5.

0 UNIX Editors
This lecture introduces the two most popular UNIX editors: vi and emacs. For each editor,
it covers:

 Basic text input and navigation.

 Moving and copying text.
 Searching for and replacing text.
 Other useful commands.
 A quick-reference chart.

5.1 Introduction to vi

vi (pronounced "vee-eye", short for visual, or perhaps vile) is a display-oriented text editor
based on an underlying line editor called ex. Although beginners usually find vi somewhat
awkward to use, it is useful to learn because it is universally available (being supplied with
all UNIX systems). It also uses standard alphanumeric keys for commands, so it can be used
on almost any terminal or workstation without having to worry about unusual keyboard
mappings. System administrators like users to use vi because it uses very few system
resources.

To start vi, enter:

$ vi filename

where filename is the name of the file you want to edit. If the file doesn't exist, vi will create
it for you.

5.1.1 Basic Text Input and Navigation in vi

The main feature that makes vi unique as an editor is its mode-based operation. vi has two
modes: command mode and input mode. In command mode, characters you type perform
actions (e.g. moving the cursor, cutting or copying text, etc.) In input mode, characters you
type are inserted or overwrite existing text.

When you begin vi, it is in command mode. To put vi into input mode, press i (insert).
You can then type text which is inserted at the current cursor location; you can correct
mistakes with the backspace key as you type. To get back into command mode, press ESC
(the escape key). Another way of inserting text, especially useful when you are at the end of a
line is to press a (append).

In command mode, you are able to move the cursor around your document. h, j, k and l
move the cursor left, down, up and right respectively (if you are lucky the arrow keys may
also work). Other useful keys are ^ and $ which move you to the beginning and end of a line
respectively. w skips to the beginning of the next word and b skips back to the beginning of
the previous word. To go right to the top of the document, press 1 and then G. To go the
bottom of the document, press G. To skip forward a page, press ^F, and to go back a page,
press ^B. To go to a particular line number, type the line number and press G, e.g. 55G takes
you to line 55.

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To delete text, move the cursor over the first character of the group you want to delete and
make sure you are in command mode. Press x to delete the current character, dw to delete the
next word, d4w to delete the next 4 words, dd to delete the next line, 4dd to delete the next
4 lines, d$ to delete to the end of the line or even dG to delete to the end of the document. If
you accidentally delete too much, pressing u will undo the last change.

Occasionally you will want to join two lines together. Press J to do this (trying to press
backspace on the beginning of the second line does not have the intuitive effect!)

5.1.2 Moving and Copying Text in vi

vi uses buffers to store text that is deleted. There are nine numbered buffers (1-9) as well as
the undo buffer. Usually buffer 1 contains the most recent deletion, buffer 2 the next recent,
etc.

To cut and paste in vi, delete the text (using e.g. 5dd to delete 5 lines). Then move to the
line where you want the text to appear and press p. If you delete something else before you
paste, you can still retrieve the delete text by pasting the contents of the delete buffers. You
can do this by typing "1p, "2p, etc.

To copy and paste, "yank" the text (using e.g. 5yy to copy 5 lines). Then move to the line
where you want the text to appear and press p.

5.1. 3 Searching for and Replacing Text in vi

In command mode, you can search for text by specifying regular expressions. To search
forward, type / and then a regular expression and press . To search backwards, begin
with a ? instead of a /. To find the next text that matches your regular expression press n.

To search and replace all occurences of pattern1 with pattern2, type

:%s/pattern1/pattern2/g . To be asked to confirm each replacement, add a c to this
substitution command. Instead of the % you can also give a range of lines (e.g. 1,17) over
which you want the substitution to apply.

5.1.4 Other useful vi commands

Programmers might like the :set number command which displays line numbers
(:set nonumber turns them off).

To save a file, type :w . To save and quit, type :wq or press ZZ. To force a quit
without saving type :q! .

To start editing another file, type :e filename .

To execute shell commands from within vi, and then return to vi afterwards, type
:!shellcommand . You can use the letter % as a substitute for the name of the file that
you are editing (so :!echo % prints the name of the current file).

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. repeats the last command.

5.1.5 Quick reference for vi

Inserting and typing text:

i insert text (and enter input mode)
$a append text (to end of line)
ESC re-enter command mode
J join lines

Cursor movement:
h left
j down
k up
l right
^ beginning of line
$ end of line
1 G top of document
G end of document
<n> G go to line <n>
^F page forward
^B page backward
w word forwards
b word backwards

Deleting and moving text:

Backspace delete character before cursor
(only works in insert mode)
x delete character under cursor
dw delete word
dd delete line (restore with p or P)
<n> dd delete n lines
d$ delete to end of line
dG delete to end of file
yy yank/copy line (restore with p or P)
<n> yy yank/copy <n> lines

Search and replace:

%s/<search string>/<replace string>/g

Miscellaneous:
u undo
:w save file
:wq save file and quit
ZZ save file and quit
:q! quit without saving

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5.2.1 Introduction to emacs

emacs is a popular editor for UNIX, Windows and Macintosh systems. Unlike vi, it is not
a standard UNIX system utility, but is available from the Free Software Foundation.

An emacs zealot will tell you how emacs provides advanced facilities that go beyond
simple insertion and deletion of text: you can view two are more files at the same time,
compile and debug programs in almost any programming language, typeset documents, run
shell commands, read manual pages, email and news and even browse the web from inside
emacs. emacs is also very flexible - you can redefine keystrokes and commands easily, and
(for the more ambitious) you can even write Lisp programs to add new commands and
display modes to emacs, since emacs has its own Lisp interpreter. In fact most of the
editing commands of Emacs are written in Lisp already; the few exceptions are written in C
for efficiency. However, users do not need to know how to program Lisp to use emacs
(while it is true that only a programmer can write a substantial extension to emacs, it is easy
for anyone to use it afterwards).

Critics of emacs point out that it uses a relatively large amount of system resources
compared to vi and that it has quite a complicated command structure (joking that emacs
stands for Escape-Meta-Alt-Control-Shift).

In practice most users tend to use both editors - vi to quickly edit short scripts and programs
and emacs for more complex jobs that require reference to more than one file
simultaneously.

On UNIX systems, emacs can run in graphical mode under the X Windows system, in
which case some helpful menus and mouse button command mappings are provided.
However, most of its facilities are also available on a text terminal.

To start emacs, enter:

$ emacs filename

where filename is the name of the file you want to edit. If the file doesn't exist, emacs will
create it for you.

6.2.2 Basic Text Input and Nagigation in emacs

Text input and navigation in emacs is mostly a matter of using the arrow keys to position the
cursor and typing some text. Issuing more complex emacs commands usually involves
pressing the Ctrl key (sometimes also labelled Control or Ctl) or the Meta key (sometimes
also labelled Alt). emacs commands are usually described in this way:

 C-<chr> means hold the Ctrl key while typing the character <chr>. Thus,
C-f would be: hold the Ctrl key and type f.
 M-<chr> means hold the Meta or Alt key down while typing <chr>. If
there is no Meta or Alt key, instead press and release the ESC key and then
type <chr>.

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One initially annoying feature of emacs is that its help facility has been installed on C-h
(Ctrl h). Unfortunately this is also the code for the backspace key on most systems. You can,
however, easily make the key work as expected by creating a .emacs file (a file always read
on start up) in your home directory containing the following line:

(global-set-key "\C-h" 'backward-delete-char-untabify)

Here is a .emacs file that contains this line as well as several other useful facilities (see
Section 6.3.6).

To access the help system you can still type M-x help or (for a comprehensive
tutorial) M-x help-with-tutorial .

Useful navigation commands are C-a (beginning of line), C-e (end of line), C-v (forward
page), M-v (backwards page), M-< (beginning of document) and M-> (end of document). C-
d will delete the character under the cursor, while C-k will delete to the end of the line. Text
deleted with C-k is placed in a buffer which can be "yanked" back later with C-y.

5.2.3 Moving and Copying Text in emacs

The easiest way to cut and paste text is to go to the start of the text and press C-k until you
have deleted the text you want. Then move to the spot where you want to paste the text and
press C-y to restore the text. If you make a mistake, C-u will undo the change (emacs
supports several levels of undo). Another way to delete a chunk of text is to go the start of the
text and press C-SPC (SPC is the spacebar; this sets a mark). Then go to the end of the text
you wish to delete and press C-w. Restore the text in the right spot with C-y.

To copy and paste, delete the target text as above, and then use C-y twice (once to restore the
original text, and once to create the copy).

5.2.4 Searching for and Replacing Text in emacs

To search forwards and backwards incrementally, use C-s and C-r respectively. Pressing
C-s or C-r again will repeat the operation. When you have found the text you want,
press , or press C-g to cancel the operation and return your cursor to the position where
the search started.

To replace a string, type M-x replace-string (you may want to modify your
.emacs file so that this command is on C-x r). M-% performs a query search and replace.

5.2.5 Other Useful emacs Commands

Pressing C-g will cancel any emacs command in progress.

To save a file, press C-x C-s. To start editing a new file, press C-x C-f.

To bring up two windows (or "buffers" in emacs-speak), press C-x 2 (C-x 1 gets you back
to 1). C-x o switches between buffers on the same screen. C-x b lets you switch between

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all active buffers, whether you can see them or not. C-x C-k deletes a buffer that you are
finished with.

M-x shell brings up a UNIX shell inside a buffer (you may like to put this on C-x
C-u). M-x goto-line skips to a particular line (you may like to put this on C-x g).
M-x compile will attempt to compile a program (using the make utility or some
other command that you can specify). If you are doing a lot of programming you will
probably want to put this on a key like C-x c.

M-q will reformat a paragraph.

C-x C-c quits emacs.

5.2.6 Quick reference for emacs

Cursor movement:
C-a beginning of line
C-e end of line
C-< top of document
C-> end of document
M-x goto-line Go to line
C-v page forward
M-v page backward

Deleting and moving text:

Backspace delete character before cursor
(subject to modification of .emacs)
C-d delete character under cursor
M-d delete word
C-k delete to end of line(s)
(restore with C-y)
C-SPC set mark
C-w delete from mark to cursor
(restore with C-y)

Search and replace:

C-s incremental search forward
C-r incremental search backward
C-% query replace
M-x replace-string <searchstr> <replstr>

Miscellaneous:
C-x u undo
C-x C-s save file
C-x C-f find file
C-x 2 2 windows
C-x 1 1 window
C-x o switch between windows

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C-x b switch buffers
M-q reformat paragraph
C-x C-c quit

Useful customisable keys (configured using the provided .emacs file):

C-x g goto line
C-x c compile program (useful with C-x 2)
C-x C-u open Unix shell (useful with C-x 2)
C-x a repeat command
C-x m manual entry

5.3 Other UNIX editors

There are many other editors for UNIX systems. Two popular alternatives to vi and emacs
are nedit and pico.

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