thanNAer 0/ 000 lie oltn n conneted atudelta, 1hw pote liy

transAets 0 Vsle hae aCHrrent utio of o0) /5 Wut nloutd lr CL rato on

(Ans. :1.386 :1]
54 th phutse oo AV/1 AV trmsomer ta ometed n ntarleltu. The ransformer is
Merzr ulating curent Nystem. Protecting curent trannformern on he
lxe av sale hat nto o 250/5 Tmd the to of the current trasformern on high
Ans, :14.1 :1]
a A3hNe, 10/ 11000 V' tnanstornner is connected in Y A. The protective transformers on
the 0 sdes h urnent ratio of 600 / (5/W3D, What munt be the ratio of the CTs on
[Ans. :1.386 : 1]
NT th neat block diagnm the wwrking of transformer differentl protection.
AU: Dec,-22, Marks 13
3.5 Problems Encountered in Differentlal Protection
AU : May-04,07,19, Dec,-08,11,15,18
The prblens encountered in the simple differential protection are,
1. Unmatehed characteristics of CTs :Though the saturation is avoided, thereexists
difference in the C.T. characteristics due to ratio error at high values of short
cicuit currents. This causes an appreciable difference in the secondary currents
which can operate the relay. So the relay operates for through external faults.
This difficulty is overcome by using percentage differential relay. In this relay, the
difference in current due to ratio error exists and flows through relay coil. But at
the same time the average current (1, + l,/2) flows through the restraining coil
which produces enough restraining torque. Hence relay becomes inoperative for
the through faults.
2. Ratio change due to tap change : To alter the voltage and current ratios between
high voltage and low voltage sides of a power transformer, a tap changing
equipment is used. This is an important feature of a power transformer. This
equipment effectively alters the turns ratio. This causes unbalance on both sides.
To compensate for this effect, the tappings can be provided on C.Ts also which
are to be varied similar to the main power transformer. But this method is not
practicable.
The percentage differential relays ensure the stability with respect to the amount
of unbalance occurring at the extremitiesof the tap change range.
3. Difference in lengths of pilot wires : Due to the difference in lengths of the pilot
wires on both sides, the unbalance condition may result. The difficulty is
Overcome by connecting the adjustable resistors in pilot wires on both sides. These
are called balancing resistors. With the help of these resistors equipotential points
TECHNICAL PUBLICA TIONs" - an up-thrust for knowledge
 Protection and Switchgear 3- 26 Transformer Protection
on the pilot wires can be adjusted. In percentage differential relays the taps are
Provided on the operating coil and restraining coil to achieve balance.
*. Magnetizing current inrush : When the transformer is energized, the conditio
nitially is of zero induced e.m.f. and it is similar to the switching of an inductive
circuit. Due to this the transient inrush of magnetising current flows in to the
transtormer. This current is called magnetizing current inrush. This current may be
as great as 10 times the full load current of the
transformer. This decays ver
slowly and is bound to operate differential protection of the transformner falsely.
The factors which affect the magnitude and
inrush are, direction of the magnetizing current
a. Size of the
b. Size of the
transformer.
power system.
c. Type of magrnetic material used for
the core.
d. The amount of residual flux
e. The method by which
existing before energizing the transformer.
If the transformer is energized.
transformer is energized when the voltage wave is
magnetizing current inrush is maximum. At this instant, the passing through zero, the
maximum in
highly inductive circuit. And in a half current and flux should be
to attain maximum value in the other half cycles. If
wave flux reversal must take place
flux may be in same or the residual flux exists, the required
opposite direction. Due to this
or more. If it is more, it is
responsible magnetizing current inrush is less
to saturate the core which further Phase R
increases its component.
This current decays rapidly for first
few cycles and then decays slowly.
The timne constant L/R of the circuit is
variable as inductance of circuit varies
due to the change in permeability of Phase Y
the core. The losses in the circuit damp
the inrush currents. Depending on the
size of the transformer, the time
constant of inrush current varies from
V
0.2 sec to 1 sec.

The waveforms of
magnetizing
inrush current in three phases is Phase
B
shown in the Fig. 3.5.1.
There are number of ways ensuring
immunity from the operation by
Fig. 3.5.1 Typical magnetizing inrush
magnetizing surges. Firstly the relay
wavefoms current
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an
up-thrust for knowiedge
Protection and Switchgear 3- 27 Transformer Protection

mav be given a setting higher than maximum inrush

current. Secondly the time setting
may be made long enough for the magnetizing current to fall to a value below the
primary operating current before the relay operates. But these simple remedies are
inconsistent with high speed and low primary operating currernt.
Ih the latest method, the harmonic content of the magnetizing current flowing in the
operating circuit is filtered out and passed through a restraining coil. This is called
harmonic current restraint.

3.5.1 Harmonic Restraint and Harmonic Blocking

The high initial inrush of magnetizing currents consist of a high component of even
and odd harmonics.
Table 35.1 gives the typical values of harmonic contents in a magnetizing current.
Order of harmonic content in Amplitude as a % of fundamental
magnetizing current component
63.0

26.8

5.1

4.1

3.7

2.4

Table 3.5.1
of the inrush current only. The
The operating coil carries the fundamental component
through the restraining coil.
harmonic contents and fundamental together is passed
current, more is the restraining torque
Thus more the harmonic contents in the inrush
and the relay does not Restraining
operate. So use of coils

percentage differential
protection rather than
differential --
simple
protection is preferred. F Lro000 F2
The circuít used to
0
Compensate the effect
of magnetizing current
harmonic
using
restraint method is
compensation
shown in the Fig. 3.5.2. Fig. 3.5.2Magnetizing current
knowledge
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - an up-thrust for
 "otetion and switohyear 3- 28 Transformer Protecton
The filter F, is designed to pass the fundamental 50 Hz component which excites the
operating coil R, The magnetizing current has large third harmonic component. There is
additional restraining coil R. The filter F, is designed to pass the third harmonic
(onponent which energizes the additional restraining coil R,. The current passing
through normal restraining coil and current passing through additional
R, produce sufficient restraining torque. This restraining col
resulting dueto the flow of rnagnetizing current.compensates for the differential current
The separate blocking relay in series with
of this relay is based on the differential relay is used. The
harrnonic component of operation
100 Hz blocking filter in inrush current. This relay consists of
of inrush current, second operating coil while 50 Hz filter restraining coil. At the time
in
harrnonic
blocked with its contacts rermain open.component is maximum and thus blocking relay is
In short circuit case, the
dorninant. Hence the blocking,harrnoric component is negligible and 50
relay operates to close its Hz component is
harmonic blocking. contact. This principle is called
Review Questions
1 Ezplain the fuctors causiny difficulty in
pouer transformer and how are they applying Merz--Price
overcome. AU.: circulating current principle to a
restraintMay-04,07,19,
2 With the basie
circuit diagram, explain harmonic Dec,-08,
relay protection for a
11, Marks 8
3 Lzplain hunw a
transformer
with suitable diazram.
can be protected AU: Dec.-15.
against magnetizing inrush
transformer.
Marks 8
AU : Current. Illustrate
3.6 Frama Loakage Protection Dec.-18, May-19, Marks 13
This prhectitm is nothing but the AU.: May-19
method of
tran1sfutrner This protectim cann be provided to the metal providing earth fault pprotection to the
clad
The artarigernent is shown in the
The retal clad switchgear is
Fig. 3.6.1.
lightly insulated from the earth.
switchgear.
The frarre f the
switchgeat ie.
primary of current transfoner in enclosure is grounded. This is
The conerete
between. done through a
fronn the yund.fnurdatiot1
of
The rosistanceswitchyear
and the other
of these
equiprnents with
equipments are lightly
Wheri thete js a earth fault, then earth is about
12 insy
thirnug the fault current leaks from the fras ohmns.