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INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

DOING PHILOSOPHY OLIVER FELTHAM

★ The best philosophy historians today.
- - -

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? ★ He provides a different understanding and

clarification of how this thauma can be
- -

FROM MUTHOS TO LOGOS translated.

-

★ Philosophy began at the end of the 6th ★ Thauma means “wonder”.

-

Century happened in Ancient Greece

★ Philosophy came from greek word: Philein FELTHAM’S IDEA ABOUT STUPEFACTION
stupefied =
confused
-
which means “love” and Sophia which
>
-
★ When a person is stupefied, that person is
>
means “wisdom”. placed in a position of confusion.
-

★ Philosophers became the talk of the town ★ It becomes reinforcement to be completely

⑱\

Philein- wisdom
in Athens because of the works of Hesiod
-
mesmerized and thereby pushing oneself
Sophia Lou and Homer to ask.
★ Work and Days by Hesiod written as poem ★ Stupefaction should lead one to question
-

published around 700 BCE ★ Questioning becomes indication that real

- -

★ It is the idea of man’s fate being indebted and genuine knowledge does not end in
to the gods ork day
-
and
- awe.
★ The iliad and The Odyssey works of Homer unhealthy septicism
--
-

★ Doubt pushes us to question many things

-
dorbis

Philosophy’s realization to itself is shaped by its to see that a greater reason is being veiled
reaction to literature. In a more particular claim, it by what seems to appear before us.
was a transition from the Greek’s penchant for ★ Not all doubts are healthy some could lead
Story-muzhos story (muthos) to reason (logos). At the heart of to skepticism.
philosophy’s beginning was a radical shift to
logos reason
knowing that the origin of the world might not
-

SKEPTICISM
come from some mythic explanation but from a ★ Wherein everything is put into inquiry
more rational, more ground fact. This then proves
without any goal of grounding and could
that making sense of the world has a clear basis - -

and reason. lead to being myopic.

- - -

MYOPIC
STUPEFACTION, QUESTIONING AND PERENNIAL ★ A perspective that is in direct contrast to
- -

SEARCH the spirit of philosophy.

★ Philosophy started in 857 BCE in a town
called Miletus ALLAN BADIOU
★ Miletus was a seaport town and was ★ A french contemporary philosopher said
considered to be the center of many
that, a philosophical question that touch
things, including business and commerce. -

★ Miletus had the same importance in upon matters related to three things:
- - -

antiquity. (a) Choice <

C M, L
★ First philosophers were said to be (b) Meaning L ,

Milesians. (c) Life

doa i
3

★ Philosophy began in wonder.

★ The first philosophers real question was
- - WHAT PYTHAGORAS TAUGHT US CONCERNING
about the astonishment at the wonders THE TELOS OF PHILOSOPHY AND SOME
they observed. CONTEMPORARY POLEMICS
★ This is the reason why the first problems
related to philosophy were cosmological in ★ Pythagoras (570-495 BCE) might be more
the nature and why the first philosophers familiar to mathematicians.
were cosmologist.
★ His contribution to philosophical
discourse is crucial. Pythagoras marked a
radical shift from the mythic to the
-

rational.
>
-
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INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

★ His invention that the world PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE OF ALL THINGS THROUGH
is governed by a principle that only ITS ULTIMATE CAUSES ACQUIRED THROUGH THE USE
numbers can provide is as radical OF NATURAL REASON
★ Philosophy is not an activity that is left to
as Copernicus saying that the
either chance or pure faith. Philosophizing
Earth is not the center of the
is an activity without help other than
universe during the Renaissance.
itself; hence, it is done only by the use of
reason, unalloyed and unadulterated.
WHAT IS PYTHAGORAS EXACT TAKE ON
PHILOSOPHY?
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING PHILOSOPHY
★ It can be summarized by his actual idea of
The significance of philosophy is not on its
Philosophus.
demonstration of knowledge but in its capacity to
★ Philosophus - everyone is a philosopher. focus on the possibilities that might be lost in
The term is more of a challenge for anyone the full understanding of what is being taught
who dares to study philosophy. because that knowledge could be confirmation of
★ Pythagoras sees a philosophus as one’s ignorance. The significance of philosophy is
“someone who, in all his might pursues to recognize that the answer is not yet complete.
wisdom”.
WHAT ONE CAN LEARN FROM SOPHIE’S WORLD
REAL DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
★ Jostein Gardner’s Sophie’s World, written
to great acclaim Norway
PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE
★ Philosophy is in fact scientific. The science ★ Translated into English in 1994.
being spoken here is neither limited to Novel has two narrative sequences:
physical nor natural sciences only. The 1. One is the sequence of the unreal, that is,
science here is philosophy’s own a Sophie Amundsen that exists in the
discipline to observe the rigors of science. world. There is also the teacher who writes
her letters, Alberto Knox.
PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE OF ALL THINGS 2. The other is the sequence of real, that
★ Philosophy’s object is literally everything there is only one Sophie Amundsen and
and every-thing. It means that philosophy her father and mother. The first sequence
can study anything under the sun as long and the persons found there are but
as the subject is able to generate possible fictional characters.
ideas. Philosophy can even study
something that is not yet possible to be Sophie’s world is a world of both the possible and
known. impossible, and that as persons, like her, we also
live in these zones of both the discernible and the
PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE OF ALL THINGS THROUGH indiscernible.
ITS ULTIMATE CAUSES AND PRINCIPLES
★ Studying any object in philosophy is no In the end, what we can all learn from Sophie is
simple matter. Philosophy is not satisfied the very question asked of her, a question that
with answers that can be given via yes or has been staple of truth even from the time of
no. It is also not obsessed with providing Socrates, “Who am I?”
the answer right away.
“Sapagkat ang Pilosopiya ay ginagawa.”
Roque Ferriols, Pambungad sa Metapisika
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INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

METHODS OF LOGIC
PHILOSOPHIZING ★ A person is called every day to reason and
to decide on matters that actually demand
PLATO’S SCISSION AND PHILOSOPHY’S NEED his/her better judgement.
FOR A METHOD
ELEMENTS OF CRITICAL THINKING
★ The demarcation between mytheme (ideas
that are based on stories) and matheme 1. Independent Thinking
(ideas that are based on reason) is still 2. Proactive Thinking
tangled. 3. Contextual Thinking
★ If there is a timeline, it has to be Plato’s 4. Creative Thinking
critique of imitation (outlined in his 5. Collaborative Thinking
famous book The Republic).
CRITICAL THINKING
PLATO’S SCISSION OUT OF THE MYTHEME IS ★ In philosophy, the person does not just
PIVOTAL FOR TWO REASONS: accept things as they are but asks
questions to the point of gathering and
1. Philosophy’s method cannot anymore be a
uncovering the best argument possible.
hybrid or a pseudo of a genre of literature.
2. Philosophy’s method must be consistent
1. INDEPENDENT THINKING
after making its own site and field of ★ Thinking is not just embodying the truth
investigation. but also embodying that truth-for-you
which you believe in.
THE LOGIC OF THE EVERYDAY: BEING CRITICAL
AND A PROBLEM-SOLVER
2. PROACTIVE THINKING
★ To actively anticipate and prepare for
★ The question on method and its
potential objections in their arguments or
connection to philosophy’s pursuit has led
positions and to execute contingent plans
philosophers to either follow a particular
if one fails.
school of thought or develop an original
system.
3. CONTEXTUAL THINKING
★ The philosophies are named as systems
★ It provides the necessary framework of
because the specific thinker offers an
thought and clarifies the actual range of
elaborate philosophical world with its own
thought.
Ontology, Epistemology, Ethics, Aesthetics,
and Logic.
4. CREATIVE THINKING
★ Great thinkers are also master stylists
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY because they can represent the truth in a
manner where they could be seen in a
1. ONTOLOGY: Theory of reality and the nature different light.
of being.
2. EPISTEMOLOGY: Theory of Knowledge. 5. COLLABORATIVE THINKING
3. ETHICS: Theory of what is right or wrong. ★ To think is always to think in close
4. AESTHETICS: Theory about the nature and collaboration with others. It is also a
valuation of what is beautiful. manifestation of the relational aspect of
thought, communion, and participation.
5. LOGIC: Theory of correct reasoning and
sound thinking.
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INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

EPISTEMOLOGY 5. THEORY OF AXIOMS

★ A study on the theory of knowledge, it ★ Axiomatic reasoning mediates the world
explores diverse manners and ways by through the principle of mathematics,
which truth can be achieved and noting the implications of principles on
generated. reality and truth.
★ The term "axiom" originated from the
THEORIES ON KNOWLEDGE Greek word "axios," meaning "worthy" or
"fitting."
1. Theory of Realism ★ Fundamental principles or statements
that are considered self-evidently true and
2. Theory of Relativism
serve as the foundation for reasoning or
3. Theory of Pragmatism argumentation.
4. Theory of Phenomenology
5. Theory of Axioms

1. THEORY OF REALISM
★ One of the oldest epistemological systems
that dates back from Aristotle. HUMAN PERSON
★ Truth is the adequation between what is EMBODIED AND
EXISTENTIAL
SUBJECTIVITY
outside the mind (reality) and inside the
mind (subject).
★ Objects move in actual spaces where time
MOTIVATION
is real and measurable.
MINDFULNESS EXERCISE (adapted from Mindful
2. THEORY OF RELATIVISM Journaling by Tara Ward, 2017)
★ The basis of truth is always related to the
subjective intervention of any RATIONALE
phenomenon. ★ Identify where stress emerges in your body
★ Hence, the truth for one person may not be and use mindfulness to release it.
the truth for the other. Because humans are complex and diverse,
we all have distinct places where we store
3. THEORY OF PRAGMATISM tension.
★ Often viewed as an American philosophy,
emphasizes that truth should have WHAT TO DISCOVER
★ Knowing where stress goes in your body
practical consequences.
★ Practical consequences have to be WHAT TO DO
beneficial in order to justify the 1. Stop and focus on your breathing the next
truthfulness. time you feel yourself tensing up.
★ What appears as truth also has to work as 2. Close your eyes and mentally examine
truth. your body.
3. Where do you feel the tenseness or pain?
★ Theories alone are not enough, it should
4. When you become aware, focus your
have real and concrete implications. breathing on that region, imagining that
each out-breath carries to the stiff
4. THEORY OF PHENOMENOLOGY location and progressively relaxes it.
★ Founded by a German philosopher named 5. The more aware you are of your stress
Edmund Husserl. points, the easier it is to release tension.
★ Usually referred to as the theory of Make a list of places where tension
appearances that is essential to objective appears and look for patterns.
or empirical knowledge.

“To see the world anew and again as if for the first
time.”
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GUIDE QUESTIONS: SOCRATES

1. How did you discover the activity? ★ Socrates placed a premium on the value of
-

2. What makes it harder for you to locate thinking or the life of thought.
your stress points? ★ Human beings have a SOUL (psyche or
3. How did you deal with your stress before
mind), which is the fundamental attribute
learning about and participating in this
activity? of being human.
4. How does stress impact you? How did you ★ The nature of this soul is non
-

feel after you completed the exercise? materialistic, and it is imperceptible to/by
5. Can you see a link between your mind and senses.
body?
EXAMPLE:
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES ON THE HUMAN
ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN THE WORKPLACE:
PERSON
In the workplace, employees often face ethical
dilemmas.
ANCIENT CONCEPTION ON THE HUMAN PERSON
★ Socrates’ philosophy suggests that
ANCIENT NOTION OF THE HUMAN PERSON BY reflecting on principles like justice and
ANCIENT GREECE integrity can help navigate these
★ Earliest Philosophical situations. Making ethical choices may
cosmos
-

universe
=

thoughts centered on the

-
involve standing up against wrongdoing,
nature and observation of the advocating for fairness, or prioritizing
cosmos “Universe” stakeholders' well-being over short-term
★ Pre-Socratic thinkers are gains.
generally called “natural
thinkers” SOCRATES
★ Their primary goal was to know
-
★ Man’s Soul as Arete, or the seat of human
-

and discover the physical excellence, was the starting point of

-

world through empirical Socrates anthropology

observation and conjectures. ★ Socrates prioritized the INNER LIFE rather
★ This period was the discovery than the sense of worldly existence of the
of nature (physis) individual.
★ Greek Philosopher, Socrates, changed the
philosophical landscape. HOW TO ACHIEVE ARETE?
★ When a person is well-trained and
SOCRATES educated, he/she places a premium on the
“The unexamined life is not worth living” individual’s mind (Soul) or inner life.
EXAMPLE: ★ Such life is called to live a life of virtue.
1. A person who feels unhappy in their
corporate job takes time to think about -
PLATO
“Knowing the Good entails doing the right thing”
what truly matters to them.
★ Knowing the Good entails doing the right
2. They realize their job doesn't match their
thing.
passions, so they explore other options.
★ In order to become a person of excellent
3. Eventually, they find a career in
character, one must understand the
environmental advocacy that aligns with -

necessary and sufficient conditions,

their values, leading to a fulfilling and - -

namely, knowing what is good for the

purposeful life. -

nourishment and cultivation of the mind

4. This reflects Socrates' idea that thinking - -

and putting it into practice by living well.

about what's important makes life -

meaningful.
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INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

PLATO ★ In contrast, an unhappy life is a disordered

★ The philosophical anthropology of Plato is life dominated by vices.
centered of the cultivation of the soul
(psyche/mind). ARISTOTLE
★ Human person is a composite substance
★ The Soul is the real and true nature of the
and form which complements one
human person. The body is just the prison another.
cell of the soul. ★ Only a person can have a soul with rational
★ The soul must be trained, cultivated, and qualities since the rational soul of a
educated. person exists above the sentiment and
nutritive souls, as it performs more
PLATO complex actions such as thinking,
imagining, speaking, feeling etc.
THREE PARTS OF THE HUMAN SOUL Ex. Animals and plants must have souls but only
RATIONAL SOUL (nous) a person can have a soul with rational qualities.
★ Represents the guiding part toward the ★ A rational person is someone who can
truth, weighing situations rationally and make logical conclusions and go through
the usual mental process of assessing the
determining what is best or true based on
benefits and drawbacks of a course of
the right kind of knowledge. action or decision without being
influenced by emotions.
SPIRITED SOUL (thymos)
★ Represents the noble part and is the heart MEDIEVAL CONCEPTION ON THE HUMAN PERSON
of the soul. ★ The word “medieval” in
medieval philosophy,
APPETITIVE SOUL which literally means
“the in-between time,”
★ Represents the soul’s
refers to modern
pleasure-centeredness and bodily philosophers’ inclination to move from
fulfillment. Aristotle’s philosophy to the Renaissance.
★ At this time, the supreme goal of human
SUMMARY beings was to contemplate God and follow
his will. As a result, human nature would
FOR SOCRATES AND PLATO eventually conform to the Natural law as a
★ Knowing the difference between good and mandate of reason.
bad (right or wrong) does not make a
MODERN CONCEPTION ON THE HUMAN PERSON
person virtuous. For them, the root of evil
★ The modern period, beginning in the 16th
is ignorance. century, was the age of scientific
★ The Solution or the way to overcome evil or discoveries and enlightenment. Science
this tendency is knowledge of the GOOD. and mathematics advanced and
Knowledge (or knowing the Good) is not progressed during this period.
enough; one must also live well. ★ It emphasized the importance and power
of reason. Truth may be discovered only
ARISTOTLE through the application of reason.
“Knowing truly the Good means doing the Good ★ The concentration of philosophy during
habitually” this period was on philosophical
★ True knowledge is practical. Man’s anthropology, that is, it focused on the
ultimate perfection and happiness consist nature and role of consciousness and
of wisdom and virtue rational will in understanding and
interpreting reality in particular.
★ A good and happy life is a well-ordered
one, guided by and lives in accordance
with reason.
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INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

CONTEMPORARY CONCEPTION ON THE HUMAN 3. Transcendental Phenomenological Reduction

PERSON ★ Refers to the psychological reduction of
FREIDRICH NIETZSCHE the object of inquiry in the consciousness
in relation to the intersubjective realm of
★ For Nietzsche, despite the
meaning.
purposelessness of life, humans have an
immanent capacity and inherent creativity
GABRIEL MARCEL
to surpass life’s absurdities and
★ Well-known French thinker and Christian
difficulties.
existentialist who advocated the
★ To surpass human facticity, one must rise
phenomenological method.
above one’s current condition and
★ His philosophical career toward
“breath” to find meaning in this
phenomenology was influenced by
purposeless existence.
Husserl, but he made this method a bit
simpler and more straightforward.
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
★ He provide the fundamental structure of HE IDENTIFIED TWO KINDS OF PHILOSOPHICAL
human experience. He argued that REFLECTION IN ORDER TO ADDRESS THE PROBLEM
knowledge is essentially based on AND MYSTERY OF BEING:
perceptual experience.
1. Primary Reflection
THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED ★ is a way of thinking that examines its
SUBJECTIVITY subject by applying abstraction,
generalization, impartiality, and analytic
EDMUND HUSSERL assessment. Its primary function is to
★ The German mathematician, pioneered a identify, analyze, and solve problems
new method and founded a school of objectively, without being involved in the
phenomenology. actual process.
★ This method was a radical shift from the
traditional dualistic conception of reality, 2. Secondary Reflection
as well as a stern critique and philosopher ★ Is a way of thinking that understands a
★ For him, the dualistic distinction between subject while using concrete examples,
the “mind” and the “body” is the representative models, tangible objects,
consequence of willful ignorance or flawed and synthetic assessment. Its primary
analysis. objective is to unite or recover the original
and authentic experience.
THE ACCURATE DESCRIPTION OF REALITY IS THE
BASIS OF TRUTH. TO GET AN ACCURATE DESCRIPTION THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EXISTENTIAL
OF REALITY, HE INTRODUCED THREE SUBJECT
PHENOMENOLOGICAL STEPS:
JEAN-PAUL SARTE
1. Epoche’ ★ He was the first known self-professed
★ is a phenomenological attitude that is free thinker to declare himself an existentialist
of empirical biases and scientific atheist
presuppositions. ★ Existentialism can be viewed in two
related ways.
2. Eidetic Reduction ● Which is the idea that individuals create
★ Refers to the reduction of the object of their own meaning in life.
inquiry or observation to its essence 1. Philosophical Approach
(eidos). It means that one must be able to ★ Understanding human existence
see the difference between reality
(essential/necessary) and mere fantasy 2. Philosophical Movement
(non-essential/contingency) ★ Attitude on how one can make sense of
human existence
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INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

★ From an essentialist point of view, life has JOHN LOCKE “FATHER OF LIBERALISM”
a prior cause and has a determinate AD 1632 - 1704
source of meaning. “all men and women are created equal by God.”
★ For Plato, all things have an essential Two treatises of Government (1689)
property or form. ★ Freedom should be exercised by all human
★ For Aristotle, all objects have an essential being since it is off the divine cradle.
substance relative to their functionality ★ Explained freedom in the context of Social
★ From an existentialist point of view, the Contract - People give up a degree of
human person is an existentialist Subject. freedom in exchange of security and
It places more value on individual protection (Theory on the relationship of
existence and individual choice. people and the government)
★ For existentialist, finding meaning in life
is more important than knowing one’s JOHN STUART MILL
Purpose since the latter cannot be fully AD 1806 - 1873
determined by any human being in a “Pumili ng nakabubuti para sa mas nakararami”
lifetime On liberty (1859)
★ “The only freedom which deserves the
name, is that of pursuing our own good in
our own way, so long as we do not attempt
to deprive others of their or impede their
HUMAN FREEDOM effort to obtain it”
★ The freedom to seek one’s own happiness
INTRODUCTION is a Summum Bonum for every person and
“Two Concepts of Liberty” can only be violated if the effect of one’s
Isaiah Berlin (1909 - 1997) freedom harms another person.
★ Utilitarianism - “Greatest good for the
POSITIVE FREEDOM greatest number of people”
★ Includes the power to self-govern and
self-determine which course of action is POSITIVE FREEDOM
necessary and important for a person. Self - Rule
“self mastery, that is being your own master”
NEGATIVE FREEDOM ★ The notion of freedom is quite difficult to
★ the absence of external control, coercion, distinguish from its "real self" with an
or oppressive powers that enable the external reality, i.e., collective will. society,
individual to exercise freedom with state, church, and/or God, and legitimize
authority and sovereignty.
the moral value or coercion as a necessary
NEGATIVE FREEDOM condition to the exercise of freedom.
Absence of Arbitrary Coercion ★ According to Berlin, exercising freedom on
★ Political philosophers that has strong behalf of someone else's "real life" is a
advocates for the reasonable limitation of dishonorable act or a moral pretense.
freedom
TRADITIONAL COMPORTMENTS OF FREEDOM
Self-mastery is best achieved when one lessens or
THOMAS HOBBES abstains from the desires of the flesh.
AD 1568 - 1679 ★ The mind should be attuned to a more
“war of every man against every man” stable and authentic object, something
Human being are, by nature, greedy and selfish that transcends the concrete and finds
★ This is fundamentally grounded and illumination in that state of being.
stirred by one’s craving for wealth and ★ “Mindfulness and conscientious effort are
power. the keys to enlightened self”
★ In this case people therefore should not be ● Buddhism
trusted to make decision on their own.\ ● Stoicism
★ This ruler must be authoritative (A ● Asceticism
LEVIATHAN)
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INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

IMMANUEL KANT DETERMINISM

“Goodwill is the rational will of the individual” All actions or events that occur are (directly or
Metaphysics of Morals (1797) indirectly) influenced or conditioned by prior
★ Freedom based on his discourse on Moral causes or reasons.
Philosophy - Contemplates what is right ★ Two major kinds of determinism
and wrong. ★ Soft determinism
★ Categorical Imperative - state that one ★ Hard determinism
must act only according to that maxim
which an individual can become a DIRECT INFLUENCE
universal law. (Rational, Supreme and ★ Tuwing ala-singko ng hapon si Anna ay
Absolute) naglalakad lakad sa park upang
★ It can be known through a Priori Rational makapag-distress galing sa trabaho.
reflection of the individual.
INDIRECT INFLUENCE
JEAN - JACQUES ROUSSEAU ★ Ngayong araw si Anna ay nag decide
“Men are born free, yet everywhere are in chains” munang hindi maglakad lakad sa park
Social Contract (1762) dahil sa pagod mula sa trabaho.
★ Only a legitimate government that has the
consent of the people can hold authority This example illustrates how even seemingly free
and empower the citizens to enter a social actions can be influenced or conditioned by
contract for the sake of Mutual Protection. factors beyond our immediate awareness.
★ To restore peace, people enter into a social
contract by forming a civil society. SOFT DETERMINISM
COMPATIBILISM
EXISTENTIALIST NOTION OF FREEDOM ★ Assumes that we are determined by
Freedom as responsibility certain factors or prior causes, yet we are
★ There is no predetermined meaning or at the same time free.
cosmic mediation that would render Classical Representative of this theory:
fullness of meaning in life. ● St. Augustine
★ The choice that we make determine the ● Baruch Spinoza
kind of life we create. ● Friedrich Schleiermacher

JEAN - PAUL SARTRE Imagine you're already riding on a jeep going to

1905 - 1980 school, then unexpectedly nasiraan ang jeep na
“Existence precedes essence” sinasakyan mo and because of that factor
“We are all doomed to be free” ma-le-late ka sa class mo.
★ We are inherently free to make choices
and determine our own paths in life. In Soft Determinism, while external factors
★ Freedom qualifiedly called “Freedom” only (nasiraan ang jeep) influence your
if we are responsible for the decision and behavior/action you still have some degree of
action that it makes. freedom to choose or decide within those
★ Existentialism is a Humanism - mean constraints.
humans must exist first before he/she
creates his/her essence. Now, you decided to ride on another jeep.

FREEDOM AND DETERMINISM Soft determinism acknowledges that external

★ Freedom and determinism create an factors shape our choices, but it also recognizes
antimony that can further be that we still have some freedom to respond to
differentiated as free will and those factors in various ways.
incompatibilism.
★ In scientific discourse, freedom is viewed HARD DETERMINISM
as something illusory since there is no INCOMPATIBILISM
way we can prove or disprove it. ★ Assumes that freedom and determinism
★ This principle is oftentimes called are irreconcilable since all actions are
Determinism. causally determined either by natural law
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INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

or certain preconditions that are found in Can you think of a time when you felt
society, environment, or family upbringing. psychologically free, and what factors contributed
Classical Representative of this theory: to that sense of freedom?
● David Hume
● Baron Von Holbach In a classroom set up you notice that one of the
group is gossiping and you heard offensive
comments about you. What would you do? How
Consider another simple example of a man who is would you respond calmly without being
driving erratically and meets with an accident overwhelmed by anger?
due to an ongoing collision with a tree.
So, instead na mag react tayo impulsively, let us
freely express our feelings and set boundaries in
respectful manners.

In Psychological Freedom It's about being true to

yourself and maintaining emotional resilience,
even in challenging situations.

MORAL FREEDOM
“Wala tayong choice, nangyari na.” ★ Absence of constraint through the
punitive and oppressive force of moral
SIX TYPES OF FREEDOM imperative.
● Physical Freedom ★ Capacity to choose the good and direct
● Moral Freedom one’s action toward the good and avoid
● Political Freedom the wicked.
● Psychological Freedom
● Social Freedom ● How do you think Moral Freedom
● Existential Freedom influences your decisions and actions in
everyday life?
PHYSICAL FREEDOM ● Can you think of a specific situation where
★ Means freedom from external imperatives you had to make a moral choice, and how
or any oppressive forces that restrict the did your understanding of moral freedom
individual. Capacity to choose in a certain play a role in that decision?
situation.
★ Absence of physical restraint Priscilla is faced with a moral dilemma at work.
★ Free to move wherever he/she goes. She discovers that her colleague has been
unfairly taking credit for her ideas and work,
Imagine you're on vacation at a beautiful beach which has resulted in a promotion for her
resort. What activities would you do for the whole colleague. She is torn between confronting her
vacation? colleague about the situation or remaining silent
to avoid conflict.
Naranasan mo na ba ang kumilos ayon sa gusto
mong gawin? Her decision is guided by her own moral compass
and sense of integrity. She will prioritize honesty,
PSYCHOLOGICAL FREEDOM fairness, and accountability, which are values
★ The capacity of the individual to choose that she holds dear. Rather than compromising
anything when all the vital conditions are her principles for personal gain or convenience,
perceived and present in any given she chooses to uphold her ethical beliefs.
situation.
★ Also called freedom of choice. SOCIAL FREEDOM
★ Absence of mental, emotional, or spiritual ★ Is not just independence for social
coercion or pressure. determinism; it is a particular way of
appropriating or exercising of
“Choose the right and wise” individualism assimilation of freedom in
society.
REVIEWER
INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

● Can you think of a time when you felt ● Can you think of a time when you felt a
socially free, and what factors contributed sense of existential freedom, and what
to that sense of freedom? factors contributed to that feeling?
● How do you think social freedom impacts ● How do you think existential freedom
your relationships and sense of belonging influences your sense of purpose and
within your community? direction in life?

Imagine you're a teenager who loves to express “You are responsible for your own actions.”
yourself through your fashion choices. You have a
unique sense of style and enjoy experimenting Let say, today is your Exam at hindi ka nakapag
with different clothing and accessories. review. You have the freedom to decide kung
anong gagawin mo. Mag cheat ka para mataas
But you’re living in a conservative community, ang makuha mong score sa exam but possible na
wherein there's a strict dress code enforced by makita ka ng proctor or mag take ng risk kahit
your community, and the neighborhood will judge mababa ang score na makukuha mo.
you if you dress too unconventionally.
SOME COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS ON FREEDOM
Despite this pressure, you feel strongly about ● Subjective Freedom
expressing yourself authentically through your ● Transcendental Freedom
clothing. You believe that everyone should have ● Scientistic Freedom
the freedom to dress in a way that makes them ● Popularist Freedom
feel comfortable and confident.
SUBJECTIVE FREEDOM
POLITICAL FREEDOM ★ Doing “freely” what one wishes.
★ Is often linked with the notion of liberty ★ Define freedom as open, unreserved, and
and autonomy. unrestricted in every way.
★ Such civil liberties and natural rights,
when executed and applied properly Can you think of a situation where your
without any unjustified intervention by subjectivist viewpoint on freedom might lead to
government, are deemed free and conflicting interests or outcomes?
autonomous.
★ Example: Right to speak freely, right to
vote, right to own property, right to TRANSCENDENTAL FREEDOM
worship etc. ★ This notion of freedom presupposes God's
celestial gift to humanity.
How do you believe individuals can exercise their ★ This transcendental presumption of
political freedoms to create positive change in freedom inevitably creates an arbitrary
their communities?" representation of the human condition.
★ “God gave me a reason bakit ko to pinili”
Let's say you want to speak about the issue of the
Jeepney phase out and you organized a peaceful Can you share a story where you think that your
protest in your community to raise awareness decision or choices were made by God or caused
and advocate for action. by Divine?

This means that we are free to organize protests SCIENTISTIC FREEDOM

or demonstrations and join political parties or ★ This definition of freedom is strictly
advocacy groups without fear of persecution or deterministic.
reprisal from the government. ★ Freedom does not exist; rather, it is just a
misnomer.
EXISTENTIAL FREEDOM ★ For example, nag plano ka na sa sabado ay
★ Being free implies assuming maglalakad lakad ka sa umaga, ayun nga
responsibility for one’s actions. lang pagdating ng sabado ng umaga
★ Being responsible implies being umulan.
accountable for others as well.
POPULIST FREEDOM
REVIEWER
INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

★ A political doctrine and strategy at the

same time which highlights the views and
sides of the public in a dishonest and
cunning way.
★ The rule of emotion and affective appeal is
an effective strategy to persuade people.
★ For example, imagine a political leader
who uses emotional appeals and simple
slogans to attract supporters, even if their
promises are unrealistic or dishonest. This
is what populism looks like in action.

GOODLUCK PO SA EXAM!!
- Marie