indonesian word is kargo, and in English is cargo. This word
is usually more popular in Indonesia as cargo in spelling, and kargo in
pronunciation. The lexical meanings of this word as follows:
a. Muatan, beban, kargo 122
b. Suatu muatan atau isian atau beban. Barang muatan yang diangkut oleh
suatu kapal, bukan persedian untuk para penumpang atau awak kapal. 123
c. Cargo: goods carried in a ship, aircraft, or other vehicles. 124
Actually, the meaning of cargo is to load, and etymologically this word is
from Latin carricare. The meaning is to load a car. 125 So, there is no meaning
change of this word, because the meaning is same whether according to the
meaning in (a), (b), (c), or etymology.
17. Dessert
This word is included to loanword type, because the spelling and
pronunciation in English are same as in Indonesian language; dessert. Indonesian
people usually use this word in tourism field. Here are its lexical meanings:
a. Makanan pencuci mulut, kue-kue 126
b. Makanan penutup berupa buah-buahan, pudding, atau eskrim 127
122
John M. Echols, Hassan Shadly&Peter Salim,Op.Cit., p.99&292
123
124
125
W. W. Skeat,Op.Cit., p.77
126
127
Surjanto,Kamus Istilah Pariwisata, (Jakarta: Depdiknas, 2003), p.84
53
c. Dessert: any sweet food eaten at the end of a meal 128
Etymologically, this word is taken from French desservir that means to
clear the table –des form Latin dis, and servir that means to serve. So, it is a
service of fruits or sweetmeats. 129 From those etymological and lexical meanings,
according to the writer, there is no meaning change in this word. So, Indonesian
people translate this word as the English word. And then, it becomes commonly
popular in restaurant term such as a food, pudding, or fruit that are eaten after
eating.
18. Menu
This word is loanword type, because the spelling and pronunciation in
English and Indonesian language are the same. In Indonesia, there is no other
word beside that word used by the people. There is no equivalent word yet, so
Indonesian people adapt it entirely, including its spelling or pronunciation, and
that word is still used by Indonesian people, especially in tourism field. Thus, the
use of this word in English is menu, as well as in Indonesia. Here are its lexical
meanings as follows:
a. Menu: daftar makanan dan minuman di Restoran. 130
b. Daftar makanan. 131
c. Menu: a list of the food that is available at a restaurant or to be served at a
meal. 132
128
Press,2000), Sixth Edition, p.341
129
C.T. Onions, Op. Cit., p.127
130
131
Surjanto, Op.Cit., p. 166
132
54
Etymologically, this word is from French menu. The meaning is a list of
the dishes and to be served at a dinner, supper.133 Based on those meanings above,
the writer takes a conclusion that actually there is no meaning change of this
word. Until now, the word and meaning does not change. People still use the word
menu. Usually, this word is used in restaurant term.
19. Station waiter
This word is loanword, because the spelling and pronunciation are the
same as in Indonesian language; station waiter. This entirely borrowed word is
still used by Indonesian people in tourism field or hotel term. Thus, the use of this
word does not change from its origins such as, station waiter-station waiter. So,
the writer concludes that in Indonesia it is sometimes means pramusaji, but it not
more popular than station waiter in tourism field. Here are its lexical meanings as
follows:
a. It is concise of two words; station adalah stasiun, pemancar, pangkalan, 134
and waiter adalah pelayan. 135
b. Orang yang bertugas melayani tamu di ruang makan serta memenuhi atau
mempersiapkan segala yang dipesan oleh tamu, serta menjaga kebersihan
ruangan, meneliti bahwa ruangan telah dipersiapkan sebaik-baiknya, atau
pramusaji. 136
c. Station: a place where trains stop so that passengers can get on and off: the
buildings where a service is organized and provides or a special type of
133
C.T.Onions, Op.Cit, p.509
134
135
Ibid, p. 634&2254
136
Surjanto, Op.Cit., p. 239
55
work is done. Often it use of compounds word, it as a radio or television
company. 137 While, waiter is a person whose job is to serve customers at
their tables in a restaurant. 138
There are two words of this term. They are station+waiter; it is included to
self-explaining compound, especially in a hotel term. Two words cannot be
disassociated from each other. The word station is a place where trains stop. As
loanshift or etymologically, it is taken from French station and Latin station. The
meaning is the spot or place where anything stands, a building on railway for the
reception of passengers and goods intended to be conveyed and where trains stop,
and waiter is servant especial for male. 139 Based on its lexical meanings,
according to the writer, this word is the same as the word servant. But in tourism
term, people use commonly the word station waiter. So, based on its lexical
meanings, in Indonesian tourism and English, there is no meaning change of this
word.
20. Hotel
Based on types of borrowing, this word is included into loanword type. It
is borrowed from an entirely borrowing term whether in pronunciation or spelling.
Indonesian people still uses it until now, especially in tourism field or hotel term.
It is not strange anymore to hear, or it becomes popular as international term. The
lexical meanings of this word are as follows:
137
138
Ibid, p.1452
139
56
a. Tempat penginapan. 140
b. Perusahan yang menyediakan jasa-jasa dalam bentuk akomodasi
(penginapan) serta menyajikan hidangan dan fasilitas dalam hotel untuk
umum yang memenuhi syarat-syarat comfort dan bertujuan komersial. 141
c. Hotel: a building where people stay, usually for a short time, paying for
their rooms and meals. 142
Etymologically, this word is taken from French hostel. The meaning is an
inn, and it is same as hospital that also means an inn. So that, the meaning of that
word is a house for entertaining strangers or travelers: an inn: especially one of
some style and pretension. 143 Based on its lexical meanings, the writer concludes
that there is meaning change of this word namely narrowing, because generally
hotel is only an inn that is usually used for a short time, while the meaning of
tourism jargon is more specific. Hotel is for an inn and a place to look for
pleasure, refreshing and comfort.
21. Visa
This word is loanword type. It has the same pronunciation and spelling as
in Indonesia terms. It is entirely English borrowed words. This word is still used
by Indonesian people, especially in tourism field for a person who will go to a
foreign country, or it is usually named as a passport. Here are its lexical meanings
of this word as follows:
140
Peter Salim, Op.Cit., p.900
141
142
143
57
a. Izin keluar masuk dari dan ke suatu Negara, visa 144
b. Izin masuk/tinggal sementara dari suatu Negara untuk seseorang yang
bukan warga negaranya yang akan memasuki wilayah Negara itu. 145
c. Visa: a stamp or mark put in your passport by officials of a foreign country
that gives your permission to enter, pass through or leave their country.146
Etymologically, this word is taken from a foreign language. This word is
from French visa; the meaning is certificate of examination on as passport.147
Thus, based on its lexical meanings (a), (b), (c), and an etymological meaning,
there is no meaning change from this word, because until now foreigner uses it as
a stamp, or mark, or passport for permission enter to the foreign country.
22. Spa
At first, the word spa looks as abbreviation. But, it is actually not
abbreviation; because this word is especially for a tool of beauty keep. Based on
types of borrowing, this word as loanword type is borrowed from the origins of
English word or it can be included into importation. People take this entirely
English borrowing term whether in pronunciation or spelling. So, Indonesian
people still use it in tourism field. According to them, it is more prestigious or
suitable. The lexical meanings of this word itself are as follows:
144
145
Surjanto,Op.Cit.,p. 269
146
147
C.T. Onions, Op.Cit., p. 753
58
a. Sumber air mineral, tempat pemandian air panas, mata air yang
mengandung mineral, dan tempat terutama pusat pelayanan kesehatan
yang dilengkapi dengan mata air yang mengandung mineral.148
b. Daerah sehat. 149
c. Spa: a place where people can relax and improve their health. 150
Etymologically, this word is from the name of French; it is called common
words from proper names, Spa of a watering place in the province of liege,
Belgium, noted for its curative mineral springs. 151 So, there is no meaning change
from this word. In the term of tourism, it is not more specific than other meanings,
it is only for health places, but the meaning and function are the same.
23. Bar
This word is loanword, because there is a similarity in spelling and
pronunciation. It is borrowed entirely from English words. This word is still used
by Indonesian people, especially in tourism field until now. Thus, this word is
constant; the word bar is used in Indonesia and English, and it has been familiar
in Indonesia, especially in tourism field as bar. Here are its lexical meanings of
this word:
a. Tongkat, tiang, tempat. 152
b. Tempat menjual berbagai jenis minuman yang mengandung alcohol. 153
148
149
Surjanto, Op.Cit., p.235
150
151
C.T. Onions, Op.Cit, p.668
152
153
59
c. Bar: a room or a counter in a hotel, pub etc. in which both alcoholic and
other drinks are served. 154
Etymologically, or based on the loanshift, it is taken from foreign
language. In the Earliest English, the meaning of this word is rod of metal or
wood for fastening a gate or the like, and the application to the barrier of courts of
justice, and then the meaning of bar changes. In the beginning of French, bar is
from the word barre, the meaning is rod; barrier, or the top branch of a tree, a rail,
155
and a bar. Nowadays, bar is a place to pleasure. Thus, there is a meaning
change of this word namely extension, because originally that word means a stick;
barrier, and as inn, but now bar can be meant as pub where people drinks an
alcoholic or other drinks, the people’s purpose is to pleasure.
24. Shelter
Based on types of borrowing, this word is known as loanword borrowed
from English entirely. It is included into importation type of loanword, because
there is no other word beside that word, and it is still used by people both
Indonesian and English especially in tourism field. Moreover, it is more
prestigious or suitable. Their spelling and pronunciation are similar. So,
Indonesian people still use it as shelter. Here are its lexical meanings of this word
as follows:
a. Tempat perlindungan. 156
b. Perumahan, tempat perlindungan dari segala bahaya. 157
154
155
156
157
Romaini, Kodyat, Op.Cit., p.101
60
c. Shelter: protection from rain, danger, or attack. 158
Based on loanshift of meaning or etymologically, this word is taken from a
foreign language. In the Middle English this word is sheldtrume. The meaning is a
bodyguard or troops, a squadron: frequently spelt sheltron. It comes to mean a
guard or protection of any kind, and in English to be shelter. It is a curious
development. 159 Based on its lexical meanings (a), (b), (c), and etymology, there
is a meaning change of this word namely extension especially in tourism term. It
is means the inn for protection from any danger.
25. Speedboat
The word speedboat is as loanword type. The reason actually is the same
as the word shelter. But, people seldom use it. Here are its lexical meanings as
follows:
a. Perahu motor cepat. 160
b. Kapal bermotor yang sangat cepat jalannya. 161
c. Speedboat: a motorboat that can travel fast. 162
This word consists of two word; speed+boat. In English the meaning of
this word is success and velocity. Then, in Anglo Saxon it is sped that means a
hostel, success for spodiz, to succed with suffix –diz, and in Dutch spoed that
meaning is to succeed. While, the word boat is taken from the Middle English
158
Hornby,Op.Cit., p.1180
159
John Daugoll Patterson,Op.Cit., p.480
160
161
Romaini, Kodyat, Op.Cit., p.103
162
Hornby,Op.Cit., p.1242
61
163
boot, thus that word is borrowed from Anglo Saxon that means a motor. So,
there is no meaning change of this word, because all meanings are the same, as a
boat can run faster than other boat. It is popular by called as speedboat or
motorboat in Indonesia or other countries.
B. The Classification of English Lexical Borrowings
From analysis above, it can be explained that 25 words borrowed from
English known as loanword type. Indonesian people still use them especially in
tourism field; they are bar, dessert, station waiter, hotel, shelter, spa, menu,
speedboat, and visa; and loanblend type such as the word of adventure, bale,
buffet, kargo, diskotik, ekspedisi, check in, check out, klub, resort, lobby, souvenir,
tourist, café, catering, and landscape. And then, the writer has found that all 25
words are included into loanshift types, because they are taken from foreign
languages.
After knowing the meaning of 25 words in register tourism, the writer can
classifies those terms as follows:
a. Traveling: adventur, bal, ekspedisi, suvenir, visa, landskip, turis, kargo,
resor, and speedboat
b. Hotel: bar, cek in, cek out, resor, lobi, station waiter, hotel, and shelter
c. Restaurant: bar, bufet, dessert, menu, kafé, and katering
d. Lifestyle: diskotik, klub, and spa
Seen from their meanings, change of meanings such as narrowing,
degeneration and regeneration have already happened to those borrowed words.
163
John Daugoll Patterson,Op.Cit., p.504&54
62
Extension happens to seven words; they are bar, buffet, check in, check out,
catering, and shelter. Narrowing is found in the word bale, resort, souvenir, hotel,
landscape, and expedition. From 25 words above the writer does not find
degeneration. Then, she just finds one term for degeneration; it is the word club.
Besides that, there are not meaning changes of other words, such as adventure,
diskotik, dessert, menu, lobby, café, visa, spa, tourist, kargo, station waiter and
speedboat.
63
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After analyzing research findings, the writer would like to describe a
conclusion about the register tourism in English and Indonesian languages, and
changes of meaning of the word in the tourism register field based on Indonesian
and English dictionaries.
In this case, the writer has found many kinds of meaning changes of the
tourism register in English adopted into Indonesian languages; they are extension,
narrowing, degeneration, and regeneration.
Seen the 25 words meanings, it is found that no meaning changes do
happen to 12 words and it is as loanword do happen to 9 words. The reason why
no meaning changes and loanword occur are as follows:
1. English lexical borrowings into Indonesian languages are really needed by
Indonesian people, because there are not enough Indonesian word
equivalents to say those terms in tourism field. So, to say it in tourism
field, Indonesian people use English register or jargon.
2. 25 terms from three magazines are borrowed from English and other
language such as Dutch, French, Latin, Arabic, etc. Indonesian people use
the English lexical borrowings because of the prestige motive. Borrowing
English words are more prestigious than using Indonesian words.

64
3. Those words are international and universal word. So, it can be easy to
understand; therefore there are no changes of meaning more in those
words.
In this field, the word changes include extension, narrowing, and
degeneration. It means that Indonesian people borrows foreign words, whose
concept is adopted to the Indonesian. So, it also means that it is also adopted to
the social condition in some place.
The writer has found that there are 16 loanblend words. Those words are
still popular and arbiter in the Indonesian environment. She has also found that all
25 words are included into loanshift type, because they are taken from foreign
language.
B. Suggestion
Through this paper based on the analysis above, the writer would like to
suggest to whom are interested in study of English lexical borrowings, especially
register or jargon in tourism field. When she gets a word in tourism field, she can
look for the change of meaning from one language to other language. Of course, it
is intended to improve his knowledge of linguistics study.
The study of English lexical borrowing is still very rare, especially in
tourism field. As student, the writer just suggest the students of English
Department, the Faculty of Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University
Jakarta, to research lexical borrowings in various cultural studies, not only
tourism field, for instance in culture, education, sport, technology, etc.

65
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1

Human beings as a part of the culture cannot be disassociated with others,

That happens to the terms of Indonesian language especially as result of

knowledge and technology development, and using register marks. It can be

defined either narrowly or broadly, but it is narrowly and commonly perceived as

jargon such as the tourism fields.

Definition of language itself is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used by

human being for cooperation, communication and identification of himself. 2

Moreover, language is a basic tool of communication. People can communicate

Based on the definition above, the language functions for communicating

Ontogenetic. Bahasa bagian dari kebudayaan disebut dengan Filogenetik. 3

(Language as the part of culture is called as Filogenetic), and seseorang belajar

kebudayaan melalui bahasa disebut dengan Ontogenetic. 4 (A person that learns

Moreover, a person uses a language to express his idea and feeling. It is

communication of the language has many varieties like health, economics,

political languages, etc. This is named as register; it is the part of language

the second is register defining as variety according to the use. 5

The other variety is named as register, such as agriculture, forestry, police,

register is called as jargon. So, register is a specific vocabulary associated with

the foreign words.

popular in Indonesian; it is taken from Dutch fabriek and in English named as

register terms in Indonesia that is created by Indonesian people whether it is from

Dutch, French, Latin, Arab, or English, because language is elastic one.

Sometimes it will change.

As the writer concerns, this paper discusses tourism register Indonesia

commonly in modern era. Immediately, Indonesian accepts the English words,

a spelling is same as the Indonesian language.

actually borrowed term, which a pronunciation is same as the Indonesian language

during several different towns or countries. By adding –ist as derivation of suffix,

from a place to other places for finding pleasure.

Halim has opinions about English as follows;

1. Bahasa Inggris merupakan mata pelajaran wajib di lembaga pendidikan,

sehingga lebih dikenal. (English is the primary lesson in educational

context, so it is more popular than other languages)

2. Bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa asing yang diutamakan sebagai sarana

komunikasi resmi antara Indonesia dengan Negara lainnya. (English is

the foreign language used by Indonesian people for communication with

3. Sebagaian besar kepustakaan dalam bidang ilmu pengetahuan dan

technology are written in English)

4. Bahasa Inggris adalah salah satu bahasa resmi dilingkungan PBB.

(English is one of formal language in the United Nation)

5. Bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa kerja di kalangan bangsa-bangsa di Asia

Tenggara. 8 (English is daily language of societies in Southeast Asian

many aspects whether it is in education, politics, economics, arts, and also

In this case, especially in the application of the meaning in English or

to semantics change or changes of meaning. So then, semantics change can result

the borrowings. Perubahahan makna adalah perubahan makna kata dalam

with other languages).

The meaning change is a necessary to say something about the way in

disassociated to each other. Meaning of words and the way of meanings

development is known as semantics; whereas etymology of semantics is a study of

sense development often pursue certain well-marked tendencies. More common of

these are named as extension of meaning, narrowing of meaning, degeneration

and regeneration, which those will be discussed in Chapter II.

Therefore, the writer as student of Humanities Faculty would like to do

research on the analysis of tourism register in English lexical borrowings into

English lexical borrowings of tourism field, which is popular in the social

environment by using those terms in tourism field.

English lexical borrowing of tourism field accepted as Indonesian words. She