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Electrical systems
(14EEGF0 – 3.5 to 3.6)
BY
Dr. D.Nelson Jayakumar,
APEEE, TCE, Madurai - 15

PRIMARY CONSIDERATIONS TO
ENSURE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN
LIGHTING SYSTEM
• Selection of the most efficient possible light
source in order to minimize power costs
and energy consumption
• Matching the proper lamp type to the
intended work task or aesthetic application,
consistent with colour, brightness control
and other requirements
• Establish adequate light levels to maintain
productivity, improve security and increase
safety.

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INTRODUCTION

• Light by definition connotes/implies Electromagnetic

radiation that has a wavelength in the range from
about 4,000 (violet) to about 7,700 (red) angstroms
and may be perceived by the normal unaided human
eye.
• These light waves are capable of exciting the eye’s
retina, which results in a visual sensation. Therefore
seeing requires a functioning eye and visible light.

INTRODUCTION
• AS per Teichmuller’s definition for lighting. “We
say the lighting is good, when our eyes can clearly
and pleasantly perceive the things around us”.
• The primary objective is to provide the required
lighting effect for the lowest installed load (i.e
highest lighting at lowest power consumption.)
• Simply illumination should provide good
aesthetic sense as well as economical utilization
of resources (Especially Electrical Energy)

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INTRODUCTION
• Yellowish-green light receives the greatest
possibility to stimulate the eyes.

INTRODUCTION
• Luminous flux: -it is defined as total quantity of light
energy emitted/radiated (in the form of light waves)
per second from a luminous body. Expressed as
Lumens. (F or Φ)
• The lumen (lm) is the photometric equivalent of watt.
• Light: it is defined as radiant energy from a hot body
that produces the visual sensation upon the human
eye. Expresses as Lumen-Hours (Analogous –Watt
Hour) – (Q)
• Luminous Efficacy(lm/W): ratio b/w luminous flux
emitted by a lamp to the power consumed by the lamp

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Color Rendering Index (CRI)

• Is a measure of the effect of light on the
perceived color of objects.
• To determine the CRI of a lamp, the color
appearances of a set of std color chips are
measured with special equipment under a
reference light source with the same
correlated color temperature as the lamp
being evaluated
• CRI is 100 ideal,

LIGHT SOURCE
• The lighting systems comprise of a source employing any ONE
FOLLOWING physical phenomenon
1. Incandescence
• Thermo luminescence is by definition radiation at high
temperature. The sources employing this process are
Incandescent Lamp, Gas Lamp, (flames and in oil Lamps and
wax candles). They lead to a continuous spectrum of radiation.
2. Luminescence
• Electro luminescence by definition Chemical or Electrical Action
on gases or vapour radiation. Here color of radiation depends on
the material employed. Usually this process leads to Line or
Band Spectrum. (Ex: 1) Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emit light
via electro-luminescence. 2)Phosphors, materials that emit light
when irradiated by higher-energy electromagnetic
radiation or particle radiation

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LIGHT SOURCE
3. Fluorescence
– Fluorescence is a process in which radiation is
absorbed at one wavelength and radiated at another
wavelength eg: UV impinging on Uranium –
Fluorescent oils. This re radiation makes the light
radiated visible.
4. Phosphorescence
– Phosphorescence is a process when energy is
absorbed at some time and radiated later as glow.
Examples of this process are Luminous paints that
contain calcium sulfide that lead to
Phosphorescence. They produce light Radiation
after exposure to light.
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Types of Lamps
…with its energy efficiency
• Arc Lamp
• Incandescent lamp
• Halogen lamp
• Fluorescent lamp
• Compact Fluorescent lamp
• Sodium vapour lamp
• Mercury vapour lamp
• Metal halide lamp
• Light emitting diode lamp
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Incandescent Lamp

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Incandescent Lamp
• Wire or Filament heated to incandescence by
the flow of electric current
• Gas – argon, krypton or nitrogen
• Commonly used inert gas – 85% Argon & 15%
Nitrogen

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Halogen Lamp

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Halogen Lamp
• Tungsten filament + Halogen gas

• Halogen gas increases the efficiency & life

(Evaporated tungsten atoms re deposition)

• Ideal for precise direction of light, but requires

transformer

• Low voltage types are very small

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Fluorescent Lamp

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Fluorescent Lamp

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Compact Fluorescent lamp

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Sodium vapour lamp- Low pressure

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Sodium vapour lamp- Low pressure

• It is a high intensity • Poor life
discharge lamp • Poor CRI
• It is high efficient in • Used for outdoor
terms of electricity applications
usage (lm/W)
• But produced poor
quality light
(Monochromatic light)

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Sodium vapour lamp-High pressure

• It is a high intensity discharge lamp
• It has starting electrode and also it need the
Ballest (High voltage electronic circuits)
• It has a ceramic arc tube filled with xenon as
well as sodium-mercury mixture.
• It is high efficient in terms of electricity usage
(lm/W)
• But CRI is low

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Sodium vapour lamp-High pressure

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Mercury vapour lamp

• EM radiation created from the mercury
vapour discharge
• During the operation pressure in the bulb is
200-400kpa
• Initially arc started b’coz of argon, used to
vaporise mercury

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Metal Halide lamp

(Similar to High pressure Mercury Vapour lamp)

• In addition to argon and mercury this lamp is

filled with some metal halide
• Similar to tungsten halogen lamp
• Halides are rare earth halides Usually iodides
or a mixture of sodium and scandium iodides
• Adding of different metal increases spectrum
power also CRI

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Metal Halide lamp

(Similar to High pressure Mercury Vapour lamp)

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Light Emitting Diode lamp

• LED is a special variant of the p-n junction.

• Electron – hole recombination can result in
the emission of photons, the wavelength of
which depends on the energy gap between
the conduction band and valence band.
• Internal efficacies range from 75 – 500lm/W

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Various Lamp Efficiency

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Efficient Lamps
• Compact Florescent Lamp
• Colour – 80 Series Tube Lights
• Metal Halide Lamps
• High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp (HPSV
Lamp)
• LED Lamps

LUMINOUS PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

OF COMMONLY USED LUMINARIES

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Effect of voltage on lamp efficiency

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Effect of voltage on lamp efficiency

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Effect of voltage on lamp

efficiency
• Within the normal range of supply voltage variations the light
output will change by about 3.5% for a 1% change of voltage.
• The effect of voltage on life is much more pronounced; 5%
over-voltage will roughly halve the lamp life,
• whereas 5% under-voltage will approximately double it.
• If it is found that lamps are consistently failing prematurely
then the first thing to investigate is the agreement between
the voltage marked on the lamp, and the actual voltage at the
supply terminals.
• In certain cases, it might seem attractive to operate 240V
lamps on a 230V circuit to secure the increased lamp life, until
it is realised that in doing so the light output will fall
considerably more than the corresponding reduction in
electricity consumption.

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Energy Efficient Replacement

Options

An incandescent lamp, also known as GLS (General Lighting Service)

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Energy Efficient Replacement

Options - Example
• Case study: In a Textile Mill to minimize the lighting
power consumption Conventional 9Watts loss Tube
light Ballast was replaced with 2Watts loss Electronic
Ballast and 40Watts Tube lights are replaced with
36Watts tube lights in 750Nos. of Single Lamp Tube
Light Fittings. The cost of Electronic Ballast and
36Watts Tube lights are Rs. 225 and Rs.45/- per unit.
Calculate the Power and Energy Saving Potential, if the
mill operates for 8000 Hours in a year. Also calculate
the investment required and payback period for the
above ENCON Proposal, when the Energy cost is Rs.
4.50 per kWh

Energy Efficient Replacement

Options - Example
DATA from given Case Study:
• Conventional Tube light – 40W
• Conventional Tube light Ballast loss 9Watts
• Replaced /New Tube light – 36W
• Replaced /New Electronic Ballast loss - 2Watts
• No of TL fittings replaced 750Nos
• The cost of Electronic Ballast - Rs. 225 /- per unit
• The cost of 36Watts Tube lights - Rs.45/- per unit.
• The mill operates for 8000 Hours in a year.
– Calculate the Power and Energy Saving Potential
– Also calculate the investment required and payback
period for the above ENCON Proposal, when the Energy
cost is Rs. 4.50 per kWh

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Energy Efficient Replacement Options -

Example
• Power Loss involved in • Power Loss involved in
Conventional TL system NEW TL system
• 750Nos of TL * (4+9)W • 750Nos of TL * (0+2)W
= 9750W = 1500W
• Energy cost per year • Energy cost per year
Spend towards loss towards loss
• (9750* • (1500*8000)/1000*4.5=
8000hrs/YEAR)/1000 * 54000/-
4.50Rs/kWh = 351000/-

Energy Efficient Replacement

Options - Example
• Energy cost savings = 351000-
54000=Rs.297000/-
• Investment cost = (225+45)*750= Rs.202500/-
• Payback period = Initial investment/ annual
savings
• 202500/297000* 12=8.18 months
– Power savings = 9750-1500=8250W
– Energy Savings = (8250/1000)*8000 = 66000kWh/Year
– Initial investment cost = Rs.202500/-
– Payback Period = 8.18 months

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Energy Saving Potential by use

of High Efficacy Lamps for Street
Lighting

Energy Saving Opportunities in

Lighting Systems
• Use natural day lighting
– Most of the vasthu tips will promote the natural lighting
• De-lamping to reduce excess lighting
– Reducing mounting height, providing efficient luminaries
• Task Lighting
– Providing the required good Illuminance only in the actual small
area where the task is being performed
• Selection of high efficiency lamps and luminaries
• Reduction of lighting feeder voltage
• Electronic ballasts
• Lighting Controllers
• Lighting Maintenance.

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Energy Efficient Lighting

Controls
• Occupancy Sensors
– Occupancy linked control can be feasible with IR, UV
or Microwave Sensors
• Time Based Control
– Least expensive type of automatic lighting control
• Daylight linked Control
– Photoelectric cells can be used to switch the lighting
on and off or for dimming
• Localized Switching
– Local switches give individual occupants control over
their visual environment

Some Good Practices in Lighting

• Installation of energy efficient fluorescent lamps in
place of "Conventional" fluorescent lamps.
• Installation of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL's) in
place of incandescent lamps.
• Installation of metal halide lamps in place of mercury /
sodium vapour lamps.
• Installation of High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV)
lamps for applications where colour rendering is not
critical.
• Installation of LED panel indicator lamps in place of
filament lamps.
• Installation of high frequency (HF) electronic ballasts in
place of conventional ballasts.

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