CHAPTER I

SCOPES AND LIMITATIONS

INTRODUCTION

Parents financial support is the way to every student’s success. Financial support

is one of the primary sources to achieve educational success, wherein it helps students to

function well without thinking their finances in school such as contribution, weekly and monthly

due, tuition fees, and miscellaneous fees. However, parent's provision in financial aspect hinders

by socioeconomic status.

Parents with low income, unstable job, and undergraduates struggles to provide

financially for their children which affect their motivation in reaching academic success.

Children from low-income families tend to have inferior academic achievement (Poon, 2020).

Due to parents not having a stable job, has low-income and not being able to graduate in college

affects the motivation in learning of their children compared to those children who came from a

fortunate family. Those children have a bad academic records that results to discouragement of

going or participating in school activities. Nevertheless, students cannot provide on their own

without their parents’ support. Majority of students doubled their hard work due to lack of

financial support from their parents. It is one of the factors why their motivation towards their

studies decreases (Moneva, 2020).

 However, despite their family's socioeconomic status, a certain set of students is

succeeding academically and exceeding the odds. A student that possess the ability to triumph

over challenges and attain great academic outcomes are known as academically resilient

students. In general, pupils are considered academically resilient if they succeed in their studies

in spite of coming from a low-income family. Academic resilience is a reflection of the students'

resilience in the learning domain. A significant number of studies on academic resilience center

on the central question of "why some students can obtain academic success by breaking through

the limitation of their own disadvantages under the same exposure to social and economic

adverse conditions, while some students cannot” (Tchounwou 2022).

Since education opens doors to better possibilities and a higher standard of living,

it is widely acknowledged as a vital component determining a person's social and economic

success (OECD, 2020). That is why students are acknowledged to go to school because through

education there are a lot of opportunities waiting ahead of them that could change their lives.

Reaching academic success is anchored to the parents support, but students motivation

towards academic success hinders because of their parents having low-income, unstable job, and

not being able to graduate in college compared to the students who come from a privileged

family. That made some students to be not interested in learning anymore. But there are some

students that despite of their low status in life, it did not let them to stop in reaching their dreams

and goals in life. They are dividing their time in doing part time jobs and academic tasks. Those

students are persistent in achieving their goals regardless of their low status.

The value of this study is to know the effects of parents financial support to their children and the

relationship between parents socioeconomic status to the students academic success.

II. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

Max Weber's "Stratification Theory" has three fundamental types of inequality: social class,

status group, and party. Moreover, he also stated that there are two types of stratification

originate from two distinct societal subunits: class originates from a subunit of the Gemeinschaft,

logically ordered markets, and the Gesellschaft's legal structures; stand, with its emphasis on

honor, arises from the Gemeinschaft, the most fundamental social unit founded in allegiances

(Rodríguez-Hernández, Cascallar, Kyndt 2020).

Gemeinschaft: Idea relating to people united by shared standards.

Gesellschaft: Refers to associations where membership is primarily motivated by self-interest.

Social Class: A group of persons who have the same socioeconomic level within a society.

Social Group: Groups of people positioned inside a social hierarchy.

Party: An additional system of social stratification and power distribution.

 Additionally, there is a theory about students achievement the "Academic Goal Theory" of

Welberg wherein it involves people's level towards task or ego goals that varies when they are

working on tasks related to achievement.

Financial support mechanisms for learners can take various forms, including scholarships,

grants, student loans, work-study programs, stipends, and fellowships. These mechanisms aim to

alleviate the financial burden of education and enable learners to pursue their academic and

career goals.

Moreover, some organizations and institutions offer tuition reimbursement programs or

employer-sponsored education benefits to support employees' continuing education efforts.

Low-income and/or first-generation students are more likely to experience difficulties with

academic and social integration, defined as students' involvement and adaptation to their

university (e.g., the ability to make social connections with peers and/or faculty on campus,

meeting academic demands, participating in on-campus clubs or activities, and having a clear

career direction).14 Difficulties with academic and social integration can be expressed in a

variety of ways, For example, first-generation students are less likely to socialize with faculty or

students outside of the classroom, to form close friendships with other students, and to

participate in extracurricular activities (academic or social clubs) on campus.2,14 Difficulties

with academic and social integration among low-income and/or first-generation students have

received little attention.(J Am Coll Health, 2016)

 The academic progress indicator of learners can include various metrics such as grades,

test scores, completion rates, attendance records, participation levels, and qualitative feedback

from teachers or instructors. Additionally, progress can be measured through assessments of

skills development, critical thinking abilities, and mastery of learning objectives over time. It's

essential to use a combination of quantitative and qualitative measures to get a comprehensive

understanding of learners' progress.

SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

 Occupation  Test Scores

 Monthly Salary  Participation Level
 Financial Support  Attendance Record

FIGURE 1. The independent variable which is the Socioeconomic affects the dependent variable;

Academic Performance.

III. Statement of the Problem

The goal of this study is to examine the impact of parents socioeconomic status towards the academic

success. Specially, the study seeks to answer the following question:

1. What is the impact of socioeconomic status towards students?

1.1. Occupation

1.2. Monthly Salary

 1.3 Financial Support

2. What is the importance of parents financial support to student?

2.1. Test Scores

2.2. Participation Level

2.3. Attendance Record

3. Is there a negative and positive relationship between socioeconomic status and academic achievement?

IV. Scope and Limitation

The study is focused on analyzing the impact of parents socioeconomic status towards students success.

This study targets to analyze if financial support, occupation and income of parents has a big impact

towards students test scores, participation level, and attendance record. It aims to alleviate the financial

burden of education and enable learners to pursue their academic and career goals despite the

low socioeconomic status of parents.

The study’s respondent were the Grade 10- Our Lady of Assumption of Saint Mary’s Academy

of Lunao. A quantitative component was used to the descriptive-correlational design.

V. Significance of the Study

This study will be helpful to the following:

School. This study is significant to school, for them to be considerate to the parents and students

who cannot yet pay for examination fee, tuition fee, and such.

Students. As people who has dreams and goals, this study will help them to know what

challenges their parents faces before they could provide for them. Moreover, this study will also

open their eyes to strive hard despite of their low socioeconomic status.

Teachers. As the second parents of students, this study is helpful for them because it will help

them to know what are the challenges of their students aside of their mental health problems,

personal problems but also in financial problems.

VI. Definition of Terms

Academic Success. It is where students obtain personal growth, development and achieve goals

in terms to academic.

Attendance Record. Absents and presents of students in school.

Financial Support. A money that is provided and supported by parents.

Monthly Salary. Salary of parents they get from their occupation.

Occupation. Work of parents.

Participation Level. The level of participation of students in their academic performance.

Socioeconomic Status. Low standing of parents in terms of sociology and economic status.
Test Scores. Scores that obtained by students from their tests.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Review of related literature and studies are presented in this chapter. It talks about vital

understanding and substance that strengthen support to the said variables in this study. Foreign

and local studies give more extensive view of the research problem under investigation.

Foreign-Related Literature and Studies

SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS

Socio-Economic Status (SES). Is frequently studied as a combination of education,

income and occupation. Social status or class of an individual or group is its common concept.

Low socio-economic status links to lower education, poverty and poor health that eventually

affect societies as a whole. Children households and communities that come from low social

economic status (SES) foster slow academic skills compare to children from high socio-

economic status group (Orvansa, 2017); (Esther, Ruffina, Anastecia, 2018).

 The socioeconomic circumstances of parents also play a significant role in raising children’s

learning achievement; if the parent’s socioeconomic status is sufficient, more opportunities exist

for children to reach their full potential through education. Nonetheless, children from low-

socioeconomic status will encounter barriers to completing their education (Anwar, 2016).

Moreover, according to Suminah (2016), the quality of education and the process of

implementation towards children’s education will be impacted by the level of socio-economic

status. Additionally, Rahayu and Nurmasari, et al, 2016) stated that education, type of work,

income, ownership of valuables, expenses and fulfillment of needs are the indicators used to

measure socioeconomic status of parents.

Base on the studies of Mwariri et al. (2017); Onwukwe et al., (2017); Ovansa, (2017);

Asiegbu and Ezeugbor, 2018; Esther et al., (2018); Osei-Owusu et al., (2018); Qasem, (2018);

Fekadu et al., (2019); Maghra et al., 2019; Pant,(2020); Miftahu and Melaiye, (2021). Literature

on the findings of different studies on the effect of the socioeconomic status of parents on the

academic achievement of their wards among secondary school imply a positive correlation

between the socioeconomic status of parents and academic achievement. Research on the

socioeconomic rank of parents influence on their secondary school student's academic

achievement indicated that parent income, occupation, and educational level made a important

contribution to students academic achievement (Fekado et al, 2019). Parents occupation and

income impacts the academic performance of the students but parents' educational level impacted

more (Mwariri et al., 2017). According to Pant (2020), the result on the relationship between

parents socioeconomic status and academic achievement of students showed that majority of the
students attain poor academic achievement because of their low socioeconomic status. Research

of Miftahu and Melaiye (2021) said that parents' work did not affect their children's academic

achievement in secondary school, but their income affected their students. The income of parents

is needed to pay the necessary levy and fees needed for their education. The enhancement of

children's academic achievement are parental care, good home, parental practices, adequate

facilities at home, involvement in the education of their students and income (Mwariri et al.,

2017; Osei-Owusu et al., 2018; Qasem, 2018).

Students who’s under low-socioeconomic status of parents are more likely faces thesaurus of

challenges than students whose parents are privileged. As what Anwar, Rahayu and Suminah

(2016) stated.

FINANCIAL SUPPORT PROBLEM

Financial Problem. A lot of past studies has been done to show a relationship between

financial problem and the student’s academic performance. Financial problem route to financial

stress which will eventually pull the low academic performance of the students (Norlanza,

Yusuf, AL-Majdhoub, 2020). Financial stress has been consistently related to student’s low

academic performance, mentioned by Widener (2017).

Financial problems are usually encountered by everyone, especially for those who come

from low-income families and underprivileged. The impact of finances on children's academic
achievement is significant. Financial difficulties are a severe problem that need attention since

they can cause a variety of other challenges, including poor academic performance and health

(Norazlan, Yusuf, Al-Majdhoub, 2020).

Asri, Abu Bakar, Laili and Saad (2017) stated that even though students don’t have to

pledge on paying monthly debts instalments like other households, still, their status as students

need them to pay their education fees, rents, and other essentials by which they received the

financial from scholarships, loans or their families. Additionally, students’ academic

performance might affect by the underprivileged or low-income of their families. Moreover, the

parent’s income or social status has surely contrived the student’s academic performance in an

examination (Olufemioladebinu, Adediran and Oyediran (2018).

According to Dang and Bulus (2015), stated that a lot of Americans are affected by the

economic downfall. Even college students often worry about their finances, which then, this

financial discompose may impact their academic performance as the student’s are dividing their

attention between financial and academic. Therefore, this can be stated that the family's finances are

motivation and encouragement for the students to have a good academic performance. Asri et al (2017)

farther that when a vitally motivated student meets financial problem, the student will turn the problem

into motivation for them to achieve success. Hence, if students want to succeed academically, whatever

problem come, it should not stop them.

There are two ways of how a financial problem could impact student’s academic performance which

are health problems and having to work part-time. Moreover, financial problems lead to health problems

such as anxiety which then lead to negative behaviors such as addiction to alcohol or uncontrolled

shopping, hence making the students lose their focus on their academics. They are more exposed and

vulnerable to health problems, when student face financial problems to cope with the high cost of living
(Winder 2017). Poor financial management could cause an individual unable to control the stress and

hence affect s their daily life such as health by making them depressed and becoming physically ill. One

of the causes of stress among students is because of their financial problems in which the students tend to

feel dizzy and have anxiety that will eventually create tension with them (Asri et al. 2017).

In other words, financial problem led to various problems that will ultimately impact students’

academic performance. According to Widener (2017) students’ academic performance could impacted by

financial problems, most students make a decision of having to work part-time and even working for a

long horse, in order to overcome the financial problems, which takes away their time focusing on their

academics. Hence, having a part-time job leads to a lack of studying, taking inferior credit hours and also

poor attendance resulting in their poor academic performance. This can be anchored to the study from

Widener (2017). It found that students who are financially depressed had lower grade and enrolled in

fewer credit hours. Maximum of students are involved in part-time jobs given by universities or local

companies. Asri et al. (2017), stated that students whom are often contain by problems such as needing to

work to help their families, unable of buying learning materials that will ultimately affect their academic

performance. According to Perman (2019), CNBC journalist, stated that whereby 6 million students took

part-time job, mostly women, having a part-time job during the study takes a greater impact on low-

income students. Blacks and Latinos. By juggling between jobs and academics, some students have to

struggle to overcome and manage their financial problems.

Therefore, this affects students’ academic performance as they need to divide their focus and

attention between work and their academics (Norlanza, Yusuf, AL-Majdhoub, 2020). Approximately

59% of students from underprivileged or low-income families worked for 15 hours and more, and they

received a C average or lower for their academics (Perman, 2019). This does not only affect the students

schedule as they not only have to manage their time for classes and assignments, but they also have to

manage and plan their part-time job schedule accordingly. This will eventually affect their academic
performance and add to health problems such as fatigue. As the effect of this financial problem, students

tend to be less socializing, skip classes, and take a toll on their health, leading to poor academic

performance. According to Asri et al. (2017), stated that due to financial problems, some students tend to

be quiet, unsocialized with their friends and less interaction in class thus leads to a decrease in their

academic performance due to their lack of interaction in acquiring knowledge.

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Academic Performance. Researched have been done to the numerous factors influence

the academic performance of students, but many problems persist. A study comparing families

with varying income levels found that parents with average to high incomes, consistent with their

educational background, tend to share similar perspectives on their children's educational

achievements. However, there was no correlation between the high aspirations and aspirations

for academic success held by families from lower-income backgrounds and the actual academic

performance of their children. Another study revealed that students from economically

disadvantaged families often face pressure to engage in household work, limiting their study

time, as these families prioritize domestic responsibilities over education. Additionally, in many

developing countries, numerous families struggle to provide basic necessities despite working

long hours, leading children from such households to take up menial jobs at a young age to
support themselves. However, due to insufficient financial resources and inadequate government

support for education, these families struggle to afford their children's schooling, resulting in

lower academic performance (Brew, Nketiah, Koranteng, 2021)

According to the study of Tadese, Yeshaneh, and Mulu (2022). Higher education

establishments are crucial in generating skilled individuals who can address the genuine issues

within a society. Education serves as a potent catalyst for positive transformations, enhancing

health, livelihoods, and societal harmony. On an individual level, it correlates with enhanced

living conditions by boosting productivity, thereby expanding economic and social prospects for

those with higher educational attainment. Absolutely, education is indeed a transformative

journey that equips individuals with not just knowledge, but also the attitudes, values, and skills

necessary for personal and societal development. It's a significant investment of time and effort,

but the returns in terms of personal growth and contribution to economic and social progress are

invaluable. That correlation makes sense. Academic achievement often opens doors to better

opportunities, including higher income and career advancement. It highlights the importance of

education in shaping future prospects. It's interesting to see the connection between academic

success and various aspects of well-being. The discrepancy between academic performance and

timely graduation in Malaysia highlights the complexity of factors influencing student outcomes.

It could be valuable to explore those factors further to develop effective interventions. It sounds

like there are complex factors at play affecting academic performance despite government

investment. The correlation between enrollment and graduation rates, alongside readmission due

to poor performance, suggests a need for deeper investigation into the root causes and potential
interventions. It sounds like you're highlighting the various negative consequences associated

with unemployment, poverty, and poor academic achievement. These issues can indeed lead to a

range of social and personal challenges, impacting individuals and communities in significant

ways. It sounds like academic performance in Pakistan is influenced by a range of factors,

including personal, family, and socioeconomic elements. High anxiety levels, academic failure,

and lack of support can contribute to students dropping out. Additionally, factors such as English

ability, attendance, employment, and parental involvement also play significant roles in

academic performance.

OCCUPATION

Participant moderate student in the educational process certain will experience a number

of consequence that is form facet knowledge nor his skills. Education that very urgent in the life,

by because that there is a number of component such as, curriculum, teachers, students, facilities,

and infrastructure, parents and environment every family role urgent in the educational process.

Because there is a number of factors that influence it. Naturally for each achievement satisfying

learning participant's educate must do a number of principle, wrong sat that is must have

motivation and spirit for learn (Pupot Roshita, Achwan, Setianingsih, Dari).

INCOME
 Since the reform and opening up, the only many individual have started pay attention to

Englosh learning and learn English through various ways in China, but also English has been

added as an important part of school education in the education policy, with English as one of the

three major subjects in National College Entrance Exam. Children's English learning is thereof

one of hot topics that parents and education sector are generally concerned about in recent years.

Early childhood education theories and critical period theories show that children have

phsycological and cognitive advantages in learning English.

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Academic Performance. Researched have been done to the numerous factors influence the

academic performance of students, but many problems persist. A study comparing families with

varying income levels found that parents with average to high incomes, consistent with their

educational background, tend to share similar perspectives on their children's educational

achievements. However, there was no correlation between the high aspirations and aspirations

for academic success held by families from lower-income backgrounds and the actual academic

performance of their children. Another study revealed that students from economically

disadvantaged families often face pressure to engage in household work, limiting their study

time, as these families prioritize domestic responsibilities over education. Additionally, in many

developing countries, numerous families struggle to provide basic necessities despite working

long hours, leading children from such households to take up menial jobs at a young age to

support themselves. However, due to insufficient financial resources and inadequate government
support for education, these families struggle to afford their children's schooling, resulting in

lower academic performance (Brew, Nketiah, Koranteng, 2021)

According to the study of Tadese, Yeshaneh, and Mulu (2022). Higher education

establishments are crucial in generating skilled individuals who can address the genuine issues

within a society. Education serves as a potent catalyst for positive transformations, enhancing

health, livelihoods, and societal harmony. On an individual level, it correlates with enhanced

living conditions by boosting productivity, thereby expanding economic and social prospects for

those with higher educational attainment. Absolutely, education is indeed a transformative

journey that equips individuals with not just knowledge, but also the attitudes, values, and skills

necessary for personal and societal development. It's a significant investment of time and effort,

but the returns in terms of personal growth and contribution to economic and social progress are

invaluable. That correlation makes sense. Academic achievement often opens doors to better

opportunities, including higher income and career advancement. It highlights the importance of

education in shaping future prospects. It's interesting to see the connection between academic

success and various aspects of well-being. The discrepancy between academic performance and

timely graduation in Malaysia highlights the complexity of factors influencing student outcomes.

It could be valuable to explore those factors further to develop effective interventions. It sounds

like there are complex factors at play affecting academic performance despite government

investment. The correlation between enrollment and graduation rates, alongside readmission due

to poor performance, suggests a need for deeper investigation into the root causes and potential

interventions. It sounds like you're highlighting the various negative consequences associated
with unemployment, poverty, and poor academic achievement. These issues can indeed lead to a

range of social and personal challenges, impacting individuals and communities in significant

ways. It sounds like academic performance in Pakistan is influenced by a range of factors,

including personal, family, and socioeconomic elements. High anxiety levels, academic failure,

and lack of support can contribute to students dropping out. Additionally, factors such as English

ability, attendance, employment, and parental involvement also play significant roles in

academic performance.

PARTICIPATION

International research linking student participation to a variety of benefits such as

student learning, engagement, citizenship, and well-being, as well as overall school

improvement, has heightened interest in it. However, the concept of student participation

remains vague, challenging many strongly entrenched practices of traditional schooling.

Informed by understandings of 'participation' linked to the UN Convention on the Rights of the

Child, this essay uses the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) as a case study to

examine how student participation is now defined in educational policy. (Anne Graham, Sharon

Bessell, Elizabeth Adamson, Julia Truscott, Catharine Simmons, Nigel Thomas, Lyn Gardon,

Andrew Johnson, 2019)

In the current study, low participation refers to students who do not actively participate in all

types of in-class activities, such as brainstorming, games, quizzes, group discussions, role plays,
simulations, collaborative creative writing, presentations, and speeches. ( Huynh Thien Chi1i ,

Le Xuan Mai2, 2020)

The most basic of these is that our pupils are not active participants in the classroom. As a result,

there is a tremendous need to develop active and responsible citizens who can contribute to

attaining fundamental goals. As a result, we must create several strategies to increase student

participation in the classroom. (Yosef Kasa, 2016)

ATTENDANCE RECORD

Attendance is widely believed to reflect students' level of engagement with their course

and to be crucial to student achievement. Despite the potential for technological alternatives,

lectures and other face-to-face sessions still tend to remain the predominant form of teaching at

university. (Elisabeth Moores*1 , Gurkiran K. Birdi1 , and Helen E. Higson2, 2019 )

To keep the student attendance record legitimate and correct, academic staff should have a

proper procedure in place for regularly validating, updating, and managing the attendance record.

In general, there are two types of student attendance systems: manual (MAS) and automated

(AAS). Faculty staff that practice manual recording may find it challenging to verify and

maintain each student's record on a regular basis in the classroom environment, particularly in

classes with a large number of students. In practice, the manual technique takes more time to

register and calculate the average attendance of each enrolled student. (Samuel Lukas1 , Aditya

Rama Mitra2 , Ririn Ikana Desanti3 , Dion Krisnadi4, 2016 )

 The students' attendance was measured by the overall attendance percentage, which is a

product of attending numerous lectures throughout the course, and the average students'

performance in the four courses combined was judged by the final test mark. (Tarig

Fadelelmoula, 2018 )

Local-Related Literature

SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS

Socio-Economic Status (SES). Inequality and poverty are still problems in the Philippines.

The percentage of households living below the official poverty line has gradually and unevenly

decreased during the previous forty years. Based on data from the 2014 APIS, which was

completed in July 2014, the estimated incidence of poverty among Filipinos in the first semester

of 2014 was 25.8%. In 2013, the percentage of Filipinos living in poverty was reported to be

24.6%. Notwithstanding its standing as the nation's financial hub, Makati City

has not been exempt from this ongoing issue. The University of Makati was founded in 1972

with the goal of transforming the offspring of impoverished Makati inhabitants into

exceptionally proficient professionals and talented laborers. This educational institution still

serves underprivileged students today. Spots of destitution are remains discernible on the
periphery of the CBD of the city. The nation's greatest asset—its people—may be threatened by

this long-standing issue. Education is the best equalizer, so the saying goes. It makes it possible

for someone to climb the social ladder. However, in high-poverty areas, schooling becomes an

expensive luxury for low-income households. Kids from low-income households are more likely

to discontinue school. Numerous kids from low-income households are greater hardships and

unfavorable conditions than their peers in middle and high SES (Brooks-Gunn & Duncan, 1997;

Milne & Wilhelm, 2005; Plourde, 2006). According to Planty, M. et al. (2008), the high school

dropout rate for individuals between the ages of 16 and 24 in 2007 was higher in low-income

families (16.7%) than in high-income families (3.2%). Indeed, children from low-income homes

are constrained by their poverty. Thus prohibiting them from escaping the harsh realities of

constraints of poverty. Still, individuals who were able to continue their education face a

drawback: poor academic performance. Research continues to link lower SES to lower academic

achievement

and slower rates of academic progress as compared with higher SES communities. Children from

low-SES environments acquire language skills

more slowly, exhibit delayed letter recognition and phonological awareness, and are at risk for

reading difficulties (Aikens & Barbarin, 2008). There is

indication that the relation between SES and academic achievement is stronger for children in

suburban schools than for children in rural or urban

schools (Sirin, 2005). According to these research, the consequences of poverty on academic

achievement can be seen in children's interactions with one another as well as in language and
numeracy development. In none of the experiments, participants were College students' capacity

for abstraction—a higher level of thought abilities acquired in math classes such as College

Algebra. If the students do not acquire the numbers literacy or numeracy and sharper critical

thinking skills that employers expect from their employees, especially when they are college

graduates, the university may have difficulty molding competent professionals and skilled

workers ( Guevarra, Pangilinan, Dimauhan, 2016).

PARTICIPATION

As a result, participation can be defined as an active involvement process that can be

classified into five categories: preparation, contribution to discussion, group work,

communication skills, and attendance. The faculty perceives various levels of participation from

students, ranging from merely attending class to providing oral presentations. Participation has

taken several forms, including students' questions and comments, and it might last for a short or

long amount of time. Furthermore, the ideal class conversation is one in which nearly all students

participate, learn, and listen to one another. ( Crizjale v. Ahmad, 2021)

The study also indicated some strategies used by students to participate in the class such as

rehearsing what they say and preparing the ideas and questions; writing down and saying what

they have written; asking their friends who were sitting next to them what to say before they

could participate; not minding if their grammar was wrong; preparing some before the class

began; preparing some questions to be asked during the lessons; and listening to other students'

responses. ( Crizjale v. Ahmad, 2021)

As well as graduation and the dropout rate, participation has a significant impact on the

outcomes of standardized tests. (Arman Bernard G. Santos, Neil P. Balba, Corazon B. Rebong,

2021).

ATTENDANCE RECORD

The majority of Philippine schools use time-consuming and laborious attendance tracking

systems. Some use paper-based assessments, which call for students to turn in their work along

with their section name. An easy way to find open seats and allocate them to designated students

is by using a seating chart, which is particularly useful in large classes. To compile an attendance

record, any of these approaches would still need to encrypt the data once it was obtained.

( Arman Bernard G. Santos, Neil P. Balba, Corazon B. Rebong, 2021 )

Some students even go so far as to skip class frequently in order to satisfy their addiction to

video games. The majority of professors saw that students who miss a lot of class end up with

poor or failing grades at the conclusion of the quarter. This assertion provides unequivocal

evidence that a student's attendance at the school has an impact on their academic standing. In

light of these claims, it is imperative that educators motivate students to see the value of

education by encouraging them to attend class on a regular basis and give their all in the

classroom. (Genaro Paul,2022).

 CHAPTER 3

METHODS

This chapter describes and justifies the research design, the population, sampling

procedure, and data gathering method used. It also outlines the details of the instrument of the

study, scoring system, and data analysis.

Research Setting

This study was conducted in the 4th year level of Junior High School of Saint Mary's

Academy of Lunao. The institution became monumental of Roman Catholic Education. The

school caters 4 year levels: Grade 7, Grade 8, Grade 9, and Grade 10.

The school is located along Purok 5, Riverside, Lunao Highway. People in the barangy

and it's neighbors have high regard for Saint Mary's Academy because of the academic

performance of its students. The students have shown the values of Mary and the ideals of

Mother Ignacia.

Research Design

The purpose of this study was to analyze if the socioeconomic status of parents (financial

support, occupation, and income) has a big impact of students attainment in academic

performance (test scores, participation level, and attendance record). Further, the study shall
establish the relationship among parents socioeconomic status and academic performance of

students.

This study employed a descriptive research design. The procedure describes the facts

and characteristics of a specific population or item of interest systematically and accurately. It

provides an accurate depiction or account of elements of a particular person, situation, or group;

these studies are a way of uncovering new meaning, describing what exists, determining the

frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing information (Dulock, 1993).

Specifically, a descriptive-comparative design was utilized to answer the research

questions that this research seeks to investigate. The known properties of descriptive,

comparative research studies are 1) no manipulation of an independent variable, 2) no random

assignment to groups, and 3) often inclusion of a control or comparison group. It can uncover

variables that are interacting and the type of interaction occurring, which allows the researcher to

make predictions based on the discovered relationships (Seeram, E. 2019).

Respondents and Sampling Procedure The respondents in this study are the 36 Grade

10 students of Saint Mary's Academy of Lunao. This study employed the Census or Total

Enumeration Method here wherein all population members are included, from the first year to

the fourth year students. Census or Total Enumeration refers to each item/person of a population

selected for data collection (Olorunfemi, 2020). This method is appropriate for this study

because the population of English major students are less than 100. Thus, Total enumeration

method was used to ensure reliability.

Table 1 shows the distribution of the respondents.
GENDER POPULATION
Table 1
Female 21
Distribution of Respondents
Male 15

Research Instruments

There were two (2) sets of questionnaires to measure students' academic performance.

They are the Test Scores Questionnaire (TSQ), Participation Level Questionnaire (PLQ) and

Attendance Record Questionnaire (ARQ).

The test score questionnaire was used to asses students results in their tests despite

socioeconomic status they have. The TSQ consists of 5 statements about the respondents' test

score and utilizes a four-point Likert rating system format for the respondents to answer the

survey questions (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree 3 = agree, and 4 = strongly agree)

Five items on the Test Score Questionnaire (TDQ) use a four-point Likert scale to

measure how students’ studying would affect their test scores.

 The participation level questionnaire was used to asses student’s being active in schools’

activities despite parents’ socioeconomic status. The PLQ consists of 5 statements about the

respondents' participation and utilizes a four-point Likert rating system format for the

respondents to answer the survey questions (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree 3 = agree, and 4

= strongly agree)

Five items on the Participation Level Questionnaire (TDQ) use a four-point Likert scale to

measure how students’ activeness in school’s activities bring negative or positive result in their

academic performance.

The attendance record questionnaire was used to asses student’s presence in school

despite parents’ socioeconomic status. The ARQ consists of 5 statements about the respondents'

attendance record and utilizes a four-point Likert rating system format for the respondents to

answer the survey questions (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree 3 = agree, and 4 = strongly

agree)

Five items on the Attendance Record Questionnaire (TDQ) use a four-point Likert scale to

measure how students’ presence and absence in school.

Research Protocol

To ensure the quality and reliability of research findings, the researchers observed the following

research protocol;

1. the researchers sought approval from the adviser after careful assessment and review of the

manuscript for the thesis;

2. the researchers wrote letters and secured permission from subject teachers and to the Principal

of Saint Mary's Academy of Lunao, Gingoog City;

3. the researchers also secured the respondents' consent to participate in the study. Moreover, the

respondents were assured that all their responses would be treated with utmost confidentiality;

4. provision of the final manuscript. The researcher provided the adviser the copy or the

manuscript for assessment and review of the quality and relevance of the paper before the

scheduling of the final research presentation;

5. after the adviser approved the paper, he will forward it to the Research Coordinator for review

of the completeness of the paper. The coordinator will then meet with the principal for the

scheduling of the paper presentation;

6. after the final paper presentation, the researcher will incorporate all the corrections and

suggestions of the Research Panel. The adviser and the panel members will review the final

research paper;

7. after the approval by the panel, the researcher submitted it to the Research Instructor for

Plagiarism and Grammarly Tests;

8. the researcher then forwarded the final paper to their assigned editor. After incorporating all

the corrections, the researcher shall submit the final report to the adviser and Research Panel for

signature and approval for binding;

Questionnaire

Please select how much you agree or disagree with the following statement:

Test Score
 1. Paying late to take exam affect your scores due to not being able study again.

a. strongly disagree b. disagree c. agree d. strongly agree

2. Not being able to study would affect your test scores.

a. strongly disagree b. disagree c. agree d. strongly agree

3. Studying in a quiet place help you to focus and gain high test scores.

a. strongly disagree b. disagree c. agree d. strongly agree

4. Studying in a noisy place will not help you to focus and obtain low test scores.

a. strongly disagree b. disagree c. agree d. strongly agree

5. Studying would help you to attain high test scores that would bring positive outcome to
your academic performance.

a. strongly disagree b. disagree c. agree d. strongly agree

Participation Level

1. Your parents’ socioeconomic status affects your participation at school.

a. strongly disagree b. disagree c. agree d. strongly agree

2. Being active in school activities has an important role in attaining good academic
performance.

a. strongly disagree b. disagree c. agree d. strongly agree

3. In participating in school activities, you will benefit.

a. strongly disagree b. disagree c. agree d. strongly agree

4. Not participating in schools’ activities would bring negative result on your academic
performance.

a. strongly disagree b. disagree c. agree d. strongly agree

5. Participation in every aspect of education brings opportunity.

a. strongly disagree b. disagree c. agree d. strongly agree

Attendance Record

1. Your attendance record is greatly affected by your parents’ socioeconomic status’

a. strongly disagree b. disagree c. agree d. strongly agree

2. One of your assets to achieve academic success is your attendance record.

a. strongly disagree b. disagree c. agree d. strongly agree

3. Your attendance record will serve as your participation in your schools’ day to day
activities.

a. strongly disagree b. disagree c. agree d. strongly agree

4. One absent would affect your grades.

a. strongly disagree b. disagree c. agree d. strongly agree

5. You will miss your lessons if you’re absent, that would have a big impact on your
academic performance.

a. strongly disagree b. disagree c. agree d. strongly agree