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Lecture-02 Introduction To Java Programming: by Dr. Bharati Mishra

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26 views30 pages

Lecture-02 Introduction To Java Programming: by Dr. Bharati Mishra

Uploaded by

Johny Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture-02

Introduction to Java Programming


By
Dr. Bharati Mishra
Programming Constructs
Program Anatomy

• Comments
• Reserved words
• Modifiers
• Statements
• Blocks
• Classes
• Methods
• The main method
Comments

• 3 types of comments in Java


•Line comment //
• Example
• // This is a line comment!
•Paragraph comment /* */
• Example
• /* This is a paragraph comment.
It includes multiple lines. */
• JavaDoc comments (automatic
documentation) /** */
JavaDoc
• JavaDoc comments (automatic
documentation) /** */
• Tags starting with @
Reserved Words

• Reserved words (or keywords)


• Specific meaning to the compiler
• Cannot be used for other purposes
• Keywords in our previous examples
• class
• public
• static
• void
Modifiers

• A subset of keywords
• Specify the properties of the data,
methods, and classes and how they can
be used.
• Examples we have seen
• public
• static
• Other example modifiers
• private
• final
• abstract
• protected
Statement

• Represents an action or a sequence of


actions
• Every statement in Java ends with a
semicolon ;
• Examples

System.out.println("Hello World!");
a = 8 * 3.14;
Assignment Statements and Assignment
Expressions
• An assignment statement designates a value for a variable.
• An assignment statement can be used as an expression in Java.
• The equal sign (=) is used as the assignment operator.
• variable = expression;
• An expression represents a computation involving values, variables,
and operators that, taking them together, evaluates to a value.
Assignment Statements and Assignment
Expressions
int y = 1; // Assign 1 to variable y
double radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to variable radius
int x = 5 * (3 / 2); // Assign the value of the expression to x
x = y + 1; // Assign the addition of y and 1 to x
double area = radius * radius * 3.14159; // Compute area

• You can use a variable in an expression.


• A variable can also be used in both sides of the = operator.
For example,
• x = x + 1;
Assignment Statements and Assignment
Expressions
• To assign a value to a variable, you must place the variable name to the left of the assignment
operator. Thus, the following statement is wrong:
• 1 = x; // Wrong

• Identify and Fix the error


1 public class Test {
2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 int i = j = k = 2;
4 System.out.println(i + " " + j + " " + k);
5}
6}
Blocks

• A pair of braces in a program grouping


components of a program
Class

• The essential Java construct


• A template or blueprint for objects
• A program is defined by using one or
more classes.
Method

• A collection of statements that


performs a sequence of operations
• Might accept input
• Might provide output

Input
Input 2
1
Input
3

Output
Method

• What does it look like?


• Example
public returnType name(input1, input2, …)
{
// Statements;
}
Method

• What does it look like?


• Example

Return
Modifier Value name Input

public int addTwoNumbers(int a, int b)


{
int c = a + b;
return c;
}
Method

• What does it look like?


• Example

Return
Modifier Modifier Value name Input

public static void main(String[] args)


{
// Statements;
}
Named Constants
• A named constant is an identifier that represents a
permanent value.
• Value is constant, doesn’t change
• A constant must be declared and initialized in the
same statement
• Use “final” keyword to declare a value as constant

final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;

Example:

final double PI = 3.14159;


final int SIZE = 3;
Benefits of using Named constants
•There are three benefits of using constants:
(1) you don’t have to repeatedly type the same value if it is
used multiple times;
(2) if you have to change the constant value (e.g., from 3.14
to 3.14159 for PI), you need to change it only in a single
location in the source code; and
(3) a descriptive name for a constant makes the program
easy to read.
Conventions for naming variables, methods, and
classes.
• Use lowercase for variables and methods
• If a name consists of several words, concatenate them into one, making the first
word lowercase and capitalizing the first letter of each subsequent word.
• Capitalize the first letter of each word in a class name—for example, the class
names
ComputeArea and System.
• Capitalize every letter in a constant, and use underscores between words—for
example,
the constants PI and MAX_VALUE.
Numbers in More Detail ..
Numeric Data Types

• Different types of numeric data


Numeric Data Types
Sign bit

byte= 8 bits

short

int

long

float

double
Floating Point Numbers

• Integer calculations are precise.


• Calculations involving floating-point numbers are
approximated
• E.g. below displays 0.5000000000000001, not 0.5

System.out.println(1.0 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1);

• E.g. below displays 0.09999999999999998, not 0.1

System.out.println(1.0 – 0.9);
Literal

• A constant value appearing directly in the


program
• E.g.
int i = 34;
long x = 10000;
double d = 5.0;

• You can use append letters to indicate type

1000000L; //long
5.0f; //float
Literal

• A literal should fit in its variable


• The following example is wrong.

byte myVar = 10000;


• myVar can not hold this number.
• Byte range = [-128, 127] > 1000
Scientific Notation

• Floating point literals can be specified in


scientific notation, e.g.
• 1.23456e2
• 123.456 = 1.23456 * (10^2)
• Pitfall:
• Here “e” or “E” is NOT the natural logarithm’s base
(2.718). It is 10.
Numeric Operators

• Different types of numeric operators


Numeric Operators

• Be careful!
• 5 / 2 yields an integer 2
• 5.0 / 2 yields a double value 2.5
• Remainder can be very useful
• Even numbers % 2 = 0
• Today is Saturday and you and your friends are going to
meet in 10 days. What day is in 10 days?
Assignment
• Problem-01
(Compute the volume of a cylinder) Write a program that reads in the radius
and length of a cylinder and computes the area and volume using the following
formulas:
area = radius * radius * pi
volume = area * length

• Problem -02
(Sum the digits in an integer) Write a program that reads an integer between 0 and
1000 and adds all the digits in the integer. For example, if an integer is 932, the
sum of all its digits is 14.
Hint: Use the % operator to extract digits, and use the / operator to remove the
extracted digit. For instance, 932 % 10 = 2 and 932 / 10 = 93.

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