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FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE – views sees inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization.

Feminist believe that men and women are equal, and or men deserve the same right as men in society

Definition of feminism

→ Belief in and advocacy of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes expressed especially
through organized activity on behalf of women’s right and interest.

→ Feminism is the belief that women should have equal rights to men. In consequence, the feminist
movement fights for equal rights and opportunities for women.

Biological sex - refers to the physiological and anatomical characteristics of maleness and/or femaleness with
which a person is born.

Gender identity refers to one’s psychological sense of oneself as a male, feamale, gender transgressive. Etc.

Gender Role- refers to socially constructed and culturally specific behavior and expectations for women or men
are based on heteronormativity.

Gender Expression- refers to the behavior and/or physical appearance that a person utilizes in order to express
their own gender. This may or may not be consistent with socially constructed gender roles.

Conceptualization of Feminisms

 There are many different conceptualization or variations, of feminism.


 Through not all inclusive by far, this presentation provides introduction of some of these different
perceptions of feminism.
 Some of these perspectives are congruent with each other, some build off of each other, and some are in
strict opposition to each other. We encourage you to perspectives beyond this presentation.

Liberal Feminism – liberal feminism is a traditional perspective that was established as a part of the first wave
of feminism. It is often the root of comparison when deconstructing contemporary conceptualization of
feminism.

It argues that society has a false belief that women are by nature less intellectually and physically capable than
men.

Modern liberal feminist argue that patriarchal society fuses sex and gender together, making only those jobs that
are associated with the traditionally feminine appropriate for women to pursue.

Radical Feminism – is the second most notable form of feminism.


Radical feminist think liberal feminist perspectives are not drastic enough to address the centuries of individual,
institutional, and systematic oppression that have ensued.

Socialist Feminism - The lens of feminism incorporates perspectives of social justice as well as socioeconomic
difference.

For many centuries women were considered the property of men and key cog in the capitalist machine from a
commodities perspective.

Socialist feminist purport that women can only achieved true freedom when working to end both economic and
cultural oppression.
STRAIN THEORY

 Social inequality can create situations where people experience tension (or strain) between the goals
society says they should be working toward (like financial success) and the legitimate means they
have available to meet those goals.

 According to Merton’s strain theory, societal structures can pressure individuals into committing crimes.
Classic Strain Theory predicts that deviance is likely to happen when there is a misalignment between
the “cultural goals” of a society (such as monetary wealth) and the opportunities people have to obtain
them.

 Responding to heavy criticism of Classic Strain Theory, sociologists Robert Agnew, Steven Messner,
and Richard Rosenfeld developed the General Strain Theory. This predicts that various strains (such
as violence and discrimination) create negative feelings which, when there are no other viable options
for coping, lead to deviance.

 Modern strain theories evolved from studies of “anomie,” or normlessness. The French sociologist
Emile Durkheim was the first to write about anomie. In his works, The Division of Labor in Society
(1893) and Suicide (1897), Durkheim hypothesized that groups and social organizations are primary
drivers of misconduct.

 Principally, Durkheim claimed that a breakdown in societal norms — a result of rapid social change —
made it so that societal institutions could no longer regulate individuals well.

 For example, in a society where economic norms become unclear — there are weak or non-existent
authorities to tell workers what they can or cannot do — aspirations become limitless, and anomie and
deviant behavior (such as crime) result.

Merton’s Strain Theory posits that the cultural emphasis on wealth attainment in the American Dream creates
strain for lower-class individuals who lack legitimate means to get ahead, which can lead to deviant behavior as
they pursue success through crime.
Merton’s Theory Of Deviance

Building off of Durkheim’s work on anomie, Merton (1957) was the first person to write about what
sociologists call strain theory. To Merton, anomie was a condition that existed in the discrepancy between
societal goals and the means that individuals have to achieve them.

Merton noticed that American society had high rates of crime and proposed that this was because the
achievement of the American Dream — wealth attainment — was deeply ingrained by Americans, even those
for whom factors such as race and class had made it highly improbable that they would ever achieve large
monetary success.

Five Responses to Strain

Conformity: individuals are following a societal goal through legitimate means. Although a conformist may
not necessarily achieve the societal goal, he has enough faith in society to follow legitimate means.

For example, a student who is going to school to advance a professional career is conforming, as he is following
the American cultural value of success through an approved means (Inderbitzen, Bates, & Gainey 2016).

Innovation: the individual shares the cultural goal of the society but reaches this goal through illegitimate
means. Thieves – who share the cultural goal of wealth obtainment but do so through breaking the law (such as
drug dealing or embezzlement), are innovators.
Ritualists: individuals who have given up hope of achieving society’s approved goals but still operate
according to society’s approved means. A member of middle management, for example, who accepts that they
will never progress but stays in their position is a ritualist.

Retreatists (like dropouts or hermits): individuals who have rejected both a society’s goals and the legitimate
means of obtaining them and live outside conventional norms altogether.

Drug addicts and figures such as Chris McCandleless — an Emory University graduate found dead in Alaska
after attempting to reject capitalism, hitchhike north, and live off the land — a retreat from both societal rule
and societally-approved means (Krakauer 2018).

Rebellion exists outside of Merton’s system altogether. Rebels aim to replace societal goals with those of their
own and devise their own means of achieving them.

The most obvious examples of rebellion are terrorist organizations, which attempt to advance a goal, typically
political, through means such as violence (Inderbitzen, Bates, & Gainey 2016)

Types of deviance

1. Admired behaviour: An example of deviance that might be considered as “good” or “admirable”


behaviour (whilst also breaking social norms) might be something like heroism the saving of the life of
another person whilst putting your own life in great danger, for example.
2. Odd behaviour: Many forms of behaviour – whilst not being criminal – are frequently considered to be
somehow “odd” or “different” to normal behaviour. These forms of deviance range from such things as
outlandish modes of dress, through mildly eccentric forms of behaviour (the person who shares their
house with 50 cats, for example), to outright madness.
3. Bad behaviour: Deviant behaviour in this category tends to be restricted to law-breaking or criminal
behaviour – behaviour that in some way is seen as being something more than simply outlandish or
eccentric. Depending upon the time and place, forms of behaviour in this category might include crimes
of violence, crimes against property and so forth.

WHAT IS DETERRENCE?

It is refers to the act of discouraging people from engaging criminal behavior.

This is typically done by assigning a suitable punishment for the behavior.

TYPES OF DETERRENCE
1. General Deterrence used to discourage the public from committing the same crime.
2. Specific Deterrence it is aimed at the specific individual being charged with a crime.

DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY (Sociologists Edwin H.Sutherland gave this theory in 1939.)

In the pursue of understanding deviant behavior or people.

Came in from sociologists concept of socialization and group learning.

DIFINATION OF ASSOCIATION THEORY

 Differential association is the view in sociology that people learn deviant behavior through their
interactions with the other people.
 He based this theory on the social connections on interaction that people do in their daily lives.
 Through the said interaction, those individuals learn how to cooperate and learn new things like skills,
techniques, values and behavior that leads to possible motives regarding criminal activity.
 The possible criminal development of interaction between certain individuals can extend and evolve
from time and experience gathered.
 People learned from behavior pattern of others whether. It was in close relations or you are in an
environment where the kind of activities are the norm, you as a person learn from what you see from
others and thus, creates the association factor by accommodating yourself what you perceive.
PRINCIPLES OF THEORY OF DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION

1. Criminal behavior is learned.


2. Learned through process of communication and interaction.
3. Learned from the most closest group.
4. Differential association may vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity.
5. Learning is similar in all criminal and noncriminal behaviors.
CRITICISMS

 Does not explain the origin of criminality.


 Does not differentiate between crime and accident.
 Does not explain the crimes by those who prior contact criminals.
 Does not differentiate between criminal and noncriminal behavior since both types are learned.
 Does not take psychological factors into account.
 Does not account for differential rate of crimes.

INTERACTIONIST LABELING PERSPECTIVE

INTERACTIONAL THEORY

▪Thorn berry (1987), Interactional theory embraces a developmental approach and argues convincing that causal
influences are reciprocal over the life course and that delinquency may contribute to the weakening of social
bonds over time. Thornberry’s perspective is also consistent with a person-centered approach to development as
propounded by Magnusson and Bergman (1988:47) Namely: by focusing explicity on “person“ rather than
“variables” and examining individual life histories over time. This strategy offers insight into the social
processes of intra-individual developmental change in criminal behavior over the life course.

INTERACTIONISM – LABELING THEORY

 From an interactionist perspective there is no deviance, there are only acts which are labelled as deviant.
 Deviance is a process of relativity rather than absoluteness.
 Becker said:” social groups create deviance by making rules whose infraction constitutes deviance and
by applying those roles to particular and labelling them as deviant.
 Becker’s idea come to the fore in the early 1960s and it was a very new approach.
WHAT IS LEBELLING PERSPECTIVE

▪The labeling perspective has been oriented toward showing how the deviant is really no different from the rest
of us.
▪Liazos asserts that by focusing on the “dramatic” nature of the conventionally understood forms of deviance
(Prostitution, homosexuality, delinquency) and simply conceptualizing certain of deviant.
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF LABELLING?

1. Brand label: Such a label which has only the brand name of the product is known as Brand label.
2. Grade label: Grade label highlights the quality or grade of the product.
3. Descriptive label: Advertisement.

LABELING PERSPECTIVE

▪The role of power in designation of deviance has been examined only in terms of middle-level officials such us
the police, who do not have power to make basic Policy decisions.

▪Liazos calls for a move away from the exciting deviant to an analysis of the deviant-producing activities of the
politically powerful.

EFFECTS OF LABELING

 Effects of labeling that transforms an individual’s conception of self from one who is normal in to one
who has become deviant.
 According to Lemert, individuals may occasionally engage in behavior that has the potential of being
defined as deviant or is so defined by others.At this stage, however, there is no sever societal reaction to
the individual’s themselves as deviant.
TWO TYPES EFFECTS OF LABELING

1. Primary deviance refers to the violation of a norm that those not result in the violator’s being
stigmatized as deviant, but secondary deviance refers to a deviant behaviour that result from a
stigmatized sense of self that aligns with society concept of a deviant.

 Refer to the initial act of deviance. In order words this is the first stage of deviant behaviour. At this
stage deviance goes relatively unnoticed, and there is little social reaction or mild corrective action.

 At this stage, a person who commits an act of deviance does not receive the label deviant from
society, so this does not result in a person internalizing a deviant identity. Furthermore, the
influence of parents and peers is a major factor in primary deviance.

Example : Teenager smoking cigarettes or drinking alcohol with their friends is a primary deviance

2. SECONDARY DEVIANCE - refers to deviant behaviour that is result of being publicly. Labelled as
deviant and treated as an outsider. Secondary deviance is actually a result of other people’s negative
reactions.
Example: imagine a young child who gets caught stealing a candy bar.

 Furthermore secondary deviance is usually more likely to be considered criminal in the social
context for example, an individual engaged in primary deviant behaviors like dishonesty or drug
addiction may eventually move to legally criminal deviant behaviour such as murder and robbery.

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