Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ILOCOS NORTE

Science 10
Quarter 4 – Module 1
Week 1 and 2:
Behavior of Gases

MELC: Investigate the relationship between volume and

pressure at constant temperature of a gas
Investigate the relationship between volume and
temperature at constant pressure of a gas
Explains these relationships using the kinetic molecular
theory
(S9MT-IIj-20)

Prepared by:

Fidela C. Jacobo
Edlyn C. Polendey
Talugtog Solsona National High School
Science- Grade 10
Share-A-Resource-Program
Quarter 4 – Module 1: Behavior of Gases
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Modules

Writers: Fidela C. Jacobo Edlyn C. Polendey
Editors: Jovy O. Joaquin Sheryl A. Valiente
Manuel M. Pichay
Reviewers: Jerry G. Tabrilla Ursino C. Pascua
Illustrators: Name
Layout Artist: Name
Management Team: Joann A. Corpuz EdD, CESO V
Joye D. Madalipay EdD
Santiago L. Baoec EdD
Jenetrix T. Tumaneng
Jerry g. Tabrilla EdD
Ursino C. Pascua

Division Design & Layout Artist: Jerry M.Burgos

Printed in the Philippines by ______________________________

Schools Division of Ilocos Norte
Office Address: Brgy. 7B, Giron Street, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
Telefax: (077) 771-0960
Telephone No.: (077) 770-5963, (077) 600-2605
E-mail Address: ilocos.norte@deped.gov.ph
 10
Science
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
Behavior of Gases

3
Introductory Message
This Contextualized Learning Module (CLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each
lesson with ease.
This CLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-test is provided to measure your prior knowledge on the lesson. This will
show you if you need to proceed in completing this module or if you need to ask your
facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the
end of this module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning.
Answer keys are provided for all activities and tests. We trust that you will be honest
in using them.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher is also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you in your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this CLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests.
Likewise, read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any question in using this CLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was developed and designed for you to learn the basic concepts
of the behavior of gases. Discussions and activities are provided for you to
accomplish at your own time and pace.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Boyle’s Law
 Lesson 2 – Charles’ Law
 Lesson 3 – Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. State Boyle’s law and Charles’ law;
2. Solve problems on Boyle’s law and Charles’ law;
3. Explain how Boyle’s law and Charles’ law are applied some situations; and
4. Describe the kinetic molecular theory of gases

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which of the following changes will result in a decrease in gas pressure?

a. Adding more gas particles
b. Increasing the volume of the container
c. Increasing the temperature
d. Liquefying the gas particles

2. This law states that there is an inverse relationship between the pressure
exerted on a quantity of gas and its volume if the temperature is held
constant
a. Newton’s Law
b. Charles’ Law
c. Boyle’s Law
d. Ohm’s Law

1
3. The temperature in an inflated expandable balloon is increased. What
happens to the volume of the gas inside the balloon?
a. The volume increases.
b. The volume decreases.
c. The volume is constant.
d. The volume disappears.

4. Who formulated the law which shows the direct relationship between
temperature and volume of a gas at constant pressure?
a. Robert Boyle
b. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
c. Galileo Galilei
d. Jacques Charles

5. Which of the following is NOT one of the principal assumptions of the kinetic
molecular theory for an ideal gas?
a. All collisions of gaseous molecules are perfectly elastic.
b. A mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L at standard temperature and
pressure.
c. Gas molecules have no attraction for one another.
d. The average kinetic energy for molecules is the same for all gases at
the same temperature.

6. Which of the formula below shows Boyle’s law?

a. V1T2 = V2T1
b. P1T2 = P2T1
c. PV = nRt
d. P1V1 = P2V2

7. If the pressure on 0.04 L of gas is changed from 600 torr to 1200 torr, the
new volume will be ____.
a. 0.02 L c. 0.08 L
b. 0.04 L d. 0.10 L

8. Which of the following situations best illustrates Charles’ law?

a. Carbon dioxide is dissolved in carbonated drinks by increasing
pressure
b. Aerosol can explodes when heated
c. Jane can still pump air in the party balloon even though it is already
inflated
d. Expansion of a hot air balloon as the torch heat the air molecules

9. According to kinetic molecular theory, “A gas is composed of a large number

of particles called ____ that are in constant random motion.”
a. atoms c. quantum
b. molecules d. cell

2
 10. Which of the following is NOT true about the kinetic molecular theory?
a. Gases are composed of molecules
b. Gas molecules are not in motion
c. There is a very weak or negligible attractive or repulsive force between
or among the molecules
d. Movement of gas molecules is affected by temperature

Directions: Identify each situation if it demonstrates Boyles’ law or Charles’ law.

Write B for Boyle’s law and C for Charles’ law.

11. As the muscles of the diaphragm contract, the decreased pressure causes
the volume of the thoracic cavity to expand as you breathe in.
12. Under high pressure, the paint is force out of the nozzle of spray paint as it
attempts to reach an area with lower pressure.
13. Driving heats up the tire and consequently causes the air within them to
expand.
14. If you fill a helium balloon in a warm or hot room, and then take it into a
cold room, it shrinks up.
15. When a soda bottle is filled with carbonated drink, it is also pressurized to
dissolve the carbon dioxide.

3
 Lesson
Boyle’s Law
1
Gases are the least compact and most mobile of the three states of matter.
Gas molecules move with very high velocities and have high kinetic energy which
causes them to react dramatically to changes in the environment. Gas laws could
predict these changes and one of them is Boyle’s law which shows the relationship
between pressure and volume at constant temperature. This law can be encountered
in our day to day activities such as when we open a bottle of soft drink and or if we
pump air into a party balloon. Be ready and be smart because in this module we
will explore the wonders of Boyle’s law.

What’s In

Let us revisit some necessary skills and concepts you have mastered from
your previous lesson.

Activity 1. HIT IT SHARP!

Directions: Hit the balloons that contain fundamental properties of a gas. Do this
by drawing arrow ( ) to the balloons.

1 2 3 4 6
pressure color volume mass 5 shape
temperature

4
ACTIVITY 2. LOOP ME IT YOU CAN!
Direction: Encircle the units used in quantities involved in the behavior of gases.

Word Bank L I T E R M V H M M N R M A V P

W F D G N E L F D I F Y L T D Y
1. Liter
2. Milliliter T K J E M K V C V L A D Z M P V
3. Cubic E P A S C A L E Y L H O A O M S
centimeter
P B P U M W P L V I R Q I S M L
4. Atmosphere
5. Torr Y L U T L Q B S D L E E K P O K
6. Pascal K M V O A U E I W I N L U H F E
7. Kelvin
D H Y R O N U U N T H K T E H A
8. Celsius
9. Fahrenheit F C D R O C N S F E E L C R G W
10. mm of Hg Y C K E L V I N F R I I I E H T

Z Q H O Y F P F V J T I C T U P

X V A O Y X E H R Q Q E U U E G

C U B I C C E N T I M E T E R R

N I E T L A Q E O B Z J D O H O

X M X I B X E H U U G A J I E O

K U V V O K N O B Z N L T O R R

What is New
Atmosphere covers the Earth. It contains a mixture of gases. Gases are
important to sustain life and to facilitate chemical and biological processes. Let us
see how far you know about gases and Boyle’s law by doing the next activity.

Activity 3. SING IT!

Direction: Sing the song, “Ako ay May Lobo”. If you don’t know the song, read the
lyrics given below.

5
 AKO AY MAY LOBO
Ako ay may lobo Sayang ang pera ko
Lumipad sa langit Binili ng lobo
Di ko na nakita Sa pagkain sana
Pumutok na pala Nabusog pa ako

Why did the balloon burst?

_______________________________________________________________________________

What is It

Boyle’s law states that there is an inverse relationship between the pressure
exerted on a quantity of gas and its volume if the temperature is held constant. This
relationship between pressure and volume of a gas was first shown in 1662 by Robert
Boyle. He found that if the pressure on a sample of gas is increased, the volume
occupied by the gas will decrease proportionally. This means that if the pressure is
doubled, the volume is halved, and if the pressure is halved, the volume is doubled.

For a given amount of gas at a constant temperature, Boyle’s law can be

expressed as:
V ∞ 1

P
By introducing a proportionality constant, we can write this as the equation

PV = k

As stated earlier, if the pressure is doubled, the volume would have to be one-
half, in order for P times V to remain constant. The value of the constant, k, depends
on the temperature and volume of the gas.
Boyle’s law may also be expressed as:

P1V1 = P2V2

where P stands for pressure while V stands for Volume.

6
Sample Problem 1.1

A sample of gas occupies a volume of 0.225 L at a pressure of 0.7 atm and a

temperature of 20.00C. Calculate the new pressure if the volume is increased to 0.35
L, at constant temperature.

Given:

P1 = 0.7 atm P2 = ?

V1 = 0.225 L V2 = 0.35 L

Solution

P2 = P1V1

V2
P2 = (0.7 atm)(0.225 L)

0.35 L
P2 = 0.45 atm

Sample Problem 1.2

The inflated balloon that slipped from the hand of Renn has a volume of 0.50 L at
sea level (1.0 atm) and it reached a height of approximately 8 km where the
atmospheric pressure is approximately 0.33 atm. Assuming that the temperature is
constant, compute for the final volume of the balloon.

Given:
P1 = 1.0 atm P2 = 0.33 atm
V1 = 0.50 L V2 = ?
Solution
V2 = V1 P1

P2
V2 = (0.5 L)(1.0 atm)

0.33 atm

V2 = 1.5 L

7
REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS OF BOYLE’S LAW
Spray Paint
Before you spray a can of paint, you are
supposed to shake it up for a while as a ball bearing
rattles around inside. There are two substances inside
the can: one is your product (paint for example), and
the other is a gas that can be pressurized so much
that it retains a liquid state, even when it is heated
past its boiling point.
This liquefied gas has a boiling point far below
room temperature. Because the can is sealed, the gas
is prevented from boiling and turning into a gas. That
is, until you push down the nozzle.
The moment the nozzle of a spray paint can goes down, the seal is broken and
the propellant instantly boils, expands into a gas, and pushes down on the paint.
Under the high pressure, the paint is forced out of the nozzle as it attempts to reach
an area with lower pressure.

Syringe
When you pull the plunger out on a
syringe, it causes the volume within the
chamber to increase. As we know, this
causes the pressure to do the opposite,
which then creates a vacuum. When a
syringe is empty, the vacuum within the
chamber sucks fluid in through the needle.

Soda Can or Bottle

Typically when we open a bottle of soda, we
slowly turn the cap to allow the air to escape before
we completely remove the lid. We do this because
we've learned over time that twisting it open too fast
causes it to fizz up and spill all over. This happens
because the liquid is pumped full of carbon dioxide,
causing it to bubble up as the CO2 makes its escape.
a soda bottle is filled, it is also pressurized.
Much like the aerosol can mentioned earlier, when
you slowly open the cap, the gas is able to increase
its volume and the pressure decreases.

8
Pumping Air into a Tire
As you put more and more air into the tire, you are
forcing all the gas molecules to get packed together,
reducing their volume and increasing the pressure
pushing on the walls of the tire.

What’s More
Activity 4. BOYLE GETS TOPSY-TURVEY!
Direction: Arrange the jumbled letters to identify the term described or defined in
each statement.

1. He established the inverse relationship between pressure and volume.

EOBTRR YBEOL

2. It is the standard unit of pressure.

AMEORESTHP

3. The average effect of the forces of the colliding molecules of a gas per
unit area.
ERSPUSRE

4. It is the amount of space occupied by the molecules of a gas.

LEVMUO

5. It states that the pressure and volume of a fixed amount of gas are
inversely proportional at a given temperature.
‘OSYBEL AWL

Activity 5. INTO THE UNKNOWN

Direction: Find for the unknown in each problem below. Select your answer from
the choices below.

6 atm 3.75 L 2L 0.62 atm 2.02 atm

1. A given mass of hydrogen occupies 40.0 L at 0.6 atm pressure. If the volume
turns to 12 L, how much is the pressure?
2. What volume will 2.50 L of a gas occupy if the pressure is changed from 0.9
atm to 0.6 atm?

9
 3. A scuba diver needs a diving tank in order to provide breathing gas while he
is underwater. How much pressure is needed for 6.0 L of gas at 1.01
atmospheric pressure to be compressed in a 3.0 L cylinder?
4. A sample of oxygen gas O2 has a volume of 9 L and a pressure of 2 atmosphere.
What is its final pressure if the volume is decreased to 3 liters?
5. Freon in an air conditioning unit has a volume of 0.5 L with a pressure of 900
mm Hg at temperature. Find the final pressure of Freon in atmosphere when
its volume is increased to 0.95 L? (Convert mm Hg to atmosphere, 760 mm
Hg = 1 atm)

Activity 6. RISE AND LOW

Direction: Analyze the graph of pressure and volume of a gas and answer the
questions that follow. Choose your answer in each item from the options enclosed
with parentheses.

Figure

Questions:

1. Describe the graph. (diagonal, parabolic, zigzag)

2. What is the volume of the gas when the pressure is 6 atmosphere? (200 mL,
400 mL, 6 mL)
3. If the volume of the gas is 1200 mL, how much is the pressure (1.5 atm, 3 atm,
6 atm)
4. What is the relationship between volume and pressure of gases at constant
temperature? (inversely proportional, directly proportional, equal to each other)
5. If the pressure is doubled, what happens to the volume? (reduced to half,
doubled, remains the same)

10
 What I have Learned

Activity 7. MAKE MY HEAD GO POP!

Direction: Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct answer from the box.

Part A.

Pressure shrinks volume balloon inside

Rihanna is very excited about the performance task given to her by her teacher
on the topic of Boyle’s law. Her teacher wants her to investigate how pressure affects
1)__________ using materials such as big syringe and small size 2)________. She
performed the task following some instructions or procedures. First she blew up the
balloon and placed the balloon 3)_______ the syringe. She pulled and placed the
plunger (piston) at the highest point of the syringe and covered the bottom opening
with her finger. She pressed the plunger down and she observed that the balloon
4)_______ in size. Afterwards, she removed her finger from the bottom of the syringe
to release the 5)_________.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eR49g3ubTBg

11
Part B
increased syringe upwards finger lowest

For the second set of the experiment she placed the plunger at the
6)____________ point of the syringe chamber but without touching the balloon. She
placed her 7)_________ at the opening at the bottom of the syringe and pull the
plunger 8)__________. She observed that the balloon 9)_________ in size. To release
again the pressure, she removed her finger from the opening of the 10)__________.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eR49g3ubTBg

12
 Lesson
Charles’ Law
2
Have you seen a hot-air balloon? Have you ever wondered how it works? In
this module Charles’ law will describe how temperature affects the volume of a gas
at constant pressure. It will also showcase some real-life demonstrations of this law.

Have patience in accomplishing this module. Good luck!

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you have learned how pressure affects the volume of a
gas or vice versa. For sure you have mastered the fundamental properties of a gas
and their corresponding standard units.

Activity 8. PAIR THE WORDS AWAY

Directions: Pair the given properties of gases to their standard units. Write the
letter only.

2. volume

3. pressure

1. temperature

b. atmosphere

c. Kelvin

a. Liter

13
ACTIVITY 9. CELSIUS MEETS KELVIN
Convert the following temperature readings from Celsius to Kelvin. Use the formula:
K = 0C + 273.

Example:

Convert 600C to Kelvin

600C + 273 = 333 K

1. 250C

2. 760C

3. -310C

4. -540C

5. 10.50C

What is It

Lesson 2. CHARLES’ LAW

The effect of temperature on the volume of a gas was observed in about 1787
by the French physicist Jacques Charles (1746-1823). He found that various gases
expanded by the same fractional amount when heated through the same temperature
interval.
Charles’ law states that at constant pressure the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature. Mathematically, Charles’ law may be
expressed as

V ∞ T

which means that the volume of a gas varies directly with the absolute temperature
when the pressure remains constant. In equation form, Charles’ law may be written
as
k = V
V = kT
or T

where k is a constant for a fixed mass of the gas. If the absolute temperature of a
gas is doubled, the volume will double.

14
Another equation relating the volume of a gas at two different temperatures is:

V1 V2 or V1T2 = V2T1
=
T1 T2

Sample Problem 2.1.

Hydrogen gas with the volume of 3.0 L at temperature of -200C is allowed to warm to
a room temperature of 270C. What is the volume at room temperature if the pressure
remains constant?

Hint: Convert the temperature to Kelvin (K = 0C + 273)

Given:

V1 = 3.0 L T1 = -200C = 253 K

V2 = ? T2 = 270C = 300 K

Solution:
V2 = V1 T2

T1

V2 = (3.0 L)(300 K)

253 K

V2 = 3.56 L

Sample Problem 2.2

Under constant pressure condition, a sample of hydrogen gas initially at 850C and
7.2 L is cooled until its final volume is 4.1 L. What is its final temperature?

Given:

V1 = 7.2 L T1 = 850C = 358 K

V2 = 4.1 L T2 = ?

Solution:
T2 = V2 T1

V1
T2 = (4.1 L)(358 K)

7.2 L
T2 = 203.86 K

15
REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS OF CHARLES’ LAW
Helium Balloon

If you have had the chance to go out on a chilly day, you might have noticed
that the balloon crumbles. However, if you take the balloon to a warm room, it regains
its shape.

This happens because the temperature on a cold day is low, and, so, the
volume decreases. Now, in accordance with the Charle’s Law, as soon as you enter a
warm room, the temperature increases; with an increase in temperature, the volume
also increases. Therefore, the balloon goes back to its original shape.

Pingpong Ball

In case you play Ping Pong, chances are that

you might have frequently come across a dented
Ping Pong ball. How have you troubleshot such
situation? You might have let your Ping Pong ball
float on warm water for some time. Have you ever
wondered why you do so? When you let your ball
float on hot water, the temperature of the air inside
the ball also increases; which, in turn, leads to an
increase in the volume of the gas. Therefore, the
shape of the ball is restored.

Pool Float

The pool floats forms yet another real-life

example of Charle’s Law. You might have
observed that after you inflate a pool float and
push it into the pool, it seems a bit under-
inflated. This is not because of any leak in the
float. However, this happens because the
temperature of the water in the pool is low,
which reduces the volume of the air inside.

16
Hot Air Balloon

You might have wondered about the working of the hot air balloon. Charle’s Law
describes that temperature and volume are directly proportional to each other. When
a gas is heated, it expands. As the expansion of the gas takes place, it becomes less
dense and the balloon is lifted in the air. The warm is less dense than the cold air,
which means that it is lighter than the cold air. Also, the warm air has less mass per
unit volume.

What’s More
Activity 10. SAY IT’S TRUE OR FALSE

Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct. Write FALSE if it is not correct.

1. According to Charles’ law, as the temperature of a given sample of gas at

constant pressure is increased, the volume will decrease.
2. Pressure must remain constant if Charles’ law is to be applied to a given
sample of a gas.
3. Kelvin is the temperature scale that must be used when applying Charles’ law.
4. Volume and temperature vary directly in Charles’ law.
5. When an inflated balloon is put under hot water, it expands because the air
molecules move closer together.

17
Activity 11. GET A GRIP WITH CHARLES
Direction: Solve for the unknown in each problem below. Choose the correct answer
from the options inside the box.

138.75 K 16.52 L 0.69 L 0.12 L 815.38 K

1. A sample of neon gas at 1 atmosphere has a volume of 15 L and a temperature

of 320C. Find the final volume of the gas after the temperature is increased to
730C.
2. A certain type of gas with a volume of 0.13 L is measured with a temperature
of 380C. If the pressure remains constant, what will be the volume of the gas
at 100C?
3. A sample of a gas has a volume of 0.078 L at 450C. If the volume increases to
0.2 L, what will be the temperature of the sample of gas?
4. A 0.24 L volume of a gas is collected within a temperature of 600C. What
would be the temperature of this sample of gas if it occupies 0.1 L?
5. A mountain climber inhales 580 ml of air at temperature of -100C. What
volume (in L) will the air occupy in the mountain climber’s lungs if his body
temperature is 370C assuming that the pressure remains the same? (Note: 1
L = 1000 ml)

Activity 12. RISE TOGETHER

Direction: Examine the temperature versus volume graph below and answer the
questions that follow.

Figure 2

Questions:

1. How will you describe the shape of the graph? (diagonal, parabolic, zigzag)
2. What is the volume of the gas when the temperature is 300 K? (100 mL, 200
mL, 300 mL)

18
 3. If the volume of the gas is 400 mL, how much is the temperature? (200 K, 300
K, 400 K)
4. What is the relationship between volume and pressure of gases at constant
temperature? (inversely proportional, directly proportional, equal to each other)
5. What happens to the volume when the temperature increases? (it increases
also, it decreases also, it remains the same)

What I have Learned

Activity 13. CHARLES GETS FUN WITH BALLOONS!
Direction: Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct answer from the box.

volume excited temperature larger higher

Rihanna received another assignment given to her by her science teacher

through google classroom. In the assignment, she will determine how temperature
and volume of a gas are related. In the activity, she will use a party balloon, two
containers, cold water and hot water. She cautiously followed the procedures so as
to avoid any burning incident that may happen.
In the first part of experiment, she blew up the balloon. When the balloon is
placed in the beaker with boiling water, the energy from the higher temperature water
and steam molecules transfer to the lower temperature air molecules inside the
balloon causing the air molecules inside the balloon become 1)___________. When
the air molecules inside the balloon are excited by rising the 2)___________, this
spread further and further apart increasing the 3)__________ of space they take up.
The 4)________ the temperature or the more energy the air molecules get, the
5)________ the balloon will grow or in other words the greater the volume of space the
gas will take up.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NplVuTrr59U

19
 volume decreasing Charles’ energy temperature

In the second portion of the experiment, she placed the balloon in the freezer
which causes a transfer of 6)________ in the form of heat from the warmer air
molecules inside the balloon into the cold freezer. As the energy is removed from the
air molecules, they slow down and drop in 7)__________ and get closer and closer
together 8)_________ the volume of space they take up. The colder the air molecules
get the closer together they will be. When we remove our balloon from the freezer
the air molecules inside will gradually gain extra energy from the air in the
environment raising its temperature causing the balloon to increase in volume back
to its original size. By changing the temperature of the balloon she observed that the
direct proportional relationship between temperature and 9)________ of an ideal gas.
This relationship is known as 10)_________ law.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NplVuTrr59U

20
 Lesson
Kinetic Molecular Theory
3
The Kinetic molecular theory is the basis for chemistry and explains
how atom and molecules behave. This part of the module will help you
comprehend this important theory in a fun and interactive way.

What’s In

Let us revisit some necessary skills and concepts you have mastered from
your previous lesson.

Activity 14. FIND ME A MATCH!

Directions: Match column A with column B. Write the letter only.

Column A Column B
1. The main gas in the air a. Water vapor
2. A gas needed by plants when b. Oxygen
they make food c. Helium
3. A gas needed during d. Nitrogen
combustion e. Carbon dioxide
4. A very light gas and is used in
balloons
5. Formed when water
evaporates

What is New
You cannot see gases, yet you know that they exist. In many ways, gases are
the most studied and easily understood form of matter. Even though gases may have
different chemical properties, they behave quite similarly as far as physical properties
are considered. Fox example, the atmosphere in which we live in is composed of a
mixture of gases called air. The air we breathe contains oxygen, but it also contains
nitrogen, which has different chemical properties from oxygen. Other gases are also

21
present in smaller amounts, yet they behave physically as one material. The behavior
of a gas could be understood using the model called kinetic molecular theory.

The properties of gases are explained by the Kinetic Molecular Theory, a model
that describes the behavior of the submolecular particles that make up the gas. It
explains why gases act the way they do.

Activity 15. COMPLETE ME!

Direction: Complete the crossword puzzle below by identifying the term described in
each item.

1. It is the smallest fundamental unit of a substance.

2. It is the amount of space that a substance or object occupies.
3. It is the amount of matter an object has.
4. It is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of
matter.
5. It is anything that has mass and occupies space.

What is It

At this point you already know the differences among the three states of matter
– solid, liquid, and gas. You can easily provide examples of each of the three states
of matter. Can you give a detailed description of their differences Can you enumerate

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the characteristics physical properties of gases? Yes! A substance or material is a gas
if it has the following characteristics:

• A gas is highly compressible. When pressure is exerted on the gas, its volume
decreases dramatically.

• A gas expands as the temperature is increased. This is true when pressure

remains the same. As it expands, it fills any container, unlike the volume of solids
and liquids that could only expand to a smaller extent.

• A gas flows easily. The low viscosity of a gas allows it to flow through pipes
more freely than liquids and enables it to escape quickly through tiny holes or small
openings.

• A gas has lower density than solids and liquids. The density of steam is
1/1000 the density of water.

• All gases are miscible. When gases are placed in a container, their particles
mix evenly and completely with each other.

Due to the properties that are exhibited by gases, they are described as fluids
that do not have volume of their own.

The characteristics of gases can be explained in terms of their molecular

motion. The ideas about molecular motion were developed into kinetic molecular
theory by Rudolf Clausius, James Maxwell, and Ludwig Boltzmann.

What is Kinetic Molecular Theory? Kinetic Molecular Theory is the basis of the
description of the behavior and macrospopic properties of gases.

The kinetic molecular theory of gases is a model that could help us understand
the behaviour of gases Its postulates are numerated below.

1. A gas consists of very small particles. The particles are in constant,

random, and straight-line motion.
This kind of motion of gas particles causes a gas to fill the entire volume of
container. This explain the spreading of odor of perfume and cologne and the aroma
of food reaching your nose. Thus, they can be smelled even from distances. In
addition, you can easily notice the characteristics smell of the LPG emanating from
the tank, which indicates leaking of the flammable gas. In reality, LPG is odorless.
However, the manufacturers added a substance that gives it a characteristics smell
for easy detection of leakage. These are evidences of the ability of gases to diffuse or
spread into different directions.

2. The particles of a gas are separated by relatively large distances.

Molecules of gases when squeezed tend to come closer, reducing their volume
considerably. This is best illustrated by the safety airbags installed in automobiles
as shock absorber. This illustrates a property of gases known as compressibility.

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3. The gas particles collide with each other and with the walls of the container
in a perfectly elastic manner. After each collision, the total energy of the
system is the same.
The collision of the particles with each other and with the walls of the
container does not change the kinetic energy of the particles. Also, collisions of
particles with the walls exert a force that constitutes pressure. This shows that gases
exert pressure because the particles collide with each other and with the walls of the
container where they are placed. These collisions are said to be perfectly elastic
because the total energy of the system remains constant, which means that no
energy is lost. Thus, gas particles never stop from colliding and do not settle upon
standing. What do you think will happen when collisions between gas particles are
inelastic? Theoretically, if the gas particles lose energy after each collision, there will
come a time when all the energy of the particles will be used up and therefore they
will cease moving.

4. The average kinetic energy of the gas particles is proportional to the

absolute (kelvin) temperature.
As the temperature increases, the gas particles move faster. At higher
temperatures, the collision of the gas particles with the walls of the container
becomes more often and with more force, thus producing greater pressures. Gas
particles have higher kinetic energy at higher temperature and lower kinetic energy
at lower temperature. This sounds complex but you may think about it this way:
when you heat a pot of water, the molecules start moving really fast, then they escape
from the pot or boil off. The movement of the molecules is an indication of its kinetic
energy. As the temperature goes up, the molecules move faster because the kinetic
energy becomes higher. The more the heat there is, the higher the kinetic energy, the
faster the molecules move.

5. The force of attraction among gas particles is negligible.

This is due to the large distances between the gas particles. The farther the
particles are from each other, the weaker is the attraction between them. This
enables gas particles to move freely and to diffuse in all directions.

6. Gases have mass.

Most particles in gases are molecules like H2 and CO2 but there are also those
which are made up of single atoms like He and Ar. As you have noticed, stocks of
basketballs on sale are usually deflated so as to save space and to be carried easily
when sold. If you are going to weigh this deflated basketball and weigh again after
you have pumped air into it just enough to make it bounce, there will be an increase
in mass, which will correspond to the mass of the air you pumped into the ball. This
simply shows that air particles have mass.

The Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) explains the properties of gases and
describes the behavior of gases. You can relate the early discussions that we had
with this theory.
So far, you have learned that gases have mass, volume, temperature and it
exerts pressure. The pressure exerted by gas molecules is due to collision among gas

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molecules and with the walls of the container. The frequency of collision is affected
by temperature because gas molecules move faster at high temperature, on the other
hand, they move slowly at low temperature. The faster the movement of the
molecules, the more frequent the collision, causing an increase in pressure.

There are Five Major Variables in Kinetic Molecular Theory.

Symbol Name Unit/ Conversion

P Pressure 1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mmHg = 101.3 kPa
T Temperature Kelvin(K) = 0 C + 273
M Molar Mass 1.429 g/mol
V Volume 1 L = 1000 ml
n Amount of g/mol - 1
Substance

What’s More
Activity 16. GUESS WHAT?

Direction: Identify whether the following is a postulate or property of a gas.

Write PO if it is a postulate and PR if it is a property.

1. Charles’ Law
2. Gases mix rapidly.
3. Gases do not clump.
4. The compressibility of gases
5. Gases are tiny molecules in mostly empty space.
6. Gases exert pressure that does not diminish over time.
7. There are no attractive forces between molecules.
8. The molecules move in constant, rapid, random, and in straight-line motion.
9. The molecules collide classically with container walls and one another.
10. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the
temperature in Kelvin (K) of the sample.

25
 What I have Learned
Activity 17. FILL MY ABSENCE
Direction: Supply the missing word/s to complete the statements below. Choose
your answer in the pool of words in the box.

weak molecules greater volume attractive

A gas is composed of a large number of particles called 1) ___________ that are

in constant random motion. Because the distance between gas molecules is much
2)____________ than the size of the molecules, the 3)_________________ of the
molecules is negligible.
Intermolecular interactions, whether repulsive or 4)______________, are so
5)__________ that they are also negligible.

Collide kinetic temperature same elastic

Gas molecules 6)____________ with one another and with the walls of the
container, but collisions are perfectly 7)_______________; they do not change the
average 8)_______________ energy of the molecules. The average kinetic energy of the
molecules of any gas depends on only the 9)_____________, and at a given
temperature, all gaseous molecules have exactly the 10)________ average kinetic
energy.

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 What I Can Do

Activity 18. WHEN DRIVING GETS BETTER

Direction: Answer each question briefly.

Anthony is a taxi driver. He drives at any time of the day no matter what the
weather condition is just send his passengers to the place where they want to go.
How will he apply the concept on behavior and laws of gases in safety driving?

1. How does Boyle’s law relate to breathing during inhalation and exhalation?
2. Air bubbles expand as they ascend in water. As the bubbles rise, the
surrounding pressure of the liquid decreases. And according to Boyle's law,
the air bubbles expand

27
 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. According to Charles’ law, volume is ______ to temperature.
a. inversely
b. directly
c. equal
d. the same

2. A sample of helium gas which has a volume of 0.42 L at 250C is compressed

to 0.21 L. What is the temperature of the gas after compression?
a. 298 K
b. 200 K
c. 149 K
d. 140 K

3. At constant pressure, what happens to the volume of a gas when the absolute
temperature doubles?
a. It is doubled.
b. It is halved.
c. It remains unchanged.
d. It cannot be predicted.

_____4. To use Charles’ law, which of the following needs to remain constant?
a. temperature
b. volume
c. number of moles of a gas
d. pressure
_____5. The roundness of a dented ping pong ball is restored by popping it in a pan
of warm water. Explain why this happens?
a. The air inside the ball will expand as it heats up.
b. The air inside the ball will compress as it heats up.
c. The air is made possible when the temperature of the air is remained
constant
d. It does not have something to do with the air inside the ball.

_____6. Boyle’s law states that for a given amount of gas at constant temperature,
the volume and pressure of a gas vary ____.
a. directly
b. inversely
c. proportional to the square
d. constantly

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_____7. The standard unit of pressure is _______.
a. millimeters of Mercury
b. Pascal
c. torr
d. atmosphere

_____8. Decreasing the volume of a closed container of gas will cause the pressure
to ____.
a. increase
b. decrease
c. remain the same
d. be indefinite

_____9. At constant temperature, a gas occupies 0.210 L at a pressure of 1.6 atm.

What pressure is necessary for this gas to occupy a volume of 0.5 L?
a. 2.6 atmosphere
b. 1.6 atmosphere
c. 0.99 atmosphere
d. 0.66 atmosphere

_____10. Which of the following does NOT demonstrate Boyle’s law?

a. When you push the plunger in a syringe, it causes the air inside the
tube to compress
b. When a scuba diver moves deeper underwater, the volume of nitrogen
gas in his body decreases and gets concentrated in the bloodstream
c. The expansion of carbon dioxide bubbles with an increase in
temperature works as a leavening agent and cause the bakery products
to become fluffy.
d. As you push air into the tire, the increasing pressure reduces the
volume of the air molecules by packing them together.

Fill in the blanks with the correct word/s. Choose your option from the box.

attraction molecules Kelvin empty colliding

1. Gases consist of tiny (submicroscopic) _________.

2. The distance between molecules is larger than size of the molecules. The
volume occupied by a gas consists mostly of _________ space.
3. Gas molecules have no ___________ for one another.
4. Gas molecules move in straight lines in all directions, _________ frequently
with one another and with the walls of the container.
5. The average kinetic energy for molecules is the same for all gases at the same
temperature, and its value is directly proportional to the ________ temperature.

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 Additional Activities

Activity 19. ELEVATE ME!

Direction: Using any available material you have at home. Design an improvised
hot air balloon. Write the materials used and the procedures applied in constructing
the improvised hot air balloon.

Important Note:
 This activity needs adult supervision.
 Be extra careful to avoid burns.
 Keep a bucket of water nearby.
 Make sure there are no flammable liquids nearby.

Materials:
__________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Procedures:
1. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Describe the outcome of your launch.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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 31
Activity 2. Loop It if You Can
Activity 3. Sing It Activity 1. Hit it What I Know
Sharp
The higher up the 1. b
balloon goes, the 1. / 2. c
thinner the air will 2. 3. a
become and there is 3. / 4. d
lesser air pressure. As 4. / 5. b
a result, there is 5. / 6. d
6. 7. a
greater air pressure
8. d
inside the balloon than
9. b
the surroundings. The 10.b
balloon expands and 11. B
burst. 12.B
13.C
14.C
15.B
Answer Key
 32
Activity 13. Charles Activity 13. Charles
Gets Fun with Gets Fun with
Balloons Balloons
1. excited 6. Energy
2. temperature 7. Temperature
3. volume 8. Decreasing
4. higher 9. Volume
10.Charles’
5. larger
Activity 12. Rise Activity 11. Get a Activity 10. Say It’s
Together Grip with Charles True or False
1. diagonal 1. 16.52 L 11.False
2. 300 ml 2. 0.12 L 12.True
3. 400 K 3. 815.38 K 13.True
4. directly 4. 138.75 K 14.True
proportional 5. 0.69 L 15.False
5. it increases
also
Activity 9. Celsius Activity 8. Pair the Activity 7. Make My
Meets Kelvin Words Away Head Go Pop
1. 298 K 1. c 1. Volume
2. 349 K 2. a 2. Balloon
3. 242 K 3. b 3. Inside
4. 219 K 4. Shrinks
5. 283.5 K 5. Pressure
6. Lowest
7. Finger
8. Upwrds
9. Increased
10.syringe
Activity 6. Rise and Activity 5. In Search Activity 4. Boyle Gets
Low of the Unknown Topsy-Turvey
1. parabolic 1. 2L 2. ROBERT BOYLE
2. 200 ml 2. 3.75 L 3. ATMOSPHERE
3. 1.5 atm 3. 2.02 atm 4. PRESSURE
4. inversely 4. 6 atm 5. VOLUME
proportional 5. 0.62 atm 6. BOYLE’S LAW
1. reduced to half
 33
Assessment
1. b
2. c
3. a
4. d
5. a
6. b
7. d
8. a
9. d
10. c
11. molecules
12. volume
13. collide
14. elastic
15. temperature
Activity 18. When Driving Gets Better
One of the things to consider in driving safely is the overall condition of
your car. Check the brakes, the engines and of course the tires. The
condition of your vehicle tire – its wear and tear can lead to serious
problems that could cause issues for your safety. Thus, frequently check
your tire pressure. It is important to use a tire pressure gauge to ensure
that your tires are properly inflated. Inflation is important for proper road
grip, hurdling and braking. Driving heats up the tires and consequently
causes the air within them to expand. As such, if you measure the air
when the tires are warm, the pressure will be higher. You can double-
check that you haven’t overfilled your tires by checking them when they
have cooled down.
Activity 17. Fill My Activity 16. Guess Activity 15. Complete
Absence What? Me
1. molecules 1. PR 1. molecule
2. greater 2. PR 2. volume
3. volume 3. PR 3. mass
4. attractive 4. PR 4. temperature
5. weak 5. PO 5. matter
6. collide 6. PR
7. elastic 7. PO
8. kinetic 8. PO
9. temperature 9. PO
10. same 10. PO
 34
Activity 19. Elevate Me
Materials:
thin roll bag or plastic bag aluminum foil (10 cm x 10 cm)
4 party candles/small candles 4 drinking straws
scotchtape a pair of scissors
Procedures:
1. Cut a square of aluminum foil (10 cm x 10 cm). Stick the 4 candles to
the aluminum foil.
2. Connect two drinking straws together. Make two sets of these joined
straws and tie their middle parts together making an X. Secure the
joined parts with a straw.
3. Tape the foil with candles into the mid of the x-shaped straws.
4. Position the plastic bag upside down above the candle. Attach the rim or
opening of the plastic bag to the ends of the x-shaped straws using the
scotchtape.
5. Lit the candles, wait for few seconds until the plastic bag accumulates
hot air. Be careful not to get the plastic in contact with the lighted
candle.
Outcome of your launch: (Answers may vary)
The improvised hot air balloon expanded and after few minutes, it began
to rise up and reached the ceiling of my room which is about 6 feet high.
References
Books
 Bayquen, Aristea V. 2006. Exploring Life through Science Chemistry.
Phoenix Publishing House , Inc. Quezon City.
 Reyes, Nasudi and Martinez, J.P. 2018. Science for Millenials. Salinlahi
Publishing House, Inc. Makati City, Philippines
 Department of Education. 2015. Science Grade 10. Learner’s Material. First
Edition.

Government Publication
 Science and Technology Worktext for Grade 10, K to 12 Edition.

Online
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tEQvDDfXgs
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaF3PM76rJI
 https://byjus.com/chemistry/boyles-law/
 https://owlcation.com/stem/Examples-of-Boyles-Law
 https://study.com/academy/lesson/charles-law-lesson-for-kids.html
 https://edulab.com/charles-law-real-life-applications/
 https://www.wikihow.com/Demonstrate-Charles%27s-Law
 https://ps21pd.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/0/6/12065719/msp-boyles-law-
stud_pasco.pdf
 http://passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/pressure-volume-relationship-
of-gas-Boyles-law.html
 http://passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/volume-temperature-
relationship-of-gas-Charles-law.html
 https://study.com/academy/practice/quiz-worksheet-charles-law.html
 https://sciencestruck.com/examples-of-boyles-law-in-various-fields
 https://studiousguy.com/examples-charles-law-daily-life/
 https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/gases-intro/latest/gases-
intro_en.html
 https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/gas-properties/latest/gas-
properties_en.html
 https://owlcation.com/stem/Examples-of-Boyles-Law
 https://exemplars.com/sites/default/files/2019-
06/6.24.2019_science_rubric_.pdf
 https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WQcJtgsp9tv4WGR9PNVTpSg-
RsMLJ4PbrEYX3HMm2HA/edit

35
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division of Ilocos Norte – Curriculum Implementation Division

Learning Resource Management Section (SDOIN-CID LRMS)

Office Address: Brgy. 7B, Giron Street, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
Telefax: (077) 771-0960
Telephone No.: (077) 770-5963, (077) 600-2605
E-mail Address: ilocosnorte@deped.gov.ph

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph

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