Basic Element of Research Design

SWRK5001
Unit-III : Basic Elements and Types of

Research Design
Dr. Anupam Kumar Verma,

Assistant Professor,
Department of Social Work,
Mahatma Gandhi Central University,
Motihari, Bihar– 848401.
SWRK5001
Unit-III, Research Design & Sampling
Topic- Research Design-Concept & Types

What is Design?
• A Design, at a basic level, means planning.
• A Design is a plan to ensure that action

achieves its objectives.
• It is the way to avoid wasteful expenditure of

money, time and energy.
What is Research Design?
• Research design is the blueprint for research.
• Researcher records his decisions by using relevant

symbols or concepts. These symbolic
constructions are called research design.
• The process of data collection, sampling and

analysis of the collected facts are to be organized
as per the basis of the design.
Definition of Research Design
• It is the skeleton for the research project.
• Decisions regarding what, where, when, how

much, by what means concerning an inquiry or a
research study constitute a research design.
• It is a process of deliberate anticipation directed

towards bringing an expected situation under
control.
Research Design is Defined as
• According to William Zikmund, “Research
Design is defined as a Master plan specifying
the methods and procedures for collection
and analyzing the needed information.”
• According to Kerlinger, “Research design is the

plan, Structure, and Strategy of investigation
conceived so as to obtain answer to research
questions and to control variance.”
Characteristics of Research Design
• Objectivity.
• Neutrality
• Reliability.
• Validity.
• Generalisability.
• Selection of Units of Analysis.
• Choice of Variable.
• Identification of Relationship.
Need of Research design
• Smooth sailing of research operations.
• Helps to give directions.
• Helps in decision making.
• Stands for advance planning of the methods.
• Prevents blind searching.

Importance of Research Design
• It reduces Inaccuracy.
• Helps to get maximum efficiency and reliability.
• Eliminates bias and marginal errors.
• Minimizes wastage of time.
• Guides the research in right direction.

Functions of Research Design
• Identification and development of procedures

and logical arrangements required to undertake a
study.
• To emphasize the importance of quality in these

procedures to ensure their validity.
• Clearly specifies what procedure to follow and

how to follow them.
Essential elements of the research
design
• Accurate purpose statement.
• Techniques to be implemented for collecting and

analyzing research.
• The method applied for analyzing collected details.
• Type of research methodology.
• Probable objections for research

Research Design gives answers for this
Questions.
• What is the study about?
• Why is the study being made?
• Where will the study be carried out?
• What type of data is required?
• Where can the required data be found?

Contd…..
• What periods of time will the study include?
• What will be the sample design?
• What techniques of data collection will be used?
• How will be the data analyzed?
• In what style will the report be prepared?

How to develop a research design
• Classify the intended outcome of what needs to
be understood
• Developing the research question
• What needs to be measured
• Select the population for the experiment
• Identify the ideal data collection method
• Construct Interrelated characteristics
• Use correct analysis tools
• Choose a channel for disseminating your findings
Types of Research Design
• 1. Fundamental or basic research:

Basic research is an investigation on basic
principles and reasons for occurrence of a
particular event or process or phenomenon. It
is also called theoretical research.
• Basic researches sometimes may not lead to
immediate use or application. It is not
concerned with solving any practical problems
of immediate interest.
Applied Research
• In an applied research one solves certain
problems employing well known and accepted
theories and principles. Most of the
experimental research, case studies and inter-
disciplinary research are essentially applied
research.
• Applied research is helpful for basic research.
A research, the outcome of which has
immediate application is also termed as
applied research
Quantitative Research
• It is numerical, non-descriptive, applies

statistics or mathematics and uses numbers.
• It is an iterative process whereby evidence is
evaluated.
• The results are often presented in tables and
graphs.
• It is conclusive.
• It investigates the what, where and when of
decision making.
Qualitative Research
• It is non-numerical, descriptive, applies

reasoning and uses words.
• Its aim is to get the meaning, feeling and
describe the situation.
• Qualitative data cannot be graphed.
• It is exploratory.
• It investigates the why and how of decision
making.
Mixed Research
• Mixed research- research that involves the
mixing of quantitative and qualitative
methods or paradigm characteristics.
• Nature of data is mixture of variables, words
and images.
Exploratory Research
• Exploratory research might involve a literature
search or conducting focus group interviews.
The exploration of new phenomena in this way
may help the researcher’s need for better
understanding, may test the feasibility of a
more extensive study, or determine the best
methods to be used in a subsequent study.
The objective of exploratory research is to
identify key issues and key variables.
Descriptive research
• The descriptive research is directed toward
studying “what” and how many off this
“what”.
• Thus, it is directed toward answering
questions such as, “What is this?”.
Explanatory Research
• Its primary goal is to understand or to explain

relationships.
• It uses correlations to study relationships
between dimensions or characteristics off
individuals, groups, situations, or events.
• Explanatory research explains .
• Explanatory research asks the “Why” question.
Longitudinal Research
• Research carried out longitudinally involves
data collection at multiple points in time.
Longitudinal studies may take the form of:
• Trend study-
• Cohort study-
• Panel study-
Cross-sectional Research
• One-shot or cross-sectional studies are those
in which data is gathered once, during a
period of days, weeks or months.
• Many cross-sectional studies are exploratory
or descriptive in purpose.
• They are designed to look at how things are
now, without any sense of whether there is a
history or trend at work.
Action research
Fact findings to improve the quality of action in the social
world.
Policy-Oriented Research
Reports employing this type of research focus on the
question ‘How can problem ‘X’ be solved or prevented ?’.
Classification research
It aims at categorization of units in to groups
To demonstrate differences
To explain relationships
Comparative research
To identify similarities and differences between
units at all levels.
Causal research
It aims at establishing cause and effect
relationship among variable.
Theory-testing research
It aims at testing validity of a unit.
Theory-building research
To establish and formulate the theory
Preparing the Research Design
• Objectives of the research study.
• Method of data collection to be adopted.
• Source of information : Sample Design.
• Tool for data Collection.
• Data analysis : Qualitative or Quantitative.

References-
1. Bhattacherjee, Anol, "Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices" (2012).
Textbooks Collection. 3, University of South Florida.
http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/oa_textbooks/3 (Accessed on 02/04/2020).
2. Krishnakumar, Vaisali. (2011) Various Types of Research, Education, Technology, Business, Nov
26, 2011, B070225AR. Accessed on 02/04/2020 from- SlideSharewww.slideshare.net › vaisalik ›
types-of-research.
3. Kothari, C.R., 1985, Research Methodology-Methods And Techniques, New Delhi, New Age
International Publishers, Wiley Eastern Limited. Second Revised Edition, PG. No. 1, 24-27.
4. University of Southern California Libraries (2016). Organizing Your Social Sciences Research
Paper: Types of Research Designs. http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid=83009&sid=818072
5. Accessed on 20.04.2020 from https://images.app.goo.gl/zL8vWifJFcKjitBB9

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SWRK5001

Unit-III : Basic Elements and Types of

Dr. Anupam Kumar Verma,

Topic- Research Design-Concept & Types

• A Design, at a basic level, means planning.

• A Design is a plan to ensure that action

• It is the way to avoid wasteful expenditure of

• Research design is the blueprint for research.

• Researcher records his decisions by using relevant

• The process of data collection, sampling and

• It is the skeleton for the research project.

• Decisions regarding what, where, when, how

• It is a process of deliberate anticipation directed

• According to Kerlinger, “Research design is the

• Helps to give directions.

• Helps in decision making.

• Stands for advance planning of the methods.

• Prevents blind searching.

• Helps to get maximum efficiency and reliability.

• Eliminates bias and marginal errors.

• Minimizes wastage of time.

• Guides the research in right direction.

• Identification and development of procedures

• To emphasize the importance of quality in these

• Clearly specifies what procedure to follow and

• Techniques to be implemented for collecting and

• The method applied for analyzing collected details.

• Type of research methodology.

• Probable objections for research

• Why is the study being made?

• Where will the study be carried out?

• What type of data is required?

• Where can the required data be found?

• What will be the sample design?

• What techniques of data collection will be used?

• How will be the data analyzed?

• In what style will the report be prepared?

• 1. Fundamental or basic research:

• It is numerical, non-descriptive, applies

• It is non-numerical, descriptive, applies

• Its primary goal is to understand or to explain

• Method of data collection to be adopted.

• Source of information : Sample Design.

• Tool for data Collection.

• Data analysis : Qualitative or Quantitative.

5. Accessed on 20.04.2020 from https://images.app.goo.gl/zL8vWifJFcKjitBB9

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