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org © 2015 IJCRT | Volume 3, Issue 1 January 2015 | ISSN: 2320-2882

A HISTORICAL STUDY ON VIJAYANAGARA

EMPIRE
*Dr.Manjunatha Sakalesh,
Associate Professor, Dept. of History, Sir.M.V. Govt. Arts and Commerce College, Bhadravathi.

Abstract:

This paper purpose is to study the Vijayanagara Empire. Before the early 14th-century rise of the
Vijayanagara Empire, the Hindu states of the Deccan – the Yadava Empire of Devagiri, the Kakatiya dynasty of
Warangal, and the Pandyan Empire of Madurai – were repeatedly raided and attacked by Muslims from the
north. By 1336 the upper Deccan region (modern-day Maharashtra and Telangana) had been defeated by
armies of Sultan Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughluq of the Delhi Sultanate. Further south in the
Deccan region, Hoysala commander Singeya Nayaka-III declared independence after the Muslim forces of the
Delhi Sultanate defeated and captured the territories of the Yadava Empire in 1294 CE. He created the Kampili
kingdom near Gulbarga and Tungabhadra River in the northeastern parts of present-day Karnataka state. The
kingdom collapsed after a defeat by the armies of Delhi Sultanate and upon their defeat, the populace
committed a jauhar (ritual mass suicide) in c. 1327–28. The Vijayanagara Kingdom was founded in 1336 CE as
a successor to the hitherto prosperous Hindu kingdoms of the Hoysalas, the Kakatiyas, and the Yadavas with
the breakaway Kampili Kingdom adding a new dimension to the resistance to the Muslim invasion of South
India. In 1336, Vijayanagar kingdom was established by Harihara and Bukka, who were two brothers and
served in the army of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. They broke away from the Delhi Sultanate and established an
independent state in Karnataka and established the capital city Vijayanagar on the banks of river Tungabhadra
in 1336. Harihara and Bukka were helped and inspired by contemporary scholar and a saint Vidyaranya for
the establishment of their kingdom. The rise of regional kingdoms in the medieval period started as the Delhi
Sultanate weakened. The last dynasties of the sultanate Sayyid and Lodi were very weak rulers who could not
maintain the kingdom.

At this time, in the south of India arose the Vijayanagara Kingdom, based in the Deccan and down
South of the country. By the end of the 13th century, efforts made by the southern powers to fend off Turkic
Islamic invasions resulted in the rise of the empire. At its height, it pushed the sultans of the Deccan beyond the
Tungabhadra-Krishna River doab region, conquered nearly all of South India’s leading families, annexed
modern-day Odisha (formerly known as Kalinga) from the Gajapati Kingdom, and otherwise established itself
as a significant power. The empire saw the rule of four different dynasties: Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva, and
Aravidu dynasties. The Sangama dynasty was Shaivite while the rest were Vaishnavites. The Vijayanagara
kingdom signifies a golden period for the southern region in every aspect.

Keywords: Vijayanagara Empire, Historical, Krishnadevaraya, Harihara, Bukka Etc.

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INTRODUCTION:

In 1336, Vijayanagar kingdom was established by Harihara and Bukka, who were two brothers and
served in the army of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. They broke away from the Delhi Sultanate and established an
independent state in Karnataka and established the capital city Vijayanagar on the banks of river Tungabhadra
in 1336. Harihara and Bukka were helped and inspired by contemporary scholar and a saint Vidyaranya for the
establishment of their kingdom. The rise of regional kingdoms in the medieval period started as the Delhi
Sultanate weakened. The last dynasties of the sultanate Sayyid and Lodi were very weak rulers who could not
maintain the kingdom. At this time, in the south of India arose the Vijayanagara Kingdom, based in the
Deccan and down South of the country. By the end of the 13th century, efforts made by the southern powers to
fend off Turkic Islamic invasions resulted in the rise of the empire. At its height, it pushed the sultans of the
Deccan beyond the Tungabhadra-Krishna River doab region, conquered nearly all of South India’s leading
families, annexed modern-day Odisha (formerly known as Kalinga) from the Gajapati Kingdom, and otherwise
established itself as a significant power. The empire saw the rule of four different dynasties: Sangama, Saluva,
Tuluva, and Aravidu dynasties. The Sangama dynasty was Shaivite while the rest were Vaishnavites. The
Vijayanagara kingdom signifies a golden period for the southern region in every aspect.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

This paper aim is to study the Vijayanagara Empire.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

This paper is purely based on secondary sources of data such as websites, journals, articles, books and
other sources.

VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE:

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1. Sangama dynasty (1336-1485)

Harihara 1 ruled from 1336 to 1356, and gained control over most of the area south of the Tungabhadra
River and earned the title of “master of the eastern and western seas” (Purvapaschima Samudradhishavara).
After his death, his brother Bukka Raya I took over in 1356 and ruled till 1377. In 1367, Bukka I launched an
assault on the Mudkal fortress. In revenge, the Bahmani sultan crossed the Tungabhadra and marched into
Vijayanagar, defeated the king, and forced him to retreat to the jungle. A long war ensued and the Bahmani
sultan had the upper hand because of the use of artillery. Finally, a treaty shared the disputed Tungabhadra
doab between the kingdoms. The kingdom was expanded to the eastern coast under Harihara II (1377 to 1404).
He conquered territories from: Reddis in upper Krishna Godavari delta, Warangal rulers in the lower Krishna-
Godavari delta, Ganga rulers of Orissa, Contested Bahmani Sultans, Captured Goa and Belgaum from the
Bahmanis, Sent an expedition to northern Sri Lanka. Their expansion eastwards stopped because the Warangal
ruler had seized Golconda and Kaulas from the Bahmani sultanate and signed a treaty. Treaty between
Warangal and Bahmanis forged an alliance that lasted for over 50 years. This alliance stopped Vijayanagar from
taking over the Tungabhadra doab.

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Deva Raya I (1406-1422):

He was defeated by Bahmani Sultan Firuz Shah, in the fight over Tungabhadra doab. He had to pay 10 lakh
huns, pearls, and elephants as indemnity. Gave his daughter in marriage to the Sultan (ceded Bankapur in the
Tungabhadra doab, as dowry). Deva Raya entered into an alliance with Warangal to partition the Reddi
kingdom between them, hence Warangal switched their alliance to Vijayanagara. This helped Deva Raya
defeat Sultan Firuz Shan Bahmani and annexed the entire Reddi kingdom up to the mouth of the Krishna River.
Deva Raya also constructed a dam on Tungabhadra and irrigated cities and villages with canals from this dam.
He also built a dam on the river Haridra. He also built the Mallikarjuna Temple in Mallapangudi. In 1420,
Italian traveler Nicolo Conti visited Vijayanagara and describes a magnificent capital city. There is a Kannada
inscription of Deva Raya I at the Hazara Rama temple in modern-day Hampi.

Deva Raya II (1425-1446):

He is considered the greatest ruler of the Sangam dynasty. He strengthened his army in a clever way by
recruiting Muslims in the army and giving them jagirs. He then made all Hindu soldiers and officers learn
mounted archery from them. In 1443, he crossed the Tungabhadra in order to recover regions south of the
Krishna (Mudkal, Bankapura). But after three hard battles, both sides agreed to maintain existing frontiers.
Portuguese traveler Nuniz visited during this time and wrote that Quilon, Sri Lanka, Pulicat, Pegu, and
Tenasserim (Burma and Malaya) paid tribute to Deva Raya II. Persian traveler Abdur Razzaq elaborated about
the army troops of Deva Raya II as well. After the reign of Deva Raya II, an internal struggle for the throne
ensued weakening the kingdom for some time. From 1450, Orissa’s Gajapati rulers made raids into south India
up to Madurai which weakened the Vijayanagara and shrunk the authority of Rayas to Karnataka. At this time,
the minister Saluva usurped the throne and the Saluva dynasty was founded.

2. SALUVA DYNASTY (1485-1505)

The dynasty had only three rulers:

 Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya (1485–1491 CE)

 Thimma Bhupala (1491 CE)
 Narasimha Raya II (1491–1505 CE)

The majority of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya’s reign was devoted to moderately successful campaigns to
subdue his vassals around the realm and fruitless attempts to halt the Suryavamsa monarch of Orissa’s
expansion. In order to restart the horse trade, which had been taken over by Bahman, Narasimha also
established additional ports on the west coast. Narasimha’s youngest son, Narasimha Raya II, succeeded his
brother as king after Narasimha’s eldest son, Thimma Bhupa, was assassinated in 1492 by an army general and
a member of Narasa’s enemies. He assumed the title of Immadi Narasimha. Despite being given the title, Vira

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Narasimha, the eldest son and heir apparent of Narasa, exercised real power. In 1505, he gave the order to kill
Immadi Narasimha. He then assumed the throne, establishing the Tuluva dynasty, the third Vijayanagar
dynasty, and ruled from 1503 to 1509.

3. TULUVA DYNASTY (1491-1570)

Krishna Deva Raya (1509-1529):

He was the greatest ruler of the Vijayanagara empire and brought about the greatest kingdom of south india
in the medieval period. He had to contend against the successor states which rose after the breakdown of the
Bahamani sultanate, like the Bijapur sultanate. He defeated Bijapur in 1520. He fought against the continuous
incursions by the Gajapati rulers of Odisha. In the west, he conquered Belgaum and Gulbarga. He did not pay
much attention to developing the navy which proved bad as the Portuguese beat them in maritime trade. When
the Timurid monarch Babur invaded northern India, he recognized Rana Sanga, the king of Chittor, and
Krishnadevaraya as the two greatest Hindu kings of India. During his rule, the Portuguese explorers Domingo
Paes and Duarte Barbosa traveled to the Vijayanagara Empire, and their travel diaries reveal that the monarch
was both a skilled administrator and a superb general, leading from the front in combat and even ministering to
the injured. He was very keen on developing the art, culture, and architecture of the kingdom. He was also
known as Andhra Bhoja. He himself wrote a book on the polity. Patronized 8 eminent scholars known as
Astadiggaja, one of whom was the famous Tenali Raman. Peddanah or Andhra Kavita Pitamah was another
great scholar among them. His reign is known as the golden age for Telugu literature: Pedanna wrote
Manucharitam and Harikatha saram, Krishnadevaraya himself wrote Amuktamalyada and Jambavti kalyanam
(Sanskrit), Nandi Thimmana wrote Parijathapaharanam, Madayyagari Mallana wrote Rajasekhara Charitramu,
Dhurjati wrote Kalahasti Mahatyamu, Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu wrote Sakalakatha
Sangraha and Ramaabhyudayamu, Pingali Surana wrote Raghava
Pandaviyamu, Kalapurnodayam and Prabhavate Pradyamana.

Administration:

 Provinces were called mandalams headed by mandaleshwara/nayaks. Empire was divided into
mandalams, nadus, sthalas, gramas Land tax or sist was 1/6th of the produce. Gold coin was called
varaha/pagoda; silver coin was called tara; smaller units were jital , duggani. Top officers of the army
were called Nayaks or poligars and were given land for their service, called amaram. (The Nayaks took
control of Madurai, Tanjore, etc in the 17th -18th centuries when the kingdom became weak) All Hindu
sects were respected by Krishna Deva Raya. It is well known that he supported and fostered many cults as
well as their places of worship. He rebuilt Shiva sanctuaries such as the Virupaksha Temple. The temples
of Tirumala, Srisailam, Amaravati, Chidambaram, Ahobilam, and Tiruvannamalai received land grants
from him. He lavishly bestowed various expensive items on the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple. Many
foreign travelers visited the kingdom and wrote praises of the city and administration- Ibn batuta, Nicolo

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de Conti, Abdul Razzak, Barossa, Domingos Paes, and Nuniz. Krishnadeva Raya died in 1529 due to
illness and was succeeded by his brother Achyuta Deva Raya (1529-1543). Sadahshiva Raya (1543-1565)
was the last Tuluva ruler of the Vijayanagara kingdom. His administration was controlled by a triumvirate
led by Rama Raja. Rama Raja entered into a commercial treaty with the Portuguese and stopped the
supply of horses to Bijapur. This move weakened the sultanates-Bijapur, Golconda and Ahmadnagar
were defeated. In 1565, the three kingdoms united and attacked Vijayanagara which became to known as
the Battle of Talikota or Rakhsha-Tangadi. Rama Raja was executed and the city of Vijayanagara was
looted and destroyed. The glorious city was abandoned after the destruction of the battle. The
Vijayanagara empire was more or less destroyed after the Battle of Talikota but the kingdom remained till
the 1640s.

4. ARAVIDU DYNASTY (1542-1646):

Aliya Rama Raja belonged to the dynasty and his brother Tirumala Deva Raya took over the throne after
the former’s death in battle. All the rulers of the dynasty kept trying to restore the city of Vijayanagara but were
marred by constant attacks from the Muslim neighbors. This kept on weakening the kingdom. Venkatapati Deva
Raya’s (1586-1614), reign saw a gain of strength as he successfully dealt with the Deccan sultans and restored
much of the kingdom as well. Around 1592 Venkatapati shifted his capital from Penukonda to Chandragiri,
which was further south near the Tirupathi hills. After 1604, he shifted the capital from Chandragiri to Vellore
Fort, which was used as a major base. The Dutch in 1608 sought permission to set up a factory in Pulicat
during his rule. He died in 1614 and his nephew Sriranga II took over the rule. But he and his family were
murdered by rival factions as a struggle for the throne ensued. His son Rama deva Raya (1617-1632), who was
smuggled out by a faithful commander during murders, took over the rule after the long-drawn battle. His rule
was marred by constant battles with the rival factions. The last ruler of the dynasty and Vijayanagara empire
was Sriranga III (1642-1652). He kept losing territories to the Nayaks and Deccan sultans and by the time of his
death was a king without a kingdom. Thus ended three centuries of Viajaynagara rule in South India. The
Vijayanagara empire had a significant impact on the culture, language, architecture, and literature of the time.
Numerous languages like Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada, and Tamil literature flourished. The temple architecture
with tall gopurams and Kalyana mandapams was prominent (Vithala, Virupaksha temple, Hampi; Varadharaja,
Ekamparantha temples, Kanchipuram).

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS:

The Vijayanagar Empire was one of the richest state then known to the world. The chief gold coin was
the varaha or pagoda. Varahas because the most common symbol was Varaha-the Boar incarnation of Vishnu
The Perta was half a Varaha. Fanam was one tenth a pertha. Tar was a silver coin, Jittal was a copper coin,
Harihara I and Bukka I used the Hanuman symbol in their coins, Krishna Deva Raya’s coins had the figures of
Venkatesh and Balkrishna. Achyuta Raya used Garuda while Tirumala maintained the original Varaha. The
chief items of export were cotton, silk, spices, rice, saltpeter and sugar. The imports consisted of horses, pearls,

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copper, coral etc. The art of shipbuilding (300 sea ports) had developed in this period a which help in
flourishing trade .Ships were used for coastal and overseas trade. The most important commercial area on the
West coast was Malabar, with its important port of Cannanore. It had commercial relations with the islands of
the Indian Ocean, Burma, the Malay Archipelago and China in the East, and Arabia, Persia, South Africa,
Abyssinia and Portugal on the West. Chess was a game promoted by the state and players were rewarded.

Agriculture & Industries Under Vijayanagara Empire:

Agriculture was in a flourishing condition. Rulers encourage agriculture in the different parts of the
empire and to increase agricultural production by a wise irrigation policy. The construction of a dam and
excavation of canals were Also There. Numerous industries were Present During This Time :-> textiles, mining
and metallurgy & perfumery. Industries and crafts were regulated by guilds.

Cultural Conditions of Vijayanagara Empire:

The chief characteristics of the Vijayanagara architecture were the construction of tall Raya Gopurams
or gateways and the Kalyanamandapam with carved pillars in the temple premises. Different languages such as
Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada and Tamil flourished in the regions. The sculptures on the pillars were carved with
distinctive features. The horse was the most common animal found in these pillars. The most important temples
Made under Vijayanagara Empire :->

 Vittalaswamy temples at Hampi

 Hazara Ramaswamy temples at Hampi
 Stone chariot at Hampi.
 The Varadharaja at Kanchipuram
 Ekamparanatha temples at Kanchipuram.
 Religions Followed by Vijayanagara Empire :->

Early Vijayanagar rulers were followers of Saivism. Virupaksha was their family God. Later , came under
the influence of Vaishnavism. However, Siva continued to be worshipped. Vaishnavism was professed in
various forms. Example :->Srivaishnavism of Ramanuja was highly popular. The Dvaita system of Madhava
was also practiced. Epics and Puranas were popular among the masses, especially since they served as a means
of education among women.

Position Of Women Under Vijayanagara Empire:

Women occupied a high position in Vijayanagara Empire; Women also took an active part in the
political, social and literary life of the empire. It was the only empire in Medieval India which employed women
in state services. The practice of dancing girls attached to temples was also in vogue. Devadasis held a highly
respectable position in society, and were given land grants, maidservants, etc. The plight of widow was pitiable,
but they could remarry and it was Encouraged by states by not levying any tax on It. The prevalence of Sati or
Sahagamana is Present in the Vijayanagar Empire
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Foreign Visitors of Vijayanagara Kingdom:

 Ibn Bututa (1333-1347 A.D.) — Moroccan traveller, who visited India during the reign of Muhammad-
bin-Tughlaq. And came to Vijayanagar during the reign of Harihar I.

 Nicolo Conti (1420-1421 A.D.) — Venetian traveller, who gave a comprehensive account of the Hindu
kingdom of Vijayanagar.

 Abdur Razzaq (1443-1444 A. D.) — Persian traveller, who stayed at the court of the Zamorin at
Calicut. He has given a vivid account of the Vijayanagar city, while describing the wealth and luxurious
life of the king and the nobles.

 Duarte Barbosa (1500-1516 A.D.) — Portuguese traveller, who has given a valuable narrative of the
government and the people of the Vijayanagar empire.

 Domingos Paes (1520-1522 A.D) — Portuguese traveller, who visited the court of Krishnadeva Raya.

 Fernao Nuniz (1534-1537 A.D) — Portuguese merchant, who wrote the history of the empire from its
earliest days to the closing years of Acchyutdeva Raya’s reign.

CONCLUSION:

Before the early 14th-century rise of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Hindu states of the Deccan – the
Yadava Empire of Devagiri, the Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal, and the Pandyan Empire of Madurai – were
repeatedly raided and attacked by Muslims from the north. By 1336 the upper Deccan region (modern-day
Maharashtra and Telangana) had been defeated by armies of Sultan Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad bin
Tughluq of the Delhi Sultanate. Further south in the Deccan region, Hoysala commander Singeya Nayaka-III
declared independence after the Muslim forces of the Delhi Sultanate defeated and captured the territories of the
Yadava Empire in 1294 CE. He created the Kampili kingdom near Gulbarga and Tungabhadra River in the
northeastern parts of present-day Karnataka state. The kingdom collapsed after a defeat by the armies of Delhi
Sultanate and upon their defeat, the populace committed a jauhar (ritual mass suicide) in c. 1327–28. The
Vijayanagara Kingdom was founded in 1336 CE as a successor to the hitherto prosperous Hindu kingdoms of
the Hoysalas, the Kakatiyas, and the Yadavas with the breakaway Kampili Kingdom adding a new dimension to
the resistance to the Muslim invasion of South India.

The empire reached its peak during the rule of Krishna Deva Raya when Vijayanagara armies were
consistently victorious. The empire gained territory formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan, such
as Raichur and Gulbarga from the Bahamani Sultanate, territories in the eastern Deccan from wars with Sultan
Quli Qutb Shahi of Golkonda, and Kalinga region from the Gajapatis of Odisha. This was in addition to the
already established presence in the southern Deccan. Many important monuments were either completed or
commissioned during the time of King Krishnadevaraya. Krishna Deva Raya was succeeded by his younger

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half-brother Achyuta Deva Raya in 1529. When Achyuta Deva Raya died in 1542, Sadashiva Raya, the teenage
nephew of Achyuta Raya, was appointed king, and Aliya Rama Raya, Krishna Deva Raya's son-in-law,
becoming the caretaker. When Sadashiva Raya was old enough to assert his independent claim over the throne,
Aliya Rama Raya made him a virtual prisoner and became the de facto ruler. He hired Muslim generals in his
army from his previous diplomatic connections with the Sultanates and called himself "Sultan of the World".
He was keen interfering in the internal affairs of the various Sultanates and on playing off the Muslim powers
against one another, while making himself the ruler of the most powerful and influential regional power. This
worked for a while but eventually made him very unpopular among his people and the Muslim rulers. He made
a commercial treaty with the Portuguese to stop the supply of horses to Bijapur, then defeated the Bijapur ruler
and inflicted humiliating defeats on Golconda and Ahmednagar

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