Quiz Notes PT.2

Microevolution: allele freq changes in a pop overtime
Mutations: change in DNA sequence

Sexual Selection: natural selection for mating
Gene freq: allele has a proportion that shows up in the populations are homozygous for the same allele
Fixed locus: all individuals in a oioulation are homozygous for allele > reduces diversity
Gene pool: all alleles of individuals within a population
Lack variation: may not adapt to new conditions
*individuals selected, populations evolve
Allele freq changes
• natural selection
• Genetic drift
• Gene ow
5 agents of evolution
1. Genetic drift.
Founder e ect
• Small group splinters o and starts new
• less diversity
• Rare alleles = high freq
• Skew gene pool
Bottle neck e ect
• large pop reduced by disaster
• Pop recovers and expand
• Alleles lost from gene pool not due to tness
• Narrows gene pool
2. Non random mating
• intrasexual: males defend territory, compete w other males
• Intersexual: females choose mates, male showiness in behaviour
• Sexual dimorphism: marked di s b/w sex’s in secondary sexual characteristics > coloured feathers
3. Mutations
• create variation
• Changes in DNA
• Constantly appearing
• Only in gametes can be passed
• Fitness may chance
• Neutral, harmful, bene cial
• Point, gene duplication, pseudo genes (non functional seg of DNA, polyploidy)
• Natural selection selects against harmful selected for bene cial
4. Gene ow
• exchange genes during migration
• Seed and pollen distribution by wind causing genetic mixing
5. Natural selection
Directional selection
• Favours increase or decrease of the avg trait (extreme)
• (Larger horses for farmers)
Stablilizing selection
• against individuals exhibiting variations of a trait that go against avg
• Most common = most favoured
• (Baby birth weight )
Disruptive selection:
Favours two or more variations of a trait that di from the avg population
• extreme opps are favoured
• (Salmon - smaller and large)
Hardy Weinberg Principle Random Change Patterns of Selection
punctuated equilibrium vs. gradualism.
gradualism
• small changes over time leading to evolutionary adaptation
Puncuated equilibrium
• long periods of little to no change
• Short intense bursts of evoloution
both
• both evolutionary evidence and are in the fossil record
sexual selection vs. natural selection.
Sexual:
• mating success and how certain traits in uence an individual ability to attract mates
ex: peacock tails, bird songs, deer antlers
Natural selection:
• mechanism of evolution
• Favours traits that enhance an organisms survival and reproduction success
impact on a population when an environmental change occurs.
2 key factors which a ect the evolutionary process
1. Genetic variation:
• new traits arise through mutations, and gene ow, w/o variation you can’t evolve
2. Natural selection
• Ppl w traits that enhance ones tness become more common pop envelopes
Evolutionary mechanism and explain how it a ects the development of species
impact of mutation and sexual reproduction on genetic variation.

Identify the symbols for allele frequency and genotypic frequencies & Solve Hardy Weinberg
problems to Determine if evolution has occurred in a population.
why evolution occurs more rapidly in small populations.
Compare and contrast stabilizing, disruptive, directional selection - Classify the type of selection
shown in examples and graphs.
Use evolution to describe the process of phylogeny.
key factors that a ect the evolutionary process
Describe some evolutionary mechanisms and explain how they a ect the evolutionary
development of various species
17. how genetic variation can occur in a population.
18. Use Hardy-Weinberg equation to show if evolution has occurred & Describe the impact on
populations when the H-W conditions are not met.
Speciation:
• Lineage-splitting event that produces two or more separate species
Post-Zygotic Mechanisms
• aft production of zygote
• Mating occurs
• Doesn’t allow formation of o spring through the formation of hybrids
• Hybrids have intermediate phenotypes so they are poorly adapted parental habitats
• Genetic in abilities cause sterility
• Prevents passing on genes of hybrids
Prevention of Hybrids
• preventing maturation and reproduction in o spring from inter species reproduction
Zygotic mortality:
• Eggs and sperm don’t recognize one another and aren’t fertilized
• Eggs divide improperly
• Larval mortality; die prematurely
Hybrid inviability:
• fertilized egg may fail to develop properly
• Fewer young may be produced and they may have a low survivability
Hybrid infertility/sterility:
• hybrid of two species may be viable but sterile
• Chromosome mismatches occur
Sympatric Speciation
• Reproductive isolation
• Still live in same area but di erent use
Allopatric Speciation
1. Initial population
2. Reproductive isolation: Geographic barrier causes group of ind. to be reproductively isolated
3. Genetic divergence: over time pops on either side diverge enough genetically can’t
interbreed
Reproductive isolation: barriers that impede two species from producing viable o spring
Prezygotic:
• Before formation of zygote
• No mating
• Permits physical isolation of parents, preventing mating
• Can evolve as mating signals and preferences adapt to di f environments
• Depends on enviornment
• Prevents viable zygotes
• Key in natural selection
Prevention of mating
Geographic: Species in di areas separated by barrier
Ecological/habitat: Species in same area occupy di habitats, di selective pressures = divergent
> low survival for hybrids = not adapted to enviornment of either parents
Temporal: species that breed at di times cannot mix their gametes
Behavioural: di er in mating rituals
Prevention of Fertilization
Mechanical: structural di erences prevent mating
Gametic: gametes of one species function poorly w gametes of another species or within
reproductive tract of another species
Ecological Niche: role of species within the habitat

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Microevolution: allele freq changes in a pop overtime

Mutations: change in DNA sequence

impact of mutation and sexual reproduction on genetic variation.

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