————————————————————————————————–

Network Programming and Simulation Lab

(ICT 3165)

V Semester : B.Tech Information Technology (IT)

Year : August 2020

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DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MANIPAL
Contents

1 Course Objectives, Outcomes and Evaluation Plan 1

2 Instructions to Students 2

3 Lab No. 1: Introduction to Socket Programming 4

4 Lab No. 2: File Operations using Socket Programming 33

5 Lab No. 3: Chat Server using Socket Programming 37

6 Lab No. 4: Database and DNS using Socket Programming 45

7 Lab No. 5: Multiple Clients Communication using Socket Programming 51

8 Lab No. 6: Token Bus and Token Ring using Socket Programming 58

9 Lab No. 7: Application Development using Socket Programming 64

10 Lab No. 8: Prototyping the Network Model using Packet Tracer 69

11 Lab No. 9: Basic Topologies using Packet Tracer 77

12 Lab No. 10: Routing Protocols using Packet Tracer 91

13 Lab No. 11: DHCP and NAT using Packet Tracer 102

14 Lab No. 12: Wireless Topology and VOIP using Packet Tracer 114

15 References 123
Course Objectives, Outcomes and Evaluation

Plan

Course Objectives

• To learn client server socket programming.

• To learn network concepts using packet tracer.

Course Outcomes

• Implement client server socket programming.

• Simulate the network concepts using packet tracer.

Evaluation Plan

• Split up of 60 marks for Regular Lab Evaluation

– Execution: 2 Marks

– Record: 4 Marks

– Evaluation: 4 Marks

• End Semester Lab evaluation: 40 marks (Duration 2 hrs)

– Program write-up: 20 Marks

– Program execution: 20 Marks

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Instructions to Students

Pre-Lab Session Instructions

1. Students should carry the Lab Manual Book and the required stationery to every lab

session

2. Be in time and follow the institution dress code

3. Must sign in the log register provided

4. Make sure to occupy the allotted seat and answer the attendance

5. Adhere to the rules and maintain the decorum

In- Lab Session Instructions

1. Follow the instructions on the allotted exercises

2. Show the program and results to the instructors on completion of experiments

3. Prescribed textbooks and class notes can be kept ready for reference if required

General Instructions for the exercises in Lab

• Implement the given exercise individually and not in a group.

• The programs should meet the following criteria:

– Programs should be interactive with appropriate prompt messages, error

messages if any, and descriptive messages for outputs.

– Comments should be used to give the statement of the problem.

– The statements within the program should be properly indented

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 Instructions to Students

• Plagiarism (copying from others) is strictly prohibited and would invite severe

penalty in evaluation.

• In case a student misses a lab, he/ she must ensure that the experiment is completed

before the next evaluation with the permission of the faculty concerned.

• Students missing out the lab for genuine reasons like conference, sports or activities

assigned by the Department or Institute will have to take prior permission from the

HOD to attend additional lab (with another batch) and complete it before the student

goes on leave. The student could be awarded marks for the write up for that day

provided he submits it during the immediate next lab.

• Students who feel sick should get permission from the HOD for evaluating the lab

records. However, attendance will not be given for that lab.

• Students will be evaluated only by the faculty with whom they are registered even

though they carry out additional experiments in another batch.

• The presence of the student during the lab end semester exams is mandatory even if

the student assumes he has scored enough to pass the examination

• Minimum attendance of 75

• If the student loses his book, he/she will have to rewrite all the lab details in the lab

record.

• Questions for lab tests and examination are not necessarily limited to the questions in

the manual, but may involve some variations and / or combinations of the questions.

The students should NOT

• Bring mobile phones or any other electronic gadgets to the lab.

• Go out of the lab without permission.

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Lab No. 1: Introduction to Socket Programming

Objectives

• To illustrate the significance of socket programming

• To recognize basic socket function calls by performing simple client server

operations

Introduction

Computer network is a communication network in which a collection of computers are

connected together to facilitate data exchange .The connection between the computers can

be wired or wireless. A computer network basically comprises of 5 components as shown

in Figure.

• Sender

• Receiver

• Message

• Transmission medium

• Protocols

Components of data communication

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

Client Server Architecture

Communication in computer networks follows a client server model as illustrated in

Figure. Here, a machine (referred as client) makes a request to connect to another machine

(called as server) for providing some service. The services running on the server run on

known ports (application identifiers) and the client needs to know the address of the server

machine and this port in order to connect to the server. On the other hand, the server

does not need to know about the address or the port of the client at the time of connection

initiation. The first packet which the client sends as a request to the server contains these

information about the client which are further used by the server to send any information.

Client (Active Open) acts as the active device which makes the first move to establish the

connection whereas the server (Passive Open) passively waits for such requests from some

client.

Illustration of Client Server Model

Basics of Socket Programming

In UNIX, whenever there is a need for inter process communication within the same

machine, we use mechanism like signals or pipes. Similarly, when we desire a

communication between two applications possibly running on different machines, we

need sockets. A network socket is an endpoint for sending or receiving data at a single

node in a computer network that supports full duplex transmission.

Sockets are created and used with a set of programming requests or ”function calls”

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

sometimes called the sockets Application Programming Interface (API). The most

common sockets API is the Berkeley UNIX C interface for sockets which are the

interfaces between applications layer and the transport layer that acts as a virtual

connection between two processes. Each socket is identified by an address so that

processes can connect to them.

Socket = IP Address + Port Number

Types of Communication Services

The data transfer between client and server application initiated by socket APIs can be

achieved either by using connection oriented or connectionless services.

• Connection Oriented Communication :In connection oriented service a connection

has to be established between two devices before starting the communication to

allocate the resources needed to aid the data transfer. Then the message transfer

takes place until the connection is released. This type of communication is

characterized by a high level of reliability in terms of the number and the sequence

of bytes. It is analogous to the telephone network.

• Connectionless Communication: In connectionless the data is transferred in one

direction from source to destination without checking that destination is still there

or not or if it prepared to accept the message. Authentication is not needed in this. It

is analogous to the postal service where Packets (letters) are sent at a time to a

particular destination.

Based on the two types of communication described above, two kinds of sockets are used:

• Stream sockets: used for connection-oriented communication, when reliability in

connection is desired. Protocol used is TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) for

data transmission.

• Datagram sockets: used for connectionless communication, when reliability is not

as much as an issue compared to the cost of providing that reliability. For e.g.

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

Streaming audio/video is always sent over such sockets so as to diminish network

traffic. Protocol used is UDP (User Datagram Protocol) for data transmission.

Socket System Calls for Connection-Oriented Protocol

Steps followed by client to establish the connection:

1. Create a socket

2. Connect the socket to the address of the server

3. Send/Receive data

4. Close the socket connection

Steps followed by server to establish the connection:

1. Create a socket

2. Bind the socket to the port number known to all clients

3. Listen for the connection request

4. Accept connection request. This call typically blocks until a client connects with the

server.

5. Send/Receive data

6. Close the socket connection

The sequence of socket function calls to be invoked for a connection oriented client server

communication is depicted in Figure.

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

Connection-oriented Socket Structure

The significance of these function calls is summarized.

• Socket: Create a new communication request

• Bind: Attach a local address to a socket

• Listen: Announce willingness to accept connections

• Accept: Block caller until a connection request arrives

• Connect: Actively attempt to establish a connection

• Send: Send some data over the connection

• : Receive: Receive some data over the connection

• : Close: Release the connection

Socket System Calls for Connectionless Protocol

Steps of establishing a UDP socket communication on the client side are as follows:

1. Create a socket using the socket() function

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

2. Send and receive data by means of the recvfrom() and sendto() functions.

Steps of establishing a UDP socket communication on the server side are as follows:

1. Create a socket with the socket() function;

2. Bind the socket to an address using the bind() function;

3. Send and receive data by means of recvfrom() and sendto().

Figure shows the interaction between a UDP client and server. The client sends a

datagram to the server using the sendto() function which requires the address of the

destination as a parameter. Similarly, the server does not accept a connection from a

client. Instead, the server calls the recvfrom() function, which waits until data arrives from

some client. recvfrom() returns the IP address of the client, along with the datagram, so

the server can send a response to the client.

Connectionless Socket Structure

Socket System Calls in detail

• Headers

1. sys/types.h: Defines the data type of socket address structure in unsigned long.

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

2. sys/socket.h: The socket functions can be defined as taking pointers to the

generic socket address structure called sockaddr.

3. netinet/in.h: Defines the IPv4 socket address structure commonly called

Internet socket address structure called sockaddr in.

• Structures: Various structures are used in Unix Socket Programming to hold

information about the address and port, and other information. Most socket

functions require a pointer to a socket address structure as an argument.

1. Sockaddr: This is a generic socket address structure, which will be passed in

most of the socket function calls. It holds the socket information. The Table

provides a description of the member fields.

s t r u c t sockaddr {

unsigned short sa family ;

char sa data [ 1 4 ] ; };

Generic socket address structure fields

Attribute Values Description

AF INET It represents an address family. In most of the

sa family
AF UNIX Internet-based applications, we use AF INET.
AF NS
AF IMPLINK

The content of the 14 bytes of protocol specific

address are interpreted according to the type of
sa data Protocol-specific Address address. For the Internet family, we use port
number IP address, which is represented by
sockaddr in structure.

2. sockaddr in: This helps to reference to the socket’s elements and Table provides

a description of the member fields.

struct sockaddr in {

short int sin family ;

unsigned short i n t s i n p o r t ;

structin addrsin addr ;

unsigned char s i n z e r o [ 8 ] ; };

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

Structure fields of sockaddr in

Attribute Values Description

AF INET It represents an address family. In most of the

sa family
AF UNIX Internet-based applications, we use AF INET.
AF NS
AF IMPLINK

sin port Service Port A 16-bit port number in Network Byte Order.

sin addr IP Address A 32-bit IP address in Network Byte Order.

This value could be set to NULL as this is not

sin zero Not Used
being used.

3. in addr: This structure is used only in the above structure as a structure field

and holds 32 bit netid/hostid. The Table provides a description of the member

fields.

struct in addr {

unsigned long s addr ; };

Structure fields of in addr

Attribute Values Description

s addr service port A 32-bit IP address in Network Byte Order.

4. hostent: This structure is used to keep information related to host. The Table

provides a description of the member fields.

struct hostent {

c h a r ∗ h name ;

c h a r ∗∗ h a l i a s e s ;

int h addrtype ;

int h length ;

c h a r ∗∗ h a d d r l i s t

# define h addrh addr list [0] };

5. servent: This particular structure is used to keep information related to service

and associated ports. The Table provides a description of the member fields.

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

Structure fields of hostent

Attribute Values Description

It is the official name of the host. For example,

h name ti.com etc.
tutorialspoint.com, google.com, etc.

h aliases TI It holds a list of host name aliases.

It contains the address family and in case of Internet

h addrtype AF INET
based application, it will always be AF INET.

It holds the length of the IP address, which is 4 for

h length 4
Internet Address.

For Internet addresses, the array of pointers

h addr list in addr h addr list[0], h addr list[1], and so on, are points to
structure in addr.
NOTE: h addr is defined as h addr list[0] to keep backward compatibility.

struct servent {

char ∗ s name ;

char ∗∗ s a l i a s e s ;

int s port ;

char ∗ s proto ;

};

Structure fields of servent

Attribute Values Description

This is the official name of the service. For

s name http
example, SMTP, FTP POP3, etc.

It holds the list of service aliases. Most of the time

s aliases ALIAS
this will be set to NULL.

It will have associated port number. For example,

s port 80
for HTTP, this will be 80.

It is set to the protocol used. Internet services are

s proto TCP
provided using either TCP or UDP.
UDP

• Ports and Services:

To resolve the problem of identifying a particular server process running on a host,

both TCP and UDP have defined a group of ports. A port is always associated with an

IP address of a host and the protocol type of the communication, and thus completes

the destination or origination address of a communication session. A port is identified

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

for each address and protocol by a 16-bit number, commonly known as the port

number. Specific port numbers are often used to identify specific services as listed

below.

1. Ports 0-1023 (well-known ports): reserved for privileged services like for ftp:

21 and for telnet: 23.

2. Ports 1024-49151 (registered ports): vendors use for some applications.

3. Ports above 49151 (dynamic/ephemeral/private ports): short-lived transport

protocol port for Internet Protocol (IP) communications allocated

automatically from a predefined range by the IP stack software. After

communication is terminated, the port becomes available for use in another

session. However, it is usually reused only after the entire port range is used

up.

• Constructing Messages - Byte Ordering: In computers, addresses and port numbers

are stored as integers of type:

– u short sin port; (16 bit)

– in addr sin addr; (32 bit)

Unfortunately, not all computers store the bytes that comprise a multibyte value in

the same order. There are 2 types of byte ordering.

– Little Endian (Host byte order)- in this scheme, low-order byte is stored on the

starting address (A) and high-order byte is stored on the next higher address (A

+ 1).

– Big Endian (Network byte order)- in this scheme, high-order byte is stored on

the starting address (A) and low-order byte is stored on the next higher address

(A + 1).

To allow machines with different byte order conventions communicate with each

other, the internet protocols specify a canonical byte order convention for data

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

Byte order conversion function description

Function Description

Host to Network Short

htons()
(16 bit)

Host to Network Long

htonl()
(32 bit)

Network to Host Long

ntohl()
(32 bit)

Network to Host Short

ntohs()
(16 bit)

transmitted over the network. This is known as Network Byte Order. Table

describes some of the byte order functions available in UNIX programming.

• IP Address Functions: These functions convert Internet addresses between ASCII

strings (what humans prefer to use) and network byte ordered binary values (values

that are stored in socket address structures). Some of the commonly used IP address

functions are described below.

1. int inet aton(const char *strptr, struct in addr *addrptr): This function call

converts the specified string in the Internet standard dot notation to a network

address, and stores the address in the structure provided. The converted

address will be in Network Byte Order (bytes ordered from left to right). It

returns 1 if the string was valid and 0 on error.

Following is the usage example:

# i n c l u d e <a r p a / i n e t . h>

(...)

int retval ;

struct in addr addrptr

memset(& a d d r p t r , ’\0 ’ , s i z e o f ( a d d r p t r ) ) ;

r e t v a l = i n e t a t o n ( ” 6 8 . 1 7 8 . 1 5 7 . 1 3 2 ” , &a d d r p t r ) ;

(...)

2. in addr tinet addr(const char *strptr): This function call converts the specified

string in the Internet standard dot notation to an integer value suitable for use

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

as an Internet address. The converted address will be in Network Byte Order

(bytes ordered from left to right). It returns a 32-bit binary network byte ordered

IPv4 address and INADDR NONE on error.

Following is the usage example:

# i n c l u d e <a r p a / i n e t . h>

(...)

s t r u c t sockaddr indest ;

memset(& d e s t , ’\0 ’ , s i z e o f ( d e s t ) ) ;

dest . sin addr . s addr = inet addr (”68.178.157.132”);

(...)

3. char *inet ntoa(struct in addr inaddr): This function call converts the specified

Internet host address to a string in the Internet standard dot notation.

Following is the usage example:

# i n c l u d e <a r p a / i n e t . h>

char ∗ ip ;

ip = inet ntoa ( dest . sin addr ) ;

p r i n t f ( ” I P A d d r e s s i s : %s \ n ” , i p ) ;

Programming Functions

1. Socket function: int socket (int family, int type, int protocol); This call returns a

socket descriptor that you can use in later system calls or -1 on error.

Parameters:

• family: specifies the protocol family and is one of the constants as given n

Table.

• type: It specifies the kind of socket you want. The possible socket types are

listed in Table.

• protocol: The argument should be set to the specific protocol type given below,

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

Different socket address family

Family Description

AF INET IPv4 protocols

AF INET6 IPv6 protocols

AF LOCAL Unix domain protocols

AF ROUTE Routing Sockets

AF KEY Ket socket

Socket Types
Type Description

SOCK STREAM Stream socket

SOCK DGRAM Datagram socket

SOCK SEQPACKET Sequenced packet socket

SOCK RAW Raw socket

or 0 to select the system’s default for the given combination of family and type

.The default protocol for SOCK STREAM with AF INET family is TCP. Other

protocol description is given in Table.

Different protocols
Protocol Description

IPPROTO TCP TCP transport protocol

IPPROTO UDP UDP transport protocol

IPPROTO SCTP SCTP transport protocol

• Example:

i f ( ( s d = s o c k e t ( AF INET , SOCK STREAM , 0 ) ) < 0 ) {

cout <<”S o c k e t c r e a t i o n e r r o r ” ;

e x i t ( −1);

2. Connect: The connect function is used by a TCP client to establish a connection with

a TCP server. This call normally blocks until either the connection is established or

is rejected.

int connect(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *serv addr, int addrlen);

This call returns 0 if it successfully connects to the server, otherwise it returns -1 on

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

error.

Parameters:

• sockfd: it is a socket descriptor returned by the socket function.

• serv addr: it is a pointer to struct sockaddr that contains destination (Server) IP

address and port.

• addrlen: the length of the address structure pointed to by servaddr. Set it to

sizeof(structsockaddr).

3. Bind: The bind function assigns a local protocol address to a socket. With the Internet

protocols, the protocol address is the combination of either a 32-bit IPv4 address or

a 128-bit IPv6 address, along with a 16-bit TCP or UDP port number. This function

is called by TCP server only. bind() allows to specify the IP address, the port, both

or neither. The Table summarizes the combinations for IPv4.

int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *servaddr, socklen t addrlen);

This call returns 0 if it successfully binds to the address, otherwise it returns -1 on

error.

Parameters:

• sockfd: it is a socket descriptor returned by the socket function.

• servaddr: it is a pointer to struct sockaddr that contains the local IP address and

port.

• addrlen: Set it to sizeof(structsockaddr).

The ¡sys/socket.h¿ header shall define the type socklen t, which is an integer

type of width of at least 32 bits.

IP address and port number combinations

IP Address IP Port Result

INADDR ANY 0 Kernel chooses IP address and port

INADDR ANY non zero Kernel chooses IP address, process specifies port

Local IP address 0 Process specifies IP address, kernel chooses port

Local IP address non zero Process specifies IP address and port

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

4. Listen: The listen function is called only by a TCP server. It converts an

unconnected socket into a passive socket, indicating that the kernel should accept

incoming connection requests directed to this socket.

int listen(int sockfd,int backlog);

This call returns 0 on success, otherwise it returns -1 on error.

Parameters:

• sockfd: it is a socket descriptor returned by the socket function.

• backlog: it is the maximum number of connections the kernel should queue for

this socket.

5. Accept: The accept function is called by a TCP server to return the next completed

connection from the front of the completed connection queue.

int accept (int sockfd, struct sockaddr *cliaddr, socklen t *addrlen);

This call returns a non-negative descriptor on success, otherwise it returns -1 on error.

The returned descriptor is assumed to be a client socket descriptor and all read-write

operations will be done on this descriptor to communicate with the client.

Parameters:

• sockfd: It is a socket descriptor returned by the socket function.

• cliaddr: It is a pointer to structsockaddr that contains client IP address and port.

• addrlen: Set it to sizeof(structsockaddr).

6. Send: The send function is used to send data over stream sockets or CONNECTED

datagram sockets. If you want to send data over UNCONNECTED datagram sockets,

you must use sendto() function.

int send(int sockfd, const void *msg, int len, int flags);

This call returns the number of bytes sent out, otherwise it will return -1 on error.

Parameters:

• sockfd: it is a socket descriptor returned by the socket function.

• msg: it is a pointer to the data you want to send.

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

• len: it is the length of the data you want to send (in bytes).

• flags: it is set to 0.The additional argument flags is used to specify how we want

the data to be transmitted.

7. Recv: The recv function is used to receive data over stream sockets or

CONNECTED datagram sockets. If you want to receive data over

UNCONNECTED datagram sockets you must use recvfrom().

int recv(int sockfd, void *buf, int len, unsigned int flags);

This call returns the number of bytes read into the buffer, otherwise it will return -1

on error.

Parameters:

• sockfd: it is a socket descriptor returned by the socket function.

• buf: it is the buffer to read the information into.

• len: it is the maximum length of the buffer.

• flags: it is set to 0. The additional argument flags is used to specify how we

want the data to be transmitted.

8. Sendto: The sendto function is used to send data over UNCONNECTED datagram

sockets. Upon successful completion, sendto() shall return the number of bytes sent.

Otherwise, -1 shall be returned and errno set to indicate the error.

int sendto(int sockfd, const void *msg, int len, unsigned int flags, const struct

sockaddr *to, int tolen);

Parameters:

• sockfd: it is a socket descriptor returned by the socket function.

• msg: it is a pointer to the data you want to send.

• len: it is the length of the data you want to send (in bytes).

• flags: it is set to 0.

• to: it is a pointer to struct sockaddr for the host where data has to be sent.

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

• tolen: it is set it to sizeof(struct sockaddr).

9. Recvfrom: The recvfrom function is used to receive data from UNCONNECTED

datagram sockets. Upon successful completion, recvfrom() shall return the length of

the message in bytes. If no messages are available to be received and the peer has

performed an orderly shutdown, recvfrom() shall return 0. Otherwise, the function

shall return -1 and set errno to indicate the error.

size t recvfrom(int sockfd, void *buf, int len, unsigned int flags, struct sockaddr

*from, int *fromlen);

Parameters:

• sockfd: it is a socket descriptor returned by the socket function.

• buf: it is the buffer to read the information into.

• len: it is the maximum length of the buffer.

• flags: it is set to 0.

• from: it is a pointer to structsockaddr for the host where data has to be read.

• fromlen: it is set it to sizeof(structsockaddr).

• ssize t: this data type is used to represent the sizes of blocks that can be read or

written in a single operation. It is similar to size t, but must be a signed type.

10. Close: The close function is used to close the communication between the client and

the server.

int close(int sockfd );

This call returns 0 on success, otherwise it returns -1 on error.

Parameters:

• sockfd: it is a socket descriptor returned by the socket function.

11. Shutdown: The shutdown function is used to gracefully close the communication

between the client and the server. This function gives more control in comparison to

the close function.

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

int shutdown(int sockfd, int how);

This call returns 0 on success, otherwise it returns -1 on error.

Parameters:

• sockfd: it is a socket descriptor returned by the socket function.

• how: Put one of the numbers:

– 0 : indicates that receiving is not allowed,

– 1 : indicates that sending is not allowed, and

– 2 : indicates that both sending and receiving are not allowed. When ‘how’

is set to 2, it’s the same thing as close().

Sample exercise

Algorithm to implement an UDP Echo Client/Server Communication

Server:

1. Include the necessary header files.

2. Create a socket using socket function with family AF INET, type as

SOCK DGRAM.

3. Assign the sin family to AF INET, sin addr to INADDR ANY, sin port to

SERVER PORT.

4. Bind the local host address to socket using the bind function.

5. Within an infinite loop, receive message from the client using recvfrom function,

print it on the console and send (echo) the message back to the client using sendto

function.

Client:

1. Include the necessary header files.

2. Create a socket using socket function with family AF INET, type as

SOCK DGRAM.

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

3. Initialize the socket parameters. Assign the sin family to AF INET, sin addr to

“127.0.0.1”, sin port to dynamically assigned port number.

4. Within an infinite loop, read message from the console and send the message to the

server using the sendto function.

5. Receive the echo message using the recvfrom function and print it on the console.

A simple UPD client-server program where a client connects to the server. Server sends

a message to the client which is displayed at the client side.

Server Code

# i n c l u d e < s t r i n g . h>

# i n c l u d e <u n i s t d . h>

# i n c l u d e <s y s / s o c k e t . h>

# i n c l u d e <s y s / t y p e s . h>

# i n c l u d e < n e t i n e t / i n . h>

# i n c l u d e < s t d l i b . h>

# i n c l u d e <s t d i o . h>

main ( )

i n t s , r , recb , sntb , x ;

i n t ca ;

p r i n t f ( ” INPUT p o r t number : ” ) ;

s c a n f (”%d ” , &x ) ;

socklen t len ;

s t r u c t sockaddr in server , c l i e n t ;

char buff [ 5 0 ] ;

s = s o c k e t ( AF INET , SOCK DGRAM, 0 ) ;

i f ( s ==−1)

p r i n t f (”\ nSocket c r e a t i o n e r r o r . ” ) ;

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

exit (0);

p r i n t f (”\ nSocket c r e a t e d . ” ) ;

s e r v e r . s i n f a m i l y =AF INET ;

server . s i n p o r t =htons ( x ) ;

s e r v e r . s i n a d d r . s a d d r = h t o n l (INADDR ANY ) ;

len= sizeof ( c l i e n t ) ;

ca= s i z e o f ( c l i e n t ) ;

r = b i n d ( s , ( s t r u c t s o c k a d d r ∗)& s e r v e r , s i z e o f ( s e r v e r ) ) ;

i f ( r ==−1)

p r i n t f (”\ nBinding e r r o r . ” ) ;

exit (0);

p r i n t f (”\ nSocket binded . ” ) ;

while (1){

r e c b = r e c v f r o m ( s , b u f f , s i z e o f ( b u f f ) , 0 , ( s t r u c t s o c k a d d r ∗)& c l i e n t ,& c a ) ;

i f ( r e c b ==−1)

p r i n t f ( ” \ nMessage R e c i e v i n g F a i l e d ” ) ;

close ( s );

exit (0);

p r i n t f ( ” \ nMessage R e c i e v e d : ” ) ;

p r i n t f (”% s ” , b u f f ) ;

i f ( ! strcmp ( buff , ” stop ” ) )

break ;

p r i n t f ( ” \ n\n ” ) ;

p r i n t f ( ” Type Message : ” ) ;

23
 Introduction to Socket Programming

s c a n f (”% s ” , b u f f ) ;

s n t b = s e n d t o ( s , b u f f , s i z e o f ( b u f f ) , 0 , ( s t r u c t s o c k a d d r ∗)& c l i e n t , l e n ) ;

i f ( s n t b ==−1)

p r i n t f ( ” \ nMessage S e n d i n g F a i l e d ” ) ;

close ( s );

exit (0);

i f ( ! strcmp ( buff , ” stop ” ) )

break ;

close ( s );

Client Code

# i n c l u d e < s t r i n g . h>

# i n c l u d e <a r p a / i n e t . h>

# i n c l u d e < s t d l i b . h>

# i n c l u d e <s t d i o . h>

# i n c l u d e <u n i s t d . h>

# i n c l u d e <s y s / s o c k e t . h>

# i n c l u d e <s y s / t y p e s . h>

# i n c l u d e < n e t i n e t / i n . h>

# i n c l u d e < f c n t l . h>

# i n c l u d e <s y s / s t a t . h>

main ( )

i n t s , r , recb , sntb , x ;

i n t sa ;

socklen t len ;

24
 Introduction to Socket Programming

p r i n t f ( ” INPUT p o r t number : ” ) ;

s c a n f (”%d ” , &x ) ;

s t r u c t sockaddr in server , c l i e n t ;

char buff [ 5 0 ] ;

s = s o c k e t ( AF INET , SOCK DGRAM, 0 ) ;

i f ( s ==−1)

p r i n t f (”\ nSocket c r e a t i o n e r r o r . ” ) ;

exit (0);

p r i n t f (”\ nSocket c r e a t e d . ” ) ;

s e r v e r . s i n f a m i l y =AF INET ;

server . s i n p o r t =htons ( x ) ;

server . sin addr . s addr=inet addr (”127.0.0.1”);

sa= s i z e o f ( s e r v e r ) ;

len= sizeof ( server ) ;

while (1){

p r i n t f ( ” \ n\n ” ) ;

p r i n t f ( ” Type Message : ” ) ;

s c a n f (”% s ” , b u f f ) ;

s n t b = s e n d t o ( s , b u f f , s i z e o f ( b u f f ) , 0 , ( s t r u c t s o c k a d d r ∗)& s e r v e r , l e n ) ;

i f ( s n t b ==−1)

close ( s );

p r i n t f ( ” \ nMessage s e n d i n g F a i l e d ” ) ;

exit (0);

i f ( ! strcmp ( buff , ” stop ” ) )

break ;

25
 Introduction to Socket Programming

r e c b = r e c v f r o m ( s , b u f f , s i z e o f ( b u f f ) , 0 , ( s t r u c t s o c k a d d r ∗)& s e r v e r ,& s a ) ;

i f ( r e c b ==−1)

p r i n t f ( ” \ nMessage R e c i e v i n g F a i l e d ” ) ;

close ( s );

exit (0);

p r i n t f ( ” \ nMessage R e c i e v e d : ” ) ;

p r i n t f (”% s ” , b u f f ) ;

i f ( ! strcmp ( buff , ” stop ” ) )

break ;

close ( s );

TCP Echo Client/Server Communication:

An echo client/server program performs the following:

1. The client reads a line of text from the standard input and writes the line to the server

using send() function.

2. The server reads the line from the network input using recv() and echoes the line

back to the client using send() function.

3. The client reads the echoed line using recv() and prints it on its standard output.

Figure depicts the echo client/server along with the functions used for input and output.

Echo client/server

26
 Introduction to Socket Programming

A simple TCP client-server program where a client connects to the server. Server sends a

message to the client which is displayed at the client side.

Client Code

# i n c l u d e < s t r i n g . h>

# i n c l u d e <a r p a / i n e t . h>

# i n c l u d e < s t d l i b . h>

# i n c l u d e <s t d i o . h>

# i n c l u d e <u n i s t d . h>

# i n c l u d e <s y s / s o c k e t . h>

# i n c l u d e <s y s / t y p e s . h>

# i n c l u d e < n e t i n e t / i n . h>

# i n c l u d e < f c n t l . h>

# i n c l u d e <s y s / s t a t . h>

main ( )

i n t s , r , recb , sntb , x ;

p r i n t f ( ” INPUT p o r t number : ” ) ;

s c a n f (”%d ” , &x ) ;

struct sockaddr in server ;

char buff [ 5 0 ] ;

s = s o c k e t ( AF INET , SOCK STREAM , 0 ) ;

i f ( s ==−1)

p r i n t f (”\ nSocket c r e a t i o n e r r o r . ” ) ;

exit (0);

p r i n t f (”\ nSocket c r e a t e d . ” ) ;

s e r v e r . s i n f a m i l y =AF INET ;

server . s i n p o r t =htons ( x ) ;

27
 Introduction to Socket Programming

server . sin addr . s addr=inet addr (”127.0.0.1”);

r = c o n n e c t ( s , ( s t r u c t s o c k a d d r ∗)& s e r v e r , s i z e o f ( s e r v e r ) ) ;

i f ( r ==−1)

p r i n t f (”\ nConnection e r r o r . ” ) ;

exit (0);

p r i n t f (”\ nSocket connected . ” ) ;

p r i n t f ( ” \ n\n ” ) ;

p r i n t f ( ” Type Message : ” ) ;

s c a n f (”% s ” , b u f f ) ;

s nt b =send ( s , buff , s i z e o f ( b u f f ) , 0 ) ;

i f ( s n t b ==−1)

close ( s );

p r i n t f ( ” \ nMessage S e n d i n g F a i l e d ” ) ;

exit (0);

recb=recv ( s , buff , s i z e o f ( buff ) , 0 ) ;

i f ( r e c b ==−1)

p r i n t f ( ” \ nMessage R e c i e v i n g F a i l e d ” ) ;

close ( s );

exit (0);

p r i n t f ( ” \ nMessage R e c i e v e d : ” ) ;

p r i n t f (”% s ” , b u f f ) ;

p r i n t f ( ” \ n\n ” ) ;

close ( s );

28
 Introduction to Socket Programming

Server Code

# i n c l u d e < s t r i n g . h>

# i n c l u d e <u n i s t d . h>

# i n c l u d e <s y s / s o c k e t . h>

# i n c l u d e <s y s / t y p e s . h>

# i n c l u d e < n e t i n e t / i n . h>

# i n c l u d e < s t d l i b . h>

# i n c l u d e <s t d i o . h>

main ( )

i n t s , r , r e c b , s n t b , x , ns , a = 0 ;

p r i n t f ( ” INPUT p o r t number : ” ) ;

s c a n f (”%d ” , &x ) ;

socklen t len ;

s t r u c t sockaddr in server , c l i e n t ;

char buff [ 5 0 ] ;

s = s o c k e t ( AF INET , SOCK STREAM , 0 ) ;

i f ( s ==−1)

p r i n t f (”\ nSocket c r e a t i o n e r r o r . ” ) ;

exit (0);

p r i n t f (”\ nSocket c r e a t e d . ” ) ;

s e r v e r . s i n f a m i l y =AF INET ;

server . s i n p o r t =htons ( x ) ;

s e r v e r . s i n a d d r . s a d d r = h t o n l (INADDR ANY ) ;

r = b i n d ( s , ( s t r u c t s o c k a d d r ∗)& s e r v e r , s i z e o f ( s e r v e r ) ) ;

i f ( r ==−1)

29
 Introduction to Socket Programming

p r i n t f (”\ nBinding e r r o r . ” ) ;

exit (0);

p r i n t f (”\ nSocket binded . ” ) ;

r= l i s t e n ( s , 1 ) ;

i f ( r ==−1)

close ( s );

exit (0);

p r i n t f (”\ nSocket l i s t e n i n g . ” ) ;

len= sizeof ( c l i e n t ) ;

n s = a c c e p t ( s , ( s t r u c t s o c k a d d r ∗)& c l i e n t , &l e n ) ;

i f ( n s ==−1)

close ( s );

exit (0);

p r i n t f (”\ nSocket accepting . ” ) ;

r e c b = r e c v ( ns , b u f f , s i z e o f ( b u f f ) , 0 ) ;

i f ( r e c b ==−1)

p r i n t f ( ” \ nMessage R e c i e v i n g F a i l e d ” ) ;

close ( s );

c l o s e ( ns ) ;

exit (0);

p r i n t f ( ” \ nMessage R e c i e v e d : ” ) ;

30
 Introduction to Socket Programming

p r i n t f (”% s ” , b u f f ) ;

p r i n t f ( ” \ n\n ” ) ;

s c a n f (”% s ” , b u f f ) ;

s n t b = s e n d ( ns , b u f f , s i z e o f ( b u f f ) , 0 ) ;

i f ( s n t b ==−1)

p r i n t f ( ” \ nMessage S e n d i n g F a i l e d ” ) ;

close ( s );

c l o s e ( ns ) ;

exit (0);

c l o s e ( ns ) ;

close ( s );

Steps to execute the program:

1. Open two terminal windows and open a text file from each terminal with .c extension

using command: gedit filename.c

2. Type the client and server program in separate text files and save it before exiting the

text window.

3. First compile and run the server using commands mentioned below

a. gcc -o filename

b. ./a.out or ./filename

4. Compile and run the client using the same instructions as listed in 3a and 3b

Note: The ephemeral port number has to be changed every time the program is executed.

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 Introduction to Socket Programming

Lab Exercises:

1. Write two separate C programs (one for server and other for client) using socket

APIs for TCP, to implement the client-server model such that the client should send

a set of integers along with a choice to search for a number or sort the given set

in ascending/descending order or split the given set to odd and even to the server.

The server performs the relevant operation according to the choice. Client should

continue to send the messages until the user enters selects the choice “exit”.

2. Write two separate C programs (one for server and other for client) using UNIX

socket APIs for UDP, in which the client accepts a string from the user and sends it

to the server. The server will check if the string is palindrome or not and send the

result with the length of the string and the number of occurrences of each vowel in

the string to the client. The client displays the received data on the client screen. The

process repeats until user enter the string “Halt”. Then both the processes terminate.

(The program should make use of TCP and UDP separately).

Additional Exercise:

1. Write two separate C programs (one for the Server and the other for Client) using

UNIX socket APIs using both connection oriented and connectionless services, in

which the server displays the client’s socket address, IP address and port number on

the server screen.

32
Lab No. 2: File Operations using Socket

Programming

Objectives

• To illustrate file operations like open, read and write.

• To exemplify the FTP application in a client server communication.

Introduction

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer

computer files between a client and server on a computer network. In this lab, we learn to

implement FTP application in a client server architecture, where the Client on establishing

a connection with the Server, sends the name of the file it wishes to access remotely. The

Server then sends the contents of the file to the Client. An algorithm to implement this

scenario is given below.

Algorithm (TCP)

Server:

1. Include necessary header files.

2. Create a socket using socket function with family AF INET, type as

SOCK STREAM.

3. Initialize the socket and set its attributes. Assign the sin family to AF INET, sin addr

to INADDR ANY, sin port to dynamically assigned port number.

4. Bind the server to socket using bind function.

33
 File Operations Using Socket

5. Listen to incoming client requests and wait for the client request. On connection

request from the client establish a connection using accept() function.

6. Read the files name sent by the client.

7. Open the file, read the file contents to a buffer and send the buffer to the Client.

8. After reading till the end of the file, close the file.

9. Close the connection.

Client

1. Include the necessary header files.

2. Create a socket using socket function with family AF INET, type as

SOCK STREAM.

3. Initialize the socket and set its attribute set. Assign the sin family to AF INET,

sin addr to “127.0.0.1”, sin port to dynamically assigned port number.

4. Connect to server using connect () function to initiate the request.

5. Send the file names to server.

6. Receive the buffer from the server and print its contents at the console.

7. Close the connection.

Algorithm (UDP)

Server:

1. Include necessary header files

2. Create a socket using socket function with family AF INET, type as

SOCK DGRAM.

34
 File Operations Using Socket

3. Initialize the socket and set its attributes.Assign the sin family to AF INET, sin addr

to INADDR ANY, sin port to dynamically assigned port number.

4. Read the files name sent by the client using recvfrom() function.

5. Open the file, read the file contents to a buffer and send the buffer to the Client using

sendto() function.

6. Close the connection.

Client:

1. Include the necessary header files.

2. Create a socket using socket function with family AF INET, type as

SOCK DGRAM.

3. Initialize the socket and set its attribute set. Assign the sin family to AF INET,

sin addr to “127.0.0.1”, sin port to dynamically assigned port number.

4. Send the file names to server using sendto function.

5. Receive the buffer from the server using recvfrom function and print its contents at

the console.

6. Close the connection.

Lab Exercises

1. Write two separate C programs (one for server and other for client) using UNIX

socket APIs for both TCP and UDP to implement the following: The user at the

client side sends name of the file to the server. If the file is not present, the server

sends “File not present” to the client and terminates. Otherwise the following menu

is displayed at the client side.

1. Search 2. Replace 3. Reorder 4. Exit

35
 File Operations Using Socket

• If the user at the client side wants to search a string in file, the users sends to

the server option ‘1’ along with the string to be searched. The server searches

for the string in the file. If present, it sends the number of times the string has

occurred to the client, else the server sends ‘String not found’ message to the

client.

• If the user wants to replace a string, along with option 2, the two strings ‘str1’

and ‘str2’ are sent to the server. The Server searches for str1 in the file and

replaces it with ‘str2’. After replacing the string, ‘String replaced’ message is

sent to the client. If it is not found ‘String not found’ command is sent to the

client.

• Option 3 rearranges the entire text in the file in increasing order order of their

ASCII value.

• To terminate the application option ‘4’ is selected

Additional Exercise:

1. Write two separate C programs (one for server and other for client) using socket APIs

for TCP and UDP, to implement the File Server. The client program will send the

name of the text file to the server. If the file is present at the server side, the server

should send the contents of the file to the client along with the file size, number of

alphabets number of lines, number of spaces, number of digits, and number of other

characters present in the text file to the client. If the file is not present, then the

server should send the proper message to the client. Note that the results are always

displayed at the client side. Client should continue to send the filenames until the

user enters the string ‘stop’.

36
Lab No. 3: Chat Server using Socket

Programming

Objectives

1. To contrast different modes of communication by implementing half duplex and full

duplex chat server in connectionless and connection oriented environment.

2. To illustrate the use of fork() system call in socket programming.

Introduction

Writing a chat application with popular web applications stacks has traditionally been

very hard. It involves polling the server for changes, keeping track of timestamps, and it’s a

lot slower than it should be. Sockets have traditionally been the solution around which most

real-time chat systems are architected, providing a bi-directional communication channel

between a client and a server.

A chat server is a computer dedicated to providing the processing power to handle and

maintain chatting and it users. This means that the server can push messages to clients and

also support multiple clients to initiate the conversation. To develop a chat server model,

it is important to understand the different types of server and the mode of communication

supported.

Basic Modes of Communication

Data communication can be either simplex, half duplex or full duplex which are

described below.

1. Simplex Operation: In simplex operation, a network cable or communications

channel can only send information in one direction; it’s a “one-way street”. Simplex

operation is used in special types of technologies, especially ones that are

37
 Chat Server

asymmetric. For example, one type of satellite Internet access sends data over the

satellite only for downloads, while a regular dial-up modem is used for upload to the

service provider. In this case, both the satellite link and the dial-up connection are

operating in a simplex mode.

2. Half-Duplex Operation: Technologies that employ half-duplex operation are capable

of sending information in both directions between two nodes, but only one direction

or the other can be utilized at a time. This is a fairly common mode of operation when

there is only a single network medium (cable, radio frequency and so forth) between

devices. For example, in conventional Ethernet networks, any device can transmit,

but only one may do so at a time. For this reason, regular Ethernet networks are often

said to be “half-duplex”.

3. Full-Duplex Operation: In full-duplex operation, a connection between two devices

is capable of sending data in both directions simultaneously. Full-duplex channels

can be constructed either as a pair of simplex links or using one channel designed to

permit bidirectional simultaneous transmissions. A full-duplex link can only connect

two devices, so many such links are required if multiple devices are to be connected

together.

Types of Server

There are two types of servers.

• Iterative Server - this is the simplest form of server where a server process serves

one client and after completing the first request, it takes request from another client.

Meanwhile, another client keeps waiting. In other words, an iterative server iterates

through each client, handling it one at a time.

• Concurrent Servers - this type of server runs multiple concurrent processes to serve

many requests at a time because one process may take longer and another client

cannot wait for so long. The simplest way to write a concurrent server under UNIX

38
 Chat Server

is to fork a child process to handle each client separately. An alternative technique is

to use threads instead (i.e., light-weight processes).

Some System Calls

• fork() causes a process to duplicate. The child process is an almost-exact duplicate of

the original parent process; it inherits a copy of its parent’s code, data, stack, open file

descriptors, and signal table. However, the parent and child have different process id

numbers and parent process id numbers.

• If fork() succeeds, it returns the PID of the child to the parent process, and returns

0 to the child process. If it fails, it returns -1 to the parent process and no child is

created.

System Calls:

int getpid()

int getppid()

getpid() and getppid() return a process’s id and parent process’s id numbers, respectively.

They always succeed. The parent process id number of PID 1 is 1.

Simple fork example to display PID and PPID

# i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>

main ( )

i n t pid ;

p r i n t f ( ” I ’m t h e o r i g i n a l p r o c e s s w i t h PID %d and PPID %d . \ n ” ,

getpid () , getppid ( ) ) ;

pid=fork ( ) ;

/ ∗ D u p l i c a t e . C h i l d and p a r e n t c o n t i n u e from h e r e . ∗ /

i f ( pid !=0) / ∗ p i d i s non−z e r o , s o I must be t h e p a r e n t ∗/

39
 Chat Server

p r i n t f ( ” I ’m t h e p a r e n t p r o c e s s w i t h PID %d and PPID %d . \ n ” ,

getpid () , getppid ( ) ) ;

p r i n t f ( ”My c h i l d ’ s PID i s %d . \ n ” , p i d ) ;

else / ∗ p i d i s z e r o , s o I must be t h e c h i l d . ∗ /

p r i n t f ( ” I ’m t h e c h i l d p r o c e s s w i t h PID %d and PPID %d . \ n ” ,

getpid () , getppid ( ) ) ;

p r i n t f ( ” PID %d t e r m i n a t e s . \ n ” , p i d ) ;

/ ∗ Both p r o c e s s e s e x e c u t e t h i s ∗ /

Half Duplex TCP Chat Program

Aim: To implement a half-duplex application, where the Client establishes a connection

with the Server. The client and server can send and receive messages one at a time.

Algorithm (TCP):

Server:

1. Include necessary header files.

2. Create a socket using socket function with family AF INET, type as

SOCK STREAM.

3. Initialize the socket and set its attributes.Assign the sin family to AF INET, sin addr

to INADDR ANY, sin port to dynamically assigned port number.

4. Bind the server to socket using bind function.

5. Listen to incoming client requests and wait for the client request. On connection

request from the client establish a connection using accept() function.

40
 Chat Server

6. Receive and display the message sent by the client.

7. Read the message from the console and send it to the client.

8. If the received message is “BYE” terminate the connection (kill the process).

9. Close the socket.

Client:

1. Include the necessary header files.

2. Create a socket using socket function with family AF INET, type as

SOCK STREAM.

3. Initialize the socket and set its attribute set. Assign the sin family to AF INET,

sin addr to “127.0.0.1”, sin port to dynamically assigned port number.

4. Connect to server using connect () function to initiate the request.

5. Read the message from the console and send it to the server using send call.

6. Receive the message from the server and display it.

7. If the received message is “BYE” terminate the connection (kill the process).

8. Close the socket.

Full Duplex TCP Chat Program

Aim:To implement a full duplex application, where the Client establishes a connection

with the Server. The Client and Server can send as well as receive messages at the same

time. Both the Client and Server exchange messages.

Algorithm (TCP):

Server:

1. Include necessary header files.

41
 Chat Server

2. Create a socket using socket function with family AF INET, type as

SOCK STREAM.

3. Initialize the socket and set its attributes.Assign the sin family to AF INET, sin addr

to INADDR ANY, sin port to dynamically assigned port number.

4. Bind the server to socket using bind function.

5. Listen to incoming client requests and wait for the client request. On connection

request from the client establish a connection using accept () function.

6. Fork the process to create child process which is an exact copy of the calling process

(parent process).

7. If the process is child receive the message from the client and display it. Else if the

process is parent read the message from the console and send it to the client.

8. If the received message is “BYE” terminate the connection (kill the process).

9. Close the socket.

Client:

1. Include the necessary header files.

2. Create a socket using socket function with family AF INET, type as

SOCK STREAM.

3. Initialize the socket and set its attribute set. Assign the sin family to AF INET,

sin addr to “127.0.0.1”, sin port to dynamically assigned port number.

4. Connect to server using connect () function to initiate the request.

5. Fork the process to create child process which is an exact copy of the calling process

(parent process).

6. If the process is child read the message from the console and send it to the server. If

the process is parent receive the message from the server and display it.

42
 Chat Server

7. If the received message is “BYE” terminate the connection (kill the process).

8. Close the socket.

Note : Operations for UDP follows the same process but make necessary changes in

the system calls.

Lab Exercises

1. Write two separate C programs using UNIX socket APIs illustrate full duplex mode

chat application between a single client and server using connection oriented service.

Display PID and PPID of both parent and child processes.

2. Write two separate C programs using UNIX socket APIs illustrate half duplex mode

chat application between a single client and server connection less service in which

the server estimates and prints all permutations of a string sent by the client.

3. Write two separate C programs (one for server and other for client) using socket

APIs, to implement the following connection-oriented client-server model.

(a) The user at the client side sends an alphanumeric string to the server.

(b) The child process at the server sorts the numbers of the alphanumeric string

in ascending order. The parent process at the server sorts the characters of the

alphanumeric string in descending order.

(c) Both the processes send the results to the client along with its corresponding

process ID.

Sample Output: At the client side:

Input string: hello451bye7324

At the server side:

Output at the child process of the server: 1234457

Output at the parent process of the server: yollheeb

43
 Chat Server

Additional Exercises

1. Write a C program to simulate a menu driven calculator using client server

architecture that performs the following. The client prompts the user with the

options as listed below 1. Add/Subtract two integers

2. Find the value of ’x’ in a linear equation

3. Multiply two matrices

4. Exit

Based on the user input the client prompts the user to enter required data. The client

sends the option chosen and the relevant data to the server. The server performs the

required operation and sends the result to the client. Note that if option 1 is selected,

the server provides result of both addition and subtraction of the two integers.

44
Lab No. 4: Database Operations and Domain

Name Servers (DNS) using Socket Programming

Objectives

1. To implement client server communication that involves database operations such as

insert, delete, edit, search or replace the data.

2. To illustrate the significance of Domain Name Server using socket programming.

Introduction

As we are moving towards an era of big data and digitization, handling applications

that involve huge database and providing controlled user access is a daunting task. Many

applications like banking/e-commerce use complex authentication protocols to provide

access to its registered customers. A simple authentication algorithm would be to validate

the login credentials with the existing database at the server. An instance of such

application can be implemented in a client server architecture using socket programming.

To build such an application structures are used. Structure is user defined data type

available in C that allows to combine data items of different kinds. They are used to

represent a record. Suppose it is necessary to keep track of all the books in a library, then

the following attributes might define a book.

• Title

• Author

• Subject

• Book ID

45
 Database and Domain Name Servers (DNS)

Accessing Structure Information:

/******* Define a structure with name Books*****/

s t r u c t Books {

char t i t l e [50];

char author [50];

char subject [100];

i n t book id ;

};

i n t main ( ) {

s t r u c t Books Book1 ; / ∗ D e c l a r e Book1 o f t y p e Book ∗ /

s t r u c t Books Book2 ; / ∗ D e c l a r e Book2 o f t y p e Book ∗ /

/ ∗ book 1 s p e c i f i c a t i o n ∗ /

s t r c p y ( Book1 . t i t l e , ”C Programming ” ) ;

s t r c p y ( Book1 . a u t h o r , ” Nuha A l i ” ) ;

s t r c p y ( Book1 . s u b j e c t , ”C Programming T u t o r i a l ” ) ;

Book1 . b o o k i d = 6 4 9 5 4 0 7 ;

/ ∗ p r i n t Book1 i n f o ∗ /

p r i n t f ( ” Book 1 t i t l e : %s \ n ” , Book1 . t i t l e ) ;

p r i n t f ( ” Book 1 a u t h o r : %s \n ” , Book1 . a u t h o r ) ;

p r i n t f ( ” Book 1 s u b j e c t : %s \n ” , Book1 . s u b j e c t ) ;

p r i n t f ( ” Book 1 b o o k i d : %d\n ” , Book1 . b o o k i d ) ;

Algorithm to implement Library Database Management System (TCP):

Server:

1. Include necessary header files. Create a structure containing all the fields required in

the database along with their types.

46
 Database and Domain Name Servers (DNS)

2. Create a socket using socket function with family AF INET, type as

SOCK STREAM.

3. Initialize the socket and set its attributes.Assign the sin family to AF INET, sin addr

to INADDR ANY, sin port to dynamically assigned port number.

4. Bind the server to socket using bind function.

5. Listen to incoming client requests and wait for the client request. On connection

request from the client establish a connection using accept() call.

6. Based on client’s choice perform Suitable database operations.

7. Communicate the results by sending appropriate messages back to the client

informing the success or failure of the requested operation using send()- recv() calls

8. If the client chooses “Exit “option Close the connection.

Client:

1. Include the necessary header files.

2. Create a socket using socket function with family AF INET, type as

SOCK STREAM.

3. Initialize the socket and set its attribute set. Assign the sin family to AF INET,

sin addr to ”127.0.0.1”, sin port to dynamically assigned port number.

4. Connect to server using connect () function to initiate the request.

5. Select the required option and sends it along with the necessary information to the

server.

6. Receive the buffer from the server and print its contents (results) at the console.

7. Close the connection.

Note: For connectionless services repeat the above steps by making suitable

changes in the socket calls.

47
 Database and Domain Name Servers (DNS)

Domain Name Servers (DNS)

Computers and other network devices on the Internet use an IP address to route the

client request to required website. It’s impossible for us to remember all the IP addresses

of the servers we access every day. Hence we assign a domain name for every server and

use a protocol called DNS to turn a user-friendly domain name like ”howstuffworks.com”

into an Internet Protocol (IP) address like 70.42.251.42 that computers use to identify each

other on the network. In other words, DNS is used to map a host name in the application

layer to an IP address in the network layer. DNS is a client/server application in which a

domain name server, also called a DNS server or name server, manages a massive database

that maps domain names to IP addresses. Client requests for address resolution which is

defined as mapping a name to an address or an address to a name. It can be done in a

recursive fashion or in an iterative fashion.

Algorithm to simulate DNS environment (iterative method)

Server:

1. Include header files.

2. Create the socket for the server.

3. Bind the socket to the port.

4. Listen for the incoming client connection.

5. Receive the IP address from the client to be resolved.

6. Get the domain name from the client.

7. Check the existence of the domain in the server database which is a text file.

8. If domain matches then send the corresponding address to the client. Otherwise send

a negative response.

9. Stop the program execution.

48
 Database and Domain Name Servers (DNS)

Client:

1. Include header files.

2. Create the socket for the client.

3. Connect the socket to the server.

4. Prompt user to enter the hostname and send the hostname to the server.

5. Display response received.

6. Terminate the program.

Lab Exercises

1. Write two separate C programs (one for server and other for client) using socket APIs

for TCP and UDP to perform the following. The user at the client side has an option

to enter:

1. Registration Number

2. Name of the Student

3. Subject Code.

The Client sends the selected option along with the requisite details to the server.

Based on the options received the parent process in the server assigns the task to

respective child process.

(a) If registration number is sent then the first child process sends Name and

Residential Address of the student along with the PID of the child process.

(b) If Name of the Student is received then the second child process sends student

enrollment details (Dept., Semester, Section and Courses Registered) along

with the PID of the child process.

(c) If Subject Code is entered then the third child process sends the corresponding

marks obtained in that subject along with its PID.

(d) The details sent by the server have to be displayed at the client.

49
 Database and Domain Name Servers (DNS)

2. Write two separate C programs (one for server and other for client) using UNIX

socket APIs using connection oriented services to implement DNS Server. Accept

suitable input messages from the user. Assume the server has access to database.txt

(can be a structure too). Response is always displayed at the client side.

Additional Exercise

1. Create a Book database at the server side and store the following information: title,

author, accession number, total pages, and the publisher. Write C programs to

implement the following client-server model:

a. Insert new book information

b. Delete a book

c. Display all book information

d. Search a book (Based on Title or author)

e. Exit

At the client side, the user selects the required option and sends it along with the

necessary information to the server and server will perform the requested operation.

Server should send appropriate messages back to the client informing the success or

failure of the requested operation. Client should continue to request the operation

until user selects the option ”Exit”. To search the book by author name, the client

program should send the name of the author to the server. The list of all book details

for that author should be sent to the client. If the author name is not found, then

server should send appropriate message to the client.

50
Lab No. 5 : Multiple Clients Communication

using Socket Programming

Objectives

1. To implement multiple client communication with concurrent server.

2. To implement the services performed by an iterative DNS server to multiple clients

using socket programming.

Introduction

There are two main classes of servers, iterative and concurrent. An iterative server

iterates through each client, handling it one at a time. A concurrent server handles multiple

clients at the same time. The simplest technique for a concurrent server is to call the fork

function, creating one child process for each client. An alternative technique is to use

threads instead (i.e., light-weight processes).

Process-based using Fork:

• Spawn one server process to handle each client connection

• Kernel automatically interleaves multiple server processes

• Each server process has its own private address space

A typical concurrent server using fork has the following structure:

p i d t pid ;

i n t l i s t e n f d , connfd ;

l i s t e n f d = socket ( . . . ) ;

/ ∗∗∗ f i l l t h e s o c k e t a d d r e s s w i t h s e r v e r ’ s w e l l known p o r t ∗ ∗ ∗ /

bind ( l i s t e n f d , ...);

listen ( listenfd , ...);

51
 Multiple Clients Communication

for ( ; ; ) {

connfd = accept ( l i s t e n f d , ...); /∗ blocking c a l l ∗/

i f ( ( p i d = f o r k ( ) ) == 0 ) {

close ( l i s t e n f d ) ; /∗ child closes l i s t e n i n g socket ∗/

/∗∗∗ process the r e q u e s t doing something using connfd ∗∗∗/

/∗ ................. ∗/

c l o s e ( connfd ) ;

exit (0); /∗ child terminates

c l o s e ( connfd ) ; /∗ parent closes connected socket ∗/

When a connection is established, accept returns, the server calls fork, and the child

process services the client (on the connected socket connfd). The parent process waits

for another connection (on the listening socket listenfd). The parent closes the connected

socket since the child handles the new client. The interactions among client and server are

presented in Figure.

52
 Multiple Clients Communication

TCP Iterative Server Example

# i n c l u d e < s t d l i b . h>

# i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>

# i n c l u d e <s y s / t y p e s . h>

# i n c l u d e <s y s / s o c k e t . h>

# i n c l u d e < n e t i n e t / i n . h>

# i n c l u d e < s t r i n g . h>

# i n c l u d e < u n i s t d . h>

# d e f i n e MAXLINE 4096 / ∗ max t e x t l i n e l e n g t h ∗ /

# d e f i n e SERV PORT 3000 / ∗ p o r t ∗ /

# d e f i n e LISTENQ 8 / ∗ maximum number o f c l i e n t c o n n e c t i o n s ∗ /

i n t main ( i n t a r g c , c h a r ∗∗ a r g v )

i n t l i s t e n f d , connfd , n ;

socklen t clilen ;

c h a r b u f [MAXLINE ] ;

s t r u c t sockaddr incliaddr , servaddr ;

/ / c r e a t i o n of the socket

l i s t e n f d = s o c k e t ( AF INET , SOCK STREAM , 0 ) ;

/ / p r e p a r a t i o n of the socket address

s e r v a d d r . s i n f a m i l y = AF INET ;

s e r v a d d r . s i n a d d r . s a d d r = h t o n l (INADDR ANY ) ;

s e r v a d d r . s i n p o r t = h t o n s ( SERV PORT ) ;

b i n d ( l i s t e n f d , ( s t r u c t s o c k a d d r ∗ ) &s e r v a d d r , s i z e o f ( s e r v a d d r ) ) ;

l i s t e n ( l i s t e n f d , LISTENQ ) ;

p r i n t f (”% s \n ” , ” S e r v e r r u n n i n g . . . w a i t i n g f o r c o n n e c t i o n s . ” ) ;

for ( ; ; ) {

clilen = sizeof ( cliaddr );

c o n n f d = a c c e p t ( l i s t e n f d , ( s t r u c t s o c k a d d r ∗ ) &c l i a d d r , & c l i l e n ) ;

53
 Multiple Clients Communication

p r i n t f (”% s \n ” , ” R e c e i v e d r e q u e s t . . . ” ) ;

w h i l e ( ( n = r e c v ( c o n n f d , buf , MAXLINE , 0 ) ) > 0 ) {

p r i n t f (”% s ” , ” S t r i n g r e c e i v e d from and r e s e n t t o t h e c l i e n t : ” ) ;

puts ( buf ) ;

s e n d ( c o n n f d , buf , n , 0 ) ;

i f ( n < 0) {

p e r r o r ( ” Read e r r o r ” ) ;

exit (1);

c l o s e ( connfd ) ;

/ / close l i s t e n i n g socket

close ( listenfd );

TCP Concurrent server Using Fork

# i n c l u d e < s t d l i b . h>

# i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>

# i n c l u d e <s y s / t y p e s . h>

# i n c l u d e <s y s / s o c k e t . h>

# i n c l u d e < n e t i n e t / i n . h>

# i n c l u d e < s t r i n g . h>

# i n c l u d e < u n i s t d . h>

# d e f i n e MAXLINE 4096 / ∗ max t e x t l i n e l e n g t h ∗ /

# d e f i n e SERV PORT 3000 / ∗ p o r t ∗ /

# d e f i n e LISTENQ 8 / ∗ maximum number o f c l i e n t c o n n e c t i o n s ∗ /

i n t main ( i n t a r g c , c h a r ∗∗ a r g v )

54
 Multiple Clients Communication

I n t l i s t e n f d , connfd , n ;

pid t childpid ;

socklen t clilen ;

c h a r b u f [MAXLINE ] ;

s t r u c t sockaddr in cliaddr , servaddr ;

/ / Create a socket

/ / I f s o c k f d <0 t h e r e was an e r r o r i n t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e s o c k e t

i f ( ( l i s t e n f d = s o c k e t ( AF INET , SOCK STREAM , 0 ) ) <0) {

p e r r o r ( ” Problem i n c r e a t i n g t h e s o c k e t ” ) ;

exit (2);

/ / p r e p a r a t i o n of the socket address

s e r v a d d r . s i n f a m i l y = AF INET ;

s e r v a d d r . s i n a d d r . s a d d r = h t o n l (INADDR ANY ) ;

s e r v a d d r . s i n p o r t = h t o n s ( SERV PORT ) ;

/ / bind the socket

b i n d ( l i s t e n f d , ( s t r u c t s o c k a d d r ∗ ) &s e r v a d d r , s i z e o f ( s e r v a d d r ) ) ;

/ / l i s t e n t o t h e s o c k e t by c r e a t i n g a c o n n e c t i o n queue , t h e n w a i t f o r

l i s t e n ( l i s t e n f d , LISTENQ ) ;

p r i n t f (”% s \n ” , ” S e r v e r r u n n i n g . . . w a i t i n g f o r c o n n e c t i o n s . ” ) ;

for ( ; ; ) {

clilen = sizeof ( cliaddr );

/ / accept a connection

c o n n f d = a c c e p t ( l i s t e n f d , ( s t r u c t s o c k a d d r ∗ ) &c l i a d d r , & c l i l e n ) ;

p r i n t f (”% s \n ” , ” R e c e i v e d r e q u e s t . . . ” ) ;

i f ( ( childpid =fork ())==0 ) { / / i f it ’ s 0 , it ’ s child process

p r i n t f (”% s \n ” , ” C h i l d c r e a t e d f o r d e a l i n g w i t h c l i e n t r e q u e s t s ” ) ;

/ / close l i s t e n i n g socket

close ( listenfd );

55
 Multiple Clients Communication

w h i l e ( ( n = r e c v ( c o n n f d , buf , MAXLINE , 0 ) ) > 0 ) {

p r i n t f (”% s ” , ” S t r i n g r e c e i v e d from and r e s e n t t o t h e c l i e n t : ” ) ;

puts ( buf ) ;

s e n d ( c o n n f d , buf , n , 0 ) ;

i f ( n < 0)

p r i n t f (”% s \n ” , ” Read e r r o r ” ) ;

exit (0);

/ / close socket of the s e r v e r

c l o s e ( connfd ) ;

Lab Exercises

1. Write a single server and multiple client program to illustrate multiple clients

communicating with a concurrent server. The client1 on establishing successful

connection sends ”Institute Of” string to the server along with its socket address.

The client2 on establishing successful connection sends ”Technology” string to the

server along with its socket address. The server opens a text file having the keyword

”Manipal”, append the keywords ”Institute of” and ”Technology” and displays

”Manipal Institute of Technology” along with the socket addresses of the clients . If

the number of clients connected exceeds 2, the server sends ”terminate session” to

all clients and the program terminates.

2. Write a single server multiple client program to illustrate multiple clients

communicating with a single iterative server. The client on establishing successful

connection prompts the user to enter 2 strings which is sent to the server along with

client socket address. The server checks whether the strings are anagrams or not and

56
 Multiple Clients Communication

sends an appropriate message to the client. The result obtained is then displayed on

the client side. The server displays the date and time along with client socket

address that it is connected to it at any instant.

Additional Exercise

1. Write C program to simulate travel ticket reservation system. Where the server

displays the number of seats available and the number of seats booked of two

different source and destination locations. Multiple clients try to connect to server

and sends the number of seats to be booked as entered by the user. The server

database has to be updated and the client should terminate its session after

successful seat reservation. Note that if the requested number of seats are

unavailable the server sends appropriate message to the client and the client

program terminates. Price of ticket need not be taken into consideration.

57
Lab No. 6: Token Bus and Token Ring

Implementation using Socket Programming

Objectives

• Design and Implementation of Token Bus Topology using Socket Programming

• Design and Implementation of Token Ring Topology using Socket Prorgamming

Token Bus Protocol

In this, one long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network. If the

backbone is broken, the entire segment fails. When a station has finished sending its data, it

releases the token and inserts the address of its successor in the token. Only the station with

address matching the destination address of the token gets the token to access the shared

media. In the intermediate system fails, the token directly passes to the next available

system. But it’s not applicable in token ring protocol.

Algorithm

client 1:

1. Start the program

2. Open socket with input address and port

3. Establish a connection between client 1, client 2 and client 3

4. Pass the token from client1 to client 2

5. If the client 2 breaks, pass token to client3

58
 Toplogies using Socket Programming

6. Stop the program

client 2:

1. Start the program

2. Initialize server socket

3. Wait to connect with client 2

4. Initialize the socket and accept the client 1 message

5. Display connected with client 1

6. Receive the token sent by client 1

7. Establish a connection between client 2 and client 3

8. Open socket with input address and port

9. Pass the token to client 3

10. If the client 3 is disconnected, terminate the program

11. Stop

client 3:

1. Start the program

2. Initialize server socket

3. Wait to connect with client 2

4. Initialize the socket and accept the client 2 message

5. Receive the token which has sent by client 2

6. If the client 2 is disconnected, receive the token by client 1.

7. Stop

59
 Toplogies using Socket Programming

How to Execute the Programs

1. Type the Client 1, Client 2 and Client 3 program in three different computers.

2. To verify Case 1: first execute Client 3 then Client 2 then Client 1, so Client 3 waiting

for token from Client 2, Client 2 waiting for Token from Client 1, Client 1 starts the

token sending, it sends token to Client 2, now client 2 holds token for 40 seconds

then it sends token to Client 3.

3. To verify Case 2: first execute Client 3 then Client 1, don’t execute program in Client

2 (It is assumed like Client 2 is disconnected from the LAN), Client 1 starts the token

sending, it sends token to Client 2, but Client 2 is disconnected from the LAN, so the

token sent to Client 3.

4. To verify Case 3: Don’t execute Client 3 (It is assumed like Client 3 is disconnected

from LAN), execute program in Client 2 then Client 1, Client 1 sends token to Client

2, now Client 2 trying to send token to Client 3, but Client 3 is disconnected from the

LAN, so token not sent to Client 3.

5. To verify Case 4: Don’t execute Client 3 and Client 2 (It is assumed like Client 3 and

Client 2 are disconnected from the LAN)

Token Ring Protocol

In the token passing method, the stations in a network are organized in a logical ring. In

a physical ring topology, when a station sends the token to its successor, the token cannot

be seen by other stations. In this, each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection

with only the two devices on either side of it. In this method, a special packet called

token circulates throughout the ring. When a station has some data to send, it waits until it

receives the token from its predecessor. It then holds the token and sends its data. When the

station has no more data to send, it releases the token, passing it to the next logical station

in the ring.

60
 Toplogies using Socket Programming

Algorithm

client 1:

1. Start the program

2. Open socket with input address and port

3. Establish a connection between client 1 and client2

4. Pass the token to client 2

5. Stop the program

client 2:

1. Start the program

2. Initialize server server socket

3. Wait to connect with client 2

4. Initialize the socket and accept the client message

5. Display connected with client1

6. Receive the token sent by client 1

7. Establish a connection between client 2 and client 3

8. Open socket with input address and port

9. Pass the token to client 3

10. Stop

client3:

1. Start the program

2. Initialize server socket

61
 Toplogies using Socket Programming

3. Wait to connect with client 2

4. Initialize the socket and accept the client 2 message

5. Receive the token which has sent by client 2

6. Stop

How to Execute:

1. Type the Client 1, Client 2 and Client 3 program in three different computers.

2. To verify Case 1: first execute Client 3 then Client 2 then Client, so Client 3waiting

for token from Client 2, Client 2 waiting for Token from Client 1, Client 1 starts the

token sending, it sends token to Client 2, now client 2 holds token for 40 seconds

then it sends token to Client 3.

3. To verify Case 2: first execute Client 3 then Client 1, don’t execute program in Client

2 (It is assumed like Client 2 is disconnected from the LAN), Client 1 starts the token

sending, it sends token to Client 2, but Client 2 is disconnected from the LAN, so

that, the token ring breaks.

4. To verify Case 3: Don’t execute Client 3 (It is assumed like Client 3 is disconnected

from LAN), execute program in Client 2 then Client 1, Client 1 sends token to Client

2, now Client 2 trying to send token to Client 3, but Client 3 is disconnected from the

LAN, so that, token ring breaks.

5. To verify Case 4 : Don’t execute Client 3 and Client 2 (It is assumed like Client 3 and

Client 2 are disconnected from the LAN). So the token ring process is not initiated

at all

Lab Exercises

1. Implement the Token Bus Protocol with variations in the topology using Socket

Programming

62
 Toplogies using Socket Programming

2. Implement the Token Ring Protocol with variations in the topology using Socket

Programming

63
Lab No. 7 : Application Development using

Socket Programming

Objectives

• To apply the socket programming concepts in developing the real world applications.

• Develop an application using C programming or Python programming.

Socket Programming Using Python

Summary of the key functions from Socket - Low-level networking interface:

1. socket.socket(): Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and

protocol number.

2. socket.bind(address): Bind the socket to address.

3. socket.listen(backlog): Listen for connections made to the socket. The backlog

argument specifies the maximum number of queued connections and should be at

least 0; the maximum value is system-dependent (usually 5), the minimum value is

forced to 0.

4. socket.accept(): The return value is a pair (conn, address) where conn is a new socket

object usable to send and receive data on the connection, and address is the address

bound to the socket on the other end of the connection.

At accept(), a new socket is created that is distinct from the named socket. This new

socket is used solely for communication with this particular client.

For TCP servers, the socket object used to receive connections is not the same socket

used to perform subsequent communication with the client. In particular, the accept()

system call returns a new socket object that’s actually used for the connection. This

allows a server to manage connections from a large number of clients simultaneously.

64
 Application Development

5. socket.send(bytes[, flags]): Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected

to a remote socket. Returns the number of bytes sent. Applications are responsible

for checking that all data has been sent; if only some of the data was transmitted, the

application needs to attempt delivery of the remaining data.

6. socket.colse(): Mark the socket closed. all future operations on the socket object will

fail. The remote end will receive no more data (after queued data is flushed). Sockets

are automatically closed when they are garbage-collected, but it is recommended to

close() them explicitly.

In Python 3, all strings are Unicode. So, if any kind of text string is to be sent across the

network, it needs to be encoded.This is why the server is using the encode(’ascii’) method

on the data it transmits. Likewise, when a client receives network data, that data is first

received as raw unencoded bytes. If you print it out or try to process it as text, we’re

unlikely to get what we expected. Instead, we need to decode it first.This is why the client

code is using decode(’ascii’) on the result.

Server

# s e r v e r . py

import socket

import time

# create a socket object

serversocket = socket . socket (

s o c k e t . AF INET , s o c k e t . SOCK STREAM)

# g e t l o c a l m a c h i n e name

host = socket . gethostname ( )

p o r t = 9999

# bind to the port

s e r v e r s o c k e t . bind ( ( host , port ) )

# q u e u e up t o 5 r e q u e s t s

65
 Application Development

serversocket . listen (5)

while True :

# e s t a b l i s h a connection

c l i e n t s o c k e t , addr = s e r v e r s o c k e t . accept ( )

p r i n t ( ” Got a c o n n e c t i o n from %s ” % s t r ( a d d r ) )

c u r r e n t T i m e = t i m e . c t i m e ( t i m e . t i m e ( ) ) + ”\ r \ n ”

c l i e n t s o c k e t . send ( currentTime . encode ( ’ a s c i i ’ ) )

clientsocket . close ()

Client

# c l i e n t . py

import socket

# create a socket object

s = s o c k e t . s o c k e t ( s o c k e t . AF INET , s o c k e t . SOCK STREAM)

# g e t l o c a l m a c h i n e name

host = socket . gethostname ( )

p o r t = 9999

# c o n n e c t i o n t o h o s t n a m e on t h e p o r t .

s . connect ( ( host , port ) )

# R e c e i v e no more t h a n 1024 b y t e s

tm = s . r e c v ( 1 0 2 4 )

s . close ()

p r i n t ( ” The t i m e g o t from t h e s e r v e r i s %s ” % tm . d e c o d e ( ’ a s c i i ’ ) )

Output

$ p y t h o n s e r v e r . py &

Got a c o n n e c t i o n from ( ’ 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 ’ , 5 4 5 9 7 )

$ p y t h o n c l i e n t . py

The t i m e g o t from t h e s e r v e r i s Wed J u l 14 1 9 : 1 4 : 1 5 2020

66
 Application Development

Lab Exercises

1. Write two separate C programs or python programs (one for server and other for

client) using socket APIs, to implement the following connection-oriented client-

server model for “BANKING APPLICATION”. To login, the user at client side sends

username and password (can be alphanumeric) to the server. The server maintains a

file (database) that has a list of username, its corresponding password in encrypted

form (Use Caser Cipher for encryption where each letter is replaced by a letter which

is a shift of 3 of the original letter. Eg. ‘a’ is replaced by ‘d’) and the current account

balance. On receiving the credentials from the client, the server first encrypts the

password and validates it against the file contents).

(a) If the username is incorrect, the server displays ‘Incorrect Username ‘and sends

this message to the client.

(b) Otherwise, the server displays ‘Incorrect Password’ and sends this message to

the client.

On Successful login the server sends a menu with following options.

a. Debit b. Credit c. View Balance d. EXIT Based on the Choice of the client

transactions are done (must be reflected in the database) and the application

Quits on choosing option d.

2. Demonstrate a TCP Chat System between two PCS using C or Python.

3. Write two separate C programs or python programs (one for server and other for

client) using socket APIs, to implement the following client-server model. The user

at the client side sends a filename containing a text to the server. The server checks

the existence of the file. If present it performs the following operations:

• The child process at the server converts the text to uppercase.

• The parent process at the server replaces each letter in the text with its

equivalent digit. Map a to 1, b to 2 and so on.

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 Application Development

• Both the processes should write the results onto the file with their process IDs.

• Client reads the results from the file.

Additional Exercises

1. Write two separate C programs or python programs (one for server and the other for

client) using socket APIs, to implement the following connection-oriented client -server

model for Movie ticket booking application. The server maintains a database (file/structure)

consisting of ‘Movie Names’, ‘Movie timings’ and ‘Seats Available’. At the client side the

following menu is displayed.

1. Book Tickets

2. Exit.

The option selected by the user is sent to the server. If option ‘1’ is selected, a list of ‘Movie

Names’ is sent to the client by the server.

i. The user at the client side selects a movie name which is displayed at the server side.

ii. The server sends ‘Movie timings’ and ‘Seats available’ to the user at the client.

iii. The user sends movie timings and the required number of seats to the server. If seats are

available the server decrements the number of seats available and sends the message ‘Seats

booked’ to the user at client. If Seats are unavailable the Server sends the message ‘Seats

Unavailable’ to the client. The updated database must be displayed at the server side. This

process should continue until user selects option 2 (Exit).

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Lab No. 8: Prototyping the Network Model using

Packet Tracer

Objectives

1. Develop an understanding of the basic functions of Packet Tracer.

2. To build a network using packet tracer

3. To demonstrate use of different network components such as routers, switches etc

4. Observe traffic behavior on the network.

Introduction

Cisco Packet Tracer is a powerful network simulation program that allows students to

experiment with network behavior and ask “what if” questions. As an integral part of the

Networking Academy comprehensive learning experience, Packet Tracer provides

simulation, visualization, authoring, assessment, and collaboration capabilities and

facilitates the teaching and learning of complex technology concepts.

Packet Tracer supplements physical equipment in the classroom by allowing students to

create a network with an almost unlimited number of devices, encouraging practice,

discovery, and troubleshooting. The simulation-based learning environment helps students

develop 21st century skills such as decision making, creative and critical thinking, and

problem solving. Packet Tracer complements the Networking Academy curricula,

allowing instructors to easily teach and demonstrate complex technical concepts and

networking systems design.

Packet Tracer complements the Networking Academy curricula, allowing instructors to

easily teach and demonstrate complex technical concepts and networking systems design.

Instructors can customize individual or multiuser activities, providing hands-on lessons

for students that offer value and relevance in their classrooms. Students can build,

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 Network Model using Packet Tracer

configure, and troubleshoot networks using virtual equipment and simulated connections,

alone or in collaboration with other students. Packet Tracer offers an effective, interactive

environment for learning networking concepts and protocols. Most importantly, Packet

Tracer helps students and instructors create their own virtual “network worlds” for

exploration, experimentation, and explanation of networking concepts and technologies.

Key Features

Packet Tracer Workspaces: Cisco Packet Tracer has two workspaces—logical and

physical. The logical workspace allows users to build logical network topologies by

placing, connecting, and clustering virtual network devices. The physical workspace

provides a graphical physical dimension of the logical network, giving a sense of scale

and placement in how network devices such as routers, switches, and hosts would look in

a real environment. The physical view also provides geographic representations of

networks, including multiple cities, buildings, and wiring closets.

Packet Tracer Modes

Cisco Packet Tracer provides two operating modes to visualize the behavior of a

network—real-time mode and simulation mode. In real-time mode the network behaves as

real devices do, with immediate real-time response for all network activities. The

real-time mode gives students a viable alternative to real equipment and allows them to

gain configuration practice before working with real equipment. In simulation mode the

user can see and control time intervals, the inner workings of data transfer, and the

propagation of data across a network. This helps students understand the fundamental

concepts behind network operations. A solid understanding of network fundamentals can

help accelerate learning about related concepts.

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 Network Model using Packet Tracer

Protocols: Cisco Packet Tracer supports the following protocols

A client has requested that you set up a simple network with two PCs connected to a

switch. Verify that the hardware, along with the given configurations, meet the

requirements of the client. Following are the steps to setup the above given scenario:

Step 1: Set up the network topology

a) Add two PCs and a Cisco 2950T switch.

b) Using straight-through cables, connect PC0 to interface Fa0/1 on Switch0 and PC1 to

interface Fa0/2 on Switch0.

c) Configure PC0 using the Config tab in the PC0 configuration window:

1. IP address: 192.168.10.10

2. Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0

d) Configure PC1 using the Config tab in the PC1 configuration window:

1. IP address: 192.168.10.11

2. Subnet Mask 255.255.255.

Step 2: Test connectivity from PC0 to PC1

a) Use the ping command to test connectivity.

1. Click PC0.

2. Choose the Desktop tab.

3. Choose Command Prompt.

4. Type: ping 192.168.10.11 and press enter.

b) A successful ping indicates the network was configured correctly and the prototype

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 Network Model using Packet Tracer

validates the hardware and software configurations. A successful ping should resemble the

below output:

c) Close the configuration window.

Communication between 2 PC’s via the router

Here, we will see communication enabled between PCs via Router in Packet Tracer. So,

for this we need two PCs, a router, and two cross over cables to connect them. Important

point is that we use cross over cable to connect PC to a router because they both use the

same pins for transmission and receiving of data.

Now, we will connect them by selecting fast ethernet interfaces on both ends.

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 Network Model using Packet Tracer

Now, we have connect the devices. Further, we will go to the router CLI mode and

enter the following commands. Step by step, we will have to do the following things.

i. Access the interfaces one by one

ii. Assign IP addresses to interfaces

iii. Change the status of the interfaces i.e. from Down to Up

iv. Assign IP addresses to PCs

v. Assign Default Gateway to PCs. FYI fast Ethernet ip address is the gateway address to

the PC

Now, we have accessed both interfaces one by one and we have assigned IP addresses

respectively.

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 Network Model using Packet Tracer

Now, we have accessed both interfaces one by one and we have assigned IP addresses

respectively.

See the difference the lights have changed the color from Red to Green. Now, lets

assign IP addresses to the PCs. Click on PC0, go to Desktop, then click IP Configuration.

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 Network Model using Packet Tracer

PC0

PC1

Now, our communication is enabled and we are able to communicate from PC0 to PC1

via Router. Click on the packet in the right panel on the packet tracer, then click on PC0

and then click on PC1. You will see the successful packet tracer (status is shown in the

bottom right corner).

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 Network Model using Packet Tracer

Lab Exercises:

1. Set up a network with 4 switches and 8 PC’s and verify the connectivity between all

the PC’s.

2. Design and configure a network using 4 PC’s and a router. Configuration should be

done using Command Line Interface (CLI).

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Lab No. 9: Implementation Basic Topologies

using Packet Tracer

Objectives

1. Implementation of Basic Topologies such as BUS, RING, MESH, STAR using

packet tracer.

What is Network Topology

Network topology refers to how various nodes, devices, and connections on your

network are physically or logically arranged in relation to each other. Think of your

network as a city, and the topology as the road map. Just as there are many ways to

arrange and maintain a city—such as making sure the avenues and boulevards can

facilitate passage between the parts of town getting the most traffic—there are several

ways to arrange a network. Each has advantages and disadvantages and depending on the

needs of your company, certain arrangements can give you a greater degree of

connectivity and security.

There are two approaches to network topology: physical and logical. Physical network

topology, as the name suggests, refers to the physical connections and interconnections

between nodes and the network—the wires, cables, and so forth. Logical network

topology is a little more abstract and strategic, referring to the conceptual understanding

of how and why the network is arranged the way it is, and how data moves through it.

Why Is Network Topology Important?

The layout of your network is important for several reasons. Above all, it plays an

essential role in how and how well your network functions. Choosing the right topology

for your company’s operational model can increase performance while making it easier to

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 Basic Topologies using Packet Tracer

locate faults, troubleshoot errors, and more effectively allocate resources across the

network to ensure optimal network health. A streamlined and properly managed network

topology can increase energy and data efficiency, which can in turn help to reduce

operational and maintenance costs.

The design and structure of a network are usually shown and manipulated in a

software-created network topology diagram. These diagrams are essential for a few

reasons, but especially for how they can provide visual representations of both physical

and logical layouts, allowing administrators to see the connections between devices when

troubleshooting.

Bus Topology

In local area network, it is a single network cable runs in the building or campus and

all nodes are connected along with this communication line with two endpoints called the

bus or backbone. In other words, it is a multipoint data communication circuit that is easily

control data flow between the computers because this configuration allows all stations to

receive every transmission over the network.

To build the topology and to test follow the given steps:

1. Select the end devices (Generic Laptop-PT) from the available devices.

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 Basic Topologies using Packet Tracer

2. Choose switches (Generic)

3. Choose connections between switches (Copper Cross-over)

4. Choose connections between end devices (Copper Straight-Through)

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 Basic Topologies using Packet Tracer

5. Configure end devices with class-c IP address.

6. Send packet from source to destination.

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 Basic Topologies using Packet Tracer

Ring Topology

In ring topology each device is connected with the two devices on either side of it.

There are two dedicated point to point links a device has with the devices on the either side

of it. This structure forms a ring thus it is known as ring topology. If a device wants to send

data to another device then it sends the data in one direction, each device in ring topology

has a repeater, if the received data is intended for other device then repeater forwards this

data until the intended device receives it.

To build the topology and to test follow the given steps:

1. Select the end devices (Generic Laptop-PT) from the available devices.

2. Choose switches (2950-24)

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 Basic Topologies using Packet Tracer

3. Choose connections between switches (Copper Cross-over)

4. Choose connections between end devices (Copper Straight-Through)

5. Assign IP configuration for the devices

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 Basic Topologies using Packet Tracer

6. Send packet from source to destination.

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 Basic Topologies using Packet Tracer

Star Topology

In star topology, all the cables run from the computers to a central location where they

are all connected by a device called a hub. It is a concentrated network, where the endpoints

are directly reachable from a central location.

To build the topology and to test follow the given steps:

1. Select Switch

2. Select End Devices

3. Since switch can be connected to four end devices, and here we have six end devices,

so add two more modules.

Click on switch physical − > packet tracer switch off − > select PT-SWITCH-NM-

1CFE − > add two modules of it − > packet tracer switch on

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 Basic Topologies using Packet Tracer

4. Choose connections between PCs and switch (Automatically choose Connection

type).

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 Basic Topologies using Packet Tracer

5. Configure the PC with IP address, subnet mask and default gateway

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 Basic Topologies using Packet Tracer

6. Send packet from source to destination.

Mesh Topology

In mesh topology every device has a dedicated point to point link to every other device.

The term dedicated stand for link carries traffic only between two devices it connects. It is

a well-connected topology; in this every node has a connection to every other node in the

network. The cable requirements are high and it can include multiple topologies. Failure

in one of the computers does not cause the network to break down, as they have alternative

paths to other computers star topology, all the cables run from the computers to a central

location. To build the topology and to test follow the given steps:

1. Select the switches

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 Basic Topologies using Packet Tracer

2. Select the end devices

3. Connect the switches (Copper Cross Over)

4. Connect end devices and switches (Copper Straight Through)

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 Basic Topologies using Packet Tracer

5. Configure end devices with IP address

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 Basic Topologies using Packet Tracer

6. Send packets from source to destination

7.

Lab Exercises

1. Design and implement Bus Topology with variations using Packet Tracer.

2. Design and implement Ring Topology with variations using Packet Tracer.

3. Design and implement Star Topology with variations using Packet Tracer.

4. Design and implement Mesh Topology with variations using Packet Tracer.

Additional Exercise

1. Design and implement Hybrid Topology with variations using Packet Tracer.

2. Implement the Token Bus and Token Ring Protocols using Packet Tracer.

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Lab No. 10: Configuring Routing Protocols using

Packet Tracer

Objectives

1. To understand working principle of various routing protocols using packet tracer.

2. To make use of various routing protocols to route packets between the systems.

RIP: Routing Information Protocol

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a standards-based, distance-vector, interior

gateway protocol (IGP) used by routers to exchange routing information. RIP uses hop

count to determine the best path between two locations. Hop count is the number of

routers the packet must go through till it reaches the destination network. The maximum

allowable number of hops a packet can traverse in an IP network implementing RIP is 15

hops. It has a maximum allowable hop count of 15 by default, meaning that 16 is deemed

unreachable. RIP works well in small networks, but it’s inefficient on large networks with

slow WAN links or on networks with a large number of routers installed. In a RIP

network, each router broadcasts its entire RIP table to its neighboring routers every 30

seconds. When a router receives a neighbor’s RIP table, it uses the information provided

to update its own routing table and then sends the updated table to its neighbors.

Differences between RIPv1 or RIPv2

RIPv1

• A classful protocol, broadcasts updates every 30 seconds, hold-down period 180

seconds. Hop count is metric (Maximum 15).

• RIP supports up to six equal-cost paths to a single destination, where all six paths

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 Configuring a Network using Routing Protocols

can be placed in the routing table and the router can load-balance across them. The

default is actually four paths, but this can be increased up to a maximum of six.

Remember that an equal-cost path is where the hop count value is the same. RIP will

not load-balance across unequal-cost paths.

RIPv2

• RIPv2 uses multicasts, version 1 use broadcasts, RIPv2 supports triggered

updates—when a change occurs, a RIPv2 router will immediately propagate its

routing information to its connected neighbors.

• RIPv2 is a classless protocol. RIPv2 supports variable-length subnet masking

(VLSM) RIPv2 supports authentication. You can restrict what routers you want to

participate in RIPv2. This is accomplished using a hashed password value.

RIP Timers

RIP uses four different kinds of timers to regulate its performance:

1. Route update timer: Sets the interval (typically 30 seconds) between periodic routing

updates in which the router sends a complete copy of its routing table out to all

neighbors.

2. Route invalid timer: Determines the length of time that must elapse (180 seconds)

before a router determines that a route has become invalid. It will come to this

conclusion if it hasn’t heard any updates about a particular route for that period.

When that happens, the router will send out updates to all its neighbors letting them

know that the route is invalid.

3. Hold down timer: This sets the amount of time during which routing information

is suppressed. Routes will enter into the hold down state when an update packet is

received that indicated the route is unreachable. This continues either until an update

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 Configuring a Network using Routing Protocols

packet is received with a better metric or until the hold down timer expires. The

default is 180 seconds.

4. Route flush timer: Sets the time between a route becoming invalid and its removal

from the routing table (240 seconds). Before it’s removed from the table, the router

notifies its neighbors of that route’s impending failure. The value of the route invalid

timer must be less than that of the route flush timer. This gives the router enough time

to tell its neighbors about the invalid route before the local routing table is updated.

RIP Routing Configurations

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 Configuring a Network using Routing Protocols

Assign ip address to PC. Select pc and double click on it. Select ip configurations from

desktop tab and set ip address given as in table. To configure router double click on it and

select CLI. To configure this topology use this step by step guide.

(1841Router0) Hostname R1:

To configure and enable rip routing on R1 follow these commands exactly.

R o u t e r >e n a b l e

Router # configure t e r m i n a l

E n t e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n commands , one p e r l i n e .

End w i t h CNTL / Z .

R o u t e r ( c o n f i g ) # h o s t n a m e R1

R1 ( c o n f i g ) # i n t e r f a c e f a s t e t h e r n e t 0 / 0

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # i p a d d r e s s 1 0 . 0 . 0 . 1 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # no s h u t d o w n

%LINK−5−CHANGED: I n t e r f a c e F a s t E t h e r n e t 0 / 0 ,

c h a n g e d s t a t e t o up

%LINEPROTO−5−UPDOWN: L i n e p r o t o c o l on I n t e r f a c e

F a s t E t h e r n e t 0 / 0 , c h a n g e d s t a t e t o up

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # e x i t

R1 ( c o n f i g ) # i n t e r f a c e f a s t e t h e r n e t 0 / 1

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # i p a d d r e s s 2 0 . 0 . 0 . 1 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # no s h u t d o w n

%LINK−5−CHANGED: I n t e r f a c e F a s t E t h e r n e t 0 / 1 ,

c h a n g e d s t a t e t o up

%LINEPROTO−5−UPDOWN: L i n e p r o t o c o l on I n t e r f a c e

F a s t E t h e r n e t 0 / 1 , c h a n g e d s t a t e t o up

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # e x i t

R1 ( c o n f i g ) # i n t e r f a c e s e r i a l 0 / 0 / 0

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # i p a d d r e s s 5 0 . 0 . 0 . 1 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # c l o c k r a t e 64000

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 Configuring a Network using Routing Protocols

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # b a n d w i d t h 64

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # no s h u t d o w n

%LINK−5−CHANGED: I n t e r f a c e S e r i a l 0 / 0 / 0 , c h a n g e d

s t a t e t o down

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # e x i t

R1 ( c o n f i g ) # r o u t e r r i p

R1 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # n e t w o r k 1 0 . 0 . 0 . 0

R1 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # n e t w o r k 2 0 . 0 . 0 . 0

R1 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # n e t w o r k 5 0 . 0 . 0 . 0

R1 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # e x i t

(2811Router1) Hostname R2:

To configure and enable rip routing on R2 follow these commands exactly.

R o u t e r >e n a b l e

Router # configure t e r m i n a l

E n t e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n commands , one p e r l i n e .

End w i t h CNTL / Z .

R o u t e r ( c o n f i g ) # h o s t n a m e R2

R2 ( c o n f i g ) # i n t e r f a c e f a s t e t h e r n e t 0 / 0

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # i p a d d r e s s 3 0 . 0 . 0 . 1 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # no s h u t d o w n

%LINK−5−CHANGED: I n t e r f a c e F a s t E t h e r n e t 0 / 0 ,

c h a n g e d s t a t e t o up

%LINEPROTO−5−UPDOWN: L i n e p r o t o c o l on I n t e r f a c e

FastEthernet0 /0 ,

c h a n g e d s t a t e t o up

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # e x i t

R2 ( c o n f i g ) # i n t e r f a c e f a s t e t h e r n e t 0 / 1

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # i p a d d r e s s 4 0 . 0 . 0 . 1 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # no s h u t d o w n

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 Configuring a Network using Routing Protocols

%LINK−5−CHANGED: I n t e r f a c e F a s t E t h e r n e t 0 / 1 ,

c h a n g e d s t a t e t o up

%LINEPROTO−5−UPDOWN: L i n e p r o t o c o l on I n t e r f a c e

FastEthernet0 /1 ,

c h a n g e d s t a t e t o up

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # e x i t

R2 ( c o n f i g ) # i n t e r f a c e s e r i a l 0 / 0 / 0

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # i p a d d r e s s 5 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # no s h u t d o w n

%LINK−5−CHANGED: I n t e r f a c e S e r i a l 0 / 0 / 0 , c h a n g e d

s t a t e t o up

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) #

%LINEPROTO−5−UPDOWN: L i n e p r o t o c o l on I n t e r f a c e

Serial0 /0/0 ,

c h a n g e d s t a t e t o up

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # e x i t

R2 ( c o n f i g ) # r o u t e r r i p

R2 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # n e t w o r k 3 0 . 0 . 0 . 0

R2 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # n e t w o r k 4 0 . 0 . 0 . 0

R2 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # n e t w o r k 5 0 . 0 . 0 . 0

R2 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # e x i t

To test rip routing do ping from pc0 to all pc and vice versa. If you get replay then you

have successfully configured rip routing.

Configure OSPF Routing Protocol

Configuration of OSPF routing protocol is easy as RIP Routing. The Open Shortest

Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol for wide area networks and enterprise network.

OSPF is perhaps the most widely used interior gateway protocol (IGP) in large enterprise

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 Configuring a Network using Routing Protocols

networks. The most widely used exterior gateway protocol is the Border Gateway Protocol

(BGP), the principal routing protocol between autonomous systems on the Internet.

Solved Example: Configure the following network using OSPF

Router 1

R1>e n a b l e

R1# c o n f i g u r e t e r m i n a l

E n t e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n commands , one p e r l i n e . End w i t h CNTL / Z .

R o u t e r ( c o n f i g ) # h o s t n a m e R1

R1 ( c o n f i g ) # i n t e r f a c e s e r i a l 0 / 3

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # i p a d d r e s s 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 2

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # c l o c k r a t e 64000

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # no s h u t d o w n

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # e x i t

R1 ( c o n f i g ) #

R1 ( c o n f i g ) # i n t e r f a c e s e r i a l 0 / 2

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # i p a d d r e s s 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 5 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 2

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # c l o c k r a t e 64000

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # no s h u t d o w n

Router 2

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 Configuring a Network using Routing Protocols

Router # enable

Router # configure t e r m i n a l

E n t e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n commands , one p e r l i n e . End w i t h CNTL / Z .

R o u t e r ( c o n f i g ) # h o s t n a m e R2

R2 ( c o n f i g ) # i n t e r f a c e s e r i a l 0 / 2

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # i p a d d r e s s 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 6 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 2

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # no s h u t d o w n

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # e x i t

R2 ( c o n f i g ) # i n t e r f a c e f a s t E t h e r n e t 0 / 0

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # i p a d d r e s s 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 1 0 . 1 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # no s h u t d o w n

Router 3

Router # enable

Router # configure t e r m i n a l

E n t e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n commands , one p e r l i n e . End w i t h CNTL / Z .

R o u t e r ( c o n f i g ) # h o s t n a m e R3

R3 ( c o n f i g ) # i n t e r f a c e s e r i a l 0 / 2

R3 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # i p a d d r e s s 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 2 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 2

R3 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # no s h u t d o w n

R3 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # e x i t

R3 ( c o n f i g ) # i n t e r f a c e f a s t E t h e r n e t 0 / 0

R3 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # i p a d d r e s s 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 1 . 1 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0

R3 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # no s h u t d o w n

Configure OSPF Routing Protocol

R1>e n a b l e

R1# c o n f i g u r e t e r m i n a l

E n t e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n commands , one p e r l i n e . End w i t h CNTL / Z .

R1 ( c o n f i g ) # r o u t e r o s p f 1

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 Configuring a Network using Routing Protocols

R1 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # n e t w o r k 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 3 a r e a 0

R1 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # n e t w o r k 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 4 0 . 0 . 0 . 3 a r e a 0

R1 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) #

The router OSPF command is enable OSPF routing on the router, and the 1 before OSFP

is the process ID of the OSFP Protocol. You can set different process id from ”1-65535” for

each router. The network command with network ID ”network 20.10.10.0” is the network

identifier, and the ”0.0.0.3” is the wildcard mask of 20.10.10.0 network. Wildcard mask

determine which interfaces to advertise, because OSPF advertise interfaces, not networks.

R2>e n a b l e

R2# c o n f i g u r e t e r m i n a l

E n t e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n commands , one p e r l i n e . End w i t h CNTL / Z .

R2 ( c o n f i g ) # r o u t e r o s p f 1

R2 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # n e t w o r k 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 1 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 a r e a 0

R2 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # n e t w o r k 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 4 0 . 0 . 0 . 3 a r e a 0

R3>e n a b l e

R3# c o n f i g u r e t e r m i n a l

E n t e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n commands , one p e r l i n e . End w i t h CNTL / Z .

R3 ( c o n f i g ) # r o u t e r o s p f 1

R3 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # n e t w o r k 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 1 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 a r e a 0

R3 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # n e t w o r k 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 3 a r e a 0

OSPF routing configuration has been finished successfully, now test your network

whether they can ping with each other or not.

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Lab Exercises

1. Using RIP, configure the below network and verify the connectivity between PC0

and PC1.

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2. For the above given scenario, configure the network using OSPF and verify the

connectivity between the PC’s.

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Lab No. 11: Configuring DHCP and NAT On A

Multi-Function Device using Packet Tracer

Objectives

1. To configure DHCP using packet tracer.

2. To examine NAT on a Multi-Function Device

Network Address Translation (NAT)

The use of Network Address Translation (NAT) has been widespread for a number of

years; this is because it is able to solve a number of problems with the same relatively

simple configuration. At its most basic, NAT enables the ability to translate one set of

addresses to another; this enables traffic coming from a specific host to appear as though it

is coming from another and do it transparently.

NAT Concepts

There are a number of different concepts that must be explained in order to really get

a good understanding of how NAT operates, which ultimately makes the configuration of

NAT increasingly simple. This section reviews these different concepts and begins with an

understanding of how NAT can be used. Some of the main uses for NAT include:

• Translation of non-unique addresses into unique addresses when accessing the

Internet: This is one of the most common uses of NAT today; almost every

household that has a “router” to access the Internet is using NAT on this device to

translate between internal private address and public Internet addresses.

• Translation of addresses when transitioning internal addresses from one address

range into another (this is common when the organization of addresses within a

company is being changed): This is often done when a company is transitioning

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their IP addressing plan; common scenarios include when expanding (and the IP

addressing plan was not built sufficiently when the initial addresses were assigned)

and when a company is merging with another with potential overlapping addresses.

• When simple TCP load sharing is required across many IP hosts: This is very

common, as many highly used servers are not really a single machine but a bank of

several machines that utilize load balancing. In this scenario, commonly, a single

public address is translated into one of several internal addresses in a round robin

fashion. This is not a complete list of every possible way that NAT can be

configured but simply a list of the most common ways that it is used in modern

networks.

There are a couple of main concepts that also must be reviewed and understood before

configuring NAT:

• Inside and Outside Addresses

• NAT types

1. Inside and Outside Addresses In typical NAT configurations, interfaces are placed

into one of two categories (or locations): inside or outside. Inside indicates traffic

that is coming from within the organizational network. Outside indicates traffic that

is coming from an external network that is outside the organizational network. These

different categories are then used to define different types of address depending on

location of the address and how it is being “seen”. These different types include:

(a) inside local address: This is the inside address as it is seen and used within the

organizational network.

(b) inside global address: This is the inside address as it is seen and used on the

outside of the organizational network.

(c) outside local address: This is the outside address as it seen and used within the

organizational network.

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(d) outside global address: This is the outside address as it is seen and used on the

outside of the organizational network.

2. NAT Types: Another important concept to be familiar with is the different types of

NAT and how they are defined. On most networks there are three different types of

NAT that are defined:

(a) Static Translation (Static NAT): This type of NAT is used when a single inside

address needs to be translated to a single outside address or vice versa.

(b) Dynamic Address Translation (Dynamic NAT): This type of NAT is used when

an inside address (or addresses) need to be translated to an outside pool of

addresses or vice versa.

(c) Overloading Port Address Translation (PAT): This type of NAT is a variation

on dynamic NAT. With dynamic NAT, there is always a one to one relationship

between inside and outside addresses; if the outside address pool is ever

exhausted, traffic from the next addresses requesting translation will be

dropped. With overloading, instead of a one to one relationship, traffic is

translated and given a specific outside port number to communicate with; in

this situation, many internal hosts can be using the same outside address while

utilizing different port numbers.

Static NAT Configuration

There a few steps that are required when configuring static NAT; the number of the

commands depends on whether there will be more than one static translation:

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Using NAT we can hide real IP address, we can translate private IP address to public

IP address and vice versa. As we all know in internet only public IP addresses are used

and some IP in every class has been reserved for use in LOCAL AREA CONNECTION

say LAN and these ranges of IP are known as Private IP Address. Private Addresses can

only be used in LAN and it can’t be used in internet. But our PC with private address can

communicate with PC or Machine having public IP address using NAT(Network Address

Translation).

A public IP address is an IP address that can be accessed over the Internet. Like postal

address used to deliver a postal mail to your home, a public IP address is the globally

unique IP address assigned to a computing device. Private IP address on the other hand is

used to assign computers within your private space without letting them directly expose to

the Internet. For example, if you have multiple computers within your home you may

want to use private IP addresses to address each computer within your home. In this

scenario, your router get the public IP address, and each of the computers, tablets and

smartphones connected to your router (via wired or wifi) get a private IP address from

your router via DHCP protocol.

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the organization responsible for

registering IP address ranges to organizations and Internet Service Providers (ISPs). To

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allow organizations to freely assign private IP addresses, the Network Information Center

(InterNIC) has reserved certain address blocks for private use.

The following IP blocks are reserved for private IP addresses.

What is public IP address?

A public IP address is the address that is assigned to a computing device to allow direct

access over the Internet. A web server, email server and any server device directly

accessible from the Internet are candidate for a public IP address. A public IP address is

globally unique, and can only be assigned to an unique device.

What is private IP address?

A private IP address is the address space allocated by InterNIC to allow organizations to

create their own private network. There are three IP blocks (1 class A, 1 class B and 1

class C) reserved for a private use. The computers, tablets and smartphones sitting behind

your home, and the personal computers within an organizations are usually assigned

private IP addresses. A network printer residing in your home is assigned a private address

so that only your family can print to your local printer.

When a computer is assigned a private IP address, the local devices sees this computer via

it’s private IP address. However, the devices residing outside of your local network cannot

directly communicate via the private IP address, but uses your router’s public IP address

to communicate. To allow direct access to a local device which is assigned a private IP

address, a Network Address Translator (NAT) should be used.

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How to configure NTP Server and NTP Client on cisco

Router

Whenever we talks about cisco routers and how to set clock or accurate time on

routers it becomes so important because a variety of services depend on it. We need to

monitor our routers and secure our routers through server configuration. We use to

configure syslog server for monitoring routers log and incident happening over routers.

The logging service shows each log entry with the date and time and all details which are

directly or indirectly related to NTP Server. It becomes very critical if you’re trying to

track a specific incident or troubleshoot a problem.

Cisco routers have two types of clocks :

1. A battery-powered hardware clock, referenced as the ‘calendar’ in the IOS CLI, and

2. A software clock, referenced as the ‘clock’ in the IOS CLI.

The software clock is the primary source for time data and runs from the moment the

system is up and running. The software clock can be updated from a number of sources.

Configure DHCP on a Router

DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, as the name indicates it

dynamically controls the hosts. DHCP is very common in home networks and in most

enterprise networks. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a networking

protocol that permits network administrators centrally manage and automate the

assignment of network parameters to a client device like PCs or Laptops.

1. DHCPDISCOVER: Server Discovery – Broadcast

In server discovery process, when a computer or other networked device connects to

a DHCP network, it starts trying to discover whether there is any DHCP server

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available in the network by sending broadcast to 255.255.255.255 destination

address. This is called DHCPDISCOVER.

2. DHCPOFFER: IP Lease Offer – Unicast

After the DHCP server accepts the DHCPDISCOVER message, it replies with a

DHCPOFFER message. This could be Unicast to the MAC address of the client and

those packet includes an IPv4 address lease among the pool of IPs, Subnet mask,

Gateway, DNS, lease duration.

3. DHCPREQUEST: IP request – Broadcast

Clients take the first offer received from DHCP server by broadcasting a DHCP

Request packet called DHCPREQUEST. This message allowing the server to know

that the client supposed to use the address offered by the server.

4. DHCPACK: IP lease acknowledgment – Unicast

The server directs an acknowledgment (DHCPACK) message in unicast, confirming

that acceptance of the allotted IP for a specified period of time. It also used to renew

the lease time.

Solved Example:

1. Configure DHCP on routers for the given topology

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2. Configure the Router 1

R o u t e r >e n a b l e

Router # configure t e r m i n a l

E n t e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n commands , one p e r l i n e . End w i t h CNTL / Z .

R o u t e r ( c o n f i g ) # h o s t n a m e R1

R1 ( c o n f i g ) # i n t e r f a c e s e r i a l 0 / 0 / 0

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # i p a d d r e s s 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 2

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # no s h u t d o w n

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # c l o c k r a t e 64000

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) #

3. Configure the Router 2

R o u t e r >e n a b l e

Router # configure t e r m i n a l

E n t e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n commands , one p e r l i n e . End w i t h CNTL / Z .

R o u t e r ( c o n f i g ) # h o s t n a m e R2

R2 ( c o n f i g ) # i n t e r f a c e s e r i a l 0 / 0 / 0

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # i p a d d r e s s 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 2 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 2

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # no s h u t d o w n

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) #

R2 ( c o n f i g ) # i n t e r f a c e f a s t E t h e r n e t 0 / 0

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # i p a d d r e s s 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 1 0 . 1 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0

R2 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # no s h u t d o w n

4. Lets config Router 2 as DHCP Server and set the clients to get there IP addresses

from DHCP Server.

In the R2 while you are in the config mode, type the command ’ip dhcp excluded-

address 192.168.10.1 192.168.10.20’ and then press enter. This command ’ip dhcp

excluded-address’ will create an exclusive range of IP addresses which reserved for

Network Servers and DHCP Server will not assign theme to clients.

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The ’ip dhcp pool’ command create a pool for a network. You can create many pools

on a router for all Local area network that connected to the router.

R2>e n a b l e

R2# c o n f i g u r e t e r m i n a l

E n t e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n commands , one p e r l i n e . End w i t h CNTL / Z .

R2 ( c o n f i g ) # i p dhcp e x c l u d e d −a d d r e s s 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 1 0 . 1 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 1 0 . 2 0

R2 ( c o n f i g ) # i p dhcp p o o l mynetwork ( you c a n g i v e any name )

R2 ( dhcp−c o n f i g ) #

R2 ( dhcp−c o n f i g ) # n e t w o r k 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 1 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0

R2 ( dhcp−c o n f i g ) # d e f a u l t −r o u t e r 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 1 0 . 1

R2 ( dhcp−c o n f i g ) # dns−s e r v e r 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 1 0 . 1 0 0

R2 ( dhcp−c o n f i g ) #

5. Now go to client setting and set the IP Configuration to DHCP and see the client get

new IP address from DHCP Server.

6. DHCP Options on Cisco Router: Remember some DHCP options when you need to

provide IP addresses from a DCHP server to clients that are outside of your network

or are not in the same Local Area Network. You must use the ’ip helper-address’ to

forward the DHCP client requests to remote host.

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Configure the R1 to relay the DHCP client request. It will not work without routing.

So configure Routers with static or dynamic routing. Here I’m testing with RIP.

R1>e n a b l e

R1# c o n f i g u r e t e r m i n a l

E n t e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n commands , one p e r l i n e . End w i t h CNTL / Z .

R1 ( c o n f i g ) # i n t e r f a c e f a s t E t h e r n e t 0 / 0

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # i p h e l p e r −a d d r e s s 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 2

R1 ( c o n f i g − i f ) # e x i t

R1 ( c o n f i g ) # r o u t e r r i p

R1 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # n e t w o r k 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 0

R1 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # n e t w o r k 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 3 0 . 0

R1 ( c o n f i g −r o u t e r ) # e x i t

7. Go to the client IP configuration setting and see the forwarded request by DHCP

Server.

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Lab Exercises

1. Configure static NAT for the below given scenario. Also ping a private IP address

given and mention your inference.

2. Perform NTP client-server configuration for the below given topology

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3. Configure DHCP for the following topology.

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Lab No. 12: Wireless Topology and VOIP using

Packet Tracer

Objectives

1. To create and configure wireless network using packet tracer

2. To configure VOIP

Introduction

Let us create wireless topology on packet tracer.

For this go to the wireless devices and select wireless router, choose some PCs and provide

them with wireless module so that they can communicate through router wirelessly.

For providing wireless module, go to the PC physical mode Go to PC, and remove wired

LAN and install WMP300N Module.

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Repeat the procedure for PC1

Now devices are connected .

Set the IP address for the router.

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As this wireless router provides us with the DHCP service, so we can obtain IP

automatically by using this service for our PCs.

This enables the devices to communicate.

Now, let us apply authentication to our wireless router. For that, go to Config tab, click on

Wireless. Provide it with the information (SSID and Passkey) as below.

Go to PC desktop mode, Click on PC Wireless.

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Go to PC desktop mode, Click on PC Wireless.

Go to the connect tab and click refresh.

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 Configuring Wireless and VOIP

Now click on connect button and give the passkey you have set in the router.

Now you can see that the PC has been connected to the router, you can also check the signal

strength and quality by clicking on Link Information.

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Repeat the procedure for PC2.

VOIP(Voice Over IP)

VOIP is an acronym for Voice Over Internet Protocol, or in more common terms

phone service over the Internet.

. If you have a reasonable quality Internet connection you can get phone service delivered

through your Internet connection instead of from your local phone company. Some people

use VOIP in addition to their traditional phone service, since VOIP service providers

usually offer lower rates than traditional phone companies, but sometimes doesn’t offer

911 service, phone directory listings, 411 service, or other common phone services. While

many VoIP providers offer these services, consistent industry-wide means of offering

these are still developing.

How does VOIP work? A way is required to turn analog phone signals into digital

signals that can be sent over the Internet.This function can either be included into the

phone itself or in a separate box like an ATA.

VOIP Using an ATA

Ordinary Phone —- ATA —- Ethernet —- Router —- Internet —- VOIP Service Provider

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VOIP using an IP Phone

IP Phone —– Ethernet —– Router —- Internet —- VOIP Service Provider

VOIP connecting directly It is also possible to bypass a VOIP Service Provider and

directly connect to another VOIP user.

However, if the VOIP devices are behind NATrouters, there may be problems with this

approach

. IP Phone —– Ethernet —– Router —- Internet —- Router —- Ethernet —- IP Phone

Applications using VOIP

Traditional telephony applications, such as outbound call center applications and inbound

IVR applications, normally can be run on VOIP

Why use VOIP? There are two major reasons to use VOIP

1. Lower Cost

In general phone service via VOIP costs less than equivalent service from traditional

sources. This is largely a function of traditional phone services either being

monopolies or government entities. There are also some cost savings due to using a

single network to carry voice and data. This is especially true when users have

existing under-utilized network capacity that they can use for VOIP without any

additional costs.

. In the most extreme case, users see VOIP phone calls (even international) as

FREE. While there is a cost for their Internet service, using VOIP over this service

may not involve any extra charges, so the users view the calls as free. There are a

number of services that have sprung up to facilitate this type of ”free” VOIP call.

Examples are: FreeWorldDialup and Skype.

2. Increased Functionality

VOIP makes easy some things that are difficult to impossible with traditional phone

networks. Incoming phone calls are automatically routed to your VOIP phone where

ever you plug it into the network. Take your VOIP phone with you on a trip, and

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anywhere you connect it to the Internet, you can receive your incoming calls.

Call center agents using VOIP phones can easily work from anywhere with a good

Internet connection.

Lab Exercises

1. In the below topology, we have three pc connected with Linksys Wireless routers.

(a) DHCP is configured and enabled on Wireless router

(b) IP pool for DHCP is 192.168.0.100 to 192.168.0.150

(c) PC are configured to receive IP from DHCP Server

(d) No security is configured

(e) Default SSID is configured to Default

(f) Topology is working on infrastructure mode

(g) Default user name and password is admin

(h) IP of wireless is set to 192.168.0.1

Given the above information, perform the following tasks.

(a) Configure Static IP on PC and Wireless Router

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(b) Change SSID to MotherNetwork

(c) Change IP address of router to 10.0.0.1 and 10.0.0.2 of PC0 10.0.0.3 of PC1

10.0.0.4 of PC2

(d) Secure your network by configuring WAP key on Router

(e) Connect PC by using WAP key

2. Configure VOIP for the below given topology and call IP Phone1 from IP Phone0.

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References
1. Stevens R., Stephen A. R., Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment (2e),

Pearson Education, 2013.

2. Jesin A, Packet Tracer Network Simulator (1e), Packt Publishing, 2014.

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