HI

STORYOFSOUTHERNAFRI
CA

HI
STORYOFSOUTHERNAFRI
CA2167/1
THELATESTONEAGEPERI
OD

TheLateSt
oneAgewascharact
eri
sedbyt heuseofbone,woodandstonetool
s.Toolsof
theLat
eStoneAgewer
ediggi
ngsticks,scr
apper
s,cl
ubs,f
lakes,st
onet
ippedar
rows,hand
axesandst
onehammer
s.

Economicact i
viti
esoft heLateSt oneAge
 Theyhunt edsmal lanimalsli
kehar esandt eamedupf orbi
ggeronesli
kekudusand
i
mpal as.Theyusedsnar estocat chrabbitsandt heyusedt r
apscatchbiggamel i
ke
buff
aloes.Theyal sousedpoi sonedar rowst oki l
lanimals.Theyextr
actedpoison
fr
om r epti
l
essuchassnakesandf r
om insectssuchasspi dersandfr
om scorpi
ons.
 Theygat heredwildfrui
ts,r
oots,vegetables,andinsects.
 Theycaughtf ishusinghooksmadef r
om bones.
 Theydomest i
cateddogs

Soci
alsystem oft heLateStoneAge
 Theyl
ivedincaves.
 Theywerenomadi c,t
hatistheymov edfrom oneplacet
oanotheri
nsear
chof
ani
mals,fr
uit
sandt heli
ke.
 Theyworkedcommunal ly.
 Ther
ewasdi vi
sionoflabour,forinst
ance, womenandchildr
engather
edwhi
lemen
hunt
ed.
 Theymarri
edasi ngl
ewi f
e.
 Theyl
ivedandtravell
edinsmal lgroups.
 Theyhadsmal l
famili
es.

Poli
ti
calorgani
sat i
onoft heLat
eSt
oneAge
 Ther
ewasnor ul
ingclassandsubj ectpeople.
 Ther
ewer enost
ates.
 Ther
ewasnoacent rali
sedpolit
icalsystem.
 Theyset
tl
edthei
rdisputescommunal l
y.
 Theywererul
edbyaf amil
yhead.

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THECHANGESFROM LATESTONEAGETOEARLYI
RONAGE

Economi
cChangesdur
ingt
heEar
lyI
ronAge

 Peopl ebegant omakei ront oolslikehoes,ar r

ow heads,spearheads,axes,kni ves,
i
ronswor ds,fishi nghooksandt hel i
ke.Thesewer emor eef fi
cientthanwoodand
stonet ool
soft heSt oneAge.
 Ir
ont oolsenabl edpeopl et ocutt r
eesandcl earmor el andforagr icult
ure.
 Theybegant ogr owcr opsl ikesorghum andmi l
letusingiront ools.
 Product i
onoff oodr esultedi nsurplus.
 Ther ewasf oodsecur i
ty.
 Hunt ingwasi mpr ov edbyt heuseofi ront oolswhi chwer emor eef f
ici
entthanstone
tools.
 Fishingwasi mpr ovedbyt heuseofi r
onf ishinghooks.Theybegant ocatchfishona
l
ar gescale.
 Theybegant odomest icateani malslikecat t
le,goatsandsheepal ongr i
vervall
eys.
 Theybegant omi nemi neralslikegold,copper ,i
ronandt i
n,leadandsi l
ver.
 Theybegant ot radei ngol d, i
ronandi voryaswel l
aswi t
hsur pluspr oduct
s.
 Theybegant or aideachot herf orgrainandcat t
le.
 Theybegant opayt ributet othechi ef
si nform ofgr ain,catt
le,ivoryandi r
ontools.
 Basket rywasint roduced.Theywov ebasket sli
ket hewi nnowi ngbasket .
 Pot t
er ywasintroduced.Theymadecl aypot stocar ryandst orewat erandmilk.

Ani
mal
skeptbytheEar
lyI
ronAgePeopl
e
 Catt
le -
Goats
 Sheep -
Pigs
 Cats -
Chicken
 Donkeys -
Dogs

Tool
susedduri
ngtheEarl
yIr
onAge
 I
ronaxes -
Ir
onhoes
 I
ronspearheads -
Ir
onarr
owheads
 I
ronmattocks -
Ir
onswor ds
 I
ronkni
ves -
Ir
onfi
shinghooks

Cr
opsgr
ownbyt heEarl
yIr
onAgepeopl
e
 Sorghum -
Fingermil
let
 Bulr
ushmi l
let -
Pearlmil
let
 Cowpeas -
Beans
 Gourds -
Rapoko
 Melons -
Pumpkins

Cr
aft
spr
act
isedbyt
heEar
lyI
ronAger
s

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 Weav i
ng -
Basketry
 Pott
ery -
Blacksmit
hing
 Leat
herwor k -
Stonecarvi
ng
 Woodcar vi
ng -
Drum making
 Makingjewell
ery

Mi
ner
alsminedbyt
heEar
lyI
ronAger
s
 Gold -
Copper
 Iron -
Lead
 Tin -
Sil
ver

Soci
alChangesdur
ingt
heEar
lyI
ronAge

 Avail
abili
tyoffoodresultedinar i
sei npopul ati
on.
 Theybegant obui l
dper manentshel tersofpoleanddagga.
 Polygamywaspr acti
ced.Thi swasduet oproduct i
onofsur pl us.
 Theybegant opayl obolatot heiri
n- l
awsi nfor m ofcattleandi rontool
s.
 Cattl
ewer easy mbol ofstatus.
 Therewascl eardivi
sionofl abour, womencul ti
vatedcr opswhi l
emenhuntedand
herded.
 Therewasspeci ali
sationinar eassuchasmi ning,blacksmit hing,weavi
ng,
basket
ry,
tr
ade, f
ishi
ngandhunt i
ng.
 Theybegant ol i
veinlargegr oupsofabout200peopl e.
 Classesemer gedassomebecamer i
chwhi l
stot hersremai nedpoor .
 Exploi
tati
onofmenbymenbecamemor eappar ent,forexampl e,t
hosewit
hmany
cattl
eempl oyedthosewi thoutasher dboy s.
 Therewasdev el
opmentofcat tleloaningsy stem [kuronzera].
 Theybegant obur ythedeadi ngrav es.
 Therewasemer genceofr eli
giouscer emoniessuchasr ai
nmaki ngceremony
.

Pol
i
tical
Changesdur
ingt
heEar
lyI
ronAge

 Theylivedi
nclans.
 Therewasemer genceofchi efsandheadmen.
 Chiefsandheadmenmadel aws.
 Chiefsandheadmendi str
ibutedlandtothepeople.
 Subject
spaidtri
butetothechi efstoshowloyal
ty.
 Chiefscont
rol
ledtrade.
 Str
ongerchief
sbegant or ai
dweakerones.
 Chiefsandheadmenj udgedcases.
 Chiefsl
edatreli
giousceremoni es

Benef
it
soft
hesechangest
othecommuni
tiesofSouther
nAfri
ca
 Thei
ronager
shadmorefoodandbalanceddi
et[meat
,mil
kandgr
ain]
.
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 Theywereabletoclearmorelandf
orcropculti
vati
on.
 Theybegantosettl
eatoneplace.
 Theybegantobuil
dmor epermanentshel
ters.
 Theywereabletokil
llar
geranimal
sduetoef f
ici
entir
ont
ool
s.
 Tradedevel
opedasasour ceoffor
eigngoods.
 Theyhadbetterweapons.

Negat
iveEff
ectsofthesechangest ocommuni t
iesofSout hernAf r
ica
 Thereascompet i
tionforhunt i
nggr ounds, pasturesandlandf orcul
tivation.
 Classesbegantoemer ge-l
owercl asseswer eexpl oi
ted.
 Womenwer eexploit
edast heywer egi v
enmor ear duoust asksli
kecropcul ti
vat
ion.
 Theybegant orai
deachot herf orcattl
eandgr ain.
 Themanuf actur
eofi r
ontool spromot edwar fareandi ncreasedkil
li
ngr ateofanimals.
 Poorclassesinweakersoci eti
esbegant opayt ributeinform ofl
abour ,catt
leand
grai
nt ostr
ongerandweal t
hypol it
icalunits.

Cont
ri
buti
onofi rontechnologyt
ot her i
seofclasseswi t
hinthesocieti
esinSout her
nAfri
ca
 Ir
ont echnologyengendered[ r
esult
edin]sur pl
usproducti
onandemer genceofhaves
andhav enot s.
 Ir
ont echnologyledtotheemer genceofmi ner
s,blacksmit
hsandt radersassepar
ate
cl
asses.
 Surplusproductionbegot[result
edin]polygamy ,
asour ceoflabour.
 Craftworkerssuchaspot ters,weavers,basketmaker sandthelike,coul
d
concentrateont hei
rwork.

Ot
herf
actorswhichledtoemer genceofclasses
 Lineageandcl anleader
sdev el
opedintor ul
i
ngclasses.
 Def eati
nwar sresult
edinvassalage.
 Tradebef or
eirontechnologyal
socont ri
buted.
 Char i
smaofpeopl emadet hem candidatesforl
eadershi
p

Cont
ri
buti
onofI r
onAgeChangest odev el
opmentofchi ef
domsi nt
hisperi
od
 Cattl
el oaningl edt oextensionofpoli
ti
cali
nfluence.
 Surplusgr ai
nl edt or i
seinstatusandneedt ocontrol
areaswithval
uabl
eresources
suchasgol dandi vory.
 Thegr owt hofl argercommuni ti
esnecessi
tatedtheri
seofchiefdomstomaintai
nlaw
andor derint hecommuni t
y.
 Polygamypr omot edmar ri
agealli
ances.
 Desiret ocont r
ol traderoutesledtori
seofchi ef
doms.

Ot
herf
actor
swhichledt
ot hedevelopmentofchi
efdoms
 Riseofambiti
ousleaders
 Milit
arypr
owessleadingtoconquestofot
herpeopl
e
 Thedesiretocol
l
ecttribut
e

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 Thedesi
ref
orpr
otect
ionf
rom i
nvader
s

THECHANGESFROM EARLYI
RONAGETOLATEI
RONAGE

Pol
i
tical
Changesdur
ingt
heLat
eIr
onAge

 Therewasf ormat i
onofst at eslikeGr eatZi
mbabwe, MutapaandRozv
i
 Therewasemer genceofki ngshi p.
 Thekingwast heheadoft hest at e.
 Ki
ngshipwasher edit
ary.
 Thekingwast hechi efjudge.
 Thekingwast her eli
giousl eader .
 Thekingcont roll
edt rade.
 All
subjectsbegant opayt ri
butet othekingtoshowl oy
alt
y.
 Thekingkeptanar myf orrai di
ngandf ordefence.
 Thekingleviedf inestohi ssubj ect swhomi sbehaved.
 Warswer ear i
singoutofdi sput esov ersuccession.
 Thekingappoi ntedchi efs.

Cont
ri
but
ionoftradetostateformation
 Communi ti
esfoughttocontrolresour cesort radel
i
kegoldminesandf
orest
swi
th
el
ephants,l
eadingtoformationofl argest ates.
 Communi ti
esfoughttocontroltrader outesandexpandedstates.
 Ruler
sdemandedt ri
buteinfor m ofval uablecommodit
ies.
 Wealthandpowerdev elopedf r
om t r
ade.

Ot
herf
act
orswhi chl
edt of ormationofstat
es
 Ther i
seofambi ti
ousl eaders
 Successiondisput es
 Statefor
mat i
onr esultedfrom t
heneedt ocontrolf
ert
il
esoi
lsandpastures.
 Loaningofcattl
et oot hercommuni t
iesledtospreadofpol
i
tical
inf
luence.
 Polygamywasani mpor t
antsourceoflabourandpower.
 Strongarmieshel pedinst at
eformation.

I
mpor
tanceoft
heki
ng’
srol
eint
heShonast
atesdur
ingt
heLat
eIr
onAge

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 Theki
nghadov erallaut hori
ty.
 Theki
ngappointedchi ef s.
 Thepr
ovi
dedsecur i
tytohi speople.
 Theki
nggaveroy alfiret othechi
efs.
 Theki
ngcommandedt hear my.
 Theki
ngdi
stri
but edlandt othepeopl
e.
 Theki
ngcontr
olledt rade.
 Theki
ngwasther el
igiousl eader
.
 Theki
ngwasthechi efjudge.

Ot
herf
act
orsimpor t
antintheShonastatesduringtheLateIronAge
 Spir
itmediumst hatchoseandinstall
edthekings
 Thearmydef endedt hest
ate,pr
otectedthekingandcol l
ect
edt
ri
but
e
 Thearmycommanderwasal soimpor t
ant
 Councilofadviser
swasal soimportant
 Theordinarypeoplewerealsoimpor t
antforthei
ral
legiance

Soci
alChangesdur
ingt
heLat
eIr
onAge

 Theybegant obuildmor epermanentsett

lement s.
 Duri
ngthisperi
odt herebegant oappearstonebuildings.
 Theybegant oprefertosett
lenearwatersitesandhi ll
s.
 Theypref
erredgoodf ar
minglandsanddef ensiv
esi tes.
 Ther
ewasani ncreaseinthesizeofsettl
edv i
ll
ages.
 Theybeli
evedinGod[ Mwari]
.
 Theybeli
evedinspi r
itmediumsandancest ralspir
its.

Economi
cChangesdur
ingt
heLat
eIr
onAge

 Theyr earedanimalslikecat tl
e, goat
sandsheeponal argescale.
 Theycul t
ivatedcropslikesor ghum, mi l
letandRapokoonal argescal
e.
 Theybegant ostoregrainf oral ongti
mei ngranaries.
 Therewasacl earassoci ati
onofweal th,cat
tleandsoci al st
atus.
 Externaltradebecamemor epr onounced.
 Therewasani ncreaseinmi neralsmined.
 Huntingandgat heringcont inuedbutbecamel essimpor tantaspeoplemainl
y
concent r
atedoncr opcul ti
vationandani malreari
ng.
 Subjectsbegant opayt ributet othekingi nform ofcattl
e, gr
ainandtheli
ke.
 Theyr ai
dedweakerst atesf orgr i
nandcat tl
e.

I
mpor
tanceofcattl
et otheLateIronAgecommuni ti
esofSout
hernAf r
ica
 Cattl
eowner shipwasast atussymbol.
 Cattl
ewer easour ceoffoodsuchasmi lkandmeat.
 Cattl
ewer eslaughter
edonspeci al
occasionssuchasr
itualcer
emonies.
 Cattl
eskinswer eusedf ormakingdrums,shi
eldsandl
eatherclot
hes.

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 Cattl
ewer eusedf orpay
inglobola.
 Theywer eloanedsoast oestabli
shpol
i
tical
inf
luence.
 Theywer eusedf orpayi
ngtri
bute.
 Forpay i
ngfines
 Fortrade
 Fortransport
 Draughtpower
 Forinheri
tance
 Embodi mentofspi r
it
s
 Forpay i
ngav engi
ngsprit
s[Ngozi]
 Formanur e

I
mpor
tanceoft r
adetot heLat eIr
onAgecommuni ti
esofSout hernAf r
ica
 Peopl eofSout hernAf ri
cat r
adedl ocal l
yandext ernal
ly.I
temst radedwer ecattl
e,
grain,i
rontools,ornament s,potteryandt hel
ike.
 Theyi mpor tedglassbeads, cl
oth, seashel l
s,gunsandt helike.
 Gl assbeadswer easi gnofst at
us.
 Power fulr
ulersconquer ednewar east ocont r
olresourcesf ortradeingold,
ivoryand
tr
ader outes.
 Rul ersdemandedt ribut
einf orm oft radecommodi ti
es,grewr i
chandpower f
ul.
 Tr adebr oughtinfl
uenceoff oreigner slikeSwahili
,ArabsandPor t
uguese.
 Theki ngdistr
ibutedt r
adeitemst orewar dsubjectsandl esserchi ef
s.
 Tr adeuni f
iedpeopl e.

Mi
ner
alsmi
nedduringt
heLat
eIr
onAge
 Gold -
Copper
 Ir
on -
Lead
 Zinc -
Sil
ver
 Tin -
Coal
 Salt -
Diamonds
 Chrome -Ni
ckel
 Lit
hium -Pl
ati
num
 Asbestos
-
Emer
alds
Usesofgoldduri
ngtheLat
eIr
onAge
 Tr ade -
stat
ussymbol
 Pay mentoftr
ibut
e -
makingj
ewell
eryl
i
kebangl
esandear
r
ings

Pr
oblemsfacedbyminer
sduringtheLateI
ronAgePer
iod
 Fl
oodingofminesint
her ai
nseason -
lossofli
ves
 Poormi ni
ngt
ools -
theyusedslowmet
hodsof
mining
 Coll
apseofmines

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THEGREATZI
MBABWESTATE

Or
igi
noft
heGr
eatZi
mbabweSt
ate

TheGr eatZi mbabwest at

ewasoneoft hel ateI r
onAgest at
esi npr e-
colonialZimbabwe.I ts
originiscont r
ov ersialordebat ableoruncl ear.Twot heor i
esemer gedi ntr
yingt oexpl ai
nthe
originsoft hisst ate.[a]Oneschoolar guedt hatGr eatZi mbabwewasbui ltbyf orei
gners.
Accor dingt ot hist heor yGreatZi mbabwewasbui ltbymor eciv i
li
sedr acest hanAf ri
cans.
Someoft heset heor i
st sarguet hatGr eatZi mbabwewasbui l
tbyAr abs.Someal soargue
thatt hereisaJewi shi nfl
uenceont heor iginofGr eatZi mbabwe. [b]Theot hertheor yargues
thatGr eatZi mbabwewasbui ltbyAf ricans.Accor dingtot hi
st heor yGreatZi mbabwewas
l
ocali nor i
gi n,thusi twasbui ltbylocalpeopl e.Thi st heoryarguest hatGr eatZimbabwewas
builtbyi ndigenousShonaspeaki ngpeopl ebet ween1100ADand1450AD.Accor di
ngt othi
s
theor yar t
ef actsf oundatGr eatZi mbabwei ndicatedShonat raditi
onalcultur e.Mor eso,
cerami cs[ pot s]f oundatGr eatZi mbabwear el ocalandsi mi l
art ot hoseofr ecentShona
speaki ngpeopl e.Thef ew foreigncer ami csf oundatGr eatZi mbabwecanbeat t
ri
butedto
l
ongdi stancet rade.Peopl ewhobui ltGr eatZi mbabwewer ecat tl
eher ders,cr opgr owers,
i
ronsmel t
ersanddesi gnersofpot teryaswel lasbui l
dersinst onewor k.

Reasonsf
ort
her
iseofGr
eatZi
mbabwe/Fact
orswhi
chl
edt
other
iseofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

Pol
i
tical
reasonsf
ort
her
iseofGr
eatZi
mbabwest
ate

 Ast r
ongar myledt ot her i
seoft hi
sst ate.
 Thedecl i
neofMapungubwest at
el edtoi tsri
se.It
sfallmeantthatwealt
hnow
fl
owedi ntotheGr eatZi mbabwest ateinf orm oftr
ibuteandcontroloft
rade.
 Peaceandst abili
tyledt oitsr i
se.
 Thehi lltopwaspr obabl ychosenf ordef enceagai nstenemiesandascent ref
or
reli
giouswor ship.
 Ther iseofambi ti
ousl eaderswhounder tookconquestofotherli
neagestocontr
ol
trader outes,r
esour cesandt olevyt r
ibute.
 Thepl acewassui tablef ortaki
ngr efugei nwart i
me[ NemanwaHi ll
].
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 Contr
olofr
eli
gionbyr
uler
sledtoi
tsri
se.Rul
erswer
eregar
dedasdi
vi
nel
yappoi
nted
hencecommandeduniver
salr
espect
.

Economi
creasonsf
ort
her
iseofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Therewasav ail
abili
tyoff ert
ilesoil
si nthear eaaroundGr eatZimbabwewhi ch
promot edcropcul ti
vation.
 Availabili
tyofgoodpast ureswhi chpr omot edli
vestockpr oduction[ pastor
alism]l
ed
toitsr i
se.
 Abundanceofmi ner al
sl ikegol d[inthenei ghbourhood]f ortradeandi ronfortool
maki ngl edtoitsrise.
 Availabili
tyofgame[ fauna]f ormeat ,skinsandi voryinthear eal edt oitsr
ise.
 Favour ableclimate,thati s,goodr ainfallledtoitsri
se.
 Availabili
tyofwat erf r
om near byriverssuchasMut ir
ikwiledt oitsr i
se.
 Thear eawasaccessi blet oint er
national tr
adewi t
ht heSwahi l
i
, Arabs,Persiansand
Chineset hr
oughSof ala.
 Contr olofsurpluspr oduct i
onbyl eadersal socont r
ibuted.
 Thear eawasf reef r
om t set sef l
i
est herebypr omotingani mal rearing.

Soci
alf
act
orswhi
chl
edt
other
iseofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Polygamywhi chensur edadequat el

aboursuppl yandsoldi
ersl
edtoitsr
ise.
 Loaningofcattl
e[ kur
onz era]hel
pedt ouni f
ypeopleandmadetheleader
sstrongand
i
talsoat t
ract
edmanypeopl etocomeundert hei
rcontr
ol.
 Theincreaseinpopul ati
onl edtotheriseofGreatZimbabwe.
 Reli
gionhelpedinunif yi
ngpeopl ewit
hint hestat
e.
 Thehi l
lwasregardedassacr edforreli
giouspurposes.
 Avail
abili
tyofgranit
er ocksenabledpeopl etobuil
dthestonewall
s.

Howi
mpor
tantwer
epol
i
tical
fact
orsi
nther
iseofGr
eatZi
mbabwest
ate?

I
mpor
tanceofpol
i
tical
fact
ors

 Emergenceofambi t
iousleader s
 Control
ofr el
i
gionbyt her ulerswhower eregar
dedasdi
vi
nel
yappoi
ntedhence
commandeduni v
ersal r
espect .
 Thedesiretocoll
ectt r
ibutebyr ul
ers
 Astrongar myledtoitsrise.
 ThefallofMapungubwest ateledtoitsr
ise
 Uni
tyamongpeopl e
 Sui
tabil
ityoftheareafordef enceinti
mesofwar

Ot
herf
act
orsimportantini t
srise
 Accessi
bil
it
yt ointernati
onal
trade
 Avail
abi
li
tytoferti
lesoi l
s
 Abundanceofpast ures

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 Abundanceofmi
ner
als

Towhatext
entdi
dtheeconomi
cfact
orscont
ri
but
etot
her
iseofGr
eatZi
mbabwest
ate?

Contributi
onofeconomi cfactor
s
 Tradegoodswer eusedbyr ulerstostrengthent hei
rposit
ions.
 Successfulagri
cult
urel edt
ot heav ai
labil
ityoffood.
 Thelargerherdsofcat tl
ewer eusedbydomi nantli
neagesinthecr
eat
ionofast
rong
st
ate.
 Avail
abil
it
yofmi neralspromot edtrade,toolmaki ngandthemanufact
ureof
weapons.
 Cattl
eloaningsystem madet herul
ersst rong.
 Tri
buteenabledther ulerst
obecomepower fuloverchi
efs

Ot
herf
actorswhichledt otheri
seofGr eatZimbabwe
 Riseofambi tiousleader
s
 Hill
topareaf ordefencepurposes
 Accessibil
it
yoft heareathroughrivers
 Riseofpopul ati
on
 Religi
onwhi chplayedar ol
eofuni f
yingpeopl
e
 Thef al
lofMapungubwemeantt radeshif
tedtoGr
eatZi
mbabwe.

TheConst
ruct
ion[
Bui
l
ding]ofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 GreatZimbabwewasbui ltbytheShonapeople.
 I
twasbui ltbetween1100ADand1450AD.
 Graniterockswer eusedt obuildGr
eatZimbabwe.
 Ther ockswer eheated,cooledandsplit
.
 Theywer eshapedintoblocks.
 Nomor tarwasused.
 Thewal lswer ethi
ckatthebaseandnar r
oweratthetop.
 Sl
av elabourwaspossi blyused.
 Thesi t
econsi stsofmanyar eas.
i]TheAcropol
isf ort
hekingandr oy
alfamil
y
i
i]TheGreatEnclosure/Conicalt
owerfortheki
ng’
swi
ves
ii
i]TheVall
eyruins
iv]Vil
l
ages

Reasonsf
orbui
l
dingGr
eatZi
mbabwe/Funct
ion/Pur
poseofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Asasymbol ofpower -
Asarel
i
giouscentr
e
 Forpr
ivacy -
Asanencl
osureforani
mals
 Forpr
estige -
Asanadmini
str
ativ
ecentr
e

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 Asal i
vingplacef ornobles -Asaf ort
ressinti
mesofwar
 Forshelter -Toshowuni t
y
 Asacent r
eoftrade -Asast or
agef orgrai
nandminer
als
 Forreceivi
ngv i
sitors -Tri
butecollect
ion
 Asacul tural
centre -Expressi
onofar t
 Asacapi tal -Tospotenemi es
 Asthemambos’ cour t/headquart
ers[Muzindawamambo]
 Forenvironmental factor
slikepastur
es,ri
chsoilsandgoodr ai
nfal
l

I
mpor
tanceoftheki
ngintheconst
ruct
ionofGr
eatZi
mbabwe
 Leader
 Organi
ser
 Mobili
sedpeople
 Commanderofl abour
 Responsibl
eforpayment

Ot
herf
act
orsimportanti
ntheconstr
ucti
onofGr
eatZi
mbabwe
 Offi
cial
s
 Vassalchief
s
 Labour
 Avail
abil
it
yofgrani
terocks
 Avail
abil
it
yofwaterandpastures
 Masons[ peopl
ewhoshapedst ones]

Economi
cOr
gani
sat
ionofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Theytradedbot hamongt hemsel vesandwi thfor eigners.

 Theygat heredwi ldf ruits,roots,ber ries, v
eget ables, wildhoney ,mushroom and
i
nsects.
 Theyraidedot herst atesf orgr ai
n, cat t
leandwomen.
 All
subjectspai dt ributet ot heki nginf orm ofgr ain, catt
le,goats,sheep,l
abour,gi
rl
s,
boys,
gol d,ivory,tool s,andpr eciousski ns.
 Theykeptani mal sl ikecat t
legoat sandsheep.
 Theygrewcr opsl i
kesor ghum, mi l
l
et ,rapoko, mel ons, pumpki ns,beans,cowpeas
andgour ds.
 Theyhunt edani mal sf ormeat ,i
voryandhi des[ski ns].
 Theycaughtf i
sht osuppl ementt heirdi et
.
 Theymi nedmi neralsl ikegol d,copperandi r
on.
 Theydidar tandcr af t
,thati s,
a]Pot tery.Womenmadedi fferentt ypesofpot sfordomest icuse.
b]Basket r
y .Theymadedi ff
er enttypesofbasket sl
iket hewinnowingbasket.
c]Blacksmi thing.Theymadei r
ont oolslikehoes, axes, mattocksandswords.
d]Weav ing.Theywov ecot t
oni nt ocloth.
e]St onecar ving
f]Woodcar v i
ng
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g]Leatherwork
h]Drum making
i]Jeweller
ymaking
j]Buil
dinginst
one

Uses[
Impor
tance]ofcat
tl
eint
heGr
eatZi
mbabweSt
ate

 Paymentofl obola[ br
ideprice] -Symbol ofwealt
h
 Loaning-forpolit
icali
nf l
uence -Fortr
ade
 Paymentoft r
ibute -
Forri
tual cer
emoni es
 Forfood, mil
k,meatandf at -
Fortransport
 Forskins[ mates,clot
hesandbl anket
s] -Formaki ngshi
elds
 Formaki ngdrums -
Provi
sionofmanur e
 Cowdungappl i
edonf loors -
Draughtpower
 Sacri
fice -
Ropes
 Str
opsf rom skins -
Sandals
 Paymentoff i
nes -
Intheblastfurnace
 Payi
ngav engi
ngspi ri
ts

Cr
aft
spr
actisedbythepeopl
eofGr
eatZi
mbabwe
 Pottery -Basketry
 Weav ing -
Blacksmithi
ng
 Stonecarvi
ng -
Woodcar vi
ng
 Leatherwork -
Maki ngJewell
ery
 Drum making -
Buildingi
nstone

Agr
icul
tur
alact
ivi
ti
esoft
hepeopl
eofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Theyculti
vatedcropsl i
kemi l
let,sor ghum andgour dsforf
oodandbrewingofbeer.
 Culti
vat
ionwasdonebyhandusi nghoes.
 Theypractisedshift
ingculti
vation.
 Culti
vat
ionwasmai nlydonebywomen.
 Theyalsoreareddomest i
canimal slikecattl
e,goatsandsheepformeatandmilk.
 Itwasthet askofment oherdcat t
le.
 Theypractisedthetranshumancesy stem.
 Cattl
ewer enormallyslaughteredatr it
ualceremoniesli
kebir
aandrai
nmaking
ceremonies.
 Theypractisedloani
ngofcat tle.
 Theyusedt heslashandbur nsy stem ofcultivat
ion.

Tr
adi
ngAct
ivi
ti
esoft
hepeopl
eofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 ThepeopleofGreatZimbabwet radedbothi
nternal
lyandext er
nal
ly.
 Local
ly,
theytr
adedamongt hemselves.
 Local
ly,
theyexchangedlocalproducts,
suchasirontools,pott
ery
,baskets,
cat
tl
e
andgrai
n.
 Exter
nal
ly,t
heytradedwi
t hforei
gnersli
keArabs,Swahil
i
, I
ndians,
Chinese,
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Portuguese,Per siansandt heTonga.

 Theyexpor t
edi vor y,gol
d, baskets,ostr
ichf eather
s, gr
ain,l
iv
estock,
irontool
s,
preciousanimal skinsandt hel i
ke.
 Theyi mportedgl assbeads, Chinesebowl s,cloth,soapstonebowls,bangl
es,mi
rr
ors,
spir
its,wi
res,copperchai ns, candl
esandt helike.
 Sofalawast hemai npor toft rade.
 Traderspaidtribut etotheki ng.
 Theki ngcontrolledandpr otectedtraderout es.

I
mpor
tanceoft
radeandagr
icul
tur
eint
hepol
i
tical
syst
em ofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Astrongeconomyensur edinter
nalpeaceandst abil
i
ty.
 Loaningcat
tl
eensur edloyaltytotheruler.
 Tri
buteispai
dt othekinginf orm ofgrainandcatt
le.
 Tradegoodshelpedt oincreasethepowerandweal t
hoftheki
ng.
 Therulerwasinchargeofl anddistri
butionandcontrol
oftr
ade.

Ot
herf
act
orsimportanti
nthepol i
ti
cal
sy stem ofGr
eatZi
mbabwe
 Astrongarmyf ordefence
 Lesserchi
efswhocont r
oll
edprovinceswereal
soimpor
tant
.
 Reli
gionwhichunifi
edpeople
 Miningempower edkingsandrulers

Ar
tefact
s[ manmader emains]di
scoveredatGreatZi
mbabwe
 Chi nesest onewar es/porcel
ain/dishes - Acopperbox
 Gl assbeads -Persi
anbowl s
 Mi rrors -I
rongongs
 Soapst onebowl s -Bangl
es
 Ankl ets -NearEast
ernglasses
 Copperr ings -I
ronspoon
 Ironl amphol der -Copperchains
 -Figur i
nes -Candles
 Soapst onebird -
Ceramics[pot
s]
 Br asswi re -I
ronwi r
e
 Seashel ls

Soci
alOr
gani
sat
ionofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Thesocietywaspatril
ineal.
 Ownershipofcatt
lewasast atussymbol.
 Thepracti
cedpolygamy .
 Ther
ewassexual di
visionofl abour.
 Theypracti
sedkuronzer a[l
oani ngofcatt
le]
.
 Theypaidlobolat
ot heirin-
lawsi nfor
m ofcatt
le.
 Theycelebrat
edthebi r
thofanewchi l
d.
 Theycelebrat
edthecomi ngofanewdaught er
-i
n-l
aw.
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 Theypracti
sedthenhimbesy stem.
 I
ncestandbestial
it
ywer etaboos.
 Theybeli
evedinGod, Mwar i[
Musi kavanhu].
 Theybeli
evedinspiri
tmedi ums[ Masv i
kiro]andancestralspi
ri
ts[
Vadzimu]
.
 Theyalsobeli
evedinnat i
onal spi
ri
tmedi ums[ Mhondoro].
 Thekingwaschosenbyspi ri
tmedi ums.
 Theypracti
sedceremoni esli
ker ai
nmaki ngcer emonies[Mukwerera/Mutor
o].
 Thekingledatall
reli
giouscer emoniesofnat i
onali
mpor t
ance.
 Theybeli
evedthatspir
itsli
vedi nthi
ckf orests,pool
sandt hi
ckfor
ests.
 Theybeli
evedinwitchcraft
.

I
mpor
tanceofrel
i
gioninthepol i
ti
calsystem ofGreatZimbabwe
 Reli
gionunif
iedpeople.
 Rainmakingceremoni esbroughtpeopletogether.
 Thecommonbel i
efinGoduni fi
edpeopl e.
 Thekingcommandeduni versalrespectsi
ncehisposit
ionwasadi
vineone.
 Spiri
tmediumsappoint edthekings.
 Spiri
tmediumsstayedatt heroyal cour
tprovi
dingadvi
ceandgui
dancetotheki
ng.

Ot
herf
actorsimport
antinthepolit
icalsystem ofGreatZi
mbabwe
 Ast rongeconomyensur edstabil
ity
.
 Ast rongarmyf ormaint
aininglawandor deranddefendingthest
ateagainstext
ernal
at
tacks.
 Tributemadet hekingwealthyandhedi str
ibutedpartofitt
oordi
narypeople.
 Cat t
leloani
ngensur edi
ncreasedsuppor tf
ortheking.

Pol
i
tical
Organi
sat
ionofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Theki ngwast heheadoft hest ate.

 Kingshipwasher editary.
 Theki ngwast hecommanderi nchi efofthear my.
 Theki ngwast hej udicial l
eader .
 Theki ngwast hechi efj udge.
 Theki ngledatal lreli
giouscer emoni es.
 Theki ngwast hechi efdi stribut erofland.
 Theki ngwashel pedt or ul
ebyacounci lofelderscal l
edDareinShona.
 Thedi stri
ctswer eunderdi stri
ctchi efs.
 Provinceswer eunderpr ov incial chiefs.
 Thechi efswer eappoi ntedbyt heki ng.
 Thepost sofchi efswer eher edi tary.
 Subjectspai dtributet ot heki ngt oshowl oyalty
.
 Theyr aidedot herst atesf orgr ai n,cattl
eandt helike.
 Therewer ealsoi mpor tantof f
ici al
sapar tfr
om t hekinginthestat
esuchasthe
Queenmot her,King’ssonsi nlaw, armycommander s,spi
ri
tmediums,r
oyal
doctor
,

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di
str
ictandpr
ovi
nci
alchi
efs.

I
mpor
tanceoftri
buteinthepoli
ticalsyst
em ofGr eatZimbabwe
 Pay mentoftri
buteensuredloyalt
yoflesserchi ef
stotheking.
 Tr i
but
epay mentmadesur ethatl
esserchiefswoul dnotbecomet
oor
ich,
power
ful
andambiti
ous.
 Tr i
but
eincreasedtheweal t
h,powerandi nfluenceoftheking.

Ot
herf
actorsimportanti
nt hepol
it
ical
system ofGreatZi
mbabwe
 Religionwhichunif
iedpeople
 Spiritmediumswhi chchosetheking
 Thear mywhichdefendedthestat
e, maint
ainedl
awandor
der
,di
scour
agedr
evol
ts
andcollect
edtri
bute

Soci
algr
oupswi thint
heGr
eatZi
mbabwest
ate
 Farmer s -
Sol di
ers
 Stonemasons -
Mi ners
 Potters -
Gat herers
 Traders -Her
bali
sts
 Sculptors -
Hunt ers
 Blacksmiths -
Fishermen
 Spiri
tmedi ums -Warcapti
ves[
slav
es]

Ot
herMadzi
mbabwe
 Naletal
e -
Khami
 Munekwani -
Ruanga
 Nhunguza -
Tsi
ndi
 Chipadze

TheDecl
i
neofGr
eatZi
mbabweSt
ate

 Pol
i
tical
reasonsf
ort
hedecl
i
neofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Therewer ecivi
lwarsint hestate,forexampl e,bet weenNy at
simbaMutotaand
Chagwa[ 1450]leadingtoMut ota’smi grati
on.
 Successiondisputesinther ul
ingfami lyforcedl oserstomov e.
 Thest at
ebecamet oobigt ober ul
edbyoner uler.
 Ther i
seofnewst at
esl i
keTor waandMut apaledt oi
tsdecli
ne.
 Corrupti
onanddi sunit
yint heruli
ngcl assl edtoi t
sdecline.
 Therewasemer genceofambi ti
ouspeopl ei nther oyalf
ami l
yli
keNyat
simbaMut ot
a
whoal sowantedt orule.
 Warsandat tacksf r
om theSot hoandTswanat ot heSouthWestofGreatZimbabwe
l
edt oitsdecli
ne.
 TheDander egionwasoccupi edbyweakpeopl esuchast heTonga,
Tav ar
aandt he
Korekore.
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 Weaknessesoft
hearmyatGreatZimbabweledtothedecl
i
neoft
hisst
ate.
 Outdat
edmeansofstatecont
roll
edtoit
sdecli
ne.
 Therewasemergenceofri
val
ryi
ntherul
ingf
ami l
y.

 Economi
creasonsf
ort
hedecl
i
neofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Lossofcontroloflongdi stancet r
adet oMut apal edtoitsdecl ine.
 Therewasshor t
ageofr esour ceslikesalt,
past ures,woodandt heli
ke.
 Exhaust
ionofsoilleadingt opoorhar vestsledt ot hef
alloft hisstate.
 Exhaust
ionofmi neral
ssuchasgol d,copperandi ronatGr eatZi mbabweandits
nei
ghboursledtoitsdecl ine.
 Exhaust
ionofgame[ fauna]f ormeat ,skinsandi v oryl
edt oitscol l
apse.
 TheDandear eawasr ichi nresour ceslikegame, especial
lyel ephantsfori
vor
yand
al
sogoldandsal tledtoi tsdecl i
ne.
 Therewerepoorhar vestsduet osev eredrought s.
 Thesoili
nDandewasr i
ch.

 Soci
alr
easonsf
ort
hedecl
i
neofGr
eatZi
mbabwe
 Therewasoverpopulati
onwhi chresult
edi
nshortageofland.
 Successi
vedroughts[between1420and1430]ledt othedeclineofGr
eatZi
mbabwe.
 Social
inst
abi
li
tyinthest at
e[socialunr
est
]ledt
oi t
sdecline.
 Theplagueoflocust
sal socontri
butedtot
hedeclineofthisstat
e.

 Contri
buti
onoft radetot hedecli
neofGr eatZi mbabwe
 Tradeledtotheexhaust ionofresourcessuchasgol d,i
vory,
ostr
ichfeat
hersandthe
l
ike.
 Tradewithforei
gnersl edtounfairt
radepr acticeswhichledtoi
tscoll
apse.
 Theyreceiv
edwor t
hlessi t
emslikej
ewelleryf orgoldandivor
y.
 Theopeningoft heZambezi t
raderoute[whi chf av
ouredMutapa]causedthedecl
i
ne
ofGreatZimbabwe.

 Ot
herf
act
orswhi
chl
edt
othedecl
i
neofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Exhausti
onofpast ures
 Exhausti
onofsoi l
 Exhausti
onoff i
rewood, gameandot herr
esources.
 Persi
stentdroughtsforcedmanypeopletomov eaway .
 Successiondisput
esalsocont r
ibut
ed.
 Civi
lwarsforcedthedef eat
edtomi gr
atewit
htheirsuppor
ter
s.
 Therewasal sooverpopulat
ionatGreatZi
mbabwe.

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THEMUTAPASTATE

Or
igi
nofMut
apaSt
ate

Thest at
ewasoneoft hel ateI r
onAgest ates.Theor iginofMut apast atei snotcl ear[ i
s
debatabl
e].Accor dingt oor alt radi
tion,Mut apastat ewast hedi rectsuccessorofGr eat
Zimbabwest ate.Or alt raditi
onssayNy at
simbaMut otami gr atedf r
om Gr eatZi mbabwet o
thenorthinsear chofsal tandset tl
edi ntheDandear ea.Theshor t
ageofsal trepresent eda
generalshor t
ageofr esour cesatGr eatZimbabwe.Ther api dgr owthofpopul ati
onatGr eat
Zimbabwecoul dhav eresul tedinacr i
ti
cal shortageofsuchr esour cesasf i
rewood, pastur es,
ferti
l
eland,gameandmi ner al
s.Ther ewasadecl i
nei nt radewi t
ht heEastCoastandt his
couldhav ef orcedpeopl elikeMut otat omi gratenor thwar ds.Ther ewasf louri
shingt rade
alongtheZambeziRi v
erwi tht heAr absandSwahi li
s.Per haps,t hi
sf or
cedpeopl et ol eav e
GreatZimbabweandmov ednor t
ht ocont rolt r
ader out es.Successi ondi sputesatGr eat
Zimbabwecoul dhav ef orcedpeopl et omi grateandest abl isht hei
rownst ate.Mut ot ahada
strongarmy .Heusedhi sar myt oconquert heTonga,Tav ar aandt heKor ekor e.Theygav e
himt hepraisename‘ Munhumut apa’,meani ng‘ l
ordoft heconquer edpeopl e’.Heest abli
shed
hiscapitalatChi takohi l
lsnearmountFur ai ntheDandear ea.Ar chaeologistshowev er,
arguethatthedi rectsuccessorofGr eatZimbabwewast heTor wast atewhosecapi talwas
atKhaminearBul away o.Thi swasev i
dencedbyt het ypeofr ui nsandt heartefactssi milart o
thoseofGr eatZi mbabwe.Butt herei snoev idencet osuppor twhent heTor wast ateexi st ed.
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Documentswrit
tenbyPor t
uguesesuggestt
hattheMut apastateexi
stedbefor
ethecoll
apse
ofGreatZi
mbabweandt hesestat
eswer ei
nter-
rel
ated.Despitethefai
lur
etofindconcrete
evi
denceofMut apaori
ginshist
ori
ansagreethatthatthestategrewintooneofthelargest
andpowerful
statesi
npre-col
onial
Zimbabwe.

Reasonsf
ort
her
iseofMut
apast
ate

 Ov erpopul ati
onatGr eatZi mbabwel edt oi t
sr i
se.
 Ci v
ilwarsatGr eatZi mbabweal socont ribut ed.
 Shor tageofr esour cesatGr eatZimbabwesuchaswood, sal
t,goldandland
f
orcultivati
on.
 Exhaust ionofsoi l atGr eatZi mbabwel edpeopl et omigrat enort
hwar ds.
 Inabili
tyofGr eatZi mbabwet ohol ddifferentl ineages.
 Successi ondi sput esatGr eatZi mbabweal socont ri
buted.
 Successi v edrought satGr eatZi mbabwel edt otheriseoft hi
sst at
e.
 Mut ota’smi li
tarypr owessl edt other iseoft hisstate.
 Av ail
abil
ityofgol ddeposi tsi nDandear ea.
Theneedt ostartnewst atesbysomei ndividualslikeMut ot a.Avail
abil
ityofgame, especiall
y
el
ephantsforivorywer ef oundi nabundancei nDandear ea.
 Imper ialambi ti
onsofl eader sal soledt oi tsr i
se.
 Av ail
abil
ityofr esour cesl i
kepast uresandf erti
lesoilsalsocont r
ibutedtoits
r
ise.
 Theneedt ocont rollongdi stancet radeatt heZambezi vall
ey.
 Theweaknessesoft hel ocal peoplei nDandear eaplayedani mpor t
antpar ti
n
t
her i
seoft hisst ate.

Expansi
onofMut apast ate
 Mut apastat egr ewi ntoav eryl argeandpower f
ulstate.
 Mut otaconquer edmanyar easi nDandev alley.
 Heconquer edtheKor ekore, Tongaandt heTav aratri
bes.
 Hewasgi v enthepr aisenameMwenemut apameani ngl ordofconquer edl and.
 Heest abli
shedhi scapi t
alatChi takochangony anearmountFur ainDande.
 Itwasoneoft hemostpower fulst atesinpre-col
onialZimbabwe.
 Mut otadiedi n1450bef orecompl etinghisexpansionistpol icy.
 Ny anheweMat ope, hissoni nheritedt hethroneandcont inuedt heexpansi oni
st
poli
cy .
 Mat opeext endedt het err
it
or yeast wardsbyconquer ingi ndependentki ngdomsof
Barwe, Many i
ka, Sofala,Utev e,Madanda, Chidi
ma, Sena, Gur uuswa,Mbi reandthe
l
ike.
 Themai ndr iv
ingf orcebehi ndt hisexpansi onwasMat ope’sdesi r
etocont r
oltr
ade
routesandcol lecttribute,cont rol goldmi nesandi vorysour ces.
 TheMut apast at ewasati tspeak[ zenit
h]dur i
ngMat ope’ sreign.
 Int heEast , Mut apawasboundedbyt heIndianOcean, int heWest ,bytheKal ahar
i
Deser t
,intheNor t
h, bytheZambezi andintheSout hbyt heLi mpopoRi ver.
 Al lconquer edt ribespai dtribut e.
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 MutotaandMat opecr
eat
edav
eryv
astempi
reandhadt
oappoi
ntv
assal
chi
efst
o
cont
rolprov
inces.

Chi
efdomsconquer
edbyNy anheweMat
ope
 Many ika -
Bar
we
 Madanda/ Sedanda -
Tev
e/Utev
e
 Sena -
Gur
uuswa/But
ua
 Mbi r
e -
Sof
ala
 Chidima

Benef
it
soft heexpansiontothepeopl eofMut apa
 Thest atebecameconducivefortradeandfarming.
 Theygotpeaceandpr otecti
onbyast r
ongstate.
 Theyhadaccesst oforei
gngoodst hr
oughtrade.
 Ther ul er
shadalargebasef orcoll
ecti
ngtri
butefr
om vassal
chief
sandor
dinary
people.
 Theyhadaccesst omor eresourcesli
kewildgame, gol
d,f
ert
il
esoil
sandt
helike.

Negat
iveEf
fectsoft heexpansi ontot hepeopleofMut apa
 Maypeopl ewer ekill
edduringthewar sofexpansi on.
 Warsof tenresul tedindest r
uctionofwhol evil
lagesashut swer eburnt.
 Therewer er ebel l
ionsbyv assalchi
efswhi chcauseddeat hsanddest ructi
ons.
 Therewer esuccessi ondisputesbyambi t
iousmember softher oyalf
ami l
y.
 Theempi recr eatedwast oobi ganddiffi
culttocontrolbecauseofpoor
communi cation.
 Ordi
narypeopl eandv assalchiefsr
esentedt hepay mentoftribute.
 Manyy oungpeopl ewer eforcedtojoi
nt heMut apaar mies.
 Economi cact ivit
iessuchascr opcult
ivati
onwer eoft
endisruptedbyt hesewarsof
expansion.

Rol
epl
ayedbyt hearmyi nt heexpansionofMut apastate
 Forceswer eorganisedi nt
oseveralbatt
alionsunderachai
nofcommandand
Mut apaascommanderi nchief
.
 Mut apaar miesfoughti nopenusi ngtheclassi
ccowhor nfor
mationtosurroundthe
enemy .
 Becauseofuncer taintyoffood,thearmycoul dnotgoonlongcampai gns.
 Mut apaar myfoughtf ir
stChi
mur engawhent heydefeat
edthePortugueseinthe
sixteenthcentury.
 Thear myhadpr oblemswhent heempi rebecameov erext
ended.
 Itfacedmanyr ebell
ions, f
orexample,bytheRozv ii
ntheSouth.
 Thear myhadst rengt hsandli
mi t
ati
ons.

Rol
eofMut
ota’
smi
l
itar
yabi
l
ityi
nther
iseoft
heMut
apast
ate

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 I
tenabledMutotatoconquert heTonga, TavaraandKorekorei
ntheZambezi
val
l
ey.
 HegotthenameMwenemut apatorespecthismili
tar
ygenius.
 Hebuil
thiscapit
alintheirterr
it
orytoshowhi sstr
ength.
 Heusedhi smil
i
taryabil
itytoexploi
tresources.
 Heusedt hear
myt ocreat ealargestat
e.
 Hecreatedastr
ongst ate.

Ot
herf
act
orswhichledtotheri
seofMut apa
 Avail
abi
li
tyofresour
cesli
kegold,ivor
yandfert
il
esoi
lsi
ntheDandev
all
ey.
 Longdist
ancet r
adealsocontr
ibut
ed.
 Weaknessesoflocali
nhabit
antsalsoledt
oitsri
se.

Pr
ovincesofMut apast
ate
 Dande -
Many i
ka
 Madanda/Sedanda -
Barwe
 Chi dima -
Mbire
 Mat avar
a -
Uteve
 Gur uuswa/Torwa/But
ua -
Chikovo
 Pf ura -
Sango

NamesofMutapakings
 Ny at
simbaMut ota -
NyanheweMat ope
 ChikuyoChisamar engu -Chi
vereNyasor
o
 NegomoMapunzagut u -Gat
siRusere
 Ny amboKapar ar
idze -
MavuraMhande
 Mukombwe -
NyahumaMukomber o
 Neshangwe -
Chi
oko
 Kapuratsi
ne -
Nyakunembir
i

NamesofMut apar
ulerswhoresi
stedPor
tuguesecont
rol
 Ny amboKapar ari
dze -Mukombwe
 Ny akunembir
i -Kapur
atsi
ne

NamesofMutapar
uler
swhoco-
oper
atedwi
tht
hePortuguese
 Mav ur
aMhande -
Gatsi
Rusere
 NegomoMapunzagutu -Chi
kuyoChisamar
engu

Economi
cOr
gani
sat
ionofMut
apa

 Theygrewcropslikesorghum, mi
ll
et,rapoko, beans,melons,pumpki nsandl ateron
maize.Maizewerebeli
ev edtohav ebeeni ntroducedbyt hePortuguese.
 Theykeptanimalsli
kecat t
le,goatsandsheepf ormeatandmi lk.Cattl
ewer eal so
usedforpayingl
obola.
 Theyminedmi ner
alsli
kei r
on, gol
d,copper, ti
n,leadandsilver
.
 Theypract
isedbothinter
nal andexternaltrade.Ext er
nall
ytheytradedwi t
hthe
Swahil
i,Ar
absandPor tuguese.Theyi mpor tedcer amics,
jewell
ery,beads,knives,
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cl
oth,cowr yshel lsandguns.
 Thesubj ectspai dtribut etotheki ngi nf orm ofgol d,i
vory,hoes,spears,grai
n,ani
mal
ski
ns,li
v estock,basket sandl abour .For eignerspai dinform ofcur v
af orthem tobe
all
owedt otr adeandal sofortheirpr otectionwhi sttheywer einthestate.
 Theyhunt edani malsl i
kehar esandkudusf ormeat ,elephantsandrhinocerosfor
i
voryandcheet ahsandl eopardsf ort heirpreciousskins.
 Theycaughtf i
sht osuppl ementt heirdi et.
 Theygat heredf ruit
sandv egetables.
 Theyraidedot herstat esforgr ai
n, cattl
e, goats,womenandboy s.
 Theydidar tandcr aft,thatis,
 Theydi dbasket ry,forinstance, t
heymadet hewinnowi ngbasket.
 Pot ter y.
 Theydi dblacksmi thing.
 Theywov ecottoni ntocl oth.
 Woodcar vi
ng
 St onecar vi
ng
 Leat herwor k
 Jewel l
erymaki ng
 Bui ldingi nstone
 Dr um maki ng

I
temsusedtopayt
ri
but
etot
heki
ngi
nMut
apastate
 Gold -Iv
ory
 Hoes -Spears
 Grai
n -Animalski
ns
 Catt
le -Goats
 Sheep -Labour
 Basket
s -I
rontool
s

Por
tugueset
radingpost
s/t
owns/f
eir
asi
nMut apastat
e
 Massapa -
Mar amuca/Rimuka
 Masekesa -
Angoche
 Dambar are -
Chitomborwi
zi
 Tet e -
Zumbo
 Luanze -
Chicoa
 Buccut o/Bukuto -
Sena

Benefi
tsoftheeconomi csystem ofMut apatot heMut apapeople
 Cat tl
e,goat sandsheeppr ovidedmeat ,milkandhides.
 Thegr owingofcr opsensur edf oodsecur i
ty.
 Peopl eobt ainedgoodst heydi dnothav ethroughlocalt
rade.
 Ext er
nal t
radebr oughtforeigngoodsespeci al
lyexoti
ccropsl
ikemaizewhi
ch
becamet hei rstaplefood.
 Cr aft
wor kpr omot edselfrelianceintermsoft oolsandutensi
ls.
 Hunt ing,fi
shi ngandgat her i
ngsuppl ement edthei
rdiet
.
Non-Benefi
tsoft heeconomi csy stem ofMut apat othepeopleofMut apa
 Womenandchi l
drendidmostoft hewor kinthefiel
ds.

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 Miningwasadanger ousact i
vit
ysincemi nesoftencoll
apsedkill
i
ngpeople.
 Ther ul
ingcl
assandt hekingbenef it
edmostf r
om themi ni
ngofgold.
 Tradeingoldandivorywiththefor ei
gnerslar
gelybenefi
tedthekingandtherul
ing
cl
ass.
 Paymentoft r
ibut
einf or
m ofcat t
le,ivor
yandgol dwasaf or
m ofexploi
tat
ion.
 Raidingofnei
ghbouri
ngchi efdomsof tenresul
tedinwarsandt hekil
l
ingofpeople.

Soci
alor
gani
sat
ionofMut
apast
ate

 Thesoci etywaspat r
ilineal .
 Owner shipofcat tl
ewasast atussymbol .
 Therewassexual di
v i
si onofl abour.
 Theypr acti
sedl oani ngofcat tl
e[kuronzera].
 Theycel ebratedt hecomi ngofanewdaught erinl aw.
 Theycel ebratedt hebi rt hofanewchi ld.
 Polygamywaspr acti
sedandt hi
swasasour ceofl abour .
 Theypai dlobol at othei ri nlawsi nform ofcat tl
e.
 Theypr acti
sedt henhi mbesy stem.
 Theybel iev
edi nGod[ Mwar i].
 Theybel iev
edi nspi ritmedi umsandancest r
al spirits.
 Theybel iev
edi nf ami ly, regional andnational spiri
tmedi ums.
 Theybel iev
edt hatspi ritsl i
vedi npools,thickf orestsandmount ai
ns.
 Thekingwaschosenbyspi ritmediumsandt heyt her eforebeli
evedindi
vi
nekingshi
p.
 Thekingwast hel i
nkbet weenGodandancest ralspi ri
t sononesideandordi
nary
peopleont heot hersi de.
 Theybel iev
edi nl if
eaf t erdeat h.
 Theybel iev
edi nwi t
chcr af t
.
 Theyconsul tedspi r
itmedi umsi nti
mesofcr isisli
kewar s,dr
ought,epi
demi
csand
successiondi sput es.
 Theyal sobelievedi nav engi ngspiri
ts[Ngozi]–sof ami l
ymember swerenotal
lowed
tounnecessar i
lykillpeopl e.
 Theyhel dceremoni essuchasr ainmakingcer emoni es.
 Theyhadgoodknowl edgeofher bs,magi candmedi cines.

Dut
ies/I
mport
anceofspir
itmediums
 Inst
all
edtheki
ng -
Gaveadvi
cet
otheki
ng
 Healedthesi
ck -
Ledatcer
emoni
es
 Consult
edancestr
alspir
it
sint
imesofcr
isi
s

I
mpor
tanceofreli
gioni
nthepol i
ti
calsystem ofMut
apastate
 - Spi
ri
tmediumsinstal
ledthekings.
 - Thi
smadet heki
ngadi vi
nerulerwhowasf earedandrespect
ed.
 - Thi
sreducedchancesofrebell
ionsinthest
ate.
 - Spi
ri
tmediumswer econsult
edbyki ngsandchief
sduringti
mesofcr
isi
ssuchas
drought
,warsandepidemics.
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 -Thekingledatall r
eligi
ousceremonies.
 -Thekingsalsoconsul tedspi
ritmediumswhentheywantedt
omakeanymajor
decisi
onslikegoingt owar.
 -Rel
igi
onpl ayedar oleofunif
yingpeople.
 -Rel
igi
ouscer emoni esandrit
ualssuchasr ai
nmaki
ngandrei
ncar
nat
ionbr
ought
peopletogether.
 -Thecommonbel iefinGoduni fi
edpeople.

Ot
herf
actor
simportantinthepoli
ti
calsystem ofMut
apa
 -Thearmymai ntai
nedlawandor der.
 -Thepaymentoft ri
butebyvassalchief
sandordi
nar
ypeopl
eensur
edl
oyal
ty.
 -Astrongeconomyensur edstabi
lit
y.

Pol
i
tical
organi
sat
ionofMut
apa

 -Theki ngwast heheadofst ate.

 -Theki ngwascal l
edbyt het itl
eMunhumut apa[Mwenemut apa]
.
 -Kingshipwasher editary.
 -Theki ngwasappoi ntedbyspi r i
tmedi ums.
 -Theki ngcont r
olledlongdi stancet rade.
 -Theki ngwast hej udicial l
eader .
 -Theki ngwast hechi efdi stribut erofl and.
 -Theki ngwast hechi efj udge.
 -Theki ngwashel pedt or ulebyacounci lofelders, Dare.
 -Theyr aidedot herst atesf orgr ain,cattleandgoat s.
 -Theki ngappoi ntedlesserchi ef s.
 -Theirpost swer eheredi tary.
 -Lesserchi efswer erequi redt ocol l
ectt her oy
alfireannuall
ytoshowloyal
ty.
 -Distr
ictchi efswer einchar geofdi str
icts.
 -Provinceswer eunderpr ov incial chiefs.
 -Thepoweroft heki ngr est edi nt hepower f
ularmy .
 -Allsubjectspai dt ri
butet otheki ngt oshowl oyalt
y .
 -Theki nghadf inaldecisi ons.
 -King’swi vespl ayedani mpor tantr oleint hestate.
 -Theki ngkeptanar myt omai nt ainlawandor der .
 -Theki ngwast hecommanderi nchi efoft hear my .
 -Therewer ealsoi mpor tantof ficialsapar tfrom thekingsuchast heQueenmother
,
king’ssonsi nlaw, armycommander ,
pr ovinci
alchi ef
sandspiri
tmediums.

Resi
dentof
fi
cial
softheMutapastat
e
-
King -
Queenmot her
-
Armycommander( mukomohasha] -
Courtcounci
ll
ors
-
Spir
itmedi
ums -
King’
ssonsi
nlaw

NonResi
dentoff
ici
alsofMut
apast
ate
-
Prov
inci
alchi
efs -
Distr
ictchi
efs
-
Headmen -
Vil
lageheads
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I
mpor
tanceoftr i
buteintheMut apapoli
ti
calsystem
 -Itensuredloyalt
yofl esserchief
stotheki ng.
 -Itensuredlesserchief swouldnotbetoor ich,
powerf
ulandambi
ti
ous.
 -Thishelpedt oreducechancesofr ebell
ions.
 -Itenhancedt hewealt h,i
nfl
uenceandpoweroft heki
ng.

Mi
l
itar
ySt ruct
ure/Mi li
taryOr ganisati
onofMut apa
 - Thear mywasheadedbyt heki ngast hecommanderi nchief.
 - Thekingwashel pedbyanappoi ntedcommander ,Nengomasha, whowast he
secondmostpower ful of
fici
al i
nthest ate.
 - Therewasacounci l
ofwar[ Darer ehondo].
 - Thecouncil r
atifi
edwardeci sionsandconscr ipt
edsol di
ers.
 - TheMut apahadal argear mywhi chassembl edwhenneedar ose.
 - Howev er,
theMut apamai ntainedasmal l
regularforceof200t o500soldi
ersto
guar dthestatemai ntainpeaceandor derattheking’scour t
.
 - Drumswer ebeat enandpar apandawassoundedt oassembl eMutapasol
dier
s.
 - N’angas[Spiri
tualheal er
s]wer econsul tedbyt hearmybef oreitwenttowar.
 - TheMut apaar mieswer earmedwi t
hspear s,shi
elds,batt
leaxesandbowsand
arrows.

Dut
ies/I
mpor tanceoft hear
myi nMutapast
ate
 -Protect
edt hestatefr
om enemies -
Col
lectedtr
ibut
e
 -Conquer edneighbour
ingstat
es -Rai
dedotherstatesf
orweal
th
 -Punishedr ebel
li
ouschief
s -
Mai
nt ai
nedlawandor derint
hestat
e
 -Herdedt heking’
scattl
e -
Cul
tivatedt
heking’
sfields

DECLI
NEOFMUTAPASTATE

Reasonsf
ort
hedecl
i
neofMut
apa

I
nter
nal
reasonsf
ori
tsdecl
i
ne

 -
Successi
ondisput
esledtothedecli
neofthi
sstat
e.
 -
Civ
ilwarscausedthedecl
i
neofthisstat
e.
 -
Thestatebecametoobigtoberuledbyonerul
er.

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 -
Somechi efsbrokeaway ,f
orinstance, Barwe,Uteve,Torwa,Mbi
reandGur
uuswa
whofelti
ndependentenought ost arttheirownkingdoms.
 -
Somet ri
butarystatesrefusedt opayt ri
butesuchaBar we,Manyi
kaandUtev
e.
 -
Therewer esomeweakl eader ssuchasMav ur
aMhande, Gat
siRuser
eandNy ahuma.
 -
Exhausti
onofgol df i
eldsandi voryledt oit
sdecline.
 -
Short
ageofsal tandot hermi neralsledtodeclineintrade.
 -
Outbreakofepidemi cskill
edmanypeopl e.
 -
Revoltsbyvassal chi
efs,forexampl e,Changa-rulerofRozvi
.

Ext
ernal
reasonsf
ort
hedecl
i
neofMut
apa

 -
Lossofcont rol oflongdi stancet radet ootherstat esl
ikeTor
waandRozv i
.
 -
Infl
uenceofSwahi litrader s
 -
Growt hofPor t
uguesecont rolunder mi nedt heaut hori
tyoft
heMutapakings.
 -
Thepr azosystem l edt ol ossofl andbyt helocal people.
 -
ThePor tuguesepr omot edci vi
lwar s.
 -
Interferenceinlocal politicsbyt hePor tuguesebyi nst
all
i
ngpuppetr
uler
s.
 -
Interferencefrom Ar abs.
 -
Chi kundar ai
dsf ormanpoweral socont ri
buted.
 -
Slav etradeweakenedt hest at
e.
 -
Thespr eadofChr i
stianityledt odi vi
sioni nthest ate.
 -
ThePor tugueser efusedt opayt ribute.
 -
Mar avii
nvasional sol edt oitsdecl i
ne.
 -
Invasionbymf ecanegr oupscausedi t sdecline.
 -
Thedef eatbyt heRozv iledt oit
sdecl i
ne.
 -
Col onisati
onbyt heBr it
ishl edtoi tsfinalcollapse.

THEPORTUGUESEPENETRATI
ONI
NTOTHEMUTAPASTATE

Ai
msofthePort
ugueseinMut apa/Reasonsf orPort
uguesepenetrat
ioni
nMutapa
 -I
nit
ial
l
ythePor t
uguesewant edtot r
adewithTheMutapapeople.
 -Theywantedtodriv
et heSwahi liandArabsawayfortheyhadbecomecompet
it
ors.
 -TheywantedtospreadChr i
sti
anity.
 -Theywantedtotakecont rolofthegoldminesinMutapa.
 -Theywantedtocont r
oltraderoutesintheint
eri
or.
 -Theywantedlandfrom theShona.
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 -
Theywantedtoful
filt
heambi tionsoftheki ngofPor t
ugalwhowasimper
ial
i
sti
c.
 -
Theywantedtocivi
li
seAf ricans.
 -
TheywantedtoprepareAf ricaforPortuguesedomi nation.
 -
Theywantedtobuil
dt r
adingpost s[f
eiras].
 -
Theyal
sowant edtopoliti
cal l
yandeconomi cal
lycontrolMutapa.
 -
ThePort
uguesewer esear chingf ort
hel egendaryPresterJohn.
 -
Theywantedtoavenget hedeat hofFatherGoncalodaSi l
vei
ra.
 -
Theywereinv
itedbyGat siRuser e.

Howt hePor t
uguesegoti nt ouchwi t
ht heMut apa
ThePor t
uguesear rivedatSof al
ai n1506andt ookov erthepor tofSof al
af rom t heAr abs
andSwahi li
s.ThePor t uguesewer eabl et ouset hem asmi ddlemen.Mor erepor tsaboutt he
i
nt eriorwer emadebyAnt onioFer nandez .Thisf uelledupt heirambi ti
onst omonopol iseand
cont rolgoldpr oduct ionoft her egion[ Zimbabwe] .Bet ween1550and1630t hePor tuguese
madesev er alat tempt st ocont r
olt heMut apast atewhi cht heywer edeal i
ngwi thdi r
ect ly
.
Theyest abl ishedanumberoft r
adingpost s[ feir
as]i nt hei nteri
or.Theset radingpost s
i
ncl uded Massapa,Dambar are,Masekesa,Zv engombe and t he l
ike.These f eiras had
chur ches.Thesecent reswer eheadedbyof fi
cer scal l
edCapt ainofthegat es[ Capitormor ]
.
Thei rdutieswer e[ i]Tocont rolindividualt raders.[ i
i]Tohandl ecompl aint
sf r
om Por tuguese
trader stot heMut apaandv icev ersa.[ii
i
]Set t
ledal ldisputeswi thi
nthecommuni ty.[iv]They
ensur edt hatt heannualpr esent swhi chwer eduet ot heki ngwer egiventohi m.Thi swas
donedur ingt heiri nit
ialset tl
ementi nt hei nterior.Initi
all
yrelat i
onswi ththeMut apawer eof
tri
but arynat ur e,wi tht hePor tuguesepay ingt ributecal ledcur va,inform ofcloth,beads, silks
andcer ami cs.I n1561Fat herGoncal odaSi l
veirawaski l
ledaf terhehadconv ert
edNegomo
Mapunzagut uandsomemember sofhi sf ami ly.Goncal owast hefir
stJesui tMi ssionar yt o
visittheMut apast ate.Negomowasi nfluencedbyShonat raditi
onalist
sandMusl imst oki l
l
Goncal o.Theyt oldhi mt hathewaspl anni ngt ot akeov ert hest ate.Hisdeat hcr eated
tensionbet weent heShonaandt hePor tuguese.ThePor tuguesedeci dedt ogai ndirectent ry
i
nt ot heint erior.Theywer enowusi ngmi li
taryf orceoft heirwayi ntotheinter i
or.Theyal so
usedt hepr etextoft hedeat hofGoncal odaSi lveiratodi r
ect lyint
erfereinMut apapol i
tics.
Theywant edt or et ali
at e/r evenge.

PuppetMut
apas

 -ThePor tuguesesponsor edpuppetMut apas.

 -TheMut apasoft hesev enteenthandei ghteent hcenturieswer epuppet s.
 -Between1590and1607t herewer esev eralrebell
ionswi thinthest ateandt hi
s
createdpol i
ticali nstabil
it
yandt hePor tuguesef oundt hi
sanoppor t
unemomentt o
i
nterferei nMut apapol i
ti
cs.
 -GatsiRuser esoughtt hesuppor tofPor tuguesebysi gning at reatyofmi li
tar
y
assistancewi tht hePor tuguese.
 -ThePor tuguesehel pedRuser et oachiev ethet hr
onei n1596.
 -ThePor t
uguesewer et ohel pRusereagai nstat t
acksf r
om Mar aviki
ngdom andt o
suppr essr ebelli
onswi thinhisstate.
 -Ruser eagr eedt ocedeal lhisgold,copper ,i
ron, l
eadandt i
nmi nestoPor t
uguese.
 -Ruser ewasf orcedt ogivehi schildandhi shei rtot hePor tuguesewhot urnedto
bringhi m upasaChr i
sti
ansot hathewi l
lbel oyaltoPor tuguesewhenhehadcome

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toMut apa.Thi ssonwassentt oGoa, I

ndi awher ehebecameacat hol
icpr i
estandhe
nev err eturnedt oAfr i
ca.
 -Ruser egav et hePor tugueset her i
ghttohunt .
 -Port uguesewer eallowedt ot r
adef reely.
 -Heagr eedt obanMusl i
mt r
ader s.
 -I
n1624Ruser edi edandhi sdeat hwasf ollowedbyaci v i
lwarbetweenhi ssons.
 -Ruser ewassucceededbyhi ssonNy amboKapar aridzein1627.
 -I
n1629,Mav ur aMhandesoughtandgott hesuppor tofPor t
ugueset oov erthrow
Ny amboKapar ari
dze.
 -Kapar ar i
dzewaski lledi n1629byt hePor tuguesewhoi nstall
edMav ura.
 -Followi nghi si nstallation,Mav urawasf or cedt osignat reat
yofv assalagewi ththe
Por tuguese[ 1629] .
 -Mav uramadel andgr ant st ot hePor tuguese.
 -ThePor tuguesewer eal lowedt obui ldchur chesandt opr eachwher evertheyl i
ked
freely .
 -ThePor t
uguesewer eal lowedt obui ldschool s.
 -Thecapt ainofMassapawasgi venaut hor i
tyov erev eryonei nthear ea[blackand
whi te].
 -ThePor tuguesewoul d mai ntainMav ur aont hronei nt henameoft heki ng of
Por tugalwhosesov er eignt yhenow acknowl edged.Mut apawasmadeav assalof
Por tugal .
 -Heagr eedt ocedeal l hissi lverandgol dmi nest othePor tuguese.
 -Heagr eedt oal low compl etef reedom ofpassaget hroughouthi sempi r
et oal l
Por tugueset rader s.
 -Heagr eedt oexpel allSwahi l
i-
Arabt rader sf r
om t heempi re.
 -Mav urawast ost opt hecur vasy stem andi nsteadhewast opayt r
ibutetot he
Por tuguese.
 -Hewast oshow gr eatr espectt othecapt ainoft hegat ewhowast ost ayatt he
king’spal aceandnotatMassapa.
 -Theki ngwast oconsul tt hecapt ai
noft hegat einmat t
ersofwarandpeace.
 -Mav uradependedonPor tugueseunt ilhisdeat hin1652.
 -Port uguesepowercont i
nuedunt il
MukombwebecameMut apain1663.
 -Mukombwe al l
i
ed hi msel fwi tht he power fulRozv iChangami re and dr ovet he
Por tugueseoutoft hest at ein1690s.
 -Ajoi ntMut apaandRozv iar myat t
ackedt hePor tugueseatDambar ar
eandMassapa
anddr ov ethem outofMut apaandMany ika.
 -ThePor t
uguesewer enowr estri
ctedt oSenaandTet e.

Benef
it
softhesetr
eati
estothepeopleofMutapa
 -Theygotpr
otect
ionfr
om exter
nalatt
acksandi
nter
nal
att
acks.
 -Ther
ewast emporar
ypeace.
 -TheygotPort
uguesegodsfr
om trade.
 -Li
ter
acywasspread.

Negat
iveEff
ectsofthetr
eat
iestothepeopl
eofMut
apa
 -Lossoflandandcatt
le.
 -Lossofresour
cesli
kegold.

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 -
Erosi
onofcult
urethroughspr
eadofChri
sti
ani
ty.
 -
Forcedl
abourandslavery.
 -
Forcedpay
mentoft r
ibutetot
hePort
uguese.
 -
Lossofpoli
ti
cali
ndependence.

NamesofPor t uguesenational
s[peopl
e]whopenet
rat
edtheZi mbabweanPl at
eaubet
ween
t
hesixt
eenthandsev enteenthcent
ury
 - AntonioFer nandez -
GoncalodaSilvei
ra
 - Fr
anci scoBar r
eto -
VascoFernandez
 - Di
egoSi meosMadei ra -MiguelBernandes
 - VascoHomen -Antoni
oCai ado
 - GasperBoccar o -
JoaodosSant os
 - Di
egodaMenes -
M Alv
eresPereira
 - SBay ao -
DonaKatarina

Pr
oblemsf acedbyPor tuguesearmiesdur
ingt
hei
rinvasi
onofMut apastat
einthe1570s
 -Diseases -Hunger
 -Resistancefrom local
people -Lossofli
ves
 -Somesol di
erswer ewounded -Heavyarmour
 -Fail
uretof i
ndgol d -Att
acksfrom host
il
ewildani
mals
 -Crossingdiff
icultri
ver
s

THEPRAZOSYSTEM

 -ThePr azosy stem wasi ntroducedbyt hePor tuguese.

 -Prazos[ Mapur azi]wer el argef armsl argelyownedbyPor tuguesei nMut apa.
 -Prazeroswer eowner sofPr azos.
 -Thesy stem begandur ingt her eignofNegomoMapunzagut uwhenhegav elandt o
FranciscoBar r
eto.
 -Someoft hesePr azeroswer egi venlandasr ewardsf ortheirmi li
taryservice.
 -Theygai nedcont r
oloft hel owerZambezit hroughsi gningt r
eat i
eswi t
hAf r
ican
chiefsort hr oughmi lit
aryf orce.
 -I
n1607Gat siRuser egav elandt oaTet et rader,DiegoSi meosMadei ra.Hebecame
apower ful settl
erwi th4000Chi kundaar my .
 -Mor elandwasgi vent oPor t
ugueseconquer orsbyMav ura.Itissaidt hathewas
forcedt ocedet hewhol eofhi skingdom t ot hePor tuguesecr ownaspar toft hepr i
ce
forPor t
ugueseai d.
 -RulersofUt evegav el arget r
act sofl andt oDiasBay ao.Thear east r
etchedf rom
Pungwet oZambezi .
 -ThePor tugueseconf i
rmedt hePr azosy stem bygi vingof fi
ciall
andt it
lestoi ndivi
dual
Prazeros.
 -ThePor tuguesegov ernmentwant edPr azost obecent resofPor tugueseci vil
i
sation
andcommer cialagr icul
tur e.
 -The Por tuguese gr ew cr ops l i
ke dagga,t obacco,r ice,mai ze,sor ghum,mi ll
et,
wat er
mel ons,sugarcane,cof fee,cassav a,squash,gr oundnut s,pumpki ns,guav as,

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mangoes, cowpeas, sweetpot atoes, pawpawsandpot at oes.

 -SlaverybeganonPr azosandmi nes.
 -ThePr azer osusedAf ricanchi ef sandt heirsubjectsasl abour ers.
 -Trustedsl av eswer er ecr uitedi nt oper sonal armiesofPr azeros.
 -TheChi kundaar mi esi ll-
treat edt hel ocal people.
 -Femal esl aveswer eusedascul t
ivators.
 -Armieswer eusedt or aidchi ef st ocapt urel andswi t
hmi nerals.
 -ThePr azer osspokeAf ri
canl anguage.
 -Theybel ievedi nwi tchcr aft.
 -Theypr act i
sedpol y gamyj ustl ikeAf ri
cans.
 -Theyt r
adedwi thandr aidedAf ricans.
 -PrazerosbecameAf ri
canchi ef sdemandi ngt ri
butef r
om Af ri
cansont hei
rland.
 -Theyst ri
ppedAf ri
canchi ef sof ft heirrole.
 -ThePor t
ugueseusedol df eudal lawst ogov ernthePr azer os.
 -ThePor t
uguesel i
v edi nl uxur y.
 -Theycont rolledt r
adet hroughv ashambadzi .
 -Mi ni
ngofgol d,sil
v erandcopperwasdone.
 -Prazoswer easour ceofsl av eswhower eexpor tedtoBr azil
.
 -Shift
ingcul tivationwaspr act ised.
 -Therewassexual co- habi tationbet weenPor t
ugueseandAf ri
canwomenwhi ch
resultedint hebi r
thofar acecal l
edmul attos[coloureds].
 -ThePor t
uguesesur roundedt hemsel veswi thadv i
sers,includingreli
giousleader
s
whohel pedt hem i nsuchcer emoni esasr ainmaking.
 -ThePr azer oswer er esponsi blef ordeci dingonal ljudici
al casesandset t
li
ngall
disputes.

Cont
ri
but
ionoft
hePr
azosy
stem t
othegr
owt
hofsl
aver
yint
heZambezi
val
l
ey

 -Growthofplant
ationssuchasZambezi Prazosdemandedi
ncr
easi
ngnumber
sof
slavelabour
ers.
 -Miningacti
vi
ti
esint hePrazosrequi
redsl
avelabour
.
 -Therewasneedf orslavearmies.

Ot
herf
actorswhichledt
ot hegrowt
hofslavery
 -Warcapt i
vesbecamedomest i
cslav
es.
 -Criminal
sandwitcheswerealsot
reatedasdomesti
cslaves.
 -Iv
oryt r
aderequi
redslav
elabourt
oferryiv
oryt
othepostsandtot
hecoast
.

NamesofPort
uguesePrazer
os
 -DiegoSimeosMadeira -Vi
cent
eJoseRi
bei
ro
 -ManuelAntoni
odeSousa[
Kuv
hey
a] -
SisuandoDiasBay
ao
 -Rodri
goLobo -
Mat akeny
a

Economi
cAct
ivi
ti
escar
ri
edouti
nPr
azos
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 -
Cropcul ti
vati
on
 -
Trading -
Hunti
ng
 -
Tributepayment -
Mini
ng
 -
Animal reari
ng -Rai
ding
 -
Slavetrade -
Craf
twork

Soci
alAct
ivi
ti
escar
ri
edouti
nPr
azos

 -Preaching -
AbuseofAf ri
canwomen
 -Acculturat
ionofl ocals -I
nter
mar r
iage
 -Witchcraft -
Polygamy
 -Practi
ceofsl avery -
Liv
edi nmudpl aster
edandt
hat
ched
huts
 -TheyspokeAf r
icanl anguage -Bi
rt
hofMul at
tos
 -Rainmaki ngcer emoni es -
Adopt
ionoflocal
cult
ure

Pol
i
tical
Act
ivi
ti
escar
ri
edoutonPr
azos

 -
ThePrazerosexercisedj udicial powers.
 -
Prazer
oscontroll
edPr azosl ikeAf ri
canchiefs.
 -
Theyrai
sedChi kundaar mi es[ Privatear
mies] .
 -
Theydemandedt r
ibutefrom Af ricans.
 -
TheyusedChikundat oi nterfer einsuccessiondisput
es.
 -
TheyforgedAll
ianceswi thv assal Mutapas.
 -
Mutapasbecamet heirpuppet s.
 -
Prazoswereindependent .
 -
Prazer
osappointedv assal chi efs.

Posi
ti
veEffect
soft hePr azosy st
em onMut apa
 -Newcr opswer eintroduced,forexampl e,maize.
 -Modernci v
il
isat i
onwasi ntr
oduced, forexample,clothi
ng.
 -I
mpr ovementofcommuni cati
on,forexampl e,roadswer econst
ruct
ed.
 -Afri
cansreceiv edf orei
gngoodssuchasguns.
 -Many i
kacopiedPor t
uguesewor dssuchasPr azo[ Purazi
].
 -SpreadofChr istianit
yreducedbar barism andpagani sm.
 -Tradeimprov ed
 -Theywer etaughtnewf armingmet hods.
 -Theywer etaughtnewmi ningmet hods.
 -Theywer eprot ectedagainstforei
gnf or
ces.

Negat
iveEffect
soft
hePr azosy st
em onMutapa
 -Spreadi
ngofdiseases
 -AbuseofAfr
icanwomen
 -Avastamountofmi neralsl
ikegol
dwastakenawayf
rom t
heZambezi
val
l
ey.
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 -
Numer ousdeat hswer ei ncurr
ed.
 -
Afri
cancul turewasdest r
oyed.
 -
Mutapaki ngswer efor cedtopayt ri
bute.
 -
Afri
canchi efswerefor cedt osupplyslavelabour
.
 -
ThePor t
uguesei nterferedt oomuchi nMut apapoli
ti
cs.
 -
Chri
sti
anitybr oughtdiv i
sionamongAf ri
cans.
 -
Afri
canslostt hei
rland.
 -
Slaver
ywasr ampant .
 -
Prosti
tut
ionwasr ampant .
 -
Afri
canswer erai
dedandoppr essed.
 -
ThePor t
uguesepr omot edci v
ilwars.
 -
Afri
canslostcont roloft r
ade.

Successesoft
hePortugueseinachievingtheiraims
 -Theymonopolisedtrade.
 -Theyconvert
edsomeAf ri
cansi ntoChri
sti
ani
ty.
 -Theymanagedt oexpel Swahil
i tr
ader
s.
 -Theyestabl
i
shedt r
adingpost sintheint
eri
orandout
side.
 -Theyl
ocatedthesour ceofgold.

Fai
l
uresofPor
tuguesei
nachi
evingthei
rai
ms
 -Theyfai
l
edtoavengethedeat
hofGoncalodaSilvei
ra.
 -Theyfai
l
edtoconver
tmanyAf r
icansi
ntoChr
ist
ianit
y.
 -Theyfai
l
edtopermanentl
ycol
oniseZi
mbabwe.
 -Theyfai
l
edtol
ocateandgetthenewsoftheLegendaryPr
est
erJohn.

I
mpor
tanceofPor
tuguesemili
tar
ypoweri ncont r
oll
ingthestate
 -
Theyusedgunst oinst
ilf
ear.
 -
Mil
itar
ypowerweakenedt heMut apastatei
nt he1570s.
 -
Theywer eabl
etocontrolchief
si ntheZambezi val
l
ey.
 -
Mil
itar
ypowerwasusedt ocontrol t
rade.
 -
Mil
itar
ypowerwasusedt osuppor trebel
s.
 -
Mil
itar
ypowerwasusedt oraidformanpower .
 -
Mil
itar
ypowerwasusedf orprotecti
onf r
om attacks.

Ot
herf
actorswhichhelpedthePor t
uguesetocont rolMutapastate
 -
Christ
ianit
ywasusedt ogaininfluenceont heMut apa.
 -
Weakl eadersaskedforPortuguesehelpdur i
ngsuccessiondi
sput
esand
becamepuppet s.
 -
Thestat ewast oobi
g,sothePor tuguesewer eabletocont
rol
dist
ant
chi
efdoms.
 -
ThePor tuguesemonopolisedtrade.
 -
Thepr azosystem whereChikundaar mieswer ekept.
 -
ThePor tuguesenowgott ri
bute[Curva]

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THEROZVISTATE

Or
igi
nsoft
heRozv
iSt
ate

Theor i
ginoft heRozv iSt atei scont roversial
.Ther ear et womai nt heor i
eswhi chhav ebeen
putf orwardi nexpl ainingt heor i
ginoft heRozv istate.[ a]Somehi storiansbel i
ev edthatthe
Rozv i wer e once subj ects of t he Mut apa peopl e. Thei r l eader Dombo
[Dombol akonachi mwangoChi muloy i
chamav engeni ]wasonceacat t
leher derunderMut apa
Mukombwe.Hewasgi vensomecat tleandhemanagedt ogr owr ichandcr eatedhi sarmy .
Hei sbel i
ev edt ohav erev oltedagai nstt heMut apawhent hest atewasati tsdecl i
ne.Wi th
hispower f
ular myhewasabl etoconquerandsubduet heTor wapeopl e.Itwast heTor wa
peopl ewhoni cknamedhi speopl etheRozv i,meani ngdest roy ers.Heest abl
ishedhi scapital
atDanangombe[ Dhl odhlo]i nMat abeleland.Thecapi talwast r
ansf erredt odi f
ferentplaces
bydi ff
erentl eader s,forexampl e,toNal etal
eandMany anga.Ati tspeakt heRozv iisbel
ieved
tohav ecov eredsuchar easasGur uuswa,Mbi re,Buher a,Bocha,Dumaandpar tsofSout h
East er
n Hi ghl ands.I n 1695 t he Rozv ihel ped Mut apa Mukombwe t o dr i
ve away t he
Por t
uguesef rom t heZi mbabweanPl ateau.TheRoz vitookov erf r
om t heMut apaasanew
force tor eckon wi thi nt he Zi mbabwean pl ateau.[ b]Ot herhi storianshav e a simpl er
explanationont heor iginofRozv i
.Theysayt hatRoz viwasj ustanewname.TheysayRozv i
didnotor i
gi natef r
om apl aceout sidet heTor wast at e.Theysayt hatt heRozv iandt he
Torwawer et hesamepeopl e.Theysayt hati twasonl ythenamet hatchanged.I nother
wor ds,theTor wast atedev elopedandchangedi tsnamet oRozv i.Ther ewasnoi nvasionor
conquestwhi cht ookpl ace.Theol dTor wast atecont i
nuedbuti twasj ustthenamewhi ch
changed.ThusDombowasadescendantofaTor waChangami re.

Rozv
iTowns/RozviCapit
als
 -
Danangombe/Dhl odhl
o -
Nalet
ale
 -
Many anga -
Khami
 -
Nhav ayaTumbar
e -
Matendere
 -
Insukamini -
Umnukwana[Munekwani

NamesofRozviki
ngs/Changami r
es
 -
Dombo[ Changa] -
Chir
isamhur
uI
 -
Nechadzike -
Nechagadzi
ke
 -
Baswi -
Rupandamanhanga
 -
Gomor emvura -
Gumboreshumba
 -
Tohwechipi -
Chir
isamhur
uII
 -
Rupengo -
Dlembeu
ShonaChi
efdomsconqueredbyChangami
reDombo
 -
Torwa -
Seke
 -
Many i
ka -
Utev
e
 -
Madanda/Sedanda -
Mutema
 -
Chikanga -Mutasa

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 -
Marange -
Nyashanu
 -
Bocha -
Zvi
mba
 -
Barwe -
Chiweshe
 -
Duma -Makoni
 -
Buhera -Mbir
e
Expansi
onofRozv
istat
e

Changami reDombobr okeawayf rom Mut apast ateunderMukombwe. Ther ewasaci v

ilwar
andDombowasf orcedt omi gr
atet ot heSout h-west ernZi mbabwe.Hedef eat edt heTor wa
andKal angapeopl eandest abli
shedapower f
ul stat ei
nt heBut uaar ea.Hebui lthi scapit
al at
Danangombe i nt he 1680s.Dombo embar ked on an expansi onistpol i
cy conquer i
ng
surroundi ngar eas.Heat tackedandr educedt heMut apast atei nt oav er ysmal lstatei n
Dandear ea.Domboconquer edtheki ngdomsofUt eveandMany ikai ntheEasti nt he1690s.
Heal soconquer edandabsor bedt heVendai nt hesout h.Domboal soattacked,conquer ed
and absor bed the peopl e ofBuher a,Bocha,Duma and t he sout h east er n hi ghl
ands.
Changami reDombodr ov eawayt hePor t
uguesef rom thei rfeirasatDambar ar e,Teteand
Many ikai n1693.Dombof orgedami l
itaryalli
ancewi t
hMut apaNy akunembi riandby1695
thePor tuguesehadabandonedt heirt r
adi ngst ationsint hei nterior.TheRozv ibecamet he
supr emepoweront heZi mbabweanpl ateau.Af terthesewar st hePor tugueseaccept ed
Rozv iov erl or
dshipi nt hei nter
ior.Changami r
eDombodi edi n1695l eavingbehi ndav ery
strongst ate.Chiri
samhur u,hissonbecamet henew Mamboandcont i
nuedt oexpandt he
kingdom.By1700t heRoz v iki
ngdom wasati t
speakcov eringt hewhol eoft heZi mbabwean
plateauf rom Zambezit otheLi mpopo.TheRozv imambomai ntainedav eryl ar gear myand
forcedmanyv assalst atest opayt r
ibut ef r
om t he1690sunt i
lt heper iodofMf ecane.The
Rozv i succeededt or ulethewhol eofZi mbabwedi r
ectlyori ndirect l
yt hroughv assal chi
efs.

Reasonsf orther i
seandexpansi onofRozv istate
 -TheRozv iwereski lf
ul fi
ghters
 -Thisenabl edthem t odef eatsev eralgroups
 -Theabi li
tyoft heRozv i t
odef eatthePor tugueseanddri
vethem totheir
formerset tlement satMasekesa.
 -Aftertheywer edef eat edbyt heRozv i,t
hePor t
ugueseagreedtocomeunder
theaut hori
tyoft heRozv i.
 -Thechi efswhower edef eatedbyt heRozv ibeganpayi
ngtributetotheRozvi
king.
 -TheRozv iext
endedt heirrulet ononRozv ipeople
 -TheNdau, Zezur uandKar angav oluntari
lyjoi
nedtheRozvistatefor
protectionagai nstPor tuguese
 TheRozv iwereabl etoamassweal thandpowerandbecamet hedomi nant
stateint hearea
 -TheRozv icontroll
edl ongdi stancetradealongtheZambezi vall
ey
 -TheRozv idefeatedt heTor waandsubduedt heme

Economi
cOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heRozv
i

 -
Theyrear
edanimal
sli
kecat
tl
e,goat
sandsheep.
 -
Theycult
ivat
edcr
opsl
ikemil
let
,sor
ghum,
maize,mel
onsandsoon.
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 -
Theyminedmi neralslikegol d,copperandi ron.
 -
Theyhuntedanimal sformeat ,ivoryandpr eciousski
ns.
 -
Theygatheredfruit
s,veget ablesandmushr oom.
 -
Theyrai
dedot herstatesf orlivestock,grai
n, boysandgi
rl
s.
 -
Subj
ectspaidt r
ibuteinfor m ofcat tl
e,goatsandgr ai
n.
 -
Theypracti
sedbot hinternalandext ernaltr
ade.
 -
Theycaughtfishtosuppl ementt heirdiet.

 -
Theydidartandcraf t
,thati
s,
a]Potter
y
b]Weav i
ng
c]Basketry
d]Blacksmithing
e]Woodcar v i
ng
f]St
onecar ving
g]Jeweller
ymaki ng
h]Leatherwor k
i]Dr
um maki ng

Expor
tsfrom t
heRozv i
stat
e
 -
Gold -
Ivor
y
 -
Cattl
e -
Sheep
 -
Pigs -
Sorghum
 -
Mill
et -
Ostri
chfeat
her
s
 -
Animalski
ns -
Ir
ontools
 -
Pots -
Baskets
 -
Goats -
Pigs

I
mpor
tsi
ntot
heRozv ist
ate
 -Clot
h -
Glassbeads
 -Guns -
Liquor
 -Maize -
Fruit
s
 -Tobacco -
Mi r
rors
 -Ammuni t
ion -
Ceramics

Soci
alOr
gani
sat
ionofRozv
i

 -
Thesocietywaspatril
ineal.
 -
Ownershipofcattl
ewasasy mbol ofst atus.
 -
Theypaidlobolat
ot heiri
nlawsi nform ofcat tl
e.
 -
Theypracti
sedloaningofcat t
le[kuronzera].
 -
Theypracti
sedsexual div
isi
onofl abour .
 -
Theypracti
sedthenhimbesy stem.
 -
Theycelebrat
edthebirthofanewchi ld.
 -
Theycelebrat
edthecomi ngofanewdaught eri
nlaw.
 -
Theywer epoly
gamous.

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 -
Incestandbest i
ali
tywer etaboos.
 -
Theylivedinv il
lagesaccor dingt olineages.
 -
Theybel ongedt ot heMoy ototem.
 -
Rozv i
mar ri
ageswer eexogenous.
 -
Theylivedinpol eanddaggahouses.
 -
Theybel i
evedi nGod, theSupr emeBei ngandcr eatorofev ery t
hingoneart
h.
 -
Theybel i
evedi nnat ional,regional andfamilyspir
itmedi ums.
 -
Theki ngwast herel i
giousl eaderandl edatallrel
igiouscer emoni es.
 -
Theybr ewedbeerandsl aughter edcattl
eatceremoni escal ledBi r
a.
 -
Theyhel drai
nmaki ngcer emoni es.
 -
Theyconsul tedN’ angas.
 -
Theybel i
evedi nwi tchcraf t
.
 -
Theybel i
evedt hatsomespi r
it
sl iv
edi nlar
gerpools, t
hickfor estsand
mountai
ns.
 -
Theybel i
evedi nlifeaf t
erdeat h.
 -
Theyconsul tedt heirancest orst hroughspiri
tmedi umsi ntimesofcr isi
sli
ke
war
s,droughtsandot herdi sasters.
 -
Theybel i
evedi ndiv inekingshi p.

I
mpor
tanceoft
heSoci
alOr
gani
sat
ioni
nthePol
i
tical
Syst
em oft
heRozv
i

 -Rel
igionwasauni f
yingf orce.
 -Thespiri
tmedi umsi nstalledtheking.
 -Rel
igiousleaderscouldr eprimandaMambowhomi sbehaved.
 -Cat
tleloaningsy st
em hel pedr ul
erstomaint
aininfl
uenceandpeace.
 -Thekingledatr eli
giouscer emonies.
 -Pol
y gamywasusedbyt her uli
ngcl asst
omaintainall
iancesandi
mport
ant
l
i
neages.

Ot
herf
act
orsi
mpor
tanti
nthePol
i
tical
syst
em oft
heRozv
i

 -Tri
buteensuredl
oyal
tytotheking.
 -Astrongeconomyensuredstabili
ty.
 -Goodr el
ati
onswit
hotherstat
es.
 -Thearmywasi mport
antformai nt
ainingl
awandor
derandsuppr
essi
ng
r
ebel
l
ions.

Dut
iesoff
emal
esi
nRozv
i

 -
Cropcult
ivat
ion -
Househol
dchores
 -
Gather
ing -
Looki
ngaf
terchi
ldr
en

Dut
iesofmal
esi
nRozv
i

 -
Hunt
ing -
Herdi
ngcatt
le
 -
Mini
ng -That
chi
nghut
s
 -
Smelt
ing -
Trade
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 -
Fishi
ng

Pol
i
tical
Organi
sat
ionofRozv
i

 -
Theki ngwast heheadofst at e.
 -
Hispostwasher editar y
.
 -
Theki ngwast hechi efdi stribut erofl and.
 -
Theki ngr uledwi tht heassi st anceofaCour tofoffi
cial
swhichincludedthe
spiri
tmediums, prov i
ncialchi efs,Queenmot her, armycommanderandpr iests.
 -
Mambo’ sseni orwi v espl ay edani mpor t
antr oleintheking’
scourt.
 -
Theki ng’spowerr est edi nt hepower ful army .
 -
Thepr ov i
nceswer eunderpr ov i
nci alchief s.
 -
Distr
ictchi efswer ei nchar geofdi str
icts.
 -
Thechi efswer eappoi ntedbyt heki ng.
 -
Thepost sofchi efswer eher edi tary.
 -
Vassal chief spaidt ributet ot heki ngt oshowl oyalt
y.
 -
Theki ngwast hecommanderi nchi efoft hearmy .
 -
TheTumbar ewast hemi l
itar ycommanderandact edasregentwhenaki ng
diedunti
lanotheronewasi nstalled.I nt hecaseofay oungermamboTumbar eal
so
actedasregentunt i
lthey oungerMamboi sgr ownenought orul
e.
 -
TheTumbar ewast hechi eft ribut ecol l
ect or.
 -
Theki ngledal lr
eligiouscer emoni es.
 -
Theki ngwast hechi efjudge.
 -
Theki ngwast hecust odianofst atepr oper t
y .
 -
Theki ngcont rol
ledl ongdi stancet rade.

Gov
ernmentof
fici
alsintheRozv i
stat
e
 -King/Mambo/Changami r
e -
Tumbar e
 -Provinci
alchief
s -
Distr
ictchi
efs
 -Queenmot her -Ki
ng’
ssonsinlaw
 -Spiri
tmediums -Cour
tcounci
l
lors
 -Vil
lageheads -
King’
ssonsi nlaw

Mi
l
itar
yOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heRozv
i

 -
TheRozvihadastandingarmy .
 -
Themambowast hecommanderi nchi efofthearmy .
 -
TheTumbarewast hecommanderoft hearmy .Soinotherwor dst
heMambo
wasdeputi
sedbytheTumbar e.
 -
TheMambokeptasmal lbodyguar
df orhisownper sonaldefence.
 -
Thesewerepermanentlyarmedandwer ecal
ledNgwanangwana[ wide
awake].
 -
Thebulkofthear
mywascomposedofy oungmenandunmar ri
edcadres.
 -
Thi
sarmywaswel lequippedwithbows, arr
ows, assegai
s,shiel
dsandbattl
e
axes.
 -
Thearmyunderwentspeciali
sedtr
aining.

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 -
Thistr
aini
nginv
olvedmi l
it
aryexer ci
seandarcher y[
atechniqueofshooti
ng
eff
ecti
vel
y].
 -
Thearmywasv erystr
ong, eff
icientandwelldisci
pli
nedandt hi
senabledi
tto
conquernei
ghboursandrul
ethem f oralmost150y ears[1680to1850].
 -
Becauseofit
seffect
iveness[prowess]inbattl
e, t
hePortugueseendedup
accusi
ngthisar
myofusingsuper naturalpowersagainstenemies.

Dut
ies/Responsi
bil
i
tiesoft
heRozv
irul
erorKi
ng

 -Headofst ate -Distribut i

ngl and
 -ChiefJudge -Reli
gi ousl eader
 -Defendi ngthest atefrom exter
nalat
tacks -Chiefadmi nist r
ator
 -Custodi anofst ateproperty -Signingt reat i
es
 -Concl udingall
iances -I
nst alledchi efs
 -Commanderi nchi efofthearmy -Hadcust odyov ercapti
ves
 -Receiv i
ngandshar i
ngtri
bute -
Dist ri
but edf oodinti
mes
ofdrought
 -Control l
edtrade -Decl aringwar
 -Protect i
ngciti
zens -Cont rolledmi ni
nggr ounds
 -Appoi ntedarmygener als -Recei vingf oreigners
 -Control l
edhunt inggrounds -Judici alleader
 -Sanct i
onedr it
ual ceremonies -
Appoi ntedt hecouncilof
advi
sers[Dar e]
 -Punishedwr ongdoer s -
Sentt hear myf orrai
ding
expedit
ions
 -Receiv edandhandl edreport
sf r
om var
iouspartsoft heki ngdom

Reasonsf
ort
heDecl
i
neofRozv
iSt
ate

I
nter
nal
reasonsf
ort
heDecl
i
ne

 -
Somev assalchiefsl i
keUt eveandMadandabr okeawayandr efusedt
opay
t
ri
but
e.
 -
Successi vedr ought sinthel at
eeight eenthandni neteent
hcentury.
 -
Successi ondi sputeswi thintherul
ingf amil
y
 -
Civilwar sdivi
dedt hest ate
 -
Ov eral
l economi cdecl i
ne
 -
Thest at ebecamet oobi gt oberuledbyoner ul
er.
 -
Failuretof ul
lyincor poratesomechi efdomsl ikeKalanga
 -
Disput eswi t
hChi kangaandBar we
 -
Thedeat hofChangami reDombo
 -
Dombo’ ssuccessor swer eweakandunchar ismat i
c
 -
TheRozv i
armybecameweak
 -
Ther ewasdepopul ati
onduet oNguni incur
sions
 -
Decl i
nei ngoldpr oduct i
on.Gol dfi
eldswer enowexhaust ed.
 -
Spiritmedi umsbecamet oopower ful
 -
Fallint r
ade
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 -
Tumbarebecametoopower ful
 -
Exhaust
ionofsoi
l
 -
Exhaust
ionofhunt
inggrounds
 -
Exhaust
ionofpast
ures

Ext
ernal
reasonsf
ort
hedecl
i
neofRozv
i

 -
Lossofcont rol ofexternal t
radet ot heNdebel eandlatert
ot heBr
it
ish
 -
Ther aidi
ngofPor t
ugueset r
adingpost sofSof al
a,TeteandSenabyMf ecane
gr
oups
 -
Clasheswi tht hePor tuguesel eftt heRozv istateweakened
 -
Const antwar swi ththeHi y
aoft heDondoar eadisr
uptedtrade
 -
Invasionbyt heNguni groups[Nguni i
ncursions]suchas,
a]TheTswanai n1800
b]Ngwat oin1802
c]Ngoni underZwangendabai n1830s
d]Ngoni underNy amazanai n1836
e]SothounderMpangoi n1829
f]Maseko- Ngoni underNxabai n1836
g]Gaza- Nguni underSoshangane
h]Ndebel eunderMzi l
ikazii
n1840
 -
Thef i
nal destructioncamewi tht heBr i
ti
shSout hAfr
icaCompany[ BSAC]

QN:
Towhatext
entdi
dthepol
i
tical
fact
orscont
ri
but
etot
hedecl
i
neofRozv
ist
ate?

 -
Thedeat hofDombol edtothedecli
neofthestate
 -
Dombo’ssuccessorswer eweakandunchar i
smatic
 -
Successiondi
sputesledtodivi
sionwit
hinthestat
e
 -
Civ
ilwarsalsocontri
buted
 -
Refusalbysomechi ef
st opayt
ribut
ecauseditsdecli
ne
 -
Thestatebecamet oobigtoberuledbyoneking

Ot
herf
actor
swhichl
edt othedeclineofRozv i
 -
Decli
neintrade
 -
Exhausti
onofgol d
 -
Depopulati
onduet oNguni incur
sions
 -
Successiv
edr oughts
 -
Exhausti
onofsoi l
 -
Exhausti
onofpast ures
 -
Exhausti
onofhunt i
nggr ounds

QN:
Towhatext
entwasMambo’
sleader
shi
ptobl
amef
ort
hedecl
i
neofRozv
ist
ate?

 -
Dombo’ssuccessorswerelesschari
smatic
 -
Theyappoi
ntedincompetentsubordi
nates
 -
Appoi
ntmentofoffi
cial
swer eonakinshipbasi
s
 -
Theyfai
l
edtor ul
ethevastempire

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 -
Theyf
ail
edt
oproperl
ydecent
rali
sepol
i
tical
power
s
 -
Theyf
ail
edt
orepelNgunii
ncursi
ons

Ot
herf
actor
swhichledtothedecl i
neofRozv i
 -
Seriousdrought s
 -
Civi
l war
s
 -
Successiondi sputes
 -
Clasheswi t
ht hePor tuguese
 -
Weakar my
 -
Nguni i
ncursions

MFECANE

Thiswasaper i
odofpl underanddest r
uct i
onamongt heNguni andthesurroundi ngtri
bes.It
wasat imeofcr ushingwar saccompani edbymuchsuf f
eringamongt henor t
hernNguni .
TheNguni call
edi tmfecane, meani ngtimeoft rouble.TheSot hocalleditdefeqane, meani ng
ti
meofcr ushing.Mf ecanebegant owar dstheendoft heeighteenthcentury.Dur i
ngmf ecane
tri
besl i
ketheNdwandwe, Mt hethwaandNgwanewer efighti
ngagainsteachot her.Mfecane
continuedev endur i
ngt het imeofTshaka.Dur ingthet imeofTshaka, Zul
ulandhadbecome
ast orm centre.Anumberofpeopl efledf r
om Tshakaandt heseincludedt heJer e-Ngoni
underZwangendaba,Gaza- NguniunderSoshangane,Khumal ounderMzi li
kazi,Kololounder
Sebet waneandt heNgoniunderNxaba.Thepeopl ewhof ledfrom Tshakaknewhi smilit
ary
tacti
cssot heywer eabl etodef eatpeopl einotherar eas.Soshanganeset t
ledi nSout hern
Mozambi queandcr eat edt heGazast ate.Zwangendabadest roy
edt heRozv icapitaland
crossedt heZambeziRi veri nt
opr esentdayMal awi.Mzi l
ikaziandt heKhumal of l
ednor th
andset tledint hesout h- westernpar tofZi mbabwe.Sebet waneandt heKol oloset tl
edi n
Zambi a.Al lthese gr oupsi ntr
oduced t heirwayofl ife and cult
uret ot he peopl et hey
conquer ed.

Gr
oupst
hatexi
stedi
nNguni
l
andbef
oreMf
ecane

 -
Zulu -
Khumalo
 -
Qwabe -Ndwandwe
 -
Mthethwa -
Swazi/Ngwane
 -
Hlubi -
Mpondo

Nor
ther
nNguni
leader
sandt
hei
rrespect
ivechi
efdomsi
nvol
vedi
nMf
ecane

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 -
DingiswayoofMt hethwa -
SobhuzaoftheNgwane
 -
Zwideoft heNdwandwe -
TshakaoftheZulu
 -
Dinganeoft heZulu -
Mzil
ikazi
oftheNdebele
 -
Mat shobaneoftheKhumalo -
SoshanganeoftheGaza-Nguni
 -
Zwangendabaoft heNgoni -
MatiwaneoftheNganeni
 -
Phakat wayooftheQwabe

Gr
oupst
hatf
ledf
rom Nguni
l
anddur
ingMf
ecane

Gr
oup Leader Desti
nati
on
 Ndebele Mzil
ikazi Zi
mbabwe
 Ngwane Sobhuza Swazil
and
 Sotho Moshoeshoe Lesot
ho
 Kolol
o Sebetwane Zambia
 Gaza-Nguni Soshangane Mozambique
 Jere-
Ngoni Zwangendaba Malawi
 Tlokwa Mantanti
s Botswana
 Ngoni Nyamazana Zi
mbabwe
 Msene-Ngoni Nxaba Zambia

Gr
oupsandt
hei
rrespect
ivel
eader
swhi
chTshakaf
oughtdur
ingMf
ecane

 -
NdwandweunderZwi de -
NgwaneunderSobhuza
 -
NgoniunderZwangendaba -
NgoniunderNxaba
 -
KhumalounderMzil
ikazi -
Gaza-
Nguni underSoshangane
 -
QwabeunderPhakatwayo

CausesofMf
ecane

 -Thedesi r
ebysomei ndividualsl ikeDi ngiswayo,Zwi de,NgwaneandTshakat o
domi nateot hers.
 -Developmentofadv ancedmi li
taryt acticspromotedaggr ession.
 -Overpopul ati
onwhi chr esultedinpr essureov erar
ablelandcausedMf ecane.
 -Power fulgroupswant edtocont rolsomehunt i
nggrounds.
 -Madhl atul
edr oughtof1795causedMf ecane.
 -Thedesi ret oacquiremor ecat tlethr oughconquest
 -Thedesi rebysomei ndivi
dualst ocont rolt
radewithPor tugueseatDel
agoaBay.
 -Shortageofgr azingland
 -Theneedf orcr eati
onofl argest ates
 -Ther i
seofTshakaal socausedMf ecane.
 -Emer genceofpowerhungr ymenl ikeMzi l
i
kazi
 -Bi
ggerpower fulstatesl i
keNdwandwe,NgwaneandMt hethwawantedt ocont
rol
economi candpol i
ti
calactiviti
esoft hepeopl eofNguniland.
 -Tradei niv orynecessi t
atedt hecr eat ionofst andi
ngar mi estohuntelephant
sand
guardt het rader out
e.
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 -
Therewasalsoneedt
ocontrol
riv
ers.
 -
Boerexpansi
onandBoersl
averaids

Resul
ts/Ef
fect
sofMf
ecane

 -
Therewasr educt i
onofpopul ati
oni nNguni l
and.
 -
Homeswer edest royed.
 -
Therewasgr eatl ossofl i
v esi nNguni land.
 -
Therewasdest ruct i
onofpr oper ty.
 -
Manypeopl ef ledf rom Nguni l
and,f orexampl e,t heNgoni ,Hlubi,Tlokwaandthe
Sotho.
 -
Casesofcanni balism i ncreasedduet oshor tageoff ood.
 -
Nguni reli
gionsuchasi nxwal aspr eadt hroughoutt heregion.
 -
Nguni l
anguagespr eadwi del y.
 -
Manypeopl elostt heircat tleandgr aint hr
oughr aids.
 -
Manypeopl elostt heirf armi ngland.
 -
Tshakabecamedomi nanti nNguni land.
 -
War sdisturbedf armi ngr esul ti
ngi nf oodshor tage, hungerandst ar
vation.
 -
Therewasspr eadofNguni culture.
 -
Tradewi thPor tugueseatDel agoaBaywasdi srupt ed.
 -
Somepeopl el ostt hei rpoliti
cal independence.
 -
Underpopul atedar easl eftbyMf ecanev ictimsat tract
edEur opeanset t
ler
sli
ke
Boersandt heBr iti
sh.
 -
Somest ateswer ecompl etelydest roy ed.
 -
Itl
edt othecr eat ionofr efugeepr obl em.
 -
Therewasgr eatl ossofl i
v esaswar far ewast heor deroftheday.
 -
Therewasemer genceofdef ensi veki ngdomssuchasSwazi ,BapediandBasotho.
 -
Itbroughtouthi ghqual ityl eader sl ikeMz i
likazi,Soshangane,Zwangendabaand
Sebetwane.
 -
Therewasemer genceofpower ful stat esli
keNdebel eandGaza.
 -
Newpol i
ti
cal kingdomswer ecr eated, forexampl e,KololoandNdebel e.
 -
Therewasadopt ionofnewf ightingmet hodsandweapons.

Towhatext
QN: entwasMf
ecanecausedbyt
heambi
ti
ousl
eader
sinNguni
l
and?
Ambi
ti
ousleader
s
 -Tshaka
 -
Dingi
swayo
 -
Zwide
 -
Mzili
kazi
 -
Sobhuza
 -
Moshoeshoe

Ot
herf
actor
s
 -Needtocontrol
tradeatDel
agoaBay
 -Boerexpansi
onandBoerslaver
aids
 -Short
ageofland

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 -
Popul
ati
onexpl
osi
on

THEZULUSTATEUNDERTSHAKA

Or
igi
nsoft
heZul
uSt
ate

Tshakacamef rom asmal lZuluchi efdom whi chhadbeenabsor bedi nt oDi ngisway o’s
Mt hethwa.Tshakawasbor nin1787andhewast hesonofSenzangakhonaandaLangeni
woman, Nandi.SenzangakhonawasaZul uchi ef.Tshakawasdi sownedbyhi sfather,sohe
grew upamongt heLangeni .Att heageof16,Tshakawast akent ot heMt hethwat ost ay
withhi sfather’sr el
at i
v es.Hebecameaher dboy .Attheageof23[ in1810]hewasr ecrui
ted
i
ntoDi ngi swayo’sar my .Hepr ovedt obeabr av esoldierandwaspr omot edtocommanderof
ar egiment .Hei ntroducedhi sownmi lit
aryi nnov ati
ons.Headv isedDi ngisway oonmi li
tary
mat ters.Senz angakhona[ Tshaka’sf ather]
,di edi n1816andhi ssonSi gujanainher it
edt he
Zulul eader ship.Di ngisway o kil
led Sigujana and made Tshaka t he chi efoft he Zul u.
Dingisway othusassi stedTshakat otakeov erpower .Tshakawaschi efoft heZul uaswel l as
commanderoft heZul uar my.Dingisway odi edi n1818andTshakabecamet heleaderoft he
entireMt hethwast ate.Dingisway owasexecut edbyt heNdwandwe.Tshakaconquer ed
Mt hethwaandt hecombi nedMt hethwa, Zuluandot hertri
best oformt heZul ustate.Tshaka
unitedabout100chi ef domsunderhi sr ule.Tshakacont inuedDi ngisway o’ sexpansi onist
policy.Heconquer edt heNdwandweunderZwi deandt ookov eralar gest ateextendi ngf r
om
Pongol aRi vertoTugel aRiverintheSout h.Heal sodef eatedtheNgwaneunderSobhuza.

Reasonsf
ort
her
iseofTshaka
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 -Tshakawasabr avesoldier.
 -Tshakawasacour ageousandi nnov ati
v efight er
.
 -Tshakabecameanef f
ectivearmycommanderwhoadv i
sedtheking.
 -Tshaka’sabili
tyt odev elopnewf i
ght i
ngski llswhi chenabl edhi
mt odefeatother
s.
 -Tshakadef eatedandconquer edtheMt hethwa.
 -Senzangakhona’ sdeathcr eatedav acuum f orhi srise.
 -Dingiswayo’ssuppor tonTshaka.
 -Thedeat hofSi gujana[ Hewaski ll
edbyDi ngi sway o].
 -Thedeat hofDi ngi swayomadehi mt ocombi neMt hethwaandZul u.
 -Ther ewasweakopposi tionfrom l
ocal chiefdoms.
 -Mf ecaneledtot her iseofTshaka.
 -Raidingotherst atesensur edhimt ocreat eapower fulandsecurestat
e.
 -BetrayalofDi ngi sway obyTshakal edt ot her i
seofTshaka.WhenDi ngi
swayo
attackedZwi de,Tshakadel ayedtojoinhi mt i
llhewaski l
led.

Soci
alOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heZul
u

 -Therewassexual di
v i
sionofl abour .
 -Theypr act i
sedl oaningofcat tle.
 -Theyl ivedi ndomeshapedhut sarrangedi naci r
cul
armannerwithacat tl
ekraal
i
nsidet heci rcle.
 -Theybel ievedi nGod.
 -Theydi dr ai
nmaki ngcer emoni es.
 -Theki ngl edatcer emoni es.
 -Marriagewasal lowedt omenaf terreti
ri
ngf r
om thearmy.
 -Femal eswer ealsoor ganisedi ntoregiments.
 -Regiment sofwomenwer eusedt oculti
vatelandandf orcer
emonialdancesand
displays.
 -Theki ngof fi
ciatedatt heannual inxwalaceremony .
 -Theki ng’sspi ri
tualpowerwasr enewedt hroughtradi
ti
onalmedi
ums.
 -Zuluwasmadet heoffi
ciallanguage.
 -Theypr act i
sedpol ygamy .

Economi
cOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heZul
u

 -
Theydidext ernal andinternaltrade.Externall
ytheytradedwit
hivor
yatDelagoaBay
.
 -
Theyraidedot herst atesforwomen, chi
ldren,gr
ainandcattl
e.
 -
Theygrewcr ops.
 -
Theykeptani mal slikecat t
le,goat sandsheep.
 -
Theysmel tedir ontomakei ront ools.
 -
Theymi nedmi neralslikeir
on, copperandgol d.
 -
Theyhunt edwi ldani mals.
 -
All
subjectspai dt ri
butet otheki nginform ofcattl
e,goats,
sheepandgrai
n.
 -
Theycaughtf i
sht osuppl ementt hei
rdiet.
 -
Theydidgat her i
ng.
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Pol
i
tical
Organi
sat
ionoft
heZul
uunderTshaka

 -
Theki ngwast hesupr emer uler.
 -
Thest at ewashi ghlycent r
al i
sed.
 -
Def eatedchi efswer eof t
endeposedandr eplacedbyTshaka’
sappoint
ees.
 -
Thedef eat
edwer ef orcedt ospeakZul ul anguage.
 -
Tributarystat eswer eleftinpeaceasl ongast heypai
dtri
butetotheki
ng.
 -
Theki ngwasassi stedbychi efsandcounci ll
orsmostofwhom wer erel
ativ
esand
t
hoset heki ngt rusted.
 -
TheCounci lofadv iserswasr enderedi rrel
evantasTshakabecameanaut ocr
ati
c
r
uler.
 -
Traditi
onal chi efswer er educedt oadmi nist r
ati
onoflocalaf
fai
rs.
 -
Theki ngwast hecommanderi nchi efoft hear my .
 -
Theki nghadast andingar my .
 -
Thear mywentonannual raids.
 -
Theki ngusedt hear myt ocont rolthest at e.
 -
Vassal chi
efswer er ewar dedt oremai nloy al
.
 -
Thest at ewasdi v i
dedi nt or egiment altownsunderI zi
ndunaswhower ehelpedbya
f
emal ememberoft her oyal fami l
y.
 -
Theki ngwast hechi efdi stributerofl and.
 -
Theki ngcont roll
edl ongdi st ancet r
ade.
 -
Theki ngwast hechi efjudge.
 -
Theki ngwast her eli
giousl eader.

I
mpor
tanceofthearmyint heZul upol i
ti
calsy st
em
 -I
twasusedt orai
dot herstates.
 -I
twasusedt oexpandt hest ate.
 -I
tprot
ectedboththeki ngandt hestate.
 -I
twasusedt ocoll
ectt ribute.
 -I
twasusedt oprotectt rader outesandhunt i
nggrounds.
 -I
twasusedt omai ntainlawandor derinthest
ate.
 -I
twasuset opunishr ebelli
ouschi efs.

Ot
herf
actorsimportanti
ntheZulupoliti
calsyst
em
 -Chiefs,counci
ll
orsandtheking’srel
ati
veshel
pedt
oadmi
nist
ert
hest
ate.
 -Tributepaymentensuredloyal
tytotheking.
 -Religi
onwasauni fyi
ngfactor.
 -Thecat tl
eloani
ngsystem unif
iedpeople.

Benef
it
sofTshaka’
spol
i
tical
syst
em t
otheZul
u

 -
Organi
sati
onalongmi li
tar
ylinesstr
engt
henedthestateagai
nstext
ernal
aggr
essi
on.
 -
Vassalchi
efsobtainedrewards.
 -
Therewaspeaceandsecur i
tyduetoastandi
ngarmy .
 -
Ageregimental
sy stem f
ostereduni
tyamongstpeopleofthesameage.

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 -
Tri
butepaymentensuredl
oyalty.
 -
Raidsprov
idedwealt
hinform ofcat
tleandgrai
n.
 -
Iti
ncapaci
tatedv
assalchi
efsfrom r
ebell
ingt
herebyt
hwar
ti
ngci
vi
lwar
s.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofTshaka’
spol
i
tical
organi
sat
iont
otheZul
u

 -Allpowerwascent redontheking.
 -Ther egimentalsyst em wasresent
edbyy oungmenfordel
ayi
ngmarr
iageandf
or
perennialwarfare.
 -Thepol it
icalsystem madet hekinganabsoluterul
erwhoignor
edI
ndunasand
tradit
ionalchi
efs.
 -Peoplelivedinfearduet oki
ng’sharshpol
i
cies.
 -Therewasl ossofi ndependencebytheconquer
ed.

Mi
l
itar
yref
ormsi
ntr
oducedbyTshaka

 -Useofl ongshi elds

 -Useofshor tstabbingspear s[assegai s]
 -Absor ptionofdef eatedt r
ibes
 -Goingt owarbar efootedf orgr eaterspeed
 -I
ntroduct i
onofbaggageboy s
 -Hecr eat edast andingar my
 -Heintr oducedt hecowhor nf or mat i
on.
 -Allmenundert heageof40wer econscr i
ptedintot hearmy.
 -Heintr oducedager egiment s.
 -Heintr oducedf emal eregiment s[Fasimba].
 -Hebannedci rcumci sionwhi chhev i
ewedaswast ageofti
me.
 -Heusedspi essoast ocat chenemi esbysurprise.
 -Heusedsmokesi gnalsf orcommuni cat
ion.
 -Heintr oducedmockbat tlesi nt raini
ng.
 -Cowar di cewaspuni shedf or.Tshaka’ ssoldi
erswer enotall
owedtobewoundedat
theback.Thosewhower est abbedatt hebackwer ekil
led.
 -Hemadeuseofwi tchdoct ors.
 -Hissol dierswor eheadgear s[uni for
ms].
 -Tshaka’ ssol dierswer eal lowedt omar r
yattheageof40whent heyreti
redf
rom t
he
army .
 -Heint roducedt heideaoft otalwar f
are,t
hatis,totaldestr
uct
ionoftheenemy,ki
l
li
ng
therulingf ami l
iesofdef eat edt ribesandincorpor ati
ngthedefeat
edtri
bes.
 -Heintr oducedt hescor chedear thpolicy
.
 -Tshakai ntr
oducedst r
ictdi sciplineinthearmy .

WasTshakar esponsi
bleforall
themi l
i
taryref
ormsmadei
nZul
uland?
Tshaka’
sini
ti
atives
 -Heusedspi es
 -Heintroducedtheideaoftotalwarf
are
 -Heintroducedahighlytr
ainedarmy

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 -
Hei
ntr
oducedfemaleregi
ment
s
 -
Hei
ntr
oducedassegai
s
 -
Hei
ntr
oducedheadgears

I
nit
iat
ivesofot hers
-
Dingi
swayo, Zwi deandSobhuzahadi nit
iat
edsomeofTshaka’ si
nnov
ati
ons.
-
Theregiment al system wasalr
eadyinusei nthest at
es.
-
Longshieldswer eadopt edf
rom Dingi
sway o.
-
Thecowhor nf ormat i
onwasbor r
owedf rom Dingiswayo.
-
Banningcircumci sionwasbor r
owedf rom Dingi
sway o.
-
Creat
ionofast andingar mywasadopt edfrom Dingiswayo.

Tshaka’
sGener
als/Mi
l
itar
yIndunas/Commanders
-
Dingane -
Mhlangana
-
Mgoboz i -
Mzil
ikazi
-
Mdl aka

FeaturesofTshaka’ spolicyoftotalwarfar
e
-Burni
ngofhomest eads
-Absorpt i
onofenemywomenandchi ldr
en
-Capturingofenemyl i
vest ock
-Ki
ll
ingofenemyr oyalf
ami l
ymember s
-Destructi
onofenemyf oodr eser
v es
-Poi
soni ngofwatersour ces

WeaponsusedbyTshaka’
ssol
dier
s
-
Longshi
elds -
Assegai
s
-
Knobker
ri
es -
Kni
ves
-
Guns -
Batt
leaxes

Met
hodsusedbyTshakat ocont rol theZulustate
 -Useofspi es
 -Ideaoft otal war fare
 -Useofast andingar my
 -Hesetupmi l
itaryset t
lement salloverZulul
and
 -Fasimbaar mywasal way satt heking’scourt.
 -Practiceofaut ocr acy.
 -Tshakaappoi ntedchi efsandheadmenwhower eloyalt
ohim.
 -Heencour agedr ivalr
yamongsthi ssubjectssoast oexploi
tsuchconf
li
cts.
 -Fullabsorpt i
onofl i
neagescl osertothecentreoftheZulustate.
 -Exploitat
ionofl ineagesi nt heper i
phery
 -Holdingofcer emoni eslikei nxwalaceremoni es
 -Useofnat ional sy mbolsl i
kei nkatha
 -Speaki ngZul ul anguagewasmadecompul sory.
 -Tshakaper soni fi
edt heki ngdom.

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 -
Theki ngledatal lr
eli
giousceremonies.
 -
Hesubj ugatedal l
independentrai
nmaker s.
 -
Rewar di
ngwar r
iors[t
heywer egivenbeef].
 -
Maintaini
ngat i
ghtdiscipl
ineofAmabut ho[sol
dier
s]
 -
Controlofreli
gion
 -
Punishmentbydeat h
 -
Perennialwarfare
 -
Demandi ngt r
ibute
 -
Mar r
iageat40y ears
 -
Displ
acementofconquer edchief
s

Di
dthesemet
hodsshowt
hatTshakawascr
uel
?

Cruelt
yofTshaka’ smet hods
-
Kill
ingasapuni shmentwasext remecruelty
.
-
Stri
ctdiscipl
i
nedeni edf r
eedom.
-
Hei nfri
ngedonpeopl e’
sr ightsbypr ohi
bit
ingsoldier
st omar rybef
oretheageof40.
-Tshakawasadi ctator .Hesol el
ymadedeci sions.
-
Thei deaoftotalwar far ewasanext r
emeexer ci
sewher etherewascompletedest
ruct
ion.
-
ForcingpeopletospeakZul u
*Howev er,Mf
ecaneper ioddemandedast rongleaderlikeTshaka
-
Tshakawasapr oductofMf ecane.
-
Aper iodofwar f
ar eneedt oconst ant
lyfi
ght.
-
Ther ewasneedf oruni ty.
-
Hewant edtocreat emor espacef ortheZulu[expansionistpoli
cy]
.
-
Hewant edtogaincat tl
e, grainandboy s[booty]
.
-
Fordef enceofthest ate
QN: Didthepeopl eofZul ust atebenefitfrom Tshaka’ sleadershipatthatti
me?

Benef
it
s

 -
Theydefeat
edtheNdwandwe.
 -
Thi
senabledtheZulust atetosurv i
ve.
 -
Hecreatedastr
ongandsuper iorarmy .
 -
TheZulubecamedomi nantinNat al.
 -
Theyobtai
nedcattl
eandgr ai
nt hroughraids.
 -
Tshakamanagedt ounitetheZul unation.
 -
TheZuluhadmor elandf orcul
tivati
onaf t
erMf ecane.
 -
TheZuluhadaccesst ot r
ade.
 -
Zul
ubecamepol i
ti
callystable.

Nonbenef
it
s

 -
Perenni
alwarf
areledtodissati
sfact
ion.
 -
Soldi
erswerekeentomar ryearl
y.
 -
TheZululi
vedinconstantfearofTshaka.
 -
Tshakarul
edasadi ct
ator.
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Pr
obl
emsf
acedbyTshakaast
heZul
uki
ng

 -Tshaka’sexpansi onchar acterisedbyv iolentwar fare,plunderi

ngandr ai
dingother
statescreat edenemi esf orhimsel f.
 -DeathofNandi [
Tshaka’ smot her ]createdpr oblemsf orhim ashekill
edmanypeopl e.
Thiscreatedenemi esf orhi m.Ev enhi ssi stersuspect edthathewasr esponsi
blefor
thedeathofNandi .
 -Tshakahadj ealousrel ativ
eswhoul t
imat elyki l
l
edhi m.
 -Highratesofexecut i
onscr eat edenemi esf orhim.
 -Mzili
kazirebel l
edagai nsthi mi n1822.
 -Tshakahadf earoff urtherr ebel l
i
onsaf terMz il
ikazi brokeaway .
 -Therewer et hreatsfrom expansi onistBoer sandt heBr i
ti
shwhowant edtocolonise
theZuluki ngdom.
 -Tshakabat tl
edtocont roltheDel agoaBayt rader oute.
 -Therewasshor t
ageofr esour cessuchasl and.
 -Tshakawasnott rustedbyhi scommander s.
 -Tshaka’si ncessanti mper i
alism [ war s]cr eatedhat r
edf rom soldi
ersandgener als
thought heycoul dnotshowi tforf earofbei ngki l
led.
 -Scarci
tyofl andr esultedi nwar sagai nstt heBoer sandt heBri
ti
sh.
 -Tshaka’ssol dier
swer et i
redofhi smi lit
arycampai gns.

Thedeat
hofTshaka

 -Tshakadiedin1828.
 -Hesur vi
vedthefi
rstatt
emptonhi sli
fein1824butwaskill
ed4y earsl
ater
.
 -Tshaka’sdeathwasplottedbyDi ngane,Mbopha,MhlanganaandMkabay i
.
 -DinganeandMhl anganawer eTshaka’sbrother
s.
 -Mkabay iwasTshaka’sfather
’ssister
.
 -AfterTshaka’
sdeathDi nganebecamet hekingoftheZulustat
e,buthewasnotas
strongasTshaka.Dur i
nghi sr
eign,EuropeansbegantoenterZul
uland.

Peopl
ewhopl
ott
edt
hedeat
hofTshaka

 -
Dingane -
Mhl
angana
 -
Mkabay i -
Mbopha
 -
Mf okazana

Reasonsf
ort
heassassi
nat
ionofTshaka
 -
Kil
l
ingofsubjectsforminordi
sput
esorpettyof
fences
 -
Tshaka’
sautocrati
crule[hewasadict
ator
]

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 -
Tshaka’sendl esswar fare
 -
Hemai nt ainedacr uelsystem evenwheni twasnolongerj
ust
if
ied.
 -
Tshaka’sst rictdi scipl
ine
 -
Executionofpeopl efornotmour ninghismother.
 -
Peoplewer ej ealousofTshaka’ spower .
 -
Tshakahadj ealousybr other
sandsi ster
s
 -
Therewer eambi ti
ouspeopl eintheZulukingdom whowantedtorul
e,forexampl
e,
Di
nganeandMhl angana.
 -
Hisruthlessmi li
tar yreforms
 -
Tshakawasani llegiti
mat eson.
 -
Tshakawast oocr uel.
 -
Tshakai gnor edt raditionalchief
s.
 -
Tshaka’sf ailuret owor kwithhisbrother
sandsister
swhoshouldhaveassist
edhi
m.
 -
Frequentr aidsexposedhi m.
 Useofthr oneusur per

QN:Towhatext entwasTshakar esponsiblef

orhisdownf
all
?
 - Hewasadi ctator
 - Hei gnoredt r
adit i
onal chief
s
 - Hef ail
edt owor kwi t
hhi sbrothersandsi
ster
s
 - Hewast oocr uel
 - Heembar kedonendl esscampai gns
 - Heki ll
edsubj ectsf ormi noroffences
Ot
herfactorsresponsi blef orhisdeath
 - Hehadj ealousr elati
ves
 - Hewasani l
legitimat eson
 - Useoft hr oneusur per
 - Soldierswer etiredofcont i
nuouswar s
THENDEBELESTATE

Or
igi
ns

Mzil
ikaziwast hef ounderoft heNdebel estate.Thest atewasbor noutofMf ecaneand
ori
ginatedfrom Nguni l
and.Mzi li
kaziwast hesonofMat shobane.Hi smot herNompet huwas
Zwide’sdaughterMzi l
ikaziwasoft heKhumal oclanwhi chwasunderZwi de’sNdwandwe.
ZwidewasMzi likazi’
sgr andfather.Zwi dekil
ledMat shobane[ Mzi l
ikazi’
sf ather]accusi ng
him ofal l
egedl
ypl otti
ngagai nsthi mi ntheNdwandwe- Mt hethwawar sof1818.Mzi l
ikazi
succeededhi sf atheri n1818. Mzi li
kaziwashel pedbyZwi det obecomechi efoft he
Khumal o.Mzili
kaziqui ckl yjoinedTshaka’ sZul ustateandTshakawaspl easedandl eft
Mzil
ikaziinchargeofhi sKhumal o.Thepossi bl er
easonsf orMzi l
ikazi’
schangeofmast ers
weret hathewasnothappyt hatZwi dekill
edhisfather,Mat shobane.Hehadal sof oreseen
thepot enti
almili
taryst rengthoft heZul uunderTshaka.Mzi l
ikaziwassentbyTshakai n
1822t ogoandr aidacer tai
nSot hochi efandcapturehi m.Duet ogr eedinesshedeci dedt o
keept helootforhi msel f.WhenMzi li
kazideniedsubmi tti
ngt hel oot,Tshakasentasmal l
for
ce[ Izi
mpondo]t opuni sht heKhumal obutwasdef eatedbyMzi li
kazi.Tshakat hensent

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t
hef i
erceUmbel ebel
etodestr
oyMzili
kazi
’
str
ibe.Bot
hsidesexper
iencedheavylossesi
nthe
f
ight.Mzil
ikaziescapedwithabout300men,af ew womenandchi l
dren.Theyestabl
i
shed
t
heirstat
einWest ernZimbabwe[1840]
.

Mzi
l
ikazi
’
sJour
neyf
rom Nguni
l
andt
oWest
ernZi
mbabwe

 -Whent heNdebel eescapedf rom Tshakat heycr ossedt heDr ankensbur gMount ains
andset tledi nt heTr ansv aal areai n1823.
 -Theyr ai dedt hePedi andTswana.
 -Mzi li
kazi establ ishedhi scapi talEkhupumul eni [r
estingpl ace]nearOl iphantriver.
 -Thisar eawasnotsui tablef orgr azi ngandt heyal soexper iencedr aidsf rom thePedi ,
Rolong, Gr iquaandt heHur ut she.
 -In1825- 1826Mzi likaziwentont oset tlenearpr esentdayPr etor i
aandest ablished
hiscapi talatEmhl ahl andel a.I tisf rom her et hatMzi li
kazimetRober tMof fatoft he
LondonMi ssionar ySoci etyi n1829.
 -In1830t heKhumal ower eat t
ackedbyDi ngane’ sZul u,t heKor aandt heKhoi san
forces, theRol ongandt heGr iquaf orces.
 -Mzi li
kazi attackedt heKwena.
 -Mzi li
kazi abandonedEmhl ahl andel abecausei twast oocl oset oZul ul and.
 -In1832t heNdebel eset t
ledatEgabeni .
 -Theyl ef tEgabeni becauseofat t
acksf rom t heKor aandGr iqua.
 -Between1833and1837t heyset tl
edatMosega.
 -In1836t heNdebel ewer eagai nat tackedbyDi ngane’ sZul uwhi lehi sMzi l
ikazi ’
s
armywasawayi nSot hol and.
 -Inthesamey ear , Mzi l
ikazi wasat tackedbyt heBoer sofPor t
gieter.
 -In1837,acombi nedf orceoft heGr iqua,Kor a,Tlokwa,Rol ongandBoerwar riors
attackedt heKhumal o.
 -Mzi li
kazi metRober tMof fatwhoadv i
sedhi mt omov efur thernor t
h.
 -Mzi li
kazi feltinsecur eanddeci dedt oabandonMosegasoast opr otecthi speopl e.
 -Bef orecr ossi ngt heLi mpopo,Mzi li
kazispl ithi sgr oupi ntot wo,onewasl edby
GundwaneNdi weni Khal i
pi.
 -Thisgr oupconsi stedofol dpeopl e, Mzi likazi’
swi ves, women, childrenandl ivestock.
 -Nkul umane,t heel destsonofMzi l
ikaziwasal sopar toft hisgr oupaswel las
Lobengul a[ Mzi l
ikazi ’sson] .
 -Thegr oupt ookadi rectr out et owar dsZi mbabweandcr ossedt heLi mpopoRi ver
[1838] .
 -Theyf ol lowedt heUmzi ngwaneRi v erandset tlednotf arawayf rom Mat opohi l
ls.
 -Thesecondgr oupwhi chwasl edbyMzi li
kazihi msel fcr ossedLi mpopoRi veri nto
Bot swana.
 -Theyt rav ell
edt hr oughNgwat ot err i
tor y.
 -Theyt ur nednor thwar dst ot heZambezi inpur sui toftheKol ololedbySebet wane.
 -Theyf ailedt odef eatt heKol oloandt urnedsout hwar dsi nor dert omeett hemai n
group.
 -Mzi li
kazi hear doft hei nst al l
at i
onofNkul umaneaski ng.
 -Aftertwoy ear sofsepar at ion,Gundwane’ sgr oupt houghtMzi l
ikaziwoul dnotcome
backsohedeci dedt ochooseanot herki ng.Nkul umanewasmadeki ng.
 -Mzi li
kazi quicklyr ushedt oMat opohi lls.
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 -
Whenher ejoinedt hegr oupi n1840,her egardedt heactofi
nstal
l
ingNkulumaneas
tr
eason.
 -
Heki ll
edal lthoser esponsi bl
e.Hesummonedal lchi
efsandindunaswhower e
i
nvolved i
nt hei nstall
ation ofNkulumaneand execut ed t
hem atapl acecal led
Thabayezinduna.
 -
Nooneknowswhathappenedt oNkulumane.Somesayhewassecr et
lyexecut ed
whil
eother ssayhewasexi l
edtoNgunil
and.
 -
Mzili
kaziset tl
edatI nyati
, nearmodernBul away o.
 -
Hewentont osubdueandabsor bmember soft healr
eadycrumbl
ingRozvikingdom
whoof f
eredl essr esistance.
 -
Hewasabl etobui ldupt hemostpower fulkingdom nor t
hoftheLi
mpopoRi ver.
 -
Mzili
kazimar r
ied Ny amazana,a Ngonil eader who had broken away f rom
Zwangendaba.

Set
tl
ement sestabl
i
shedbyt
heNdebel
eSouthoft heLimpopoont
hei
rwayt
oWest
ern
Zi
mbabwe
-
Ekhupumul eni -Mhlahl
andel
a
-
Endinaneni -Egabeni
-
Enkunqwi ni -Mosega
-
Tshweny ane

Reasonsf
ort
heNdebel
eset
tl
ementi
nwest
ernZi
mbabwe

Pul
lfactor
s
-
Thear eawasf r
eefrom tsetsefl
ies.
-
Theinhabitant
soft heareawereweak.
-
Thear eahadgoodpast ures.
-
TheRozv icapi
talhadavailabl
einfrast
ruct
ure.
-
TheNdebel ewereexhaust edbypr evi
ouswars.

Pushf
actor
s
-
Theareawasfarawayf
rom t
radi
ti
onalenemi
es,
thati
s,t
heZul
u,Boer
s,Kor
aandGr
iqua.
-
Theywereadv
isedbyRober
tMoffat.

Gr
oupswhichcl
ashedwi
tht
heNdebel
edur
ingt
hei
rmi
grat
ionsout hoft
heLimpopo
 -Zul
u -Hurutshe
 -Sotho -Khoisan
 -Boers -Kora
 -Pedi -Tswana
 -Taung -Tl
okwa
 -Thl
apin -Rol
ong
 -Gri
qua -Kgabo
 -Kwena -
Ngwaket
se
 -Ndzundza

Et
hni
cgr
oupst
hatt
heNdebel
emeti
nWest
ernZi
mbabwe

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 -
Shona[Rozv
i] -
Kal
anga
 -
Leya -
Tonga
 -
Venda -
Nanzwa
 -
Hlengwe

QN:
Towhatext
entwast
hemi
grat
ionoft
heNdebel
ecausedbyMf
ecane

Cont
ribut
ionofMfecane
-
Mzil
ikazil
eftZul
ulandduri
ngMf ecane.
-
HeleftZulul
andafterhewasdefeatedbyTshaka.
-
Heabandonedset tl
ementsnearZululand.
-
Hewasf orcedtocrossLimpopoRi verduetoat
tacksf
rom Boer
sandot
hergr
oups.

Ot
herf
actor
swhi chcausedthemi grat
ionoftheNdebel
efr
om Nguni
l
and
 -Mzil
ikazi
’sgreedi
ness
 -Mzil
ikazi
’sdesir
etof or
m hisownstate
 -Weaknessesoft heRozv i
 -Moffat’
sadvise
 -Fert
il
esoils
 -Avai
labil
i
tyofpastures
 -Avai
labil
i
tyofgold
 -WesternZimbabwewasf reefr
om tsetsef
li
es

Pr
oblemsf acedbyt heNdebel edur i
ngthei
rmigrat
ionfr
om Ngunilandt oWest ernZimbabwe
 -Lackofgr azingareas -
Lackoff ood
 -Droughts -
Lossofl ivestockl
ikecat t
le
 -Lossofl i
vesasmanywer eki
ll
edduri
ngwar s -
Ndebel e homes wer e
bur nt
 -Successiondi sput
es -
Diseasesl i
kemal aria
 -Tset sef
lyproblem -
Attacksf r
om wi l
dani mals
 -Disrupti
onoft radeandf armingacti
vi
ti
es -
Constantat tacks
 -Lossofwoment oot hergr oups -
Crossingfloodedr i
ver
s
 -Fatigueduet owalkingl ongdi st
ances -
CrossingMount ai
ns
 -Mixingofpeopl eofdi f
fer entcul
tur
es -
Fami l
ysepar at
ion
 -Languagebar r
ier -
Constantf earofat t
acks
 -War swiththePedi ,
Zul u, Gri
qua,Rol
ong,Boersandt
hel i
ke

QN:Towhatextentdi
dwar
swi
thot
hergr
oupsuni
tet
heNdebel
e?
Uni
tyasaresul
tofwar

 -
Mzil
ikazi createdaf ormidabledefence
 -
Theypr otectedt hei
rpeople
 -
Hecr eatedast r
ongr aidi
ngarmy
 -
Theyhadf earofat t
acksf rom theZulu
 -
Theyest ablishedast rongnation

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Uni
tycausedbyot herfactor
s
 - Reli
gionunifiedpeople
 - FearofMzi l
ikaziuni
fi
edpeople
 - Speakingonel anguageunif
iedpeopl
e
 - AbleleadershipofMzili
kazi
unif
iedpeopl
e
 - Ager egi
ment s-
 - Trade
 - Maf i
sasystem unifi
edpeople

WhyMzi
l
ikazi
abandonedv
ari
ousset
tl
ement
ssout
hoft
heLi
mpopo

 -Fail
uret opayboot ytoTshakaanddef eatbyTshakal edMzi l
ikazitofl
eeZulul
and.
 -Ekhupumul eniwast oocl oset oZulul
andandatt hispl acet herewerethreat
sfrom
thePedi .
 -Ekhupumul eniwasal someantt obear estingpl
ace.
 -Ekhupumul enil
ackedenoughpast uresespeci al
lyduringt hedr oughtof1823.
 -TheyabandonedEndi nanenibecausei twasst il
ltoocl oset oZululand.
 -Zuluwar ri
orsattackedt heNdebel ein1830.
 -OtherNdebel eenemi esi ncl
udedt heKor a,Gri
quaandRol ongwhohadgunsand
horses.
 -Theyl ef tEmhlahlandel abecauset heywer eatt
ackedt heZul uunderDingane,the
Griqua, Kwena, Khoisan, Boersandt heRol ong.
 -Theylef tMosegabecauset heywer eat t
ackedbyt heGr i
quaandKor aaswellasby
theBoer sunderPor tgieterin1837.
 -Fi
nallyt heywer eattackedbyt heBoers, Gri
qua,Tlokwa, Kor aandRol ong.
 -Mzili
kazi wasforcedt ocrosst heLimpopoi ntoZimbabwe.

Towhatext
entdi
dtheseset
tl
ement
scont
ri
but
etot
hebui
l
dingoft
heNdebel
enat
ion?

I
mpor
tanceofsett
lement si
nt hebui l
dingoftheNdebel enat
ion
 -Mzili
kaziMzil
ikazidefeat edlocali
nhabitantsli
ketheHur ut
she,Kwena,Sot
hoand
Ndzundzaandabsor bedt hem toswellupthenumber sofhisgroup.
 -TheKhumal ower egivent henameNdebel ebyt heSotho-
Tswana.
 -Raidsonneighboursy i
eldedcat t
leandgrainforNdebeleeconomy .
 -Healsoraidedforboy sofmi l
itar
yagef orhisregi
ments.

Ot
herf
actorsimportantinthebuildi
ngoft heNdebelenati
on
 - Mzil
ikazi
’swisdom andmi li
tarygenius
 - Weaknessesofgr oupsencount ered
 - Conti
nuousmov ementtogetherledt ouni
ty
 - Adoptionofr el
igi
ouspr acti
cesofconquer edpeopl
eli
keMl
i
mocul
tencour
aged
unit
yandhar monywi thabsor bedgroups.

QN:DidtheNdebel
eset
tl
ementi
nWest
ernZi
mbabwebr
ingsecur
it
ytot
heNdebel
est
ate?
Secur
it
y

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 -Theysettl
edintheRozvicountrywheret her
ewasl i
tt
leresi
stance.
 -Mzil
ikazimarried Nyamazana,a Ngonil eaderwho had ki ll
ed t
he Rozviking,
Chiri
samhur uI
I.
 -Theareawasr i
chinresources.
 -Theneighbouri
ngTsanawer eweak.
 -Theareawasf arawayfrom Boers, Gr
iquasandtheZulu.
 -Theareawasf reefr
om tsetsefl
ies.
 -Thecl i
mateasgoodandt hear eahadgoodf ert
il
esoilswhi chproducedgood
pastures.

I
nsecur
ity
 -TheRozv iresi
stedt heNdebel eintr
usion,thoughtheresist
ancewasnotst
if
fand
somemov edaway .
 -I
ndependentShonachi efdomstot heEastresist
edNdebelerai
ds.
 -Theareawasdr oughtpr one.
 -Trader
s,hunter
s, explorersandconcessionseekersi
nfi
l
tratedthear
ea.
 -BSAPinfi
ltr
atedtheZi mbabwepl ateau.

Measur
est
akenbyt
heMzi
l
ikazi
toest
abl
i
shhi
srul
einWest
ernZi
mbabwe

 -Hedeal twitht her ebel l

ionof1840t o1842,ki ll
ingGundwaneNdi weniandot her
i
ndunaswhohadi nstalledNkul umaneaski ng.
 -HeforcedNkul umanei ntoex i
le
 -Hemar ri
edNy amazanawhom het houghtt obeat hreat
 -Ast heNdebeleneededpeaceandr est,Mzi l
ikaziincor porat
edShonachi efswho
acceptedNdebel er uleasv assal chi
efs.
 -Heent r
ustedvassal chiefsthet askofcol lecti
ngt ri
buteonhi sbehalf.
 -Mzil
ikazii
nturnl oanedcat tl
et ov assalchiefstobuyt heirall
egiance.
 -Mzil
ikaziconscriptedy oungmenandwomenf r
om theShonav assalchiefdomsinto
hisregimentstodenyt hechi efsanoppor t
uni t
ytobui ldtheirarmi es.
 -Atthesamet imeShonachi efswhor esistedhisr ulewer eraidedf orcatt
le,gr
ain,
boysandboy s.
 -Ndebeleinfl
uenceext endedasf arasGwandaandGwer uRi ver
s.

Measur
estakenbyMzi li
kazi toconsoli
datehi srul
einWester
nZimbabwe
 - Mzil
ikazi
wasadi ctator[
absoluteruler]
.
 - Hewast hechiefjudge.
 - Heagainwast hecommanderi nchiefofthearmy.
 - Heappointedallstateoffi
cial
s.
 - Ndebelehomesteadswer ebuiltcl
oset ooneanotherasasecur
it
ymeasur
eandt
he
fur
thestwasnotmor ethan80km from theking’
scapi
tal
.

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 -
Mzili
kazialsopaidr egul
arvi
sit
st othepr ovincestoascert
ainprobl
emsthere.
 -
The state was or gani
sed along mi l
i
t ar
yl ines,with mil
it
arytowns scatt
ered
t
hroughoutt hestate.
 -
Heal sostat i
onedf emal
emember soft heroyalf ami
lyi
nev er
ymi l
i
tar
ytownashi s
i
nfor
mer s.
 -
Someoft hesewomenwer ehiswi ves.
 -
Allr
egiment swer erequi
redtoat t
endt heannual i
nxwal
aceremonyforuni
ty.
 -
AlsoNdebel ewasmadet heoffici
allanguage.

Economi
cOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heNdebel
e

 -
Theyr ear edanimal slikecat t
le,sheepandgoat s.
 -
Theygr ewcr opsl ikebul r
ushmi ll
et,fingermi l
let
,pear lmill
et,maize,pumpkinsand
watermel ons.
 -
Theyhunt edani mal sformeat ,i
voryandpr eciousski ns.
 -
Theyr aidedt heShona, TswanaandKol olof orcatt
le,grai
nandwomen.
 -
Theygat heredf r
uits,vegetabl esandmushr oom.
 -
Theycaughtf i
sht osuppl ementt heirdi et.
 -
Theydi di nternaland ext ernalt r
ade.I nternall
yt heyt r
aded among t hemselves.
External
lyt heyt radedwi t
ht hePor tugueseandl aterwi t
ht heBr i
tish.Theymi ned
mineralslikegol dfort r
ade,ironandcopperf ormaki ngtools.
 -
Allsubject spaidt ributetot hekingi nf or m ofgrain,cattl
e,goats,sheep,skins,i
ron
toolsandgol d.
 -
Theydi dar tandcr af t
,thatis,
a]Pottery
b]Weav ing
c]Basket r
y
d]Blacksmi t
hing
e]Woodcar vi
ng
f]St
onecar ving
g]Leatherwor k
h]Jewel l
er ymaki ng
i
]Drum maki ng

I
mpor
tanceofNdebel
eeconomi
csy
stem t
othesur
viv
aloft
hest
ate

-
Blacksmithssmeltedironandf orgedi ront
ool
sandweapons.
-
Fishingsupplementedtheirdiet
.
-
Raidingbroughtwealthandmanpower .
-
Raidingwasi mportantbecauset hear eawasdry
.
-
Tributeensuredloyalt
yofchi efst othekingandensur
edthatt
hechi
efswoul
dnotbet
oo
r
ich,powerfulandambi t
ious.
-
Cropculti
v ati
onwasasour ceoff ood.
-
Cat t
lewereasy mbol ofstatus[
weal th].
-
Tradewi t
ht heShona.

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Otheract i
vit
iesi mportanttothesur v
ivaloft
hest
ate
-
Maf isasy st
em uni fi
edpeopl e.
-
Religionwasauni f
yingfactor.
-
Ast rongar myl edt
ot hesurviv
al ofthestat
e.
-
Strongl eader shipl
edt oit
ssur v
ival.
-
Thecast esy stem
-
Mi l
itarytact
ics

I
temst heNdebel
erecei
vedast
ri
but
e
-
Cattl
e -
Goats
-
Sheep -
Grain
-
Gold -
Skins
-
Irontool
s -
Guns
-
Cloth

Soci
alOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heNdebel
e

 -
TheNdebel esoci etywasdi vi
dedi nt o3cast es[classes],theZansi ,
EnhlaandHole.
 -
Zansi wast hehi ghestcl assoft heor i
ginalKhumal of r
om Nguni l
and.
-
Zansi wasabout15%oft hetotal population.
 -
Enhlaconsi stedoft heSot ho,Tswana,PediandGr iquacapt ur
edont hewayf r
om
Ngunil
and.
-
Thiswast hesecondcl ass.
-
Enhlaconsi st edofabout25%oft het otalpopulation.
 -
TheHol ewast hel owercl ass.
-
TheHol econsi stedoft heSan, Kal angaandt heShonacapt ur
edi nZimbabwe.
-
Theywer eabout60%oft hetotal population.
 -
Marriageacr osscast eswasdi scour aged.Howev erintermar r
iagetookplace.
 -
Theywer epol ygamous.
 -
Cattl
ewer eusedt opayl obola.
 -
Thesoci etywaspat rili
neal.
 -
Theypr actisedl oani ngofcat tl
e[ Maf isasy st
em] .
 -
Ndebel ewasmadet heof fi
ciallanguage.
 -
Owner shipofcat tlewasast at
ussy mbol .
 -
Womenpi ercedt hei rear s.
 -
TheNdebel ebel iev edi nt heHighGod[ Unkulunkulu] .
 -
Theyal sobegant owor shiptheSot hoGod, Mli
moandt heirancestorsAmadhlozi
.
 -
Theyadopt edt heShonaMhondor or ainmaki ngcer emoni es.
 -
Theypr actisedt hei nxwal aceremony[ fi
rstfrui
tcer emony ].
 -
TheNdebel er espect edt hemedi umsoft hegr eatShonaspi ri
ts.
 -
Theybel ievedi nancest ralspir
its.

Cont
ri
but
ionofNdebel
erel
i
giouspr
act
icest
otheuni
tyoft
hest
ate

 -
Thecommonbeli
efi
nMl i
mobr oughttheNdebel
eandt
heSot
hot
oget
her
.
 -
Thecommonbeli
efi
nGoduni fi
edpeople.
 -
Inxwal
acer
emoni
esbroughtpeopletoget
her
.
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 -Theadopt i
onoft heShonaMhondororainmakingceremoni
esuni
tedt
heNdebel
e
andt heShona.
 -TheNdebel eandt heShonaworkedtogetherasar esul
tofcommonbel
i
efsand
respectfort
hegreatShonaspi
ri
ts.
 -UseofNdebelelanguageuni
fi
edpeopl
e.

Ot
herf
act
orswhichcontr
ibutedt
ouni t
yinthest
ate
 -Ageregi
mentsunifi
edpeople.
 -Di
str
ibut
ionoftr
ibuteandrai
deditems[boot
y]byt
heki
nguni
fi
edpeopl
e.
 -Abl
eleader
shipunif
iedpeople.

Pol
i
tical
organi
sat
ionoft
heNdebel
e

 -Theki ngwast heheadofst ate.

 -Kingshipwasher edit
ar y.
 -Theki ngwast hecommanderi nchiefoft hearmy.
 -Hecr eatedageregiment s.
 -Theki ngwast hereli
giousl eader .
 -Theki ngruledwiththeassi stanceoft woadv i
sor
ycounci l
s,Umphakat iandIzikhulu.
Umphakat iwasmadeupofsel ectedchi efsandmember sofroyalfamily
.Theymade
allimportantdecisi
ons.TheI zikhuluwer eallotherchief sinthestateincl
udingel ders
whower eneededf orthei rwi sdom i ntraditi
onalissues.I zi
khul
udi scussednat ional
i
ssuesandaf t
erthediscussi ont heyreferredthem tot heUmphakat i andtheking.
 -Thest atewasmor ecent ral
ised.
 -Theki ngwasanabsol ut eruler.
 -Theki ngmadeal lmaj ordeci sions.
 -Theki nghadpowerofl ifeanddeat hov ersubject
s.
 -Thest atewasor gani
sedi ntor egiment altownsunderI zi
ndunas[ t
errit
ori
alchi
ef s].
 -Conquer edpeoplewer eencour agedt ospeakNdebel e.
 -Theyr ai
dedt heShona, Tswanaandt heKol olo.
 -Theki ngwast hejudicial l
eader .
 -Theki ngwast hechiefdi stri
but erofland.
 -Theki ngwast hechiefj udge.

Mi
l
itar
yOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heNdebel
e

 -
Thekingwast hecommanderi nchi
efoft hearmy.
 -
Thekingrai
sedt heAmabut ho
 -
Ther
ewer eager egiment s.
 -
Thestatewasor gani sedi ntoregimentaltowns.
 -
Eachregimentaltownwasunderani nduna.
 -
Regi
ment alt
ownsj oinedt of orm pr
ov i
ncesunderaseni
orinduna.
 -
Capti
veswer eincludedint hear my.
 -
Warri
orscouldmar ryafterbei ngsuccessfuli
nbattl
e.
 -
Womenwer edraftedi nt
ot hearmyaspr ost
it
utesandcooksandfori
ntel
l
igence.

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 -
Warri
orswereprovidedwithwi v
esfrom capti
ves.
 -
Amabuthocouldalsomar rywomenf r
om disbandedr
egi
ments.
 -
Ther
ewer ereser
vet r
oops.
 -
TheNdebeleembar kedonsur pri
seattacks.
 -
Thearmywasusedf orr
aiding.
 -
Thearmyhadawarcr y.
 -
TheNdebelearmywaruni forms.
 -
Mzil
i
kazimadeuseofspi essoast ocatchtheenemiesbysur
pri
se.

Dutiesori mportanceoft hear myint

heNdebel
estate
-
Itcollectedtri
bute -I
tdefendedt hest ate
-
Itraidedneighbour sf orwealth -Itpr
ot ectedthepeopl e
-
Theki ngwast hemi l
it
arycommander -Itpr
ot ectedpr oper
ty
-
Ither dedcattl
edur ingtimeofpeace -Thearmywor kedi ntheking’sfi
elds
-
Theyhel pedduringhar vests -Thearmyhunt edelephants
-
Thear mycoul dpuni shoffenders -Thearmypr ot ectedtraderoutes
-
Thear mypr ot
ect edtheking -Thesoldier
swer emi ners
-
Tosuppr essinternal r
evolt
s

QN:
WhyMzi
l
ikazi
wasabl
etol
eadt
heNdebel
eforsol
ong

 -Mzili
kazihadsuper iormi li
taryt act i
cst hant hoseofmostofhi sopponent s.
 -Mili
taryl
eader shi pofMzi li
kazi al socont ri
buted.
 -Astrongmi l
it
ar ysetupt hatemphasi sedl oyaltyt oMzi l
ikazi.
 -Defeatedgr oupswer eincor porat edi nt ot heNdebel esoci et
y .
 -Mzili
kaziwasanabsol uter ulerwhonev ertoleratedanynonsensei nhisst at
e.
 -Mostoft hepeopl etrustedMzi likazi ast hei
rleader .
 -Shonachi efdomshadbeenweakenedbyNguni i
ncur si
ons.
 -Thelongt rekf orgeduni t
yi nt hest ate.
 -Mzili
kazihadmi gr atedt obey ondhi smai nenemi esinSout hAf ri
ca.
 -Mzili
kazi’
sst rongl eader shipal soensur edhi slongst ayi npower .
 -Mzili
kazipr event edr ebel l
i
onsf rom Shonachi ef sbyi ncor porat
ingy oungmenand
womeni ntor egi ment ssoast opr ev entt heShonachi efsfrom formingt hei
rown
armies.
 -Heloanedcat tl
et oShonav assal chief ssoast owi ntheirsupport.
 -Paymentoft r
ibut eensur edl oyal t
yofv assal chiefs.
 -Organisi
ngt hest atealongmi li
tar yli
neswasmeantt odeal wi t
hexternalaggressi
on.
 -Hewaswel linf ormedofwhathappenedi npr ovincesbyf emalemember softhe
royalfamilywhoi ncl udedhi swi ves.
 -Mzili
kazihadsuper iorweapons
 -Mzili
kaziwas t rusted bypeopl e he had l ed f ormanyy ears and experi
enced
problemst oget her
 -Threatsfrom ext er nalenemi eskeptt hem t oget her

Ther
easonsf
ort
hedecl
i
neoft
heNdebel
est
ate

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 -Fai
luretoinst
all
thekingafterthedeathofLobengul ain1894
 -Fai
lurebytheNdebeletodef eatthesettl
ersin1893.
 -Useofsuper i
orweaponsbyt hewhi t
es
 -I
ntroducti
onofsuppressivelawsbyt hesettl
erswhichunder minedtheauthor
it
yof
thechiefs.
 -Bri
beryoftheNdebeleindunaswhoat tendedtheMat opoIndaba.
 -Lobengulamadeagr avemi stakeinhi
sl if
ebyacceptingtodeal wi
thwhit
es.
 -Between1870and1891Lobengul asi gnedseveraltreat
iesandconcessi
onswhich
eventuall
yledtothedecli
neoft hestate.

THEGAZASTATE
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Or
igi
ns

TheGazast atewasapr oductofMf ecane.Thef ounderoft hisst at

ewasSoshangane.The
Gaza- Ngunimi gratedf rom Nguni landi near l
y1820s.TheGazapeopl ewer epartoft he
Ndwandwepeopl e.WhenZwi dewasdef eatedbyTshakai n1819, someofhi sgener al
sfled
nor thwardsandt hesewer eSoshangane,ZwangendabaandNxaba.ThusSoshanganehad
fl
edf rom Tshaka.Hef l
edf rom Tshakawi t
habout100f oll
ower s.HeestablishedtheGaza
stat ei n Sout hern Mozambi que and Sout h-East
ern Zi mbabwe.Dur i
ng Soshangane’ s
mi grationnorthwar ds,theNgoni absorbedt heSwazi.Af t
erset t
linginSouthernMozambi que,
Soshanganecamei nt ocontactwi ththeNdauandot herShonaspeaki ngpeopl eswhom they
def eatedandt ookast heirsubjectsandpai dtr
ibutetoSoshangane.Heest ablishedtheGaza
stat ebet ween1825and1845.Soshanganef irstestabl
ishedhi scapit
alatChai mitii
nt he
Highl andsoft heMi ddleoft heSav er egion.Thecapi t
alwassomet imescalledMoy amuhl e,
meani ngcoolbr eezes.Fr om hi scapi tal,Chaimiti
,hedi spat chedsol di
erst oi
nvadet he
Many ika,theNdau,t heChopiandot herpeoplesofwhati snowMozambi que.Soshangane
namedhi sstateafterhisgr andfather,Gaza.Ndwandwewast hesonofGaza.

Groupsofpeoplewhi
chclashedwi
thSoshanganedur
ingt hei
rmi
grat
ionandset
tl
ementi
n
Mozambique
 -Pedi -
Swazi
 -Zul
u -
Tsonga
 -Ndau -
Many ika
 -Msene-Ngoni -
Portuguese
 -Chopi -
Rozv i
 -Jer
e-Ngoni
-
Bri
ti
sh
Expansi
onoftheGazast
ate

The expansion oft he Gaza st ate was pr i

mar i
lybased on mi l
it
aryconquest.In 1442
Soshanganedef eatedt heSof alaPortuguesePr azerosandforcedthem t
opaytri
butetohim.
I
n1444Soshanganeov err
ant heGor ongossaar eaandbr oughtthewholeareast r
etchi
ng
fr
om Senat otheZambezidel taareaunderhi scont rol
.By1449,28outof46Por t
uguese
Prazerospaidt r
ibutet oSoshangane.Heal sof oughtagainsttheMany i
kaandManungwe
peopleanddef eatedt hem.Thi sbroughtt hewhol eareabetweenMaput oandtheZambezi
Riverunderhiscont rol
.Byt he1840sSoshanganewaski ngbet ween500000t o1000000
people.Soshanganewast hel eaderoft heGazast ateupto1858whenhedi edandhi sson
Mawewet ookov erleadership.

Rul
ersoftheGazastat
e
 - Soshangane -
Mzi
l
a
 - Mawewe
 - Ngungunyana

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Pol
i
tical
organi
sat
ionoft
heGaza

 -
Theki ngwast heheadofst ate.
 -
Kingshipwasher editary.
 -
Theki ngwascal ledI nkosi .
 -
Theki ngruledwi t
ht heai dofcounci l
lors.
 -
Thest atewasdi videdi ntodi stri
ct sunderr esidentindunas.
 -
Theki ngwasr el atedt oindunast hr oughmar ri
age.
 -
Indunascol l
ectedt ri
but efrom t hedi stri
cts.
 -
Indunasr eport
eddi rectlytoSoshangane.
 -
Allboy sofmi l
itaryagewer edr af tedi ntoager egiment s.
 -
Def eat
edchi ef
sbecamev assal chi ef sandpai dt r
ibutetotheki
ng.
 -
Theki ngusedt hear myt or ulethest ate.
 -
Theki ngheldint rustfort hest at e,capt i
vescapt ured[booty]
.
 -
Theki ngwast hej udicial l
eader .
 -
Theki nghadf inal sayi nal lmat ter sconcer ningthest ate.
 -
Prisonersofwarwer ebr oughtt ot heki ng.
 -
Theki ngwast her eli
giousl eader .
 -
Theki ngwast hechi efdi stributerofl and.
 -
Theki ngwast hecommanderi nchi efoft hear my.
 -
Theki ngcont r
ol l
edl ongdi stancet rade.

QN:Towhatext entdi
dSoshangane’
spoli
ti
cal
syst
em uni
tet
hev
ari
ousgr
oupsi
nhi
sst
ate?
-
Marriageal
li
ancesunifi
edpeopl
e
-
System ofcentr
ali
sat
ionuni
fi
edpeople
-
Paymentoft r
ibute
-
Roleofthearmy

Otherf
act
ors
-
Tradewit
hinthestat
eunif
iedpeople
-
Ngunicust
omsadopt edbysubjectpeopl
e
-
Commonr eli
gion

Economi
cOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heGazast
ate
 -Theyhunt edanimal sf ormeat ,
skinsandi v
ory .
 -Theyraidedt helocal Chopi andTsongaf orcattl
eandgr ai
n.
 -Theytradeddi dbothi nternal andext er
naltr
ade.
 -All
subjectspai dtri
but etotheki ng.
 -Theygrewcr opsli
kesor ghum, mill
etandmai ze.
 -Theydidbl acksmithing.
 -Theydidpot tery
.
 -Theydidbasket ry.
 -Thosewhol i
vednearr i
v er
s,damsandl akespr act
isedfi
shi
ngt
osuppl
ementt
hei
r
diet
.
 -Theyrearedani malsf ormeat ,mi l
kandskins.
 -Theymi nedmi neralslikegol d,ironandcopper .

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 -
Theygat
her
edwi
l
dfr
uit
sandv
eget
abl
es.
Soci
alOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heGaza

 -Thesocietyoft heGazast atewasdi vi

dedinto3cl asseswhichar etheGaza- Nguni
,
BaTshanganeandBaThonga.
 -TheGaza- Nguni [
BaNgoni ]wer et heor i
ginal
Nguni speakingpeople.
 -Theywer et her ulingcl ass.
 -BaTshanganewer et heabsor bed/assi mil
atedpeopl ewhoadopt edNgunicul t
ure
and language.BaTshangane r ecr uit
swer e div
ided int
or egimentswi th BaNgoni
offi
cers.
 -Theywer et hemi ddl ecl ass.
 -Theywer et reatedasl essi mpor tantpeopl e.
 -Theywer edi scr i
mi nat edagai nst .
 -Theywer eputi nt hef rontl i
nei nbat tle.
 -Theyidentifiedt hemsel vesbywear i
ngwaxheadr i
ngsandbyhav i
ngpiercedears.
 -Theywer er ewar dedwi thwi vesf orser vi
ce.
 -BaThonga wer et he l owestcl ass and wer e also known as Amabuy andl
ela
[Pathfi
nders].
 -Theyconsi stedofl ocal Ndau, Chopi andMany i
ka.
 -Theywer et hosepeopl ewhodi dnotadoptNguni cultur
eandl anguage.
 -Theywer enotal lowedt ojoint her egulararmy.
 -Theyfil
edt hei rteeth.
 -Thepeopl eofGazast atepr actisedl oani ngofcattl
e.
 -Soldi
erswer enotal lowedt omar ryunt i
ltheageof40.
 -Therewasdi visionofl abour .
 -Thesocietywaspat rili
neal .
 -Theypractisedpol ygamy .
 -Theypractisedl oani ngofcat tle.
 -Theypaidl obol ainf orm ofcat tl
e.
 -All
peoplewer eencour agedt ospeakShangane.
 -Womenwor ebeads.
 -They per for med i ni t
iation cer emoni es as wel l as cer emonial dances like
Muchongoy o.
 -Theybrewedbeer
 -Theyheldr ainmaki ngcer emoni es.
 -Cattl
ewer easy mbol ofweal th.
 -Theybelievedi nGod.
 -Theybelievedi nspi ritmedi ums.
 -Theyalsobel i
ev edi nancest ral spi ri
ts
 Theybel i
evedi nl i
feaf t
erdeat h.

Soci
alcl
assesoft
heGazast
ate

 -
Gaza-
Nguni
[BaNgoni
]

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 -
BaTshangane
 -
BaThonga[Amabuy
andl
ela]

Cont r
ibut
ionofsocialorganisati
ontotheachievementofuni
tyi
ntheGazast
ate
-Ager egi
mentsunifiedpeopl eofthesameage.
-Speakingonelanguage[ Shangane]unif
iedpeople.
-Thecommonbel i
efinGodbr oughtpeoplet
ogether.
-Rainmakingceremoniesuni fi
edpeople.
-Loaningofcatt
leunifi
edpeopl e.
-Int
ermarri
ageunifi
edpeopl e.

Otherfact
orswhichl
edt oachi
evementofuni
tyi
nthest
ate
-
Ast r
ongeconomyuni f
iedpeople.
-
Ast r
ongar my
-
Ableleadershi
p

Reasonsf
ort
hedecl
i
neoft
heGazast
ate
I
nter
nalreasons
 -Soshangane’ ssuccessorswereweakandunchar ismat
ic.
 -Successiondi sput
es,forexample,betweenSoshangane’ssonsMaweweandMzil
a.
 -Civi
lwar sal socontri
buted.Forinstance,therewasaf ouryearci
vi
lwaraf
tert
he
deathofSoshanganebet weenMzilaandMawewe.
 -I
nternalrebelli
onsduri
ngNgunguny ana’
sr ei
gn.
 -Breakingawayoft heThongaweakenedt hestat
e.
 -Naturaldisastersl
ikedroughtandfloods.
 -Mawewe’ sr ulewasunpopul ar
.

Ext
ernalr
easonsfort
hedecli
ne
 -Lossofcontr
oloft
rade
 -Pressuref
rom t
heBri
ti
shandPor t
ugueseduri
ngt
hecol
oni
alper
iod.
 -I
nfluenceoft
heSwazibackingMawewe
 -I
nterfer
encefr
om t
hePortuguesei
npolit
ics

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MI
SSI
ONARYACTI
VITI
ESI
NZI
MBABWEFROM 1850TO1900

Ai
msofMissionar iesinZi mbabwe
 -Tocivili
seAf ri
cans
 -Tospr eadChr isti
ani ty
 -Toeducat eAf ricans.
 -Tointroducemedi caltechnology
 -To replacebar bar icAf ri
can customs,forinstance,t
heki l
l
ing oft
wins,r
aidi
ng,
polygamy , witchcr aftandev ennamesofpeople
 -Toendsl av etrade
 -Topromot el egiti
mat etrade
 -Todev elopani ndi genousmi ddl
eclasstomaintainchur
chstaff
.
 -Toconv er theat hens
 -Tointroducenewagr i
culturalmethods
 -Tointroducenewcr ops
 -Totreatt hesi ckpeopl eandt oinoculat
ecatt
le
 -ToendAf ricanv i
cesl ikehumansacr ifi
ces
 -Toopenupmi ssi onst ati
onsandschool saswellashealt
hcentres
 -Tointroducenewski l
lssuchascar pentr
yandneedlewor k
 -Theneedf orl andf orsettl
ement
 -Theneedt oendci vilwars

Earl
ymi
ssi
onar
ysoci
eti
es/or
gani
sat
ionswhi
chwor
kedi
nZi
mbabwebet
ween1850and
1900

Missi
onarySoci ety MissionStati
ons Mi ssi
onar
ies
-
LondonMi ssi
onarySociety[
LMS] Inyati/HopeFountain RMof f
at/JMoff
at
-
DutchRef ormedChur ch Mor genster MichaelBuys
-
AnglicanChur ch StAugust i
ne KnightBruce
-
RomanCat holicChurch Empandeni /
Mashay amombe Bathol
omewKroot
-
Berli
nMi ssionarySociet
y Mat i
bi/
ThornHil
l Madzima/Samuel

Mi
ssi
onSt
ati
onsest
abl
i
shedi
nZi
mbabwe1850and1900

 -
HopeFount
ain -
Mashay
amombe
 -
Mati
bi -
Iny
at i
 -
Tor
nHill -
MtSelinda
 -
Empandeni -
Chivi

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 - Mudav anhu -
Chingoma
 - Nyamhondo -
Chili
manzi
 - Dzike -
Mat obo
 - Chishawasha -
Howar d
 - Hartzel -StDominics
 - OldMut are -
Mugabe
 - Zi
mut o -
Gokomer e
 - Mposi -
Mzila
 - Pedamat enka -StAugusti
ne
Missi
onst ationsinZi
mbabwewher
eAfri
canEv angel
istsoperat
edi
nthe19thcent
ury
-
Mat i
bi -Mposi
-
Mudav anhu -Chi
ngoma
-
Ny amhondo -Zi
muto
-
Mugabe -Chi
li
manzi /Chirumhanzu
-
Dzike

Namesofmi ssionar
ieswhowor
kedi
nZimbabwebet ween1850and1900
-
Rober tMof
fat -
JohnSmi thMoffat
-
CharlesHelm -
BernardMuzeki
-
FrancoisCoi
llar
d -Will
iam Sykes
-
ThomasMor ganThomas -
FatherBatholomewKroot
-
FatherRobertLaws -KnightBruce
-
DavidCarnegie -Sehahabane
-
Madzi ma -Prestage
-
Samuel -Schell
nus
-
Knoth -Will
iam Buys
-
Thomson -Makgat ho

Missi
onari
esoft heLondonmi
ssi
onar
ysociet
ies
-
RobertMof f
at -JohnSmi t
hMoff
at
-
Wi l
l
iam Sykes -Charl
esHelm
-
Dav i
dCarnegie -ThomasMor
ganThomas
-
Thomson

Missi
onarieswhooper
atedi
nMat
abel
elandfrom 1850t o1900
-
RobertLaw -Charl
esHel m
-
ThomasSy kes -
Wi l
li
am Sykes
-
BatholomewKr oot -ThomasMor ganThomas
-
FatherPrestage -Davi
dCar negie
-
Hartman -RobertMoffat
-Thomson

Mi
ssi
onar
ywor
koract
ivi
ti
esi
nZi
mbabwebet
ween1850and1900

-
Theyestabl
i
shedmi ssi
onstati
onssuchasI nyat
iandHopeFount
ain.
-
Theygrewtheirowncropsforfoodonlandgivenbytheking.
-
Theyencouragedtr
adebetweent heAf
ricansandwhites.
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-
Theybuiltmi ssi onst at ions.
-
Theyest ablishedschool s.
-
Theyest ablishedcl i
nicsandhospi tals.
-
Theyest ablishedchur ches.
-
Theyconv ertedAf ricansi ntoChr i
stianity.
-
Theyact edasagent sofi mperiali
sm.
-
Theyper formedt echni cal worksuchascar pentr
y.
-
Theyprintedbooksi nv er nacularl
anguage.
-
Theydiscour agedandunder minedAf r
icanTr adi
ti
onalRel
igi
on.
-
Theytreat edt hesi ckandi noculat
edcat tl
e.
-
Theytaughtnewski llssuchasbui lding,met alworkandcarpent
ry.
-
Theyact edasmedi ator sbet weenAf ri
cansandEur opeans.
-
Theyact edasi nterpret er s.
-
Theywr otedi plomat i
cl etter
sf ortheki ng.
-
TheytaughtAf ricanst or eadandwr i
te.
-
Theyrepai redgunsf ort heki ng.
-
Theyest ablishedf riendl yr el
ationswi thAf r
icans.
-
Theymader oads.
-
Theyaccommodat edcol onisers.
-
Theysignedt r eaties.

Ski
l
lstaughtbyear
lymissi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe
-
Carpentry/Woodwor
k -Buil
ding
-
Farming -
Repairi
ngguns
-
Repairi
ngwagons -
Hunting
-
Reading -
Writ
ing
-
Cattl
einocul
ati
on -
Metal work
-
Cooking -
Legi
timat etr
ade
-
Sewing

Wor
kofCat hol i
cMi ssionar i
esinZi mbabweupt o1906
 -Theyest ablishedmi ssi
onst ati
ons.
 -I
n1879, thepi oneerRomanCat holicmi ssionary,FatherRober tLawtri
edtoestabli
sh
ast ationatchi efMzi la’
spl aceont hebor derbet weenZi mbabweandMozambi que.
 -I
n1882, Bat holomewKr ootl edat eam ofJesui tmi ssi
onari
esi ntoMatabelel
and.
 -Jesui t
sl edbyBat holomewKr ootopenedast ati
onatEmpandeniandanot hernear
Bulaway o.
 -I
n1892Chi shawashast ationwasopenednearSal isbury.
 -Depel chi nl edJesui tstot heZambeziv al
leyandsetupast ati
onPandamat enka.He
buil
tt he ‘ Residence oft he Hol y Cr oss’.Mi ssionaries atPandamat enka faced
probl emsofdeat hsbecauset hear eawasunheal t
hy .
 -TheCat holicmi ssionariesi noculatedcat tl
e.
 -TheCat holicmi ssionar i
esr educedAf ri
canl anguaget owrittenform[I
siNdebeleand
Shona] .Theypr i
nt edI si
Ndebel ebooksf orchi l
drent oread.
 -Theybui l
tnumer ouschur chesandmanyconv ertswer emadeaf t
ercol
onisati
on.
 -Theyt r ansl atededucat ional andr eli
giousbooks.
 -Cathol icmi ssionar iestaughtski ll
sl ikecarpentry .

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 -
Theyi
nt roducednewcr opsandv eget
ables.
 -
Theybuiltschoolsthattaughtreadingandwr i
ti
ng.
 -
Theywer eallowedtopreacht othepeopl e.
 -
TheyrepairedNdebeleguns.
 -
Theytreatedt hesi
ck.
 -
Theywr otetheking’
sletter
s.

QN:Howsuccessf ul wast heCat hol

icmissi
onari
esinZimbabweinthi
speri
od
Successes
 - Theyestablishedmi ssionst
ati
ons.
 - Theyi
nocul atedcat tle.
 - TheyreducedAf ricanl anguagetowrit
tenfor
m[ I
siNdebel
eandShona]
.
 - Theytransl
at edreligiousandeducati
onalbooks.
 - Theyi
nt r
oducednewcr opsandvegetabl
es.
 - Newcr aft
sandski ll
swer eintr
oduced.
 - TheytaughtAf ri
canst ouseploughs.

Fail
ur es
-Beforecol onisat
ion[1890]theymadel i
tt
lei
mpacttoconvertt
heShonaandNdebel
e.
-Sl
av er aidi
ngandcl asssystem amongt heNdebel
einfl
uencedNdebel
ekingst
odiscour
age
conv ersion.
-Theyf acedt heproblem ofdiseases.
-Therewaspoorcommuni cation.

Wor
kofAf
ri
canEv
angel
i
stsi
nZi
mbabwebet
ween1850and1906

 -Missionar ygr oupssuchast heDut chReformedChur ch[DRC]ofSout hAf r

ica,Paris
Evangel icalMi ssion[ PEM]ofLesot hoandBerli
nMi ssionarySoci et
y[BMS]empl oyed
Africancat echi st
sandev angeliststoreachontheShona.
 -PEM opened st ations atChi vi,Mposiand Mat ibi.Expedi ti
ons were sentt o
Mudav anhu,Chi vi,Chingoma,Zi muto,Chil
imanzi
,Mugabe,Ny amhondoandDzi ke.
Theymadesomeconv ertsbutchasedbyLobengul a.
 -BMSmi ssi onar i
esl ikeMadz imaandSamuelopenedst ati
onsatMposiandMat i
bi.
Knot h and Schel lnus j oined them.Theypr eached.Theyt aughtskil
ls such as
agriculture, reading, carpent r
yandwr i
ti
ng.
 -DRC Ev angel ist,Mi chaelBuy s opened a stati
on atchi efZi muto and Mugabe
[Mor genst er ]
.Theyopenedanot heratChivi
.Aresi
dentmi ssionarywasappoi nt
edf or
chiefChi vi.

Workoft
heLondonMi
ssi
onar
ySoci
etyi
nZi
mbabwebet
ween1850and
1900

 -
In1859J.
SMof
fatest
abl
i
shedI
nyat
iMi
ssi
onSt
ati
on.
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 -
LMSopenedHopeFount ain1870.
 -
Othermi ssi onar i
eswhooper atedi nMat abelelandincl
udedThomasSy kes,RevC
Hel
m andDav idCar negie.
 -
Atthestat i
onst hemi ssionar iestaughtandpr eached.
 -
Theygrewt hei rowncr opsf orfood.
 -
J.SMof fatsi gnedt heMof fatt r
eatywi t
hLobengul ai
nFebruary1888.
 -
RevCHel m per suadedLobengul atosigntheRuddConcessi oninOctober1888.
 -
Missi
onar iesi nMat abelelandencour agedt radebet weenNdebeleandwhi t
es.
 -
Theyest ablishedschool s’
 -
Theybuilthospi tals.
 -
Theybuiltchur ches.
 -
Theyconv er tedoneNdebel ei ntoChristi
anit
y .
 -
Theyrepai redt heki ng’sguns.
 -
Theywr oteki ng’slet t
ers.
 -
Theytreatedt hesi ck.
 -
Theydiscour agedandunder mi nedAf ri
canreligionandtradi
ti
on.
 -
Theytaughtt heNdebel enewski l
lssuchascar pentr
y,bui
ldi
ng,andmet al
work.
 -
Theyact edasi nter preters[translators]
.
 -
Theypromot edl i
teracy .TheNdebel ewer etaughtt oreadandwr i
te.

Pr
obl
emsf
acedbymi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwebet
ween1850and1900

 -Delayingrantingper mi ssi ont ooper atebyt heking.

 -Therewer ecultur al differ ences.
 -Theywer edi strust edast heypr eachedagai nstcustomssuchaski l
li
ngoft wi
ns,
polygamy ,castesy stem andr aiding.
 -Therewer ecommuni cationpr oblemsduet odi ff
erencesinlanguage.
 -Therewasl ackofsuppl i
esofEur opeangoods, medi ci
ne,toolsandclothes.
 -Theywer eaffect edbyt ropi cal diseasessuchasmal ar
ia.
 -Therewer ecli
mat icpr obl ems.
 -Therewashost ili
tyoft hel ocal peopl e.
 -Therewaski ll
ingofmi ssi onar i
es.
 -Conv er
tswer eki l
led.
 -Someconv ert
swer eexi l
ed.
 -Theywer eattackedbywi ldanimal s.
 -War f
areandr aidingcr eat edf earamongt hemi ssi
onaries.
 -Therewasl ackofr oads.
 -Therewer eli
teracypr obl ems.
 -Theywer ebeingembr oiledi nlocal polit
icssuchassuccessi ondisputes.
 -Therewascompet itionwi t
hot herr eligions.
 Ther ewasshor t ageoff oodt heywer eusedt o.
 -Therewaspr essur ef rom pol i
ticall eaderswho want ed them t o bei nv
olv
ed i
n
colonial
ism.
 -Theywer ecaughtupi nthecompet i
tionamongt heEur opeancount r
ies.
 -Theyhadshor tageofhumanr esour ces.
 -Therewaspooraccommodat ion.
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Methodstosol veproblems/Sol uti

ont ot heprobl
ems
-
Theyusedsi gnlanguageandi nterpretersfrom Sout
hAf r
ica.
-
Thybuiltcl
ini
csf orcur i
ngt r
opi caldiseases.
-
Theysetupschool s.
-
Theyassistedincol oniali
sm sot hattheirworktospreadChrist
ianit
ywasmadeeasy
.
-
Theycratedroads.
-
Theygrewt heirowncr opsforf ood.
-
Theybuiltmissionst ati
ons.
-
Theyusedcat echistsandev angel i
sts.
-
Fri
endshipwi t
hAf ri
canchi efswasanot hersoluti
on.
-
Theycheatedsomel ocalchiefs.
-
Theytaughtnat i
vechi l
drent or eadandwr i
te.
-
Theyleantnativelanguageswhi chaidedcommuni cati
onandpr eaching.

Fail
uresinsolv i
ngproblems
-Fewpeoplewer econvertedt oChri
sti
ans.
-Notmanyr oadswer ecr eated.
-Therewasshor t
ageofdr ugs.
-Somemi ssionarieswerechasedoutoft hecount ry
, f
orexampl e,Coi
l
lar
d.
-Somemi ssionswer eabandoned, f
orexample,Pandamat enka.
-Somemi ssionarieswerekilled,f
orexampl e,
Ber nardMuzeki .
-Afr
icanswer estil
latt
achedt ot
heirtr
adi
tionalreli
gionandcul t
ure.
-TheNdebelest il
lcheri
shedt hecasteandr ai
dingsy stem.
-Roadsandt elephoneswer est i
l
l r
are.
-Afr
icanswer esuspici
ousofEur opeans.

QN: Towhatext entwer eAfricanr ulerstoblamef ortheprobl

emsoft heear
lymissi
onar
ies?
-
Blamewor t
hinessofAf ri
canr ulers
-
Mzi l
ikazidi
dnotal lowtheNdebel et obeconv er
ted.
-
Lobengul aarrestedCoill
ard.
-
Afri
canr ul
erswer et hecust odiansofcul tureandf ounditdif
fi
culttochange,sot hey
r
esistedthepr eachingofmi ssionar i
es.
-
Theyki ll
edmi ssi
onaries.
-
Someconv ertswer epunishedbyAf r
icanrulers.
-
Someconv ertswer eexil
edbyAf ricanr ul
ers.
-
Raidingwhi chwasdonebyAf ri
canr ulershamper edmissi
onarywork.

Otherfact
ors
-
Languagebar r
ier
-
Mi ssi
onari
eswer eat
tackedbydiseases.
-
Lackofmedi cinewasanotherprobl
em.
-
Lackoff oodtheywereusedt o.
-
Poort r
ansportandcommuni cati
onnetworks.

WaysusedbyAfri
canst
oresi
stmissi
onar
yinfl
uenceinZi
mbabwebet
ween1850and1900
-
Theymovedfarawayfr
om missi
onar
ysett
lements.

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-
Theycontinuedtopr actiset heirt r
adi t
ionalrel
i
gions.
-
Rai
dscont inuedtot akepl acei nZi mbabwe.
-
Theyrefusedt oattendschool s.
-
Thykil
ledsomemi ssionar ies.
-
Theyrefusedt ogivemi ssionar iesf ood.
-
Theyaccusedmi ssionar iesofbei ngspi es.
-
Theypunishedorki l
ledsomeconv er t
s.
-
Theyaccusedmi ssionar iesofusi ngf orbi
ddenr outes.
-
Theyrefusedt owor kf ormi ssionar i
es.
-
Theyrefusedt oacceptsomegi ftsfrom missionaries.
-
Afr
icanleadersli
keLobengul ar estrictedmissionaryacti
vit
ies.
-
SomeAf ri
canscont i
nuedt opract iseIslam andt r
adewi t
hMosl ems.
-
Afr
icanleadersdiscour agedAf ricansf rom att
endingchurchser v
ices.
-
Theyexpelledsomemi ssi onaries

QN:
Wer
eAf
ri
canssuccessf
uli
nresi
sti
ngmi
ssi
onar
yinf
luenceatt
hatt
ime?

Successes
-
Manypeopl ewer enotconv er
ted.
-
Veryfewpeopl eattendedschool s.
-
Theyki l
l
edsomemi ssi
onari
es.
-
Someconv er
tswer ekill
ed.
-
Theyr ef
usedtolear nthenewl anguage.
-
Missionaryacti
vi
tieswer er
estricted.

Fail
ures
-Somepeoplewereconver
ted.
-Otherpeopl
ewereeducat
ed.
-Missi
onstati
onswereest
abli
shed.
-Schoolswerebui
lt
.
-Hospit
alswerebui
lt.

QN;WhyAf ri
canpeopl er esistedmi ssionar yinf l
uenceinZimbabwebet ween1850and1900?
-
Theydi dnotwantt oabandont heirtradi ti
onal reli
gion.
-
Theyf ear
edt hattheirtradewoul dbedi sturbed.
-
Theydi dnotwantt olearnanewl anguage.
-
Chri
stiani
tydenouncedaspect ssuchasr aiding.
-
Missionari
esat tackedAf r
icanadmi nistrati
vesy st
ems.
-
Theysuspect edmi ssionar iesofhav ingcol oni alaims.
-
Therewasi nfluencef rom t radi
ti
onal leader s.
-
Missionari
eswer eaccusedofnat ural disastersl i
kecattl
ediseasesanddrought
.
-
Chri
stiani
tydenouncedpol y gamy.
-
Missionaryteachingwasmeani nglesst oAf r
icant r
adit
ional
life.
-
Learningwasdi ffi
cult.

Successesofmissi
onar
iesi
nZimbabweinthei
rwork
-
Theysucceededinconver
ti
ngsomeAfri
cans,f
orexampl
e,i
nMashonal
and.

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-
Theymanagedt oestabli
shmissi
onstati
ons.
-
Schoolswerebui l
t.
-
Theyintr
oducedl i
ter
acy.
-
Theyintr
oducednewcr opswhichwereadoptedbyAfr
icans.
-
Theywer ewelcomedbysomeShona, forexample,
Govera,Mposi
andMugabe.
-
Theytaughtskil
lssuchascarpentry
.
-
Theypromotedt radebetweenAfri
cansandwhites.

Fail
uresofmi ssionariesi ntheirwor kinZi mbabwe
-Theymanagedt oest ablishf ewper manentmi ssionst ati
ons.
-Convert
scont i
nuedwi t
ht heirAf ri
cant raditi
onal bel i
efs.
-Theymadev eryfewconv er
tsi nMat abeleland.
-Somemi ssionar i
esdi edandsomewer ear r
ested.
-Rai
dinghamper edthei rwor k.
-Somewer eexpel ledbyLobengul a.
Posit
iveeffectsofmi ssionar ywor konAf ricans
 - Theypr oducededucat edAf r
icanel it
e.
 - Theycul ti
vatedasenseofequal it
yi nal lpeople.
 - Theyi ntr
oducedbet terf armi ngmet hodsl ikeirri
gati
onandcr
opr
otat
ion.
 - Theyi mprovedmedi cal facil
iti
es.
 - Theybr oughtaboutsoci al harmony .
 - Therewasdev elopmentofv ernacul arlanguage.
 - Therewasani mpr ov ementofi nfrastructur e.

Negativeeffect sofmi ssionar ywor konAf ri

cans
-
Theypav edwayf orcol onisati
on.
-
Theycheat edandl i
edt oAf ri
canl eadersint
osi gningtreati
es.
-
Theysuppor tedt hecr ushingofki ngdoms,fori nstance,JohnSmi
thMof
fatwashappywi
th
t
hecr ushingoft heNdebel ekingdom.
-
Theysuppor tedl andgr abbing.
-
Theyspi edf ort hei
rmot hercount ries.
-
West ernmedi cineunder mi nedindi genousherbs.
-
Theirpreachi ngmadeAf r
icanmi ndsdoci l
e.

Cont
ri
but
ionofmi
ssi
onar
iest
othecol
oni
sat
ionofZi
mbabwe

 -
Rober tMof f
at’
sf r
iendshiptoMzi l
ikazipavedwayf ormissi
onari
es,l
ikeJ.SMoffat
,C
Helm andot herwhites.
 -
TheMof f
attreatyof1888r enewedt hefr
iendshipbetweentheNdebel eandthe
Bri
tishpavingwayf orBriti
shcol onisation.
 -
Thi streat
yledtothecancel lati
onoft heGroblertr
eaty
.
 -
TheMof f
attreatyledt othesi gningoft heRuddConcessi onwhi chwasusedt o
occupyZi mbabwe.
 -
Rev erendCharlesHel m persuadedt hekingtosigntheRuddConcession.
 -
Mi ssi
onariespublishedeconomi cpr ospect
st ot hei
rcountr
iestherebygener
ati
ng
i
nterestincolonialconquest.

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 -Theyinvitedt hei
rgov ernment stoendsl aver
y.
 -Theypubl ishedpaganpr acti
cesbyAfricanswhichneededt heatt
ent
ionofEur opean
government s.
 -Missi
onar iesi nvi
tedthei rgovernmentst odestr
oyAf ri
canstat
esaft
erf ai
li
ngt oget
converts.
 -Missi
onar ieswer ei nterpreter
sandal sowr oteletter
sf ort
hekingfalsif
yingsome
detail
s.
 -Theywer eusedasagent sofimperial
i
sm i ntr
eatymaking.
 -Theyest ablishedmi ssionst ati
onswhichl at
erhelpedtoaccommodat eotherwhites
l
ikeconcessi onseeker s.
 -Missi
onar iesgav efalse,exagger at
edrepor t
saboutt hewealt
hinthecount ryt
olure
otherwhi tes.
 -TheybribedAf ri
canst oper suadethem tosigntr
eaties.

Cont
ri
but
ionoff
ail
urebymi
ssi
onar
iest
owi
nconv
ert
stot
hecol
oni
sat
ionofZi
mbabwe

-
Mi ssi
onarieswishedt hedest ructi
onofst at
esl i
keNdebel
e.
-
Mi ssi
onariesgavef alseinf
ormat iont otheirhomegov er
nment
s.
-
Mi ssi
onarieswant edcolonisationf orprotecti
on.
Otherfactorswhichl edtothecol oni sati
onofZi mbabwe
 - Hopef ortheSecondRand
 - Ndebelest at
ewasst rategicallyposit
ioned.
 - Rhodes’sCapet oCairodr eam
 - Needf orrawmat er
ial
s
 - Ferti
lesoi
ls.

Roleplayedbyt heLondonMi ssi

onar ySoci
etyinthecol onisati
onofZimbabwe
-I
nFebr uar y1888,J. SMof f
atsi gnedtheMof f
atTr eat yonbehal fofRhodes.Lobengul
a
agreedt ocancel theGrobl
erTreaty.
-I
nOct ober1888, RevCHel mi nf
luencedLobengul aintosi gni
ngtheRuddConcession.
-CHelmr ecommendedt hedestr
uct i
onoftheNdebel est ate.
-Missi
onar ieshostedEuropeanvisitorsf
rom Europe.
-TheMi ssionaryroadbecamet hegat ewayint
ot heinteriorofSouthernAf
ri
ca.
-Roleofmi ssionariesandtr
aders

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THESCRAMBLEANDPARTI
TIONOFSOUTHERNAFRI
CA

 -Scramblewast herushforcolonies.
 -Parti
ti
onrefer
st othediv
isionofSout hernAfricancol
oniesbyEur opeanpowers.
 -I
ntheScr ambleandpar t
it
ionofSout her nAfr
icathemostpower fulcountr
ieswere
abletogetmor ecoloni
esandv i
cev ersa.
 -Europeancountri
esinvol
vedi ntheScr ambleforAfri
caincludedBr i
tai
n,Germany
,
Portugal,
Belgi
um andHol l
and/Net herlands.

Eur
opeancount
ry Col
onies
-
Germany -Namibi
a[Sout
hWestAfri
ca]
-
Portugal -Mozambique[
Por
tugueseEastAf
ri
ca]
/Angol
a[Por
tugueseWest
Afr
ica]
-
Bri
tain -
Zimbabwe,
Sout
hAf
ri
ca,
Bot
swana,
Mal
awi
,Lesot
ho,
Swazi
l
andand
Zambi a
-
Holland -
Transv
aal
-
Belgium -
Congo

Reasonsf
ort
heScr
ambl
eandpar
ti
ti
onofSout
her
nAf
ri
ca

Economi
creasons

 -
Theneedforrawmat eri
alsbyEur opeans
 -
Theneedformar ketsinSouther nAf r
ica
 -
Theneedforcheapl abourforgr eaterprofi
ts
 -
Theneedforareast oinvestsurpluscapi t
alinSout
hernAf
ri
ca
 -
Theneedforfert
ilelandforagriculture
 -
Ther
ewasi mprov edtransportwhi chfacil
it
atedtr
avel
over
seas
 -
Goodcli
maticconditionsinSout hernAf r
ica

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 -
Theneedacquireprotect
oratefortrade
 -
Thedi
scoveryofmi neral
slikegol
danddi amondsi
nSout
hAf
ri
ca
 -
Theneedforwil
dl i
fe[game]
 -
Theneedforiv
ory
 -
Theneedtoacquirecoloniesforresour
ces
 -
Theneedforpastures

Soci
alr
easons
 -Theneedt osettl
epopul ati
onpressur
e
 -Avai
labi
l
ityofquinineandt ablet
sgavewhit
estheconfi
dencet
ovent
ureintot
he
i
nteri
orofAf r
ica.
 -Ther
ewer egoodcl imaticconditi
onsi
nSouther
nAfri
cawhichwer
efavourabl
etot
he
healt
hofsomeEur opeannat i
onal
sli
keRhodes.
 -Theneedt ocivi
li
seAf r
icans
 -Theneedt oeducateAf ri
cans
 -Theneedt ospreadChr i
stiani
ty
 -Theneedt oendslav etrade
 -Raci
alsuperi
orit
yofEur opeans
Pol
i
tical
reasons

-Theupsetofbal anceofpowerl edt ot heScr ambl eforSout

her
nAfri
ca.
-Sout hernAf ri
cawascol onisedforpr est igereasons.
-Sout hernAf ri
cawascol onisedforst rat egicreasons.
-Diplomat i
cr easonsal sol edtothescr ambl e.
-TheBer l
inConf erenceal socontributed.
-I
nfluenceofEur opeanagent s
-Thewhi t
eshadsuper i
orweaponst hanAf ri
cans.
-Explorersencour agedcol oni
sation.
-Publicopi nionandpr essur e
-Rhodes’ Capet oCai r
odr eam
-Encour agingr eportsfrom huntersandt raders
-Theneedt ospreadpol it
icalinf
luence
-TheBoer swant edt oextendt heirterri
t orybey ondtheLimpopoRi
vertoav
oidbei
ng
encircledbyt heBr i
ti
sh.

Poli
ti
calfact
orsinAfri
ca
-
Disunit
yoflocalpeople
-
War samongstAf r
icans
-
Afri
canshadi nf
eri
orweapons

Pol
i
tical
aimsofBr
it
aini
ntheScr
ambl
eforSout
her
nAf
ri
ca

-
Tof ul
filt
heCapetoCairodream
-
Toest abli
shacrowncolonyinBotswanaandsecurethemi ssi
onaryr
oad
-
Tocar ryonthewhit
emen’ sburdenofci
vi
li
singtheAfr
icanbarbari
an-Soci
alDar
wini
sm
-
Pressurefrom t
heelect
orate
-TocreateaBrit
ishempireofcoloni
esst
ret
chingfrom SouthAfri
catoEgypt
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-
TostopPortugueseexpansi
on
-
Togainpresti
ge
-
Toencir
cletheBoers

Pol
it
icalai
msofGer manyintheScr
amblef
orSouther
nAf r
ica
-
Germanywant edtomakeenemieswit
hFrancebyfor
cingBri
tai
ntomov
enextt
oher
-
Togainprest
ige
-
Tocivil
i
seAfri
cans
-
Pressuref
rom theel
ector
ate

Economi cai
msofBr
it
ainandGer
manyi ntheScrambleforSouther
nAf
ri
ca
-
Mar kets -Rawmat er
ial
s
-
Cheapl abour -I
nvestmentopport
unit
ies
-
Fer t
il
el and -
Hunti
nggrounds
-
Mi nerals -Needforcatt
le
-
Past ures

QN:Towhatext
enthadBr
it
ainachi
evedherai
msi
nSout
her
nAf
ri
caby1900?
Achi
evement
s

-
Sheoccupi
edBechuanal
and,f
rustr
atedGermanyandtheBoers
-
Sheoccupi
edZimbabwe,fr
ust
ratedtheBoersandPort
uguese
-
Themissi
onar
yroadwaskeptopen
-
Shemanagedtotakethegol
danddi amondproduci
ngareas

Fail
ures
-Shefai
ledt
ocomplet
elydi
slodgetheBoer
sinSouthAf
ri
ca
-Shefai
ledt
ohaveaccesst
ot heIndi
anOceanvi
aMozambique
-Shefai
ledt
ocreat
eafeder
at i
onofwhit
esinSout
hAfri
ca

TheBer
li
nConf
erence[
1884-
85

Thi
sconferencewasconvenedbyOt t
ovonBismarck,thechancellorofGer manyfrom 1871
to1890tochartwaysofpar t
it
ioni
ngAfr
icapeaceful
ly.I
twashel di nBer l
i
n,inGer many.It
wasalsomeantt ocurbtheincreasi
ngconfl
ict
sov ercolonies.Afri
canswer enotinvi
ted.
Countr
ieswhichwererepr
esentedwereBri
tai
n,France,I
taly,Germany ,Spain,Por
tugaland
Bel
gium.

Ter
msoft
heBer
li
nConf
erence

 -
Afri
cawasdivi
dedinto20spheresofi nf
luence
 -
Therewastobeeffecti
veoccupationofspheresofinfl
uence
 -
Eachcountr
ywast omakesuret hatther
ewasamar keddevelopmenti
nit
ssphere
ofi
nfl
uence
 -
Therewastobefreedom ofnavi
gat i
ononmaj orr
iversli
keNiger,
Zambezi
,Ni
leand
Congo
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 -
Slavet r
adeandsl av erywer etobeabol ishedwher etheystil
lexist
ed
 -
Al l
count ri
esweretor ecogni seki ngLeopol d’soccupat ionofCongoandBr it
ain’
s
occupat i
onofEgy pt.Ther ewast ober ecognit i
onofexi sti
ngspher esofinf
luenceby
Europeanpower s
 -
Theyagr eedtonoti
f yeachot herofnewspher esofinf l
uence
 -
Anyi ntendingcountr ywast osi gntreatieswi thlocalruler
sasl egalri
ghttooccupy
thatarea
 -
Theywer etorespectt her ight softhei ndigenouspeopl e
 -
Theywer etodevelopi nfrast r
uct ureinar eascolonised
 -
Theywer etocreatenewpol iticalstr
uct ures
 -
Theywer etodrawboundar i
es
 -
Theywer etosettl
edi sput espeacef ul
ly
 -
Theywer etohoistnat ional fl
agsi nar eascol onised

Contr
ibuti
onoft heBerli
nConf erencei nsti
mulati
ngt heScrambl
eandpar titi
onofSout hern
Afr
ica
 - I
tlegali
sedthepartiti
onofAf rica.I
tsetrulesofthegameofpar t
it
ion.Itl
egiti
mi sed
theoccupationofSout hernAf ri
ca
 - Manyt r
eati
eswer esignedwi thAf r
icanchiefsl
eadingt
ot heeventualoccupati
onof
theirt
erri
tor
ies
 - Chiefswerecheatedordecei ved
 - Europeanpowerscompet edf orunoccupiedareasofSouthernAfri
ca
 - Therewasal soscrambl etodef i
neandext endboundari
esofexistingspheresof
i
nf l
uencebyt heBri
tish,Portuguese,BoersandGer mans.

Otherfactors
-
Thei ndustrialrevol
ution
-
WeaknessesofAf r
icans
-
Thedi scover yonmi neralsi
nSouthAfr
ica
-
Wor kofEur opeanagent sli
ket
rader
s,missi
onar
ies,
concessi
onseeker
s,hunt
ersand
i
ndivi
dualsl i
keRhodes
-
Strategi
cr easons
-
Humani tarianr easons

Afr
icanl
eader
swhosoughtpr
otect
ionf
rom Europeans
-
Moshoeshoe -Lewanika
-
Mswat i -Maherero
-
Khama

Afr
icanl
eader
swhor
esi
stedcol
oni
sat
ion
-
Lobengul
a -
Dini
zulu
-
Ngungunyana -
Witbooi
-
Cetshwayo -
Mapondera

Afr
icanchi
efdomscol
oni
sedbyEur
opeansi
nSouther
nAf
ri
ca
-
Ndebele -Zv
imba
-
Gaza -Makoni
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-
Mugabe -
Pedi
-
Mashayamombe -
Zul
u
-
Lozi -
Chinamhor
a
-
Xhosa -
Chihot
a
-
Ngwato -
Mangwende
-
Swazi

Et
hnicgroupsthatf
oughtwar
sofr
esi
stanceinSouther
nAf
ri
cabet
ween1870and1900
-
Zulu -
Shona
-
Ndebele -
Herer
o
-
Nama/ Herer
o -
Ngwato
-
Gaza/Shangani -
Pedi
-
Swazi -
Xhosa
-
Sotho

MethodsusedbyEur opeanst ocolonisechiefdomsi nSouthernAf r

ica/Way susedby
Eur
opeanst odest royAf ri
cani ndependence
 War fare,forexampl e,the1893Angl o-Ndebelewar ,the1896Ndebel e-
Shone
uprisingsandt heAngl o-
Zul uwar
 - Treatymaki ng, forexampl e,TheMof fattreatyof1888andt heRuddConcessi onof
1888
 - Useofagent sl i
keRhodes
 - Divi
deandr uletact ic
 - UseofChar teredcompani essuchasBSAC, NIASA
 - Grantingofchar ter
 - Conquest
 - Tri
cker y,forexampl e,Lobengulawasgi venv er
bal promisesthatwer eneverfulfi
ll
ed
 - Useofgi f
tst oAf ri
canl eaderstoper suadepeopl et oacceptcolonialrul
e
 - Buyingconcessi ons, forexampl e,
Edwar dLi ppertsoldtheLippertconcessiont o
Rhodesi n1891
 - Bri
ber y,f
orexampl e,Lotshewasbr i
bedbyThompsont oinfl
uenceLobengul at osign
theRuddConcessi on
 - Throught hei nfl
uenceofhunt ersl
ikeHenr yHar t
leyandFr ederi
ckCour t
neySelous
 - Offeringpr otection, forexampl e,t
heSot ho, TswanaandSwazi gotprotect
ionf r
om
theBr iti
sh
 - Useofambi tiousweal thmenl i
keRhodesandLuder i
tz
 - Usingmi ssi onar yinf l
uence

WhyEur
opeanswer
esuccessf
uli
ncol
oni
singt
heAf
ri
canchi
efdomsdur
ingt
hisper
iod

Adv
antagesofEuropeans
-
Theyhadsuperiorweapons
-
Theyhadbettercommunicati
on
-
Theyusedtr
icks
-
Theyusedbri
ber y
-
Theyuseddynami tes

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Di
sadvant
agesofAf r
icans
-
Theyhadinf
eriorweapons
-
Theyhadpoorcommuni cat
ion
-
Theyhadpoormet hodsoffighti
ng
-
Theywereil
li
terat
e
-
Therewasdisunit
yamongAf r
icans

QN:
Towhatext
entwer
eAf
ri
canst
obl
amef
ort
hecol
oni
sat
ionofSout
her
nAf
ri
ca

WhyAfri
canswer et oblame
-
Theywerenotuni t
ed
-
SomeAf r
icanchi efscoll
aboratedwit
hcol onial
agents
-
Thei
rmili
taryweaknessesi nvi
tedEuropeans
-
Someaskedf orcoloni
al powerprot
ectionfrom rai
dsbynei
ghbour
s,f
orexampl
e,t
he
Ngwat
ogotpr ot
ectionfrom theNdebeleraids.
-
Tri
balwars,forexampl e,TswanaandKor ana

Ot
herfactors
 - Il
l
iter
acymadeAf ri
cansv ul
nerabl
eduri
ngt r
eatymaking
 - Forcesofindust
ri
alcapit
ali
sm weretoostrong,f
orexample,
Bri
tai
nandGer
many
 - Europeanswereverydeterminedtocol
oniseAfri
cans

MethodsusedbyAf ri
canstoresi
stcoloni
sati
oninSouthernAfr
ica

-
War s[armedr esist
ance],forexampl e,Anglo-Ndebelewarof1893,theZuluwar s
-
Diplomacy .Theyengagedi ndiplomaticengagement stopostponetheirdownf al
l
-
Fri
endshi p
-
Protectoratestatus[Col
labor at
ionwi t
hEur opeans],
Lewanikacoll
aboratedwi t
htheBri
ti
sh
-
Migr ati
on
-
Delegat i
ons-givi
ngpartofone’ spower ,r
ights,f
oracertai
nt i
me
-
Treat i
esandagr eements
-
Concessi ons,forexample, RuddConcessi on,Lipper
tconcessionandthel i
ke
-
Kil
ledwhi tesinfarmsandmi nes
-
UseofChr ist
iani
tytoresistcolonisati
on,forexample,Moshoeshoeagai nsttheBoer
s

Thecompet
it
ionf
ort
hecol
oni
sat
ionofSout
her
nAf
ri
cabyEur
opeans

-Bri
tainandBoers-compet
edforthecoloni
sat
ionoft heNdebel
est at
easshownbyt he
signingoft
heGroblerandMof
fatt
reat
y.TheBri
tishendedupaswinnersaf
tert
hesi
gni
ngof
theRuddConcession.

-
Br i
tai
nandBoer s-
competedforcontr
oloft
hediamondweal t
hinKimberl
y.Thi
sledtothe
Brit
ishannexati
onofOrangeFreeStat
e.
-
TheBr i
ti
shdesir
etoaccessNgunilabourfor
ceandt oencir
cleBoer
sledtotheannexati
on
ofNat alandtodeclar
eapr ot
ector
ateoverBechuanal
andsoast opreser
vethemissionar
y
roadandt hwar
t[stop]Boerexpansi
onwest wards.Boer
shaddecl ar
edt worepubl
icsof
Stel
lalandandGoshen.

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-
TheSecondAnglo-
Boerwarwaspar
toft
hest
ruggl
etocont
rol
thegol
dweal
thatt
he
Wit
water
srand.

-
Brit
ainandPort
ugal
-compet
edf orthecontr
olofMashonal
andwhi chtheNdebeleclai
med
tocontrol
.ThePort
ugueseintendedtoj oi
nPortugueseEastAf r
ica[Mozambique]with
Port
ugueseWestAfr
icawhil
stRhodeshadt heCapetoCair
odr eam.TheAnglo-Por
tuguese
tr
eatyof1891r
esol
vedboundar
iesbetweenRhodesiaandPort
ugueseEastAfri
ca.

-Ger
manyandBr it
ain-Bri
ti
shinfl
uencewasspr eadi
ngf r
om t
heSout htot heNorthwhi
l
st
Germanywasexpandi ngeastwardsf rom theareashehad,t hatis,SouthWestAfri
ca
[Namibi
a].Br
it
ain declar
ed a protectorat
ein Bechuanal
and i
n 1885 tot hwar
tGerman
expansi
onandpreservethemissi
onar yroad.

QN:Towhatext
entwer
ethepeopl
eofSout
her
nAf
ri
caaf
fect
edbyt
hiscompet
it
ionupt
o
1900?

Posi
ti
veeffects
-
Somest atesgainedpr otecti
onandr emainedi ntact
,forexample,t
heLoziofLewani
kaand
Khama’sNgwat o.
-
Somechi efsretainedt heirpower,
forex ample, Lewanika.
-
Manymi ssionariesv isi
tedthestatetoconv ertpeopletoChrist
iani
ty.
-
Tradewithf or
eigner sincreased
-
Therewasanendofet hnicwars,forexampl e,theNdebeleversustheShonaorNgwato;t
he
Zul
u-Pediclashesandsoon.
-
TheNdebel estater emai nedint
actupt o1893.

Disadvantages
-
Lossofi ndependence
-
Er osi
onofAf ri
canculture
-
Lot sofweal th,forexample,rawmat eri
alswasexploit
ed
-
Itledtocol onialwarsandwar sofdispossessi
on
-
Ther ewer ehighdeat hratesduetot heuseofmaxim guns
-
Af ri
canswer echeat edintreati
es
-
TheNdebel eki ngsspenttimedealingwi t
hconcessionseeker
s

WhyBr
it
ainwasabl
etoobt
ainmor
ecol
oni
esi
nther
egi
on

 St rengthsofBr itai
n
-
Ther oleofLor dSalisburyandothers.Sal
i
sburywast heBri
ti
shPri
meMi
nist
er.
-
TheBr it
ishSout hAfr i
cacompany[ BSAC]gotsupportfrom t
her
ich.
-
Brit
ainwasf ullypreparedf orawar’
-
Rhodes’ wealth
-
Infl
uenceofmi ssi
onar i
es
-
Infl
uenceoft rader
s, huntersandconcessionseeker
s
Otherfactors
-
Germanywasal atecomeri nt
othescrambleforAfr
ica
-
Boerswer emili
tar
ilyweak

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-
ThePortuguesewereweak
-
WeaknessesofAfri
cans
-
Othercountr
iesl
ackedf
orei
gnsuppor
t

Eur
opeanagents[coloni
ali
str
epr
esent
ati
ves]whopart
icipatedintheScr
ambl
eforSout
her
n
Afr
ica
 -Ceci
lJohnRhodes -HerrLuder i
tz
 -JohnSmi t
hMof fat -Pi
etGr obler
 -Charl
esDunnel Rudd -Fr
ancisThompson
 -Rochfor
dMagui re -Si
rSy dneyShippar
d
 -EdwardLippert -
ThomasBai nes
 -Charl
esHelm

Col
onial
agents[whit
es]andt
hei
rEur
opeancount
ri
eswhower
einv
olv
edi
nthescr
ambl
efor
Afr
ica
 -Ceci
lJohnRhodes Br
it
ain
 -Karl
Peters Germany
 -PaulKr
ugger Boers

THECOLONI
SATI
ONOFZI
MBABWE

 -
Zimbabwewascol
oni
sedbyt
heBr
it
ishi
n1890.
Reasonsf
ort
hecol
oni
sat
ionofZi
mbabwe

Economi
creasons

-Theneedf ormar kets

-Theneedf orrawmat eri
als
-Theneedf orpastures
-Theneedf orcheapl abour
-Theneedt oinvestsur pl
uscapital
-Theneedf orfert
ileland
-Theneedt obailBSACoutofbankr upt
-Thewhi t
eswant edNdebel ecattlei
nZimbabwe
-Favourabl
eclimat i
cconditionsinZimbabwe
-Rhodesbelievedthatt her
ewasasecondr andinZimbabwe
-Thediscoveryofgol danddi amondintheTransvaalmademanywhi
test
othi
nkt
hatt
he
goldbeltinSouthAf ricastr
etchedintoZi
mbabwe.

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Pol
i
tical
reasons

-Rhodeswant edt opr omot eBr i

ti
shi mper i
alism.
-Rhodeswant edt opr eventothercount r
iesfr om coloni
singZimbabwe.
-Rhodeswant edt ostopGer manyexpansi onf r
om thewesñt[ Namibia]
.
-Rhodeswasdet erminedt oencircl
et heTr ansv aal[
Boers].
-Rhodeswant edt opr eventBoer sfrom expandi ngnorthwards.
-Zi
mbabwewascol onisedf orprestigereasons.
-I
nfl
uenceofhunt ers,traders,explorersandmi ssi
onari
es
-Rhodes’Capet oCai rodr eam.Hewant edt ocol oni
seAfricafrom Cape[Sout
hAfr
ica]to
Egypt[Cair
o].
-Rhodeswant edt oconst r
uctar ail
wayl inepastMat abel
eland
-Rhodesbelievedi nBr i
tishsuper i
ority
.Hi spur posewast heref
oretospreadli
ber
ty,peace
andjusti
cetoot herpar tsofthewor l
d.
-Zi
mbabwewascol onisedf orstrategicreasons

Soci
alr
easons

-
TheBr i
ti
shwantedtocivi
li
seAfri
cans
-
TheBr i
ti
shwantedtospreadChri
sti
anit
y
-
TheBr i
ti
shwantedtospreadeducati
on
-
Favourabl
ecli
maticcondi
tions
-
Populati
onexpansi
on.Therewasneedt oset
tl
epopul
ati
onpr
essur
e.

I
mpor
tanceofeconomi
cfact
orsi
nthecol
oni
sat
ionofZi
mbabwe

-
Att
racti
onofmi ner
alwealth
-
Opportuni
ti
estoinvestsurpl
uscapi
tal
bytheDeBeer
sCompany
-
Att
racti
vesoil
sandcat t
le
-
Marketopport
uniti
es
-
Avai
labil
it
yofrawmat eri
alsi
nZimbabwe

Whi
teswhohelpedi nthecoloni
sat
ionofSout hernAf r
ica
 -CecilJohnRhodes -
DukeofFi f
e
 -DukeofAber corn -
PaulKr ugger
 -LordGr ey -
BaronessBur detteCout
ts
 -QueenVi ctor
ia -
Ottov onBi smarck
 -LordSal i
sbury -
Robinson
 -LeanderSt ar
rJameson -
PrinceofWal es
 -EMaund -
Edwar dLipper t
 -SirSydneyShi ppard -
J.SMof f
at
 -Pennef ather -
CharlesHel m
 -Frederi
ckCour tneySel
ous -PietGr obl
er
 -CharlesRudd

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Tr
eat
iessi
gnedbet
weenLobengul
aandt
hewhi
tes

1]London-Limpopot reat
y[1870]
2]Bainestreat
y[1871]
3]Groblertr
eaty[1887]
4]Mof f
attreat
y[1888]
5]RuddConcessi on[1888]
6]Li
pper tConcession[1891]

1]LondonLimpopoTr eaty[1870]
-
Thiswasami
ner
alconcessi
ont
otheLondonandLi
mpopoCompanyi
ntheTat
iar
ea

Ter
msoft
hist
reat
y
-
Therewastobeer
ecti
onofbuildi
ngsandoper
ati
onofmachi
nesbyt
hecompany
.
-
Thecompanywastomaker oads.
-
Thecompanywasgivenminingri
ght
s.
-
Lobengul
awastoget120poundspermonth.

2]TheBai
nesTr
eat
y[1871]
-
Itwasav
erbal
agr
eementmadebet
weenLobengul
aandThomasBai
nes.

Ter
msoft
hist
reat
y
-
Bai
neswasgi
ventheri
ghttoexpl
oitminer
alsint
hear
eabet
weenGwer
uandHuny
ani
riv
ers.
*
However
,Bai
nesdiedbef
oreregi
ster
inghi
streat
y.

3]Gr
obl
erTr
eat
y[1887]

-I
twassignedbetweenLobengul
aandt
heBoer
s.I
twasnegot
iat
edbet
weenPi
etGr
obl
er,
Freder
ickGrobl
erandLobengul
a.
Ter
msoft
hist
reat
y
-Therewast obeev erlastingpeacebet weent heNdebel eandt heBoers.
-ABoerper manentr epresent ative[acounci l
]wast obest ati
onedinBulawayotoadmini
ster
j
usticetoBoer swhomi ghtv i
olateLobengul a’
slaw.
-Boerscarryi
ngpasspor tsfrom t heTr ansv aalweretobeal lowedentr
yintoZimbabwe.
-Boersweret oprospectf ormi nerals.
-Lobengulawast ocat chandext radit
eal lcri
minalsfrom whoescapedf rom theSout
h
Afri
canBoerRepubl i
c[ Transv aal].
-Hunter
sandpr ospector sfrom Sout hAf ri
canBoerRepubl i
cwouldbeal l
owedtooperat
ein
Lobengula’skingdom.
-Lobengulawast opr otectTr ansv aal ci
tizenswhov isit
edhi scount
ry.
-TheNdebel ewer ecommi t
tedt opr ov i
dingmi l
it
aryassistancetoTransvaal
ifandwhen
askedtodoso.
-Lobengulawast ober ecogni sedasapar amountchi ef.

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Di dtheGr oblert reat

ypr otectt
heNdebel estatef
rom colonisati
on?
Pr otection
-TheGr oblertreatypr ot
ectedtheNdebel est
atefrom invasionbyt heBoer
sorot her
Eur opeans
-Itdelay edtheoccupat i
onoft heNdebelestatebyot hergroups
-Thet r
eatycr eatedfriendshipbetweentheNdebel eandt heBoer s
Limi tati
ons
-Lobengul af acedt hreatsfrom thePort
ugueseandt heBrit
ish
-Thet r
eatycoul dnotpr eventtheBrit
ishfrom ent
eringintotreat
ieswithLobengula
-Lobengul ahadt osignt heMof fatt
reatyandtheRuddConcessi onwhichledtot he
col onisati
onofZi mbabwe
-Mi li
taryassistancewasonesi ded
-Itincreasedt hescr ambl eforZimbabwe

4]TheMof
fatTr
eat
y[Febr
uar
y1888]

-I
twassi gnedbetweenLobengul aandJohnSmi thMof fatrepresentingCecil
JohnRhodes.
-I
twasmeantt orepudi
ate[cancel]t
heGroblertreaty.
-Moffatenjoyedanadvantagewhenhenegot i
atedf orthistreatywi t
hLobengulabecausehe
hadwor kedamongt heNdebel eforlong,
Lobengul atrustedhi m asanhonestman, hisfat
her
,
RobertMof fatwasaclosefriendofLobengula’
sf ather,Mzili
kazi andthei
rfather
shad
signedat r
eaty,soLobengulathoughthewasr enewi ngtheol dtreaty.

Ter
msoft
hist
reat
y
-
Therewast obeeverlast
ingpeaceandf r
iendshi
pbet
weenLobengulaandt heBri
tish.
-
Lobengulawasnott oenterintoanyotheragreementwi
thouttheconsent/permissionof
t
heBrit
ish.
-
Lobengulawast ogetBri
tishprotecti
on.
-
TheGroblertr
eatywast obecancel l
ed.
-
Lobengulawasnott ogiveanypar tofthecountr
ytoanyothercount
ry.
-
Lobengulaagreedtobeaf r
iendoftheBriti
shQueen.

5]RuddConcessi
on[
Oct
ober1888]
-
ItwassignedbetweenLobengul
aandtheBri
ti
sh.Rhodesusedt
heMof f
attreat
ytokeepthe
Germans,Boersandt hePort
ugueseoutofMatabelel
andandMashonaland.Rhodessent
Charl
esRudd,Fr anci
sThompsonandRochf or
tMagui r
etopersuadeLobengulatogrant
them aconcessi
on.

Si
gnat
ori
esoft
heRuddConcessi
on

-Lobengula-wast hekingoft
heNdebelewhocl ai
medt obehavingcontrol
overthearea
betweenZambezi andLimpopo[Zi
mbabwe] .
-CharlesDunnel Rudd-wasRhodes’busi
nesspartnerwhocamef r
om Sout
hAf r
icain1866on
medi calgrounds.Hewasadi amonddealerwhocoul dtr
ickanyoneintosubmission.Hewas
Rhodes’ bestfri
endandheadofRhodes’ delegat
iontoLobengul a.
-Francis‘
Mat abele’Thompson-wasfl
uentinnati
velanguages.Hewast heref
oreresponsi
ble
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fori
nterpreti
ng.
-
Rochf ortMaguire-
wasal awy erbyprofessi
onandwaswi thRhodesatOxfordUni
versi
ty.
-
JohnDr eyer-
wasthewagondr iverwhowasal soasignatory.
Otherpeopl ewhower epr esent
-
Char l
esHel m-wasami ssionarywhoi nter
pretedandwasal soatrust
edfri
endofLobengula.
Hewasanagentofi mper i
ali
sm andheper suadedLobengulatosigntheRuddConcession.
-
JohnSmi thMof f
at-wasami ssionaryandLobengulafri
end.
-
SirSy dneyShippard
-
Lotshe- wasat r
ustedindunaofLobengul aandwasbr i
bedbyThompsont ourgeLobengula
t
osi gn.
-
Sikombo

Ter
msoft
heRuddConcessi
on

Wr
it
tent
erms/wr
it
tenagr
eement
s
-TheBSACwasgrantedtheri
ghttoexploi
tminerals.
-TheBSACwasgrantedtheauthor
it
y‘todoal
l t
hingst heymi
ghtdeem necessar
y’i
norderto
promotethei
rmi
ningact
ivi
ti
es.
-Lobengul
awast
obegi v
en100poundspermont h.
-Lobengul
awast
obegi v
en1000r if
lesand100000r oundsofammunition.
-Agunboatwastobestati
onedont heZambeziv all
eyorhewastobegi ven500pounds.

Ver
bal agreements/Verbalt
erms
-
Notmor ethan10menwer etoent erint
othekingdom anddi gonlyonehole.
-
Thef ewwhi teswoul
dnotmi neneart owns.
-
Themenwer etosur
rendert
heirweaponsonar r
ivali
ntoZimbabwe.
-
All
whi teswhocamet oMatabelelandweretobeunderLobengul a’sjur
isdi
cti
on
-
Thewhi testocomet oMatabelelandweretofi
ghti ndefenceoftheNdebel estat
e
-
Rhodeswoul dadver
ti
setheconcessi oni
nSouthAf ri
cannewspaper s.
-
Whiteswer enottostypermanent l
y

QN:
Didt
heNdebel
eki
ngbenef
itf
rom t
heRuddConcessi
on?

Benefitsoftheking
-OtherEur opeanagentswer ekeptoutofLobengul
a’
scountr
y
-Thetreatycontroll
edthei
nfluxofwhitesi
ntotheNdebel
estate
-Lobengulareceivedthefi
rstmonthlysal
aryof100poundsandsomeol
dguns.

Non-benefit
s
-
Lossofl and
-
Lossofi ndependence
-
Lossofcat tle
-
Exploit
ationofmi neral
sincr
eased
-
Thet r
eatyledt otheinvasi
onofthecountr
y
-
Thet r
eatylegalisedtheoccupat
ionofZimbabwe.
-
Itcauseddi suni
tyinthestate
-
Itl
edt otheexecut i
onofLotshe
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-
Lobengulastoppedtrust
inghi
sindunas
-
Lobengulalosthi
slif
e
-
Henev errecei
vedthegunboats

QN:Towhatext entdi
dtheRuddConcessi
oncontri
butetothecol
oni
sati
onofZi
mbabwe?
-
Itwasusedtoobt ai
nthechart
erwhichwasusedtocoloni
seZimbabwe.
-
Itexcl
udedothercompetingpowers
-
Itmettherequir
ementsoftheBerli
nWestAfr
icanConfer
ence
-
Itgaveunl
imitedpowerstotheBSAC
-
Itl
edtothecreationoft
hepioneercol
umn

Otherfactors
-
Thechar terwhi
chwaswr i
tt
enpermissi
ontocol
oni
se
-
RhodesandBr i
ti
shfi
nanci
ersf
inancedt
heoccupat
ion
-
Ot hertr
eati
esli
keGrobl
ertr
eat
yalsopavedtheway
-
Assi st
anceofcoll
abor
ator
s

Ev idencetoshowt hatLobengul awascheat edi nthesi gni ngoft heRuddConcessi on

-Insteadof10menagr eed, acolumncameandLobengul awassur pri
sed.
-Lobengul awasi l
li
ter
at esohecoul dnotunder standt hel egallanguageused.
-TheRuddt eam wasmadeupofi nt ell
ectual gi
ant swhohadv enturedi nt
ov ar
iouswor ksof
l
if e,batt
lehardenedmenandeconomi cheav ywei ght swhocoul dt ri
ckany one.
-Br i
beswer ecommondur ingthesi gningoft het reat y.
-Itemspr omisedwer enev erdelivered.
-TheRuddt eam usedQueenofEngl and’sname.
-Sendi ngofBabejaneandUmshet et oLondont ohav et heRuddConcessi oncl ari
fied.
-Thedocumentgi vent otheQueenwasdi fferentf rom theonewhi chLobengul apossessed
-Execut i
onofallpeopl ewhoper suadedLobengul at osignt hetreaty,forexampl e, Lotshe.
-TheRuddt eam quicklyrodeof faftersigni ngthet r eatyleav i
ngThompsonbehi ndwho
sneakeddur i
ngtheni ght.
Ev idencetoshowt hatLobengul awasnotcheat ed
-Lobengul awantedt opleasehi ssubj ectsbysi gningt het reatyafterget t
inggoodsl i
ke
moneyandguns.
-Thedesi retobepr otectedbyt heBr i
ti
shdr ov ehimi ntosi gni
ngt hetreaty .
-Hechangedhi smi ndaf t
er war
ds, asar esultofinf l
uencef rom otherpar tiesli
ket he
Ger mans, BoersandPor t
uguese.
-Lobengul ahadanat ural weaknessf orluxurygoods.
-Lobengul aclai
medt obecheat edaf t
erhi sdiplomacyf ai
led.

Rol
epl
ayedbyAf
ri
cansi
nthecol
oni
sat
ionofZi
mbabwe

 -SomeNdebel ecourtoffi
cial
scoll
aborat
edwiththewhites,f
orexample,Lotsheand
SikombopersuadedLobengul atosigntheRuddConcession.
 -Lobengul
a,chiefoftheNdebelesignedtr
eati
esandconcessions,whosecont ent
she
didnotunderstand,f
orinstance,
Mof f
attr
eaty,Ruddconcessi
on,Li
ppertconcession
 -Lobengul
aclaimedtobechi efofMashonaland,thusf
acil
it
ati
ngthecolonisati
on.

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 -Weaknessesoft heNdebel ewer eexpl oitedbyt heEuropeanswhohadt hemaxi

m
guns.
 -TheShonadi dnotr esistthecomi ngoft hecolonisersin1890.
 -Riv
alr
ybet weent heShonaandt heNdebel eunder minedthepossibi
li
tyofaunit
ed
resi
stance.
 -SomeShonapeopl ecol l
abor atedwi ththewhi tesintheAnglo-Ndebelewar.
 -Khamapr ov idedsomeauxi l
iaryforcest oassisttheBSAC.
 -Headv i
sedLobengul aoseekBr it
ishpr otecti
onf r
om him.
 -SomeAf ricansaccompani edt hepioneercol umnf rom SouthAfri
ca[Transv
aal
]int
o
Mashonal and.
 -TheFingopeopl e, al
sof rom Sout hAf ri
caaccompani edRhodes
 -Hosti
ngofcol onial agent
 -Thegreedi nessofsomeAf r
icanleader s
 -SomeShonachi ef salsosi gnedt reati
eswi thwhi t
es
 -Lobengular estr
ai nedt heAmaj aha

I
mpor tanceoft hepar tpl
ay edbyAf ri
cansi nt hecol onisati
onofZimbabwe
-
Cour toffi
cial
shel pedininfluencingthesi gningoft reaties
-
Theycl earedther oadtof acil
itat
ethepenet rationofthepi oneercol
umn
-
Theyhost edt heEur opeanagent sofcol onisat i
on
-
Collaboratorsboost edthenumberofi nv ader sinthe1893- 4war
Otherfactors
-
Rhodesf i
nancedt hewhol epr ocess;secur edt hetreatiesandroyalchar
ter
-
Selousgui dedt hepioneercol umn
-
Colonialagent sobtainedtreaties,f
orexampl e, J.
SMof fatandC.DRudd
-
Activit
iesofGr oblersparkedt hescrambl ef orZi mbabwe

Problemsf acedbyLobengul aindeal i

ngwi thconcessi onseeker s
-Whitescamei nlargenumber s.
-Languagebar r
ier
-Pooradvisef rom whi teacquaintancesl i
kemi ssionar iessuchasHel m andJ.SMof f
atand
huntersli
keSel ous.
-Opposit
ionf rom Amaj aha[warri
or s]
.Theywant eddi rectconfrontat
ionwiththewhi t
es.
-Dif
fi
cult
yi njudgi ngthebestgr oupt odeal with
-Sometimesconcessi onseekerspr etendedt obewor ki ngagainsteachothertoinfl
uence
Lobengula’sdeci sion,forexampl e,Li
pper twhosol dhisconcessi ontoRhodes.
-Pooreducationl ev el
swhi chprev ent
edhi mf rom fullyunder st
andingtheimplicati
onsof
whathewasr equi r
edt osign.
-Hehadanat ur alweaknessf orluxurygoodsl i
ker eceiv inggi
ft
sofnol ast
ingv al
ue.
-Hewasaf raidofwhatmi ghthappeni fhedidnotsi gn.

Concessi
onseeker
swhov
isi
tedMatabelel
andbetween1870and1900
-
Swinburne -ThomasBai nes
-
PietGrobl
er -Freder
ickGrobl
er
-
J.SMof f
at -
Char
lesRudd
-
Franci
sThompson -RochfortMagui
re

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-
Edwar
dLi
pper
t -
EMaund

Hunt
erswhooper
atedi
nZi
mbabwe[
1850-1893]
-
JanVil
joen -HenryHart
ley
-
Marti
nusSwar
tz -JohnLee
-
F.CSel
ous

Tr
aderswhooperat
edi
nZi
mbabwe[
1850-1893]
-
Sam Edwar
ds -JosephMcCabe
-
GeorgePhi
ll
i
ps -GeorgeWestbeech
-
Fair
burn -Dawson
-
ThomasMeicles

Whiteswhower einv
olv
edi
nthesi
gningoftreat
iesandconcessi
onsi
nZi
mbabwebet
ween
1850and1891
-
ThomasBai nes -SydneyShippar
d
-
PietGr obler -Freder
ickGrobl
er
-
Char l
esHel m -RochfortMagui
re
-
W Gr aham -
Drey
er
-
J.SMof f
at -
Charl
esRudd
-
FThompson -ELippert
-
VanWy k -EMaund
-
C.JRhodes -PaulKrugger
-
JSwi nbur ne

Measur est akenbyRhodesaf terobt ai

ningtheRuddConcessiontoprepar
efort
he
occupat ionofZi mbabweupt o1893
-
Hepubl ishedt heRuddConcessi oninSout hAfri
can,
CanadaandNewZeal and.
-
Hehel dameet i
ngwi ththePar li
ament ari
ans
-
Heobt ainedt her oyalCharterfrom theQueen[ 1889]
-
Hef ormedt heBSAC
-
Heobt ainedmoneyf rom therichofBr it
aintofi
nancetheoccupati
on
-
Hepl annedt hedel ayofLobengul a’
semi ssari
esnamel y
,UmsheteandBabej
aneinSout
h
Afr
ica
-
Headv er t
isedt heoccupat i
onofZi mbabwe
-
Her ecr uit
edt hePi oneercolumn
-
Heboughtt heLi ppertConcessi on
-
Rhodessoughtai dfrom Khama
-
RhodessentJamesont ocureLobengul asoast oenticehi
mf orhi
ssupport
-
InvasionofMashonal and[1890]
-
Plannedt of ightt heAngl o-
Ndebel ewar[ 1893]

I
mport
anceoft hesemeasur estotheoccupat
ionofZi
mbabwe
-
TheChartergaveRhodest heauthor
it
ytooccupyZimbabwe.
-
TheCharterassuredhim ofprot
ecti
on.
-
Heobtai
nedsuppor tf
rom Rot
hschil
dandDeBeerscompanies.
-
Adver
ti
singprotectedhim.

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-
Fight
ingt
heNdebel
eledt
othecompl
eti
onoft
hepr
ocessofoccupat
ion

Otherf
act
orswhi chfaci
li
tat
edtheoccupat
ionofZi
mbabwe
-
Roleofhunters
-
Roleofmissionari
esli
keHelm
-
Roleoftr
aders
-
Weaknessesoft heBoers
-
Weaknessesoft heShona
-
Weaknessesoft heNdebele
-
Roleofconcessionseekers

RoleplayedbyRhodesi nthecol onisati

onofZimbabwe
-Hesentr epr
esentat i
vest ot r
ickLobengul ai
ntosi
gningtheRuddConcessi
on
-Heboughtt heLipper tconcessi on
-Heoffer
edhi sper sonal f
ortunef i
nancetheoccupat
ion
-Heobtainedther oyal charter
-Heformedt heBSACandr ecruitedpioneers
-Hefinancedt heAngl o-Ndebel ewar

Otherf actors
-
TheBr it
ishsuppor tedthemov ebyRhodes
-
Briti
shf inancier
slikeDukeofFi f
eandDukeofAbercorn
-
Mi ssionarieshelped,forexample,Helm andJMof
fat
-
Initi
allackofr esi
stancebyt heShona
-
Ndebel eindunaslikeLotsheandSi kombowhowerebri
bedt
oper
suadeLobengul
atosi
gn
t
heRuddconcessi on
-
Rol eofhunt ersandt rader
s

Pr
ovisionsoft heRoy al Char ter
-
Topr omot egoodgov ernance
-
Topr eservepeaceandor der
-
Toissuemi ningconcessi ons
-
Togr antplotsofl and
-
Toest abli
shbanks
-
Tomaker oads, r
ailway s,telegraphsandharbour
s
-
Topr omot etradeandcommer ce
-
Topr omot eciv i
li
sation
-
Torespectl ocal cust oms, lawsandr eli
gion
-
Tobant hesal eofl i
quort ol ocals
-
Toabol i
shsl av etrade
-
Toest abli
shpol i
cef or ce
-
Tomonet i
set heeconomy

Peopl
ewhoassi st
edRhodestogettheBri
ti
shSout
hAf
ri
caRoy
alChar
teri
n1889
-
DukeofFife -DukeofAbercor
n
-
LordGrey -Lor
dSalisbur
y
-
BaronessBurdett
eCout
ts - Pr
inceofWales

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-
QueenVi
ctor
ia

Companieswhi
chsponsor
edthecoloni
sat
ionofZi
mbabwe
-
BSAC -DeBeer
sCompany
-
Rothschi
ld

Lobengula’sreactionafterdiscoveringthathehadbeencheat edi
ntheRuddconcession
-E.AMaundi nf or
medLobengul at hathehadbeencheat ed.
-Lobengulawr otealettertoRhodescompl ainingabouttheRuddconcessi
on.
-Healsowr oteal ett
ertotheHi ghCommi ssionerinBotswana.
-Hesentt woemi ssariestot heQueenaccompani edbyE. AMaund.
-Heexecut edLotsheandSi komboandt heirfamil
ies.
-Heinvi
tedaf ewexplorerstoexpl aintheRuddconcessi ont
ohim.
-Lobengulacont i
nuedt oemphasi seont hev erbalagr
eementsoftheRuddconcessi
onto
thoseathi scourt.
-Hesignedt heLippertconcessi on.
-Hepubliclyrenouncedt heRuddConcessi on
-Hesentasear chpartafterMagui r
e.

Whydi
dLobengul
a’
sef
for
tsf
ail
tost
opt
hecol
oni
sat
ionofZi
mbabwe

Lobengula’
sweaknesses
-Hecancell
edtheGr oblertreaty.
-Hedependedonwhi t
ei nterpreters.
-I
ll
i
ter
acy
-Hedidnothavedi r
ectaccesst ot hequeenorRhodes.
-Heputtoomucht r
ustinmi ssionari
es.
-Hetr
ustedLotsheandSi kombot oomuch.
-Hewasgr eedyfornatural benef i
tsli
keweapons
-Hehadadesi r
et okeepoutmanywhi tes

Otherf
act
ors
-
Rhodeswasfinanci
all
ypowerful
-
Cheati
ngbyLippert
-
TheBoerswereunabletohel
pLobengulamil
it
aril
y
-
TheShonaandt heBri
ti
shcol
laborat
edagai
nsttheNdebel
e

ThePi
oneerCol
umn[
1890]

 -Afterobtaini
ngthechart
er,Rhodesr ecrui
tedthepioneercolumntooccupy
Zimbabwe.
 -Thepioneercolumnconsi st
edof200pi oneermen[ set
tl
ers],mostofwhi
chwer
e
below30y earsand500Br i
ti
shSout hAf ri
caPoli
ce[BSAP] .
 -Thepioneercolumnsetoutf rom Macl outsi
eRiverinBotswanaon27June1890.
 -Pennef atherwasincommandoft heBSAPassi st
edbyBor rowandHenry.
 -Frederi
ckCour t
neySelous,t
hehunt erwast heguide.

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 -Thef i
rststopwasatShasheRi verwher et heybuil
tFor tTuli
.
 -Thepi oneerst husest ablishedFor t
sast heyt r
avel
led.
 -Thepi oneersav oidedt heNdebel estatef orf earofattacks.
 -Lobengul apr otest edatt hepioneerinv asi on.
 -Lobengul adi dnotal lowr egiment stoat tackt hepioneers.
 -200Ngwat opeopl eaccompani edthepi oneer s.
 -TheNgwat ohel pedt omaker oads.
 -Theyusedox- drawnwagons[ 117wagons]t otr
anspor twomen, chil
drenand
supplies.
 -Scoutspat rolledt hear easahead
 -Theyt ravell
ed12mi lesperdayandbui ltal aagerattheplaceofr estduri
ngt henight
.
 -Pioneer softenmetsmal lgroupsofNdebel ewarri
ors.
 -I
nAugust1890t hepioneercol umnwasi nMasv i
ngowher etheybuiltfor
tVictori
a.
 -Partoft hepi oneer sbr anchedt oMel set terwhi l
etheot herconti
nuednor thwardsand
builtFor tChar t
er.
 -Theyr eachedFor tSalisburyon21Sept ember1890wher etheyhoistedtheUni on
Jack.

Secur
ityar r
angement smadebyt hepi oneercol
umnduringit
smovementi
ntoMashonal
and
i
n1890
-
Pioneerswer egivenmi l
it
ar yt r
aining.
-
Eachpi oneermemberwasar med.
-
500pol icemenaccompani edt hecol umn
-
Theyest ablishedf or
tsont hei rway
-
Theyhadheav yguns-maxi m gunsandt wosevenpounders
-
Theyusedl aager swhent heycampedf orthenight
.
-
Theykeptabi glampbur ningwhent heycampednight.
-
Theymai ntainedpatrolsonhor sebacks.
-
Theyhaddoct orstotreatthesi ck.
-
TheyusedSel ousast hegui de.
-
Theyav oidedt heNdebelest ate.
-
Theywer eaccompani edbyt heNgwat oauxi
li
ari
es
-
Theybui ltf
or ts
-
Scoutingpar tiesweresenti nadv ance.
-
Power fulsear chli
ghtbeamswer eusedt oscareawaywil
danimal
s

Peoplewhower
etaskedt
orecrui
tthepi
oneer
s
-
FJohnson -Heaney
-
Borrow

Thr
eepr
omi
sesmadet
othepioneer
s
-
Cash -
Gold
-
Land

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Ri
verscrossedbyt hepi
oneercol
umnont hewayt
oMashonal
and
-
Macloutsi
eRi ver -
Tul
iRiver
-
BubiRiver -
RundeRiver
-
Many ameRi v
er -
ShasheRiver
-
MzingwaneRi ver -
Nuanetsi
Riv er
-
TokweRi ver

Didthepioneer sfinditeasyt or eacht hei

rdest inati
on?
Yestheyf oundi teasyt or eacht heirdestinationbecause
-
Theywer el edbyF. CSel ouswhoknewt hecount ry
-
Theywer ewel lequippedwi t
hpr ovi
sions
-
Theywer eaccompani edbyt hepol ice
-
Theyhadr eli
ablemeansoft ranspor t
-
Theymetnor esistancef rom t heNdebel eandt heShona
-
TheShonawer edi sunited
-
TheShonawer eweakenedbyy earsofNdebel er ai
ds
*Howev er,t
heyt ookt ool ongar outetoav oidtheNdebele
-
Theyf aceddi seases
-
Theycr ossedl argerrivers
-
Cleari
ngl andwasl abor i
ous
-
Theyf ail
edt oset t
leatt heirintendeddest inati
on

Howfarcant heoccupat i
onofMashonal andbeat t
ri
butedtothepi
oneers?
-
Theyphysicall
ytravell
edtoMashonal andandpeggedoutf ar
ms
-
Thepioneersweret rai
nedf orthewar;theyfoughtinthe1893-4warofdispossessi
on.
-
Thepioneersincl
udedal ltradessuchasf armersandbankers
-
Thei
rdiff
erentskill
smadet henewcol onyself-
sustai
ning
-
Theybuil
tsettl
ement sanddev el
opedinfrastr
uctur
eont hei
rfarms
-
Sel
ous,LendyandPennef atherl
edthepi oneercol
umn
-
Khamacont ri
butedmanpowert omaker oads

Otherfact
ors
-
Rhodesf i
nancedtheoccupation
-
Rhodes’scompanyr ecrui
tedthesett
ler
s
-
Lobengulaprevent
edhi ssol
diersf
rom att
ackingpi
oneers
-
TheShonadi dnotresistcol
onisat
ion
-
Mi ssi
onari
esli
keCharlesHelm andJ.SMof f
atalsofaci
l
itat
edcol
oni
sat
ion

Act
ivi
ti
esofthepi oneersettl
ersi nMashonalandbet ween1890and1893
 - Aft
erhoi sti
ngtheUni onJack, pi
oneerssetouttopegf ar
ms
 - Therewaswi despr
eadsear chforgold
 - Theypeggedgol dclaims
 - Theysignedat r
eatywi thchiefMutasaintheeasttothwartPort
uguesepenet
rat
ion.
 - TheydividedMashonal andintodist
ri
ctseachunderamagi str
ate.
 - Sel
li
ngl and
 - Sett
ingt owns,postof f
ices,newspapers,bakeri
esandsoon.

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 -
Theyempl oyedAfri
cansinfar
msandmi
nes.
 -
Theyl
aidroadsandst reet
s.
 -
Theyfor
medt hepoli
ceforce.
 -
Theyestabli
shedchurches
 -
Hunti
ng
 -
Farmi
ng
 -
AbuseofAf r
icans
 -
Theysetupboundar i
es
 -
Theyi
ntroducedmoney
 -
Theysetupheal t
hcentres

Howwer
eAf
ri
cansaf
fect
edbyt
heseacti
vi
ties?
Posit
iveeff
ect
s

-
Openingroadseasedtransport
-
TheShonagotpr otect
ionfrom t
heNdebel
e
-
Theywer eablet
obuynewmanuf act
uredgoods
-
Theygotmar ket
sfortheirgrai
n
-
Thelearntnewfarmingskil
ls
-
Employmentwascr eated

Negat
iveef
fect
s
-
Lossofl and
-
Losofl i
vestock
-
Il
l-
tr
eatmentofAf ricans
-
AbuseofAf r
icanwomen
-
LossofpowerbyAf ri
canchi
efs
-
Dil
utionofcul t
ure
-
Lucrati
vet r
adewi t
ht hePort
uguesewasdi
srupt
ed

St
epst
akenbyRhodest
ocol
oni
seZi
mbabwebet
ween1887and1890

 -Rhodesact edasaBr i
tishagentofi mper iali
sm.
 -Hesignedt heMof fattreaty.
 -Thi
streatywast or everset heGrobl ert
r eat y
.
 -I
nOct ober1888, hesentMagui re, ThompsonandRuddt osigntheRuddConcession.
 -I
nOct ober1889, Rhodeswasgr ant edtheRoy alCharterandper
mi ssi
ontocoloni
se
andadmi nisterZi
mbabweonbehal fofBr itai
n.
 -Heusedhi spersonal fortunetof inancet heoccupat i
on.
 -Heformedt heBSAC.
 -Herecruit
edt hepioneercol umn.
 -Rhodessoughtandgotsuppor tfrom Br it
ishf i
nanciersli
keDukeofFifeandDukeof
Abercorn.
 -Thepioneersmov edintoZi mbabweandest abli
shedf ort
snamel yFor
tTuli
,Fort
Vict
oria,FortCharterandFor tSalisbury
.
 -I
nSept ember1890t heUni onJackwasr aised/hoisted.
 -Rhodessignedt r
eat i
eswi thPor tugueseandShonachi efs.
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 -
Hedel
ayedLobengul
a’
sindunast
oseet
hequeen.

Ef
fect
sofcol
oni
ali
sm onZi
mbabwe

Posi t
iveef fects
-Ther ewascr eationofl awandor derbyendi ngt ri
balwars.
-I
nfrast r
ucturewasi mpr ov edbyconst r
uct i
onofr oads,bridgesandr ailways.
-Bettermeansoft ranspor twer eintroduced, forexampl e,v ehicl
es,tr
ainsandaer opl
anes.
-I
mpr ovementofcommuni cati
on, forexampl e, radiosandt elevi
sions.
-Prov i
sionofbet terwat err esourcesl iket aps
-Ther ewascr eationofempl oyment[ industries]
-Ther ewaspr ov i
sionoft hecasheconomy .Moneywasi ntroduced.
-Newandbet termet hodsofagr i
cul t
ur ewer ei ntroduced,forexampl e,irr
igat
ion,
crop
rotationandi ntercroppi ng.
-Adv ancedmet hodsofmi ningwer ei ntroduced.
-Betterweaponsf ordef encewer ei ntroduced, forexampl e, gunsandbombs.
-Newl anguageswer ei ntroduced, forexampl e, Portuguese, Engli
sh,Swahi l
iandChir
aparapa
whi chi mprovedcommuni cati
onbet weenpeopl e.
-Af ewur banisedcl assofAf ri
cansemer ged
-Newcr opswer ei ntroduced, forexampl e, wheat .

Negat
iveef
fect
sofcol
oni
ali
sm i
nZi
mbabwe

Negat
ivepol
it
ical ef
fects
-
Lossofpoli
ti
cal powerbychi ef
s
-
Boundari
eswer ef i
xedwithoutregar
dtotr
ibalaf
fi
li
ati
ons.
-
Therewaslossofl ivesduri
ngwar sofr
esi
stance

Negati
vesocial effects
-
Afri
cantradi
tional reli
gionwasunder mi
ned
-
Therewasemer genceofsoci ali
l
lssuchasprost
it
uti
on
-
Womenwer er aped
-
Afri
cansweredet ribal
ised
-
Newepi demicswer ebroughttoAfr
ica,
forexampl
e,AIDS.
-
Afri
canswereoppr essedandusedasasour ceofcheaplabour[
chi
bhar
o].

Negati
veeconomi ceffects
-
Afri
cawasunderdev eloped
-
Rawmat eri
alsfrom Zimbabwewereusedt opromoteanddevel
opBri
tai
natherexpense.
-
Afri
canswereunder paidandheavi
l
ytaxed
-
Lossofproductivel
andandcat t
lebyAfri
cans
-
Afri
canindustr
ieswer eundermi
nedasAfricansf
avour
edEuropeanmanufact
uredgoodsat
t
heexpenseofAf ri
cangoods.

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THE1893-
4ANGLO-
NDEBELEWAR/THE1893-
4WAROF
DI
SPOSSESSI
ON

 -
Thi
swarwasf
oughtbet
weent
heNdebel
eandt
heBr
it
ish

Causesoft
heAngl
o-Ndebel
ewar

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 -Fai
luret ofindt hesecondr andi nMashonal andr esul t
edi nt hewhitesantici
pati
ng
thatthesecondr andwasi nMat abel eland.
 -Thedesi retoacqui reaher ost atusi nBr i
tainaf t
ert hefalloft heNdebel estat
e.
 -Thequar r
el overt heowner shipoft heShonabet weent heNdebel eandt hewhi t
es.
 -Rhodes’ Capet oCai r
odr eam
 -Theshi fti
ngoft heboundar ybet weenMat abelelandandMashonal and
 -Thef al
l oftheBSACshar epr ices
 -Thedesi retosei zeNdebel ecat tl
ebyt hewhi tes
 -Rhodeswant edt of acilit
atet heconst ructionofar ail
wayl inecut t
ingacross
Mat abeleland
 -Thedef eatoft heNdebel ewoul dher aldthet otal colonisationofZi mbabwe
 -I
nfluenceofmi ssionar ies
 -Jameson’ swar li
kemood
 -Theki l
li
ngofLobengul a’speaceenv oy s[ emissar ies]
 -Theneedf orcheapl abouri nMat abel eland
 -Fearofast rongNdebel estatebyt hewhi tes
 -Ndebel eraidsdi srupt edf armi ngandmi ning
 -TheVi ctori
ai ncident swhi char e---
a]Thecut ti
ngoft elegr aphwi r
ewhi chbel ongedt ot hewhi tesbychi efGomor a/
Gomal a
b]Thedeat hofchi efChi vi[1891]whoi ssai dtohav ebeenski nnedal i
veby
Lobengul af orref usingt opayt r
ibut e
c]Thedeat hofchi efNemakonde/Lomagundi [1891]whoal sohadr efusedtopay
tri
butet oLobengul a
d]RaidingofLobengul a’ scat t
lebychi efBer e
-Umgandani -Lendycl ashesl edt ot he1893war

WhyLobengulawast oblamef ortheoutbr

eakoftheAnglo-
Ndebel
ewar
?
-
Hefail
edt ocontr
oltheregiments
-
Rai
dingMashonal anddisrupt
edwhi t
efarmsandmi nes
-
Herefusedtoacceptt heshif
ti
ngboundary
-
Hemobi l
isedforwaraf t
ertheVictor
iai
ncident
-
Hekill
edchiefChiviandchiefNemakonde

Otherf
actor
s
-
TheBSACwasdet erminedtoannexMat abelel
andasi
nthe1889char
ter
-
TheBSACwant edt oboostthevalueofitsshares
-
Thebyt heBSACtodeal withtheNdebeleonceandforal
l
-
Thewhi t
eskeptshift
ingtheboundary
-
Thekill
i
ngofLobengul a’
speaceenv oy
s
-
Thedesirefort
hesecondr and
-
Thewhi t
eswantedpol i
ti
calcontr
oloftheShona

Br
it
ishnati
onalswhopar
ti
cipat
edi
nthe1893-4war
-
LeanderStar
rJameson -
Captai
nAllanWil
son
-
MajorForbes -
MajorJohnson
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-
Capt
ainHeaney -
Captai
nLendy
-
Capt
ainBorr
ow -
GooldAdams
-
Capt
ainRaaf -
SirHenr
yLock
-
Col
quhoun

Mil
i
taryleadersoft
heBSACf
orcesduri
ngt he1893-
4war
-
MajorFor bes -CaptainLendy
-
LtColonel Gool
dAdams -CaptainRaaf
-
All
anWi lson -CaptainLendy
-
Captai
nH. TBor
row -Heaney

Cour
seoft
heAngl
o-Ndebel
ewar

-Thiswarbr okeouti n1893.

-Thewhi tev olunteer sf ormed3col umnst of ightawarofdi spossession.These3col umns
i
ncl uded
a]TheSal i
sbur ycol umnunderMaj orForbes
b]For tVi ctor i
acol umnunderCapt ainAl l
anWi lson
c]TheTul icol umnunderCapt ainRaafandGool dAdams
-Therewer e18000Ndebel ewar riorsv ersus3500opponent s[1100whi t
esand2000
auxi l
i
ar i
esandabout400ShonaandCapeauxi li
aries.
-The3col umnsmetatI ronHi llMi ne.
-Thef irstmaj orbat tl
et ookpl aceatShanganiRi veron24Oct ober .TheNdebel ewer e
defeat edbecauseoft hesuper ior i
tyoft heMaxi m gun.About500Ndebel ewar riorswer e
kil
led.TheBSACsuf feredf ewcasual t
ies.
-TheNdebel ewer eal sodef eatedatLal apanzi batt l
e
-Thesecondmaj orbat tlet ookpl aceatMbembesi River.Agai ntheNdebel ewer edef eated
withheav yl osses.
-TheNdebel er egimentofI nqabo, ImbizoandUgukami ni cl
ashedwi thcompanysol diers.
-7poundergunscostmanyNdebel eli
v es.
-On3Nov ember ,
theSout herncol umn[ Tul icol umn]l aager edatSi nguesi Rivernear
Empandeni .TheNdebel eunderGumboat tackedbutwer edef eatedduet oheav ygunf i
re.
-Khama’ smenr eturnedt oBot swanaduet oout br
eakofsmal lpox
-Jamesonandt hecompanyt r
oopsent eredBul away obutf oundt hetownbur ntdownand
deser t
ed.
-Lobengul af lednor thwar ds.
-Jamesonassi gnedFor besandRaaft opur sueandcapt ureLobengul a.
-WhenFor besandhi sf orcesr eachedShangani Rivert heyf oundthet raceofLobengul a.
-WhenLobengul ar eal i
sedt hathecoul dnotcont i
nuet of ighthesentabagofgol dand
messageof f
er i
ngsur render .
-Themessagewasgi vent oanor di narytrooperwhodi dnotconv eythemessaget othei r
l
eader s, For besandRaaf .
-Thewhi tescont i
nuedsear chi
ngf orLobengul a’spar t.
-All
anWi lsonwasaskedt ocont inuewi tht hesear chbutt heShangani Riverwasi nflood.
-Wilson’sf orcescaughtupwi t
hLobengul a’ sfleeingpar tont hewest ernsi deoft her iver.
-Wilsonr equest edf orr einforcement sbutFor besdi dnotcompl y.
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-Inst
eadhedi spat chedCapt ai
nH. JBorrowwi t
h20menwi t
houtinstr
uctingthem whether
theywer easuppor tunitoranot heratt
ackingforce.
-Borrow’sforcej oinedWi l
son’
sgr oupon4December .
-Together,Wilson’ sgroupandt hatofBur rowattackedLobengul a’sgroup.
-Lobengula’sgr oupdef endedit
sel fwellandtheydef eatedthecombi nedf or
cesofBurrow
andWi lson.
-BurrowandWi l
sonandamaj or it
yofothermenwer eki ll
edbyLobengul a,except3scouts
whoescaped.
-Forbescouldnotassi stthem becauseShangani Riverwasf looded.
-Theynev ercapt ur edLobengula.
-Forbes’groupr etreated.
-Lobengulaissai dt ohav edi
edofsmal lpoxonescapet othenorth.
-Lobengula’sf orcessur render
edandt hewarcamet oanend.
-TheBSACt ookov ert
hebur ni
ngci t
yandr ai
sedaUni onJack.

Di
dthepur
sui
tofLobengul
abyt
heBSACf
orcesaf
tert
hef
all
ofBul
away
obenef
itt
heBSAC?

Benef
it
st ot
heBSAC
-
Theycompl et
edtheoccupat i
onofZimbabwe
-
Thewhi t
esgainedtotalcont
rolofMatabel
eland
-
TheygainedLobengul a’
scatt
le
-
Itunit
edthesettl
ersthaneverbefor
e
-
ItdroveLobengul
at odeath

Di
sadv
ant
agest
otheBSAC
-
Theexpedi
tionwascostly
-
BSAClostmen
-
Companyhor sesandcatt
lewerekil
l
ed
-
Companylostammuni t
ion
-
Set
tl
ersfai
ledtocaptur
eLobengula
-
Thecompanyr ecei
vedcri
ti
cism f
rom Br
it
ain

Reasonsf
ort
hedef
eatoft
heNdebel
e

St
rengthsofthewhi tes
-
Thewhi t
eshadbet t
ert ransport.Theyf oughtonhor sebacksandt heyal
sousedwagons.
-
Thewhi t
eshadsuper iorweaponsl i
kemaxi m guns.
-
Thewhi t
esgotsuppor tf r
om theShonaandTswanaf ighter
s.
-
Totaldeter
minationont hepar toft hewhi tes.
-
Thewhi t
eswer ebet terpreparedf ort hewar .
-
Thewhi t
eshadbet t
eror ganisationandst rategy
-
Thewhi t
eswer esuppl iedf r
om Sout hAf r
icat hr
oughtheMaf eki
ngrai
lwayl
ine.
-
TheBr i
ti
shusedl aager swhi chwer edif
f i
culttopenetrate.
Weaknessesoft heNdebel e
-
TheNdebel eusedconv entional war f
arerat herthanguerri
ll
awar f
are.
-
NewsofLobengul a’
sf li
ghtdemor al
isedNdebel ewar r
iors.
-
MostNdebel ewar ri
or swer eraidingacr osst heZambezi .
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-
TheNdebelelackedunit
yofpurpose.
-
Notall
Ndebeletookpartinthewar .
-
TheNdebelehadpoorcommuni cati
on
-
Outbr
eakofsmal lpoxwhichkil
l
edt heNdebel
eking
-
Lackofcooperati
onbytheNdebel eandtheShonatoat
tackt
hecommonenemy
.
-
TheNdebelehadi nf
eri
orweapons.

Resul
tsoft
heAngl
o-Ndebel
ewar
 -TheNdebel esur r
ender ed, agreedt opeacenegot iati
ons
 -Thelandcommi ssi onwassetupt odividelandbet weent heBSACandt heNdebele.
 -Therewasconst ructionofar ail
wayl i
nef rom Sout hAfri
catoMat abelel
and.
 -Ndebeleferti
lelandwast akenbyt hewhi tes.
 -Therewascr eationofGwai andShangani reserves.
 -TheNdebel elostt heiri ndependence.
 -Numer ousdeathswer ei ncur r
ed.
 -Lobengula’scattl
ewer et aken.
 -Lobengula’scapital wast aken.
 -Therewasi ntr
oduct i
onoff orcedlabour .
 -TheNdebel ewer edeni edf rom choosi nganewki ng.
 -Mashonal andandMat abelelandwer emer gedi nt
oSout hernRhodesia.
 -Mostoft heNdebel er emai nedont hei
rt radit
ionallandsassquattersonwhiteowned
farms.
 -Thelocalpeoplewer er equiredtopayt axont heirland.
 -Therewascr eationofMat abelelandorderi ncounci lof1894withDrLeanderStar
r
Jamesonast headmi nistrator.

THEFI
RSTCHI
MURENGA/THENBEBELE-
SHONAUPRI
SING/
UMVUKELA[
1896-
7]
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 -
Thi
swarwasf
oughtbyt
heNdebel
eandt
heShonav
ersust
heBr
it
ish

CausesofChi
mur
engai
nMat
abel
eland/Ndebel
egr
iev
ances
 -
Lossofl andtot hewhi tesbyt heNdebel eaf
tertheAngl o-
Ndebelewar .
 -
Lossofi ndependencebyt heNdebel eaf t
erthe1893war .
 -
Lossofcat tl
ebyt heNdebel eaf t
ert he1893war .
 -
TheNdebel ewer ef orcedtowor kinset tl
erminesandf arms[for
cedl abour]
.
 -
TheNdebel ewer ef orcedtopayt axesl i
kehuttax,dogt axanddiptaxbyt hewhi
tes.
 -
HatredofShonapol icewhoi ll-t
reatedt heAfri
cans.
 -
Thejusticesy stem f avouredt hewhi tes.
 -
Oppressiveadmi nistrati
on
 -
AbuseofAf r
icanwomenbyt hewhi tes
 -
TheNdebel ewer enotal l
owedt ochooseanewki ngaf t
erthedeathofLobengula.
 -
Inf
luenceofspi ritmedi umswhoassur edthem thattheywouldwi nthewar .
 -
Naturaldisastersliker i
nderpest ,droughtandout br
eakofl ocust
s.
 -
TheJamesonr aidf ail
urealsocont ributed.

CausesofChi
mur
engai
nMashonal
and/Shonagr
iev
ances
-Lossofl andtot hewhi t
esbyt heShona
-TheShonawer efor cedt opayt axesl i
kehutt ax,
dogt axanddi ptaxtot
hewhit
es.
-TheShonawer efor cedt owor kinset t
lerfarmsandmi nes.
-Lossofcat tl
et othewhi tesbyt heShona.
-Thesy stem ofjusticef avouredt hewhi tes.
-Oppr essiveadmi nist r
ation
-AbuseofShonawomenbyt hewhi tes
-Poli
cebr utal
ityespeci all
ydur i
ngt axcol l
ection
-Chiefsl osttheirpower s
-Il
l-
treatmentofShonawor kersbyt hewhi tes.Theywer egivenheavypuni
shmentsf
or
simpl eof fences.
-Lossofi ndependencebyt heShonasi nce1890
-EndofShona- Portugueset r
adel inksanger edtheShona.
-Inf
luenceofspi ri
tmedi umswhoassur edthem thattheywoul dwinthewar.
-Natur aldisasterslikedr ought,rinder pestandout br
eakofl ocusts

Rol
eorr
eli
giousleadersincausingthewar
-
Theybl
amednat uraldi
sastersonthecomi ngofwhit
es.
-
Theypr
omisedthatthedi sast
erscoulddi
sappearift
heydr
oveoutwhi
tes.
-
Theypr
omisedimmuni tyf r
om bul
letstof
ighter
s.
-
Theypr
ophesiedthattheblackswoul dwi
nt hewar
.

Cour
seofChi
mur
engai
nMat
abel
eland
-
TheNdebel
eupri
singbeganinMarch1896.
-
TheNdebel
etookadvantageoft
heJamesonrai
dfi
asco/f
ail
ure.
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-Manyoft heBSAPhadgonet oSout hAf ricatof i

ghtt heBoer sbutunf or
tunatelytheBr it
ish
weredef eat edandJamesonandhi spl atoonwer ecapt ur ed.
-Thusther ewasnotenoughpol icet opr ot ectwhi tesi nZimbabwe.
-TheNdebel ewar riorst ar getedt hosewhi tesonf ar ms, mi nes,mi ssions,st
ores, policeposts
andtrader s.
-Duri
ngt hef i
r stweekoft hewarabout130whi teshadbeenki ll
ed.
-Thosewhoescapedwer esur r
oundedi nBul away obyt heAmabut ho.
-TheNdebel ewer ej oinedbyt heShonai nJune1896.
-TheBrit
ishset t l
ersaskedt heBr i
ti
shgov ernmentt ost opt heuprising.
-TheBrit
ishi nst eadr einf orced1000sol dierst oSout hernRhodesi a.
-Thewhi tesat tackedNdebel eAmabut hoonebyone.
-TheNdebel eAmabut howi thdr ewt oMat opoHi llwher etheywer eabl etodefendt hemsel v
es.
-TheBrit
ishconst r
uct edl aager sinBul away o,Gwer uandMber engwa.
-Theyorgani sedmount edpat rolstor escuesur v i
vors.
-Theydest r oy edNdebel egr ainst oresandanyf oodi tems.
-Theyblewupcav esusi ngdy nami tes.
-Theybroughtr einforcement sf rom out side, thati s,from Sout hAf r
ica,Bechuanal and,
Johannesbur gandNat al .
-Theybur ntv il
lages.
-Theyusedt her outewhi cht he Ndebel el eftopent obr ingreinforcement sfrom Sout h
Afri
ca.
-Thefoughtt heNdebel eundert hecommandofFr ederickCar r
ington.
-Theycapt uredNt abazi kamamboi nJul y1896.
-Thesettler sal sobur ntNdebel ecrops.
-Rhodeshel dameet i
ngwi t
hNdebel esoast ost opt hewar .
-Duri
ngt henegot iati
onswi tht heNdebel eseni ori ndunas, Rhodesusedbr i
berytogett he
i
ndunast onegot i
atef orpeace.
-Hepromi sedi ndunasj obsi nt heBSAC, pensi onsandt hei ndunaswer etoretaint heir
regi
onal power s.
-TheNdebel eseni orindunasmadepeacewi thRhodesi nOct ober1896atMat opos.
-Thewarcamet oanend.

Mil
i
taryr eact i
onoft hewhi tesettlersincol onialZimbabwet otheNdebeleupri
sing
-
Theyconst ructedl aager si
nBul away o, Gwer uandMber engwa.
-
Theyor gani sedmount edpatrolst orescuesur vi
vorsandbur ythedead.
-
Theydest royedNdebel egr ai
nst oresandanyf oodi t
ems.
-
Theybl ewupt hecav es.
-
Theybr oughtr einforcement sfrom out side,thatis,fr
om SouthAf r
icaandBechuanal
and.
-
Theybur ntv i
l
lages.
-
Theyusedt her outelef topen-toSout hAf ri
cat obringinrei
nforcements.
-
Theyf oughtt heNdebel eundert hecommandofFr eder
ickCarri
ngton.
-
Theycapt uredNt abazi kamamboi nJuly1896.
-
Theyusedhor sesandf ootsoldiers.
-
Theysoughtandsol i
ci tedassistancef rom Khama.
-
Theybr ibedsomeShonat ofightont heirside.
Whit
eof ficialswhoat tendedt heMat opoI ndaba
-
CecilJohnRhodes -
DrSauer

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-
VSt
ent -
JohanCol
enbr
ander

Ndebel
eleader
swhoat
tendedt
heMat
opoI
ndaba
-
Umlugulu -
SikomboMguni

Termsoft heagr eementmadeatMat opoI ndaba

-TheNdebel eagr eedt osuspendf i
ght i
ngt heset tl
ersandev enr aidi
ngthem.
-Mwar icultoffi
cialswer etobepunishedf ortheirrol
eint heupr i
sing.
-TheNdebel eof fi
cialsandpeopl ewhomur deredorcommi ttedot hercri
mesduringt
he
uprisingshoul dbet ri
ed.
-Ndebel eassegai sandgunsshoul dbesubmi ttedtotheset tl
ergov ernment.
-Rhodeswoul dwi thdrawwhi t
eforcesf rom Mat abelel
and.
-Aper manentBSAPwoul dbedeploy edinMat abelel
andtor eplacewhi t
ef or
cesandmaint
ain
peaceaf tertheupr isi
ng.
-NoAf r
icanpol ice,especial
lytheShonawoul dwor kinMat abelelandwithoutNdebel
e
appr oval.
-Theset t
lergov ernmentwoul drecogni seNdebel echi
efsandheadmen.
-Rhodes’ governmentwoul dgivetheNdebel egr ai
nandf ood.
-TheI ndabaal sopr omisedthatthegov ernmentwoul dgiveseedst otheNdebeleint
he
plantingseason.
QN: Di dMat opoI ndabaort heupr i
singbenef i
ttheNdebel e?

Ndebelebenef i
ts
-Therewasr e-
est
abli
shmentofpeacei nMatabelel
and.
-Theyreceiv
edgrain,
foodandplanti
ngseeds.
-Thesettl
ergover
nmentr ecogni
sedNdebelechiefsandheadmen.
-TheywereassuredthatnoShonapolicewouldwor kinMatabel
elandwi
thoutNdebel
e
approval.

Ndebel
el ossesatMat opoIndaba
-
Lossoffreedom andindependence.
-
Theylostalotofthei
rspears[13000]andguns[ 2500].
-
Someoft heirl
eadersweretri
ed,sentencedt odeathandexecuted.
-
Lostlandtosettl
ers
-
Weret opaytaxes
-
Nyamandawasnotr ecogni
sedaski ngoft heNdebele
-
Therewasdest r
ucti
onoft r
adit
ionali
nstit
utionsli
keager egi
ments.

WhyRhodesnegot iat
edwiththeNdebele
-TheNdebel ewerebr
av eandwereknownt obegoodf i
ghter
sandwar l
ike,
sot
ocontinue
fighti
ngtheNdebelewouldtakealongti
me.
-Thef i
ghti
ngwascostlytotheBSACintermsofmoney .
-Themi nesandfarmswer enotworki
ngduringtheupri
singandtheBSACwaslosi
ngi t
s
pr of
it
s.
-TheBr i
ti
shgovernmentwasunwill
ingtobearthecostofsendingtr
oopstocr
ushthe
upr i
si
ng.
-Thereweregrowingdemandsi nt
heBr i
ti
shparli
amenttowi t
hdrawtheBSACchar
tertorul
e

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t
heterr
it
oryandthisdrov
eRhodestomaketal
kswitht
heNdebele.
-
Theguerri
ll
atacti
csusedbytheNdebel
eweredi
ff
icul
ttodeal
with.
-Thewhit
eswer elosi
ngbot
hinter
msofmanpowerandmat er
ialr
esour
ces.

Ndebelechief
s/Indunaswhot
ookparti
nthe1896war
-
SikomboMguni -Ndiweni
-
Somabul anaDhl
odhlo -Mahlahl
eni
-
Gumbo -Nyamanda
-
Mat haf
eni

Ndebel
ereli
giousl
eader
swhot
ookpar
tinthe1896war
-
Umlugulu -
Mwabeni
-
Sigi
nyamatshe -
Mkwat i
-
Tengera/Tenkela -
Tshiwa

Whyt
heNdebel
ewer
edef
eat
ed

WeaknessesoftheNdebel e
-
Theyhadinfer
iorweapons.
-
Theyhadpoorst r
ategies.
-
Theyhadpoorcommuni cati
onnetworks.
-
Therewasdisunit
yamongt heNdebele.
-
TheNdebelehadpoort r
anspor t
.
-
Notallt
heNdebelet ookpar tinthewar.

St
rengt
hsofwhites
-
Thewhiteshadbett
ertranspor
t
-
Thewhitesgotext
ernalsupportf
rom SouthAfr
ica.
-
Thewhiteshadsuperi
orweaponsl i
kemaxim guns.
-
Thewhitesusedalotofbrutal
i
tythatfr
ight
enedtheNdebel
e.
-
Thewhitesuseddynamites.

Reasonsforbl
amingreli
giousl eader
sfordefeatoft
heNdebel
e
-
Theirpr
ophecywasmi sleading
-
Theysuggestedpoorstrategies
-
Theycouldnotgiv
ereadysol uti
onstopr
oblems
-
Theyali
gnedthemselvest oonegr oup
-
Theirpr
opagandawasmi sleading

Cour
seofChi
mur
engai
nMashonal
and

-I
nMashonal andt hewarstartedinJune1896afterhar
vest
ingcr
ops.
-I
tbeganwi ththekil
lingofwhitesinMashayamombear ea.
-TwoIndiantraderswer eki
ll
edbyMashay amombepeopl ewhoalsoki
l
ledt
henat
ive
commi ssionerforChegutu.
-Byt
heendofJune, over10whi t
eshadbeenkil
l
ed.

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-Thewhi teswer et akenbysur prisebecauset heyconsi der edt heShonaasapeacef ul group.

-Thewhi tesr espondedbyset ti
ngupl aager si npl acesl ikeGwer u,Bul away o,Mber engwa,
Mut are, Har ar eandChar ter.
-TheShonaf ight ersbl ockedr oadsusi ngt rees.
-TheShonausedguer ril
lawar faret act i
cs.
-SomeShonadi dnotj oint hewar .
-Chief
domsi nMasv i
ngo, Chi komba, Buher a, ext remeEast ernZimbabweandNor thern
Zimbabwest ayedoutoft hewar .
-TheShonachi efsf oughtt hewhi t
esassepar ateent it
ies.
-SomeShonaf oughtont hesi deofwhi tes.
-TheShonahi di ncav es
-Thewhi tesuseddy nami test oat tackt heShonai ncav es.
-Thespr eadofChi mur engat oot herar easwasdonet hr oughspi r
itmedi umsandf ir
esi gnals
[ontopofmount ains].
-NehandaandKaguv iwer ei mpor t
antspi r
itmedi umswhoencour agedt heShonat of i
ght ,
especi allyinMazoeandChi shawashaar eas.
-Theupr isingr api dlyspr eadt oHar are, Mazoe, Char ter,Mar ondera, Makondeandot her
easterndi st r
ictsofZi mbabwe.
-Theset tlersmount edpat r
ol st orescuesur viv orsandf er ryi
ngt hem t olaager sinHar are,
Mut areandChar ter.
-Thewhi teswer eassi stedbyr einforcement sf rom Sout hAf ri
ca.Briti
shi mper i
alforceswer e
broughti nf rom Sout hAf ricaunderLi eut enantCol onel Alder son.
-TheBSAf orcesunderAl der sonat tackedanddef eatedMakoni ’
sGwi ndingwi fort
ress.
-Theyal sodef eat edMangwende’ sMaopef ort r
ess.
-Defeat edShonachi efswer eexecut ed, forexampl e,Makoni .
-Thewhi tesadopt edt hescor chedear thpol icy ,dest roy ingShonagr ainst ores,homesand
watersour cest ost arv etheShonai nt osubmi ssi on.
-Thewhi teset tlersat tackedanddef eat edShonachi efdomssepar at ely
.
-Nehandawascapt uredandexecut edi nApr il1897.
-Shehador deredt heki l
l
ingofPul lard, theNat iv ecommi ssionerforMazoe.
-Shonar esi stancecol lapsedf ollowingt hecapt ureoft hei rleaderslikeMashay amombei n
July1897andKaguv iwhowasani nspi rati
onal medi um oft heHar arear eainOct ober1897.
-Thi
scapt ur eofi nspi rational l
eader sbr oughtt hewart oanend.
-Maponder ahowev er,cont inuedt of ightunt il 1903.

Ar
easwherethef
ir
stChi
mur
engawasf oughti
nMashonal
and
-
Chinamhora -Makoni
-
Mashayamombe -Chihota
-
Nemakonde/Zvi
mba -Mangwende
-
Mazoe -Svosv e
-
Chiweshe -Mut ekedza
-
Nyandoro -Maponder a

Shonachi
efswhot
ookpar
tinthe1896-
7war
-
Mashayamombe -Makoni
-
Zhanda -Mangwende
-
Nyamweda -Maponder
a

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-
Chihota -Zvi
mba
-
Chinamhora -Sango
-
Seke -
Hwata
-
Chiweshe -Nyachuru
-
Chikwaka -Rusi
ke
-
Mar omo -Mutekedza
-
Mashonganyika -KunzviNyandor
o

Rel
i
giousleader
swhower
eacti
veinMashonalanddur
ingt
hef
ir
stChi
mur
enga
-
Kaguvi -Nehanda[Chagwe]
-
Zhanda -Gumboreshumba
-
Chaminuka -Bonda
-
Mponga

Rol
eplayedbyr eligi
ousl eadersintheupr isi
ng
-
Theyplannedandor ganisedt heupr isi
ng.
-
Theyprophesiedont hewarandassur edAf ricansthattheywouldwi
nthewar
.
-
Theyencour agedpeopl et ofight.
-
Theyadv i
sedonst rategiest obeused.
-
Theycommuni catedwi thancest r
al spiri
ts.
-
Theycommandedt hesol diers.
-
Theyrelayedinformat i
onf rom Godandancest or
st ochief
sandpeopl
e.
-
Theyprovidedmedi cal herbs
-
Theyl
edatwardi scussi onsandpr esidedov erwarcr i
mes.
-
Theycoor di
natedt hewar .
-
Theymobi li
sedt hepeopl eandt aughtpeopl epolit
icaleducat
ion.
-
Theyprovidedspi ri
tual guidance.
-
Theygav emor alsuppor ttothef i
ght ers.
-
Somet rai
nedsol diers
-
Theywer ethechi efpr opagandi st
s.

Whyt heShonat ooksol ongtobedef eatedinthe1896- 7upr i

sing
-Theyhadst or
edal otoffoodi ncav es.
-TheShonachi efsfoughtsepar at
elyinsmal lgroupsandt hi smadei tdif
fi
cultforthewhi t
es
todef eatthem easi l
y.
-TheShonausedguer r
ill
awar faretacti
cssuchasni ghtattacks, hitandrunandsur pri
se
at t
acks.
-Spiritmedi umscoor di
natedt hewarandencour agedt heindividualchiefstokeepon
fighting.
-Shonachi efssuchasMakoni andMangwendeusedf orti
fiedmount ai
ns.
-Theyhadgunsobt ainedf r
om t hePor t
ugueset hrought r
adeandaf ewmoder nrif
lesthey
capt ured.
-TheShonawer efami l
iarwiththeter r
ainthanthewhi t
es.
-Thewari nMashonal andwasnotl imi t
edtopr ofessionalfightersbuti ti
ncludedev er
yone
i
ncl udi ngwomen.
-Ther ewer emanyhi ll
si nMashonal andandt hesepr ov i
dedcov erfortheShonaf ighters.
*Howev er
,thewhi tesiniti
all
yhadf ewersol di
ersbecausesomehadbeent akentoSout h

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Afr
icaintheJamesonr ai
d.
-
TheBSAChadf i
nanci
alprobl
ems.
-
Thewhi teswerenotpreparedforwarwi
ththeShonaandtheyt
ookt
ool
ongt omobil
ise.
-
Ther esourcesofthewhit
eshadbeenov er
str
etchedduet
othewari
nMatabelel
and.
-
Thewhi teswerenotfamil
iarwitht
heter
rai
n.

Whyt
heShonawer
edef
eat
edbyt
heBr
it
ish

WeaknessesoftheShona
-
TheShonalackedcoordinati
on.
-
Theyhadnocommonmi l
i
taryst
rategy.
-
TheShonawer enotunited.
-
SomeShonaf oughtont hesideofthewhites.
-
SomeShonadi dnotjointhewar,forexampl e,Mutasa.
-
Theyhadinfer
iorweaponsl i
kespears.
-
Theyhadinfer
iortr
aini
ngast heywer enotregularsol
dier
s.
-
Theyhadpoorcommuni cati
on.
-
Theyhadpoort r
ansport.
-
Thespiri
tmediumsmi sledthepeoplebytellingthem t
hatbul
l
etswon’
twor
kagai
nstt
hem.

Str
engthsoft hewhites
-
Thewhi teshadbet t
ert ranspor t.
-
Thewhi teswer ebetteror ganised.
-
Thewhi teshadsuper iorweapons.
-
Thesur r
enderoft heNdebel emadet hewhitestoconcentrat
eont heShonaonly.
-
Thescor chedearthpol icyadopt edbyt hewhitesstarv
edtheShonai nt
osubmission.
-
Thewhi tescapturedi nspirat
ional l
eadersli
keMakoni ,Mashayamombe, Kaguvi
and
Nehanda.
-
Useoft ortur
eandcr uel interr
ogat i
onmet hodsbyt hewhit
esforcedthecapti
vestoreveal
thewhereaboutsoft heirleader sandst r
ongholds.
-
Thewhi tesusedexpl osivesanddy nami t
es.
-
Theset t
lersbri
bedsomeShonat ofightontheirsi
de.

Cont
ri
but
ionoftheexecut
ionofNehandaandKaguv it
ot hedefeatoft
heShona
-
Theywereasourceofmot i
vati
onandcourageoftheShona.
-
Theywerel
eadershencetheirdeat
hresul
tedi
nlackofleadershi
p.
-
Theywerecoor
dinat
orsduringthewar.

Towhatext
entdidlackofunitycontr
ibutet
ot hedefeatoft
heShona?
-
Ther
ewasl ackofcoordi
nati
onamongt heShona.
-
SomeShonachiefsdidnotjointhewar ,
forexample,Mutasa.
-
SomeShonachiefsassist
edt hewhites.
-
Theyhadnocommonmi l
i
tarystrat
egy

Otherfact
ors
-
TheShonahadi nferi
orweapons
-
Whi t
eswer ebet
terorgani
sed
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-
Whit
eshadfastertr
anspor
t
-
Thesur
renderoftheNdebel
e

Weaponsusedbythewhi
tesagai
nstt
heNdebel
eandShona
-
Dynamites -Maxim guns
-
2,5inchscrewguns -HenryMarti
nri
fl
es
-
Sevenpounderguns -Wagons
-
Scorchedeart
hpoli
cy -Horses

-
Weaponsusedbyt heAfri
cans
-
Oldmusketsobt
ainedfrom Por
tuguese -
Fewcapturedr
ifl
es
-
Spear
s -
bowsandarrows
-Cl
ubsandknobkerri
es -
Fort
if
iedMountai
nsandcav
es
-
Guerr
il
lawarf
are

Resul
tsoft
heFi
rstChi
mur
enga

-
Afr
icanswer edef eated.
-
Afr
icanslostt heirindependence.
-
Afr
icantraditional poli
ticswasdest royed.
-
Nehanda, Makoni andKaguv i wereexecut ed.
-
Mashonal andwasdi vi
dedi ntodi stri
cts, eachunderanat iveCommi ssi
oner.
-
TheBSACi ntroducedf ormal gov ernmentt hrought heRhodesi a-Order-
Councilof1898.
-
TheBrit
ishi ntroducedar esidentCommi ssionertomoni t
ortheadmi ni
strat
ionoftheBSAC.
-
Thosewhodef iedset t
leraut hor it
ywer esubst it
utedbycol laborators.
-
TheNdebel ecoul dnotchooseanewki ngandt hisl edtothecol l
apseoft heNdebelestat
e.
-
MostAf r
icanl eader swer eei theri mpr isonedorki ll
ed.
-
Morereser veswer ecreat ed, especi all
yi nMashonal andandAf r
icansbecamedesper at
efor
l
andandsomebecamesquat ters.
-
MostAf r
icanmenwor kedf orl owwagesi nmi nesandf arms.
-
Afr
icansbecameeconomi callydependentonwhi tesasl abourers.
-
Paymentoft axesbyAf r i
canscont inued.
-
KunzviandMaponder acont i
nuedwi thresistancebutwer elat
erdef eated.
-
ManyAf ri
canswer eturnedi ntoChr i
stianity.
-
TheShonawer efor bi
ddent obui l
dhousesi nmount ai
ns.

Howwer ethesettl
ersaffect
edbytheresult
softheFir
stChi
murenga?
-
Cheaplabourwasobt ai
nedf r
om bot
hMat abel
elandandMashonal
and.
-
Theyappropri
atedmor elandandcat
tle
-
Theynowhadmor erevenuebase
-
Secur
it
ywasenhanced
-
Thesettl
erswereunited

Negat
iveef
fect
soft
her
esul
tst
othewhi
tes

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-
Therewasinter
nat
ional condemnationespeciall
ybyBr
it
ain.
-
Theywereblamedforv ariousactsofoppression.
-
Hatr
edbetweenblacksandwhi tesi
ntensi
fied.
-
BSACsharesdropped.
-
Rhodes’
imagewast arnished.

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