INTERNSHIP REPORT

NAME: HOORAIN SAJJAD

DESIGNATION: MERIT INTERNEE

DEPARTMENT: LABORATORY

INSTITUTE: DUHS OHJA

DURATION: 4 WEEKS
1. HPLC (High Performing Liquid Chromatography):

 Make and Model: Shimadzu Corporation

SPD-M20A
 Principle: HPLC is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures. It works
by passing samples through a columns filled with a stationary substance And
separating the components based on their interaction. Detectors are then used to
identify and measure these components. HPLC provides accurate result and is
controlled by factors like the composition of the mixture and the temperature of
the column.

 Department:
DUHS Bio analytical lab (IBBPS)
DUHS life sciences

 Specifications:
Power requirements: 100 VAC, 150 VA, 50/60 Hz
Operating temperature range: 4C to 35C
Light source: Deuterium (D2) lamp, tungsten (W) lamp

 Precautions:
 The working personnel must verify chemical compatibility to ensure all
solvents, reagents, and samples are suitable for use with the HPLC system.
 Personnel should undergo thorough training in HPLC operation,
maintenance, and safety protocols.personnel must also wear appropriate
personal protective equipment (PPE) such as lab coats, safety goggles,
gloves, and closed-toe shoes.
 The worker must handle the chromatographic columns carefully to prevent
damage or contamination.The waste should be disposed of regularly
 Work must be performed in a well-ventilated area or utilize a fume hood to
prevent exposure to hazardous vapors.

 Applications:
 Pharmaceuticals: HPLC ensures the purity and potency of drugs by
separating and quantifying compounds in complex mixtures.

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  Food Analysis: HPLC is used to detect contaminants and additives in food
samples, ensuring safety and quality.
 Environmental Monitoring: HPLC detects pollutants in water and soil
samples, aiding in environmental protection efforts.
 Forensics: HPLC assists in drug testing and identifying trace substances in
evidence, supporting criminal investigations.

 Observation: During my visit to DOW institute of life sciences, I watched the

staff calibrate the HPLC, and it was pretty interesting. The person doing it was
super careful about everything. They measured stuff really precisely and mixed it
all together step by step. It was like following a recipe but with a lot of attention
to detail. They made sure they got the measurements right and mixed everything
really well to make sure the sample was just right. It showed me how important it
is to be really careful and precise when working with instruments like the HPLC.

2. TISSUE PROCESSOR:

 Make and Model: Thermo-scientific

Excelsior AS

 Department: Histopathology lab

 Principle: The tissue processor machine simplifies tissue preparation for

microscopic examination. It starts by preserving tissue in a fixative solution.
Then, it dehydrates the tissue in alcohol.Dehydration is important because
paraffin wax is water insoluble.The next step is clearing in which processor
clears the tissue of ethanol with a trans-parenting agent like xylene. Xylene is
immiscible and thus allows the entry of wax in to the tissue. The final step is
embedding the tissue with paraffin wax. This process ensures consistent and
efficient tissue preparation for accurate diagnosis in pathology laboratories.

 Specifications:
Power: 100 Vac - 240 Vac
Frequency:50/60 Hz
Requirements: 1300 VA (max.), 300 VA (typical)

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 Precaution:
 Avoid contact with hot wax as it may cause burns
 Always validate that a sufficient amount of wax and stock chemicals are
within the stock tank and bottles.
 Clean all tissues from the machine upon completion of its usage
 personnel must also wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)
such as lab coats, safety goggles, gloves, and closed-toe shoes.

 Applications:
 Histopathology:Tissue processors are used to prepare tissue samples for
microscopic examination by pathologists, aiding in the diagnosis of diseases
such as cancer.
 Research:Tissue processors facilitate the processing of tissue samples for
various research purposes, including studies on disease mechanisms, drug
development, and biomarker discovery.
 Veterinary Medicine:Tissue processors are utilized in veterinary pathology
laboratories to prepare animal tissue samples for diagnostic purposes and
research.

 Calibration: The calibration of tissue processor machine involves insuring

whether the touch panel works properly or not. The solutions that are present e.g:
Toulene,xylene,alcohol and formalin both in front in back container, checking
their quantity and freshness.the solutions have to be changed in around 7 working
days though it does depends on their concentration. We also have to make sure
that the pipes are all attached to their respective place properly. Four colored
pipes are present; blue for alcohol, red for xylene, white for wax and green for
formalin. The motor pressure is checked of processor on service mode.

 Observation:
During my visit to the histopathology lab, one thing that really caught my
attention was the tissue processing machine. It was fascinating to watch how it
worked. The technician carefully placed the tissue samples into the machine,
and then it seemed to do its magic. It was like a behind-the-scenes process,
where the machine was quietly doing its job of preparing the samples for
analysis. Seeing this made me realize the importance of such specialized
equipment in a lab setting, and how crucial it is for the smooth functioning of
the entire process of tissue analysis.

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3. CENTRIFUGE:

 Make and model: Hermle

Z-323
 Department:
DUHS life sciences

 Principle: A centrifuge separates substances in a solution based on their density

using centrifugal force. When spun at high speeds, denser components move
outward while lighter ones stay near the center. This creates a gradient, enabling
easy separation of components after spinning stops. This method is crucial in
fields like biochemistry and clinical diagnostics for isolating cells and purifying
substances.

 Revolution per minute(RPM): Revolutions Per Minute (RPM) in regards to

centrifugation is simply a measurement of how fast the centrifuge rotor does a
full rotation in one minute. A low-speed centrifuge might spin at as low as 300
RPM,while a high-speed centrifuge could spin up to 15000 RPM. Ultra
centrifuges are also available and are the most powerful type of centrifuge, they
can spin in excess of 150,000 RPM.RPM is specific to individual centrifuge
brands and rotor sizes.

 Relative centrifugal force(RCF): RCF – stands for “Relative Centrifugal

Force” and is better known as g-force. This indicates the actual force resulting
from the spinning action in the centrifuge.It is g-force that drives sample
separation.

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 Specifications:
Speed range: 200 - 17.000 rpm/10 rpm
Running time: 1 - 60 min/continuous run
Temperature range: -10 - 40 °C
Voltages: 230 V/50-60 Hz or 120 V/50-60 Hz

 Precautions:
 Ensure that centrifuge bowls and tubes are dry.
 Ensure that the spindle is clean.
 Use matched sets of tubes, buckets and other equipment.
 Always use safety centrifuge cups to contain potential spills and prevent
aerosols.
 Inspect tubes or containers for cracks or flaws before using them.
 Avoid overfilling tubes or other containers (e.g., in fixed angle rotors,
centrifugal force may drive the solution up the side of the tube or container
wall). Ensure that the rotor is properly seated on the drive shaft. Make sure
that tubes or containers are properly balanced in the rotor. Only check O-
rings on the rotor if you are properly trained.

 Applications:
 Medical Diagnostics: Centrifuges are used in clinical laboratories to
separate blood components such as plasma, serum, and cells for diagnostic
testing, including blood cell counts and biochemical analyses.
 Biotechnology: Centrifuges are employed in biotechnology research and
production processes for cell culture, protein purification, DNA extraction,
and isolation of organelles such as mitochondria.
 Pharmaceuticals: Centrifuges play a crucial role in pharmaceutical
manufacturing for the separation and purification of drugs, vaccines, and
biologics, as well as in quality control processes.
 Chemical and Petrochemical Industries: Centrifuges are employed in
chemical and petrochemical processes for separating and purifying various
substances, including solvents, polymers, and fine chemicals.
 Environmental Analysis: Centrifuges are used in environmental monitoring
to separate suspended particles from water, soil, and air samples, aiding in
pollution assessment and analysis.
 Genomics and Proteomics: Centrifuges are used in molecular biology
research for the isolation of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) and proteins from
biological samples, enabling studies in genomics and proteomics.

 Calibration/PPM: The PPM of centrifuge in accordance with the service

manual involves checking the lid lock manually and also by touch panel.checking
the balance of rotor and the inside ensuring that its not rusted if it is make an
entry. Start the centrifuge first check quick process then put in a rpm and time and
wait for it to complete. The calibration is done by using tachometer which
measures the rotations per minute of centrifuge.

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 Observation: Almost all errors we come accross in centrifuge are related to its
rotor. whether its not rotating with proper speed or it is imbalanced or there is
gaps in movements. these are error 2 error 5 and error 10 respectively. the cause
could be the motor(its not working mostly), the carbon brushes(needs to be
changed) and sometimes the reason could be that the screw of rotor is loose. most
of the time we just change the carbon brushes. cleaning the centrifuges circuit
internally also sometime ends up being the solution

4. DISSOLUTION APPARATUS:

 Make and model: GDT-7T

Copley scientific
 Department: quality control lab

 Principle: The dissolution apparatus operates by simulating the conditions

inside the human body. It consists of a small container filled with a liquid
medium, resembling the bodily fluids where medicines dissolve upon ingestion.
When a tablet or capsule is introduced into the liquid, the apparatus initiates a
gentle spinning motion. This rotation mimics the natural movement of fluids in
the stomach and intestines, facilitating the dissolution process of the medication.

 Specifications:
Stirrer: 25 - 200 RPM
Temperature: 30 - 50°C
Heater:1 KW
Power: 230 V ± 10%, 50 Hz. AC

 Precautions:
 Ensure the working area and apparatus is clean.
 Prednisone tablets should not exposed to air for longer period of time.
 Temperature of the medium should not drop below 37°C prior to start the
test.
 Sonicate baskets in purified water and dry before use.

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 Application: The disolution apparatus is used to test how quickly solid
medicines dissolve. It helps ensures medicines work the way they should and are
consistent from one batch to another. It also helps compare generic medicines to
brand name ones to make sure they work the same. Scientists also use it to make
medicines dissolve better and release slowly if needed

 Observation:
During my visit to the quality control lab, I was intrigued by the dissolution
apparatus. The technician placed tablets into vessels with a dissolution medium,
and then the apparatus simulated conditions inside the body. Watching the tablets
dissolve over time highlighted the importance of this equipment in ensuring
pharmaceutical quality.

5. LCMS(Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer):

 Make and model: usa sciex

 Department: quality control lab

 Principle:LCMS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) works by

separating different components of a sample using liquid chromatography, where
molecules interact differently with a stationary phase and a mobile phase, causing
them to separate based on factors like size and polarity. Then, the separated
components enter the mass spectrometer, where they are ionized and accelerated
through an electric field. Inside the mass analyzer, ions are separated based on
their mass-to-charge ratio, providing information about the molecules present.
Finally, the detector records the ions' abundance at different mass-to-charge
ratios, producing a mass spectrum that helps identify and quantify the sample's
components accurately. This combination of liquid chromatography and mass
spectrometry enables researchers to analyze complex mixtures with high
sensitivity and specificity, making LCMS a valuable tool in various scientific
fields.

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 Specifications:
Mass range: m/z 10 to 2,000
Resolution: R=2 M
Scan speed: Max 15,000 u/sec

 Precautions:
 Before you operate the instrument, make sure that you have Been given
instructions on general safety practices for laboratory and specific safety
practices for the instrument.
 The printed circuit (PC) boards in the LC/MS instrument can be damaged by
electrostatic discharge. Do not touch any of the boards unless absolutely
necessary
 Minimize the inhalation of chemicals. Do not leave chemical containers
open. Use only with adequate ventilation (for example, fume hood)

6. MICROTOME:

 Make and model: Marshal scientific

microme mm 360

 Department: Histopathology lab

 Principle: The microtome operates based on a simple yet crucial principle in

histology and pathology. It is designed to precisely slice thin sections of tissue
specimens for microscopic examination. The tissue sample is securely mounted
onto the microtome's specimen holder. As the microtome's cutting blade moves
across the sample, it incrementally shaves off thin sections of tissue. The
thickness of these sections can be adjusted according to the desired specifications.
The sliced tissue sections are then collected onto glass slides for staining and
further analysis under a microscope. Through this process, the microtome enables
researchers and pathologists to obtain thin and consistent tissue sections,
facilitating detailed examination and diagnosis of various medical conditions.

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 Specifications:
Section Thickness Range: 0.25 - 60 μm
Trimming Thickness Range: 5 - 500 μm

 Precautions:
 Put on protective gloves before cleaning.
 Clean the section waste tray with a dry brush. ...
 Use a manufacturer-approved disinfectant to clean the microtome.
 Scrub the instrument with a cloth to decontaminate it.
 Rinse the microtome and let it air dry.

 Applications:
 A microtome is a tool found in laboratories.
 It cuts thin slices of specimens.
 These slices are examined under a microscope.
 Scientists use microtomes in medical research.
 They study tissues and diagnose diseases
 Microtomes aid in developing treatments.
 Material scientists use them to analyze materials like metals and polymers.
 Microtomes prepare tissue samples for detailed analysis.
 They help in understanding diseases and their treatments.

 PPM: The periodic preventable maintainance of microtome involve cleaning the

microtome and checking the thickness of the wax and ensuring the size. The size
of cut wax should be 1 micron or under it.removable waste try should be
emptied.the movement of hand-wheel should be smooth.

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7. TOTAL LABORATORY AUTOMATION (TLA):

 Make and model: Accelerator a3600

 Department:

 Principle: Lab automation, or laboratory automation, replaces manual efforts

with automated, mechanical processes. Lab automation occurs when laboratories
increasingly replace human workers with machines. Laboratory automation is
designed to improve various basic processes, including centrifugation and the
creation of aliquotes. It has following parts

 Specifications:
Voltage: 100-240 V, 50/60 Hz (fuse M 2 A)
Ambient temperature +15 °C to +30 °C (+59 °F to +86 °F)
Power consumption: approx. 200 W

 Precautions:
 Training: Ensure all personnel operating the automation system receive
comprehensive training on its functionalities, safety protocols, and
emergency procedures.
 Safety Interlocks: Install sensors and interlocks to automatically shut down
the system in case of malfunctions, errors, or unsafe conditions.
 Emergency Stop Buttons: Place clearly labeled emergency stop buttons at
accessible locations throughout the laboratory to halt operations immediately
in emergencies.
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Mandate the use of appropriate PPE
such as lab coats, safety glasses, gloves, and closed-toe shoes during system
operation.
 Ventilation and Fume Hoods: Ensure proper ventilation and use fume hoods
to remove hazardous fumes, vapors, and airborne particles generated during
automated processes.

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8. REVERSE OSMOSIS(RO) PLANT:

 Make and model: 10000 GPD and 5000GPD

 Principle: Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification proccess that uses a

semipermeable membrane to remove ions, molecules and larger particles from
water. The whole process works on following steps
1. Filtration:Dirty water goes through a filter to remove big stuff like dirt and
particles.
2. Pressurization: The water gets pushed through a very fine filter by using
pressure.
3. Separation through Semipermeable Membrane: This super fine filter only
lets water through
4. Permeate and Reject Streams: Clean water passes through the filter , while
dirty stuff gets left behind
5. Product Storage and Distribution: The clean water is stored for use, while
the dirty stuff is thrown away.
6. Membrane Cleaning and Maintenance: Sometimes, the filter needs
cleaning to keep working well.

 Specifications:
The vertical centrifugal pump should be Pump of 2 or 3 HP single phase
in SS with Pressure Gauges – 3 Nos and On line flow meters – 3 Nos, The
system should be supplied with Online Conductivity Meter and Treated Water
Characteristics TDS < 50mg/L with pH - 6 to 7 The system should be
supplied with low and high pressure switch control system Electromagnetic
type Anti-scalant dosing pump and PH boosting pump of capacity 6 LPH with
discharge pressure of 2 kg/cm2 and dosage 4ml/1000L

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9. MICROSCOPE

 Make and model: Olympus CX21FS1

 Department: literally every lab we visited

 Principle: Microscopes operate on the principle of utilizing lenses to magnify

small objects, allowing them to be observed in greater detail than with the naked
eye. These optical instruments work by gathering light from a specimen and
focusing it to produce an enlarged image

 Lenses: Microscopes contain two main types of lenses: the objective lens and
the eyepiece lens. The objective lens is located near the specimen being observed.
Its job is to collect light from the specimen and form an initial magnified image.
This lens comes in various magnifications, allowing scientists to zoom in and out
to observe different levels of detail. The eyepiece lens, on the other hand, is
situated near the observer's eye. It further magnifies the image produced by the
objective lens, making the specimen appear even larger. Together, these lenses
work in tandem to provide a detailed and enlarged view of microscopic objects,
enabling scientists to study them with precision and clarity

 Precautions.
 Handle with care: Microscopes are delicate instruments. Always carry them
with two hands, supporting the base and arm, to prevent damage.
 Clean lenses: Before and after use, clean the lenses with lens paper or a soft,
lint-free cloth. Avoid touching the lenses with fingers as oils and debris can
affect image quality.
 Use appropriate magnification: Select the appropriate objective lens
magnification for your specimen. Starting with low magnification can help
locate and focus on the specimen before increasing magnification.
 Avoid direct sunlight: Direct sunlight can damage the microscope's optics

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 and cause eyestrain. Use ambient or artificial light sources instead.
 Keep the area tidy: Clear the workspace of clutter to prevent accidental spills
or damage to the microscope. Secure loose cables and cords to avoid tripping
hazards.

 Applications:
 Quality Control: In industries such as pharmaceuticals, food processing, and
electronics, microscopes are used for quality control purposes. They help
inspect products for defects, contaminants, and irregularities at the
microscopic level, ensuring product quality and safety.
 Forensic Science: Microscopes play a vital role in forensic investigations by
analyzing trace evidence such as hair, fibers, and biological fluids. They help
forensic scientists identify suspects, link evidence to crime scenes, and
provide critical information for criminal investigations.
 Biological Research: Microscopes are extensively used in biology to study
cells, tissues, and microorganisms. They enable scientists to observe cellular
structures, study cell division, and investigate the morphology and behavior
of microorganisms.
 Medical Diagnostics: In medicine, microscopes are crucial for diagnosing
diseases and conditions. They allow for the examination of blood cells,
tissues, and pathogens, aiding in the identification of infections, cancers, and
other health issues.

 PPM: The ppm pf a microscope involves checking all the features like the
movement of stage, stage clips,light,eye pieces,checking all the lenses and then
cleaning up these lense using alcohol

10. GELL-DOC SYSTEM

 Make and model:

 Department: Blood Bank

 Working: The gel documentation system, also known as a gel doc system,
operates based on the principle of capturing and visualizing nucleic acids or
proteins separated on a gel, typically agarose or polyacrylamide gel, through
electrophoresis.
1. Electrophoresis: First, the DNA, RNA, or proteins of interest are separated
by size or charge using electrophoresis. Electrophoresis involves applying an
electric current to the gel, causing charged molecules to migrate through the
gel matrix. Smaller molecules move faster and travel farther through the gel
than larger ones.
2. Staining: After electrophoresis, the separated molecules are typically stained
to make them visible. Common stains include ethidium bromide or SYBR
Green for nucleic acids and Coomassie Blue or silver stain for proteins.
These stains bind specifically to the molecules of interest, allowing them to
be visualized under UV light or visible light.
3. Image Capture: The gel doc system consists of a specialized imaging

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 apparatus equipped with a camera, a UV transilluminator (for nucleic acids),
or a white light source (for proteins). The gel containing the stained
molecules is placed in the gel doc system, and the camera captures an image
of the gel.
4. Analysis and Documentation: Once the gel image is captured, software
associated with the gel doc system allows for analysis and documentation of
the results. This includes quantification of band intensities, molecular weight
estimation, and comparison between different samples. The software often
provides tools for annotation, labeling, and generating reports.

 Specifications:
Operating voltage: 110/115/230 V AC nominal
Operating temperature: 10–28°C (21°C recommended)
Operating humidity:<70% noncondensing

 Precautions:
 All operators must receive training before using the equipment.
 Always wear protective eyeglasses or mask and gloves when handling
ethidium bromide solutions and stained agarose gels, and when looking into
the UV light source.
 The acrylic shield provides some UV protection, but it does not guarantee
complete protection.
 When taking ultraviolet gel photography, prevent EB from polluting the
instrument, and do not use contaminated gloves to contact the door of the gel
documentation system.
 While the device is turned on, the lid of the device should be closed.
 Power supply: Use a regulated power supply.

 Applications:
 DNA/RNA Analysis: Gel Doc systems are widely used for analyzing DNA
fragments or RNA molecules separated by agarose gel electrophoresis.
Researchers can visualize the sizes of DNA fragments, assess the success of
PCR reactions, verify the presence of specific DNA bands, and quantify the
amount of DNA present in a sample.

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 Protein Analysis:Gel Doc systems are also used for analyzing proteins
separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Researchers can
assess protein purity, determine molecular weights of proteins, verify the
success of protein purification processes, and analyze protein-protein
interactions.
 Western Blot Imaging: Gel Doc systems are often used to capture images of
Western blots. After proteins have been transferred from a gel onto a
membrane, they are probed with specific antibodies tagged with fluorescent
or chemiluminescent markers. The Gel Doc system is then used to visualize
and document the presence and abundance of specific proteins in the sample.
 Gel Documentation and Analysis: Gel Doc systems allow researchers to
capture digital images of gels and blots, replacing traditional methods of
film-based photography. These digital images can be analyzed quantitatively
using specialized software, enabling accurate quantification of band
intensities, molecular weight determination, and other analyses.
 DNA/RNA Gel Documentation for Molecular Biology Teaching Labs: Gel
Doc systems are used in educational settings for teaching molecular biology
techniques. Students can visualize DNA fragments separated by gel
electrophoresis, helping them understand fundamental concepts such as DNA
size, migration, and manipulation.

 Calibration/PPM: the steps includes checking the camera lense, the

transilluminator, white lights and uv light and their intensity, the lock of door
also the result of picture taking in all available lights.

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