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EC SCIENCE

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This special guide is prepared

on the basis of New Syllabus
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and Govt. Key

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Vivek Illam, No. 19, Raj Nagar, N.G.O. ‘A’ Colony,

Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli - 627 007.
Ph: 0462 - 2553186, 2552405
Cell : 94433 81701, 94422 69810, 90474 74696 265/-

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m‹ò Ãiw j«ãanu ! j§ifanu !

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CONTENTS
UNIT TITLE PAGE
PHYSICS
1. Measurement 5

n
2. Motion 12
3. Fluids 20

l.i
4. Electric charge and Electric current 29
5. Magnetism and Electromagnetism 37
6. Light 46

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7. Heat 55
8. Sound 63
9. Universe 71

10.
11.
12.
Matter Around Us
Atomic Structure
Periodic classification of elements
ka
CHEMISTRY
78
85
93
vi
13. Chemical bonding 98
14. Acids, Bases and Salts 105
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15. Carbon and its Compounds 111
16. Applied Chemistry 118
BIOLOGY
.k

17. Animal Kingdom 124

18. Organization of Tissues 131
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19 Plant Physiology 141

20. Organ Systems in Animals 149
21. Nutrition and Health 160
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22. World of Microbes 167

23. Economic Biology 177
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24. Environmental Science 185

COMPUTER SCIENCE
25. Libre Office Impress 195
PRACTICAL
Practical 197

iv

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UNIT
PHYSICS

Measurement
1
Part - I. (Text Book Exercises)
I. Choose the correct answer

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1. Choose the correct one
a) mm < cm< m < km b) mm > cm > m > km

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c) km < m < cm < mm d) mm> m > cm > km Ans : a) mm < cm< m < km

2. Rulers, measuring tapes and metre scales are used to measure

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a) mass b) weight c) time d) length  Ans : d) Length

3. 1 metric ton is equal to

a) 100 quintals b) 10 quintals c) 1/10 quintals d) 1/100 quintals
 Ans: b) 10 quintals
4.

c) Physical balance
b) Beam balanceka
Which among the following is not a device to measure mass?
a) Spring balance
d) Digital balance Ans: a) Spring Balance
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II. Fill in the blanks. Answer
1. Metre is the unit of _______. Length
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2. 1 kg of rice is weighed by_________. Common Beam
balance
3. Thickness of a cricket ball is measured by________. Vernier caliper
.k

4. Radius of a thin wire is measured by_________. Screw gauge

5. A physical balance measures small differences in mass up to _________. 10 Milligram
w

III. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

1. The SI unit of electric current is kilogram Ans : False
The SI unit of electric current is ampere
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2. Kilometre is one of the SI units of measurement Ans : False

Metre is one of the SI units of measurement
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3. In everyday life, we use the term weight instead of mass. Ans : True
4. A physical balance is more sensitive than a beam balance Ans : True
5. One Celsius degree is an interval of 1K and zero degree Celsius is 273.15k. Ans : True
6. With the help of vernier caliper we can have an accuracy of 0.1 mm and
with screw gauge we can have an accuracy of 0.01 mm. Ans : True

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IV. Match the following.

1. Column I Column II Answer
i Length a kelvin b metre
ii Mass b metre c kilogram
iii Time c kilogram d second

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iv Temperature d second a kelvin
2. Column I Column II Answer

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i Screw gauge a Vegetables b Coins
ii Vernier caliper b Coins d Cricket ball

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iii Beam balance c Gold ornaments a Vegetables
iv Digital balance d Cricket ball c Gold ornaments

V. Assertion and reason type questions

Mark the correct answer as :
a. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct reason
b. Both A and R are true and R is the correct reason
c. A is true but R is false
ka
d. A is false but R is true
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1. Assertion (A) : The scientifically correct expression is “The mass of the bag is 10kg”
Reason(R) : In everyday life, we use the term weight instead of mass
 Ans: b). Both A and R are true and R is the correct reason
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2. Assertion (A) : 0°C = 273.16 K. For our convenience we take it as 273 K after rounding off the
decimal
Reason(R) : To convert a temperature on the Celsius scale we have to add 273 to the given
.k

temperature
 Ans: b. Both A and R are true and R is the correct reason
3. Assertion (A) : Distance between two celestial bodies is measured in terms of light year
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Reason(R) : The distance travelled by the light in one year is one light year
 Ans: b. Both A and R are true and R is the correct reason
VI. Answer very briefly.
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1. Define measurement.
Measurement is defined as the determination of the size or magnitude of something.
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2. Define standard unit.

 SI system of units is the modified and improved form of the previous system of units.
 It is accepted in almost all the countries of the world.
3. What is the full form of SI ­system?
SI System : International System of units.
4. Define least count of any device.
The smallest length which can be measured by any device is called least count.
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5. What do you know about pitch of screw gauge ?

The pitch of the screw is the distance between two successive screw threads.
6. Can you find the diameter of a thin wire of length 2 m using the ruler from your instrument box?
 No, a ruler cannot measure diameter it can only measure length.
 The diameter of a thin wire can be measured using a screw guage.
VII. Answer briefly.

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1. Write the rules that are followed in writing the symbols of units in SI system.
1. The units named after scientists are not written with a capital initial letter. E.g. newton,
henry.

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2. The symbols of the units are not expressed in plural form. E.g. 10 kg not as kgs.
3. Small letters are used as symbols for units not derived from a proper noun. Eg. m for
metre Kg for kilogram.

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2. Write the need of a standard unit
 Different unit systems were used by people from different countries.
 There was a necessity to use worldwide system of measurement at the end of the second
world war.
 SI of units were developed and recommended by General Conference on weights and

3. Differentiate mass and weight.

MASS
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Measures at Paris for International usage in 1960.

WEIGHT
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1. Fundamental quantity Derived quantity
2. Has magnitude alone – scalar quantity Has magnitude and direction vector quantity
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3. It is measured using physical balance. It is measured using spring balance.
4. It is the amount of matter contained It is the normal force exerted by the surface on
in a body the object against gravitational pull
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5. Remains the same Varies from place to place.

4. How will you measure the least count of vernier caliper?

 The smallest length which can be measured by a vernier caliper is called its least count
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value of one main scale division

 Least count =
Total number of vernier scale division
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VIII. Answer in detail

1. How do you find the thickness of a hollow teacup?
The thickness of a hollow teacup can be determined with a vernier caliper.
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 First we need to calculate the residual capacity (LC) and the circularity of the vernier
caliper.
 The hollow teacup whose thickness to be measured should be firmly held between the
upper jaws of the vernier.
 The scale of the main line (MSR) before the vernier caliper should be noted.
 Vernier union (VC) is to find the segment of the vernier scale that is united with a
segment of the primary line.

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 Thickness of tea cup without inlet = MSR + (VCXLC) + ZC

 Thus in this method we can find out the thickness of the hollow teacup.
2. How will you find the thickness of a one rupee coin?
 The thickness of a one rupee coin can be determined using a screw gauge.
 Determine the pitch, the least count and the zero error of the screw gauge.
 Place the coin between the two studs. Rotate the head until coin held firmly
 Note the reading of the pitch scale crossed by the head scale (PSR) and the head scale

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division that coincides with the pitch scale axis(HSC)
 The width of the coin is given by
PSR + CHSR [ corrected HSR ]

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Where CHSR = (HSC ± ZC ) LC
 Repeat the experiment for different positions of the coin and tabulate the reading’s.
The average of the last column readings gives the width of the coin

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S.No P.S.R. H.S.C. (HSR) CHSR Total reading
(m.m) (division) = (HSC × LC) = HSC ± ZC (mm) CHSR = HSC ± ZC
1.
2.
3.
Average = _____________ mm ka
IX. Numerical problems
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1. Inian and Ezhilan argue about the light year. Inian tells that it is 9.46× 1015m and Ezhilan
argues that it is 9.46×1012 km. Who is right? Justify your answer.
Inian Statement is true.
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Light year is the distance travelled by light in one year in vacuum and it is equal to
9.46 × 1015m
1 light year = (3.153 × 107) × (3 × 108)
.k

= 9.46 × 1015m
 he main scale reading while measuring the thickness of a rubber ball using Vernier caliper
2. T
w

is 7 cm and the Vernier scale coincidence is 6. Find the radius of the ball.
Solution :
MSR = 7 cm = 70 mm
Coincidence (VC) =6
w

Radius =?
Thickness (Diameter of the ball)
= MSR + (VC × LC) – ZE
w

= 70CM + (6 × 0.01) – 0
= 70 + 0.6 = 70.6 mm
Thickness
Radius of the ball =
2
70.6
= = 35.3mm
2

Physics - Unit - 1 8

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3. Find the thickness of a five rupee coin 4. Find the mass of an object weighing 98 N.
with the screw gauge, if the pitch scale Weight = 98 N
reading is 1 mm and its head scale Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8ms-2
coincidence is 68.
Mass =?
Pitch Scale reading = 1 mm
Weight = Mass × acceleration
Head scale Coincidence = 68
Weight = Mass × 9.8
Zero correction = NIL

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Weight
Least Count = 0.01mm Mass(m) =
acceleration
\ Thickness of a five rupee coin

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98
= PSR + (HSC × LC) ± zc Mass = = 10Kg
9.8
= 1mm + (68×0.01mm) + 0
Mass (m) = 10 k.g

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= 1mm + 0.68 mm = 1.68 mm
Part - II. (Additional Exercises)

I. One Mark Questions Answer

1.

2.
3.
International system of units are called as ____. ka
Physical quantities can be classified into ____ and _____
Fundamental quantities
derived quantities
SI units
_____ is the standard quantity with which unknown A unit
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quantities are compared.
4. SI Unit of Luminous intensity is _____. Candela
5. Number of fundamental quantities are _____ Seven
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6. Distance travelled by light in one year in vaccum is called light year

______
7. Distance of the centre of the sun from the centre of the earth Astronomical unit (AU)
.k

is _____.
8. 1 per sec is _____. 3.26 light year
9. The nearest star is ____. alpha centauri
w

10. One Angstrom (1Å) = _____ m 10-10

11. The total length of all the blood vessels in human body is 96000 km
w

____km
12. A chameleons tongue is ______ the length of its body twice
13. 1 TMC = _____ 2.83 x 1010 litre
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14. 1 solar mass = _____. 2 x 1030 kg

15. The least count of vernier caliper is _____. 0.01 cm
16. _____ is used to find the thickness of the coin Screw Gauge
17. Least count of screw gauge is _____. 0.01 mm
18. ______ designed vernier calliper Pierre varnier
19. Number of division in pitch scale _____. 100

9 Physics - Unit - 1

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20. In screw gauge, the zero of the head scale lies below the Positive zero error
pitch scale axis, that is called ____.
21. In screw gauge, zero of the head scale lies above the pitch negative zero error
scale axis that error is called _____.
22. Spring balance helps to find the ____ of an object weight
23. Nowadays ______ balance is used to find the accurate digital balance
measurements.

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24. ________ balance is used in Labs. Physical balance
25. 1/273 16th of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple kelvin
point of water is ________.

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26. The basic unit of electric current is known as _____. ampere (A)
27. The SI unit of resistance is ________ ohm (Ω)

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28. The rate of doing work is called ______ and it’s unit is __ power, watt

II. True or False, If false correct the Statement.

1. Light year is the unit of time. 
Ans : False - Light year is the unit of distance.
2.
3.
4.
27°C temperature is equal to 300 K.  ka
Mass of a proton, neutron and electron can be determined using atomic mass unit. Ans : True

Physical balance is used to find the weight of an object.

Ans : False - Physical balance is used to find the mass of an object.
Ans : True
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III. Match the following.
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1. Unit of length Value Answer
i Light year a 100 cm b 9.46 ×1015m
ii Astronomical unit b 9.46 × 1015 c 1.496 ×1011m
.k

iii Per sec c 1.496 ×1011m d 3.26 light year

iv Metre d 3.2 LY a 100 cm
w

IV. Assertion and reason type Questions

1. Assertion(A) : Quantities which cannot be expressed in terms of any other physical quantities
w

are called fundamental quantities

Reason(R) : Area, volume and density are fundamental quantities.
a) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct reason
w

b) Both A and R are true and R is the correct reason

c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true Ans: c) A is true but R is false

2. Assertion(A) : Many of the ancient system of measurement were based on the dimensions
of human body.
Reason(R) : As a result, unit of measurement varied from person to person.

Physics - Unit - 1 10

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a) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct reason

b) Both A and R are true and R is the correct reason
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true Ans: a) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct reason
V. Short Answer - 2 Marks
1. What is light year?
Light year is the distance travelled by light in one year in vacuum.

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2. What is astronomical unit?
Astronomical unit is the mean distance of the centre of the sun frame the centre of the earth.

l.i
3. What are fundamental quantities?
Quantities which cannot be expressed in terms of any other physical quantities are called
fundamental quantities.

da
4. What are atoms?
The smallest amount of time imaginable to us in a twinkling of the eye. This is called atoms.
5. What is weight?
Weight is normal force exerted by the surface on the body to balance against gravitational

1.
pull on the object.
ka
VI. Answer in Detail - 5 Marks
Tabulate the fundamental quantities with units followed in SI system.
vi
Fundamental quantities Unit Symbol
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
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Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
.k

Electric current ampere A

Luminous intensity candela cd
Amount of substance mole mol
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2. Write a note on physical balance.

 This balance is used in labs and is similar to the beam balance but it is a lot more sensitive
w

and can measure mass of an object correct to a milligram.

 The standard reference masses used in this physical balance are 10mg, 20mg, 50 mg,
100mg, 200mg, 500mg, 1g, 2g, 5g, 10g, 20g, 50g, 100g, and 200g.
 It is used to measure the mass of the body.
w

11 Physics - Unit - 1

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 100
experiences centripetal acceleration a= d) accelera
25a) velocity of the moving object
https://www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
 2
a=4m b)s displacement covered by the 6. A car is bei
2
a
Loyola r To determine
moving theobject
net force EC acting ms-1 when b

UNIT
(10)2 PHYSICS it to rest
– 9 Science
th
The solution is as follows: a
25 c) speed of the moving object
Motion
2
100 produced i
a= × 4 F = 3600 N
25 d) acceleration of the moving object a) +4 ms -2
a=4ms 2 6. A car is being driven at a speed of 20 c) 0.25 m
II. Multiple -1Choice Questions
To determine the net force acting ms when brakes are applied to bring
Part - I. (Text
1. Book
Slope Exercises)
of therest
it to velocity
in 5 s.- time graph
The deceleration 7. Unit of acc
gives produced in this case will be a) ms-1
× 4 I.F Choose
= 3600 Nthe correct answer.
a) speeda) +4 ms -2 b) displacement
b) 4 ms-2 c) ms

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1. The area under velocity – time graph represents the
II. a)Multiple
velocityChoice Questions
of the moving object c) displacement
b)  distance ms -2 d) acceleration
c) 0.25 covered d) moving
by the +0.25 msobject
-2
8. Which one
likely not a
1.c)Slope
speed
of ofthe
thevelocity
moving object
- time graph 2.d)  acceleration
Which of
of ofthe thefollowing
movingisobject
graph

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7. Unit acceleration
 gives Ans:represents uniform
b) displacement motion
covered by theofmoving
-2 a objectmotion?
-1
a) ms b) ms
2. Which one of the following
a) speed is most likelymoving
b) displacement
particle?
not a case of uniform circular motion? a) Motion
c) ms d) ms2 Sun.
a) Motion of the Earth around the sun b) Motion of a toy train on a circular track.

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c) Motion
c)  distanceof a racing d)
caracceleration
on a circular track. 8. Which one of the following is most b) Motion
2.d) Motionofof hours
Which hand on the graph
the following dial of the clock likely not a case of uniform circular track.
a) b)
represents uniform motion of a Ans: c) Motion motion?of a racing car on a circular track.c) Motion
moving particle? a) motion
Motionofofa moving
the Earth around the circular
3. Which of the following graph represents uniform particle?

a) b) c)
ka Sun.
b) Motion of a toy train on a circular
track.
d)
c) Motion of a racing car on a
9. The force
clothes in a
d) Motion
of the cl
vi
circular track. a) Centrip
d) Motion of hours’ hand on the dial b) Centrifu
3. A body of the clock.

Distance→
moving with an initial
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c) Gravitat
velocity
9. The 5ms
-1
and Ans:
force responsible b) drying of
accelerates
for
c) d) . Its velocity
at 2ms-2clothes after 10s is d) Electro
in a washing machine is ....
a) 20ms a) -1 Centripetalb)force25ms-1 Time→ 10. The centrif
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a) Real for
4. The centrifugal force is c) 5msb) -1 Centrifugal force
d) 22.55ms-1
3.a)A abody moving with an initial b) the force b) The forc
real force of reaction offorce
c) Gravitational centripetal force force
4. In a 10m race, the winner takes 10s
c)velocity force and accelerates d) directed towards the centre of the circular path
a virtual5ms
-1
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at 2ms-2. Its velocity after 10s is d) Electro

to reach static force
the finishing point. The c) Virtual
Ans: b. the force of reaction of centripetal force.
average
10. Thespeed of the winner
centrifugal force isis …. d) Directed
a) 20ms-1 b) 25ms-1
II. Fill in the blanks. a) 5msa) Real force b) 20ms
-1 -1 Answer circular
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c) 5ms -1
d) 22.55ms -1
1. Speed is a ________ quantity whereas velocity is b) a ________
The force quantity.
of reaction of Scalar, Vector
centripetal
In aslope
2. 4. The 10mofrace, the winner
the distance takes
– time graph
2. Motion force
10sat any point gives ________. Speed
35
to reachacceleration
3. Negative the finishing point.
is called The .
________ c) Virtual force retardation
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average speed of the winner is d) Directed towards the centre of the

4. Area under velocity – time graph shows ________. displacement.
a) 5ms -1
b) 20ms -1 circular path.
III. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.
IX_Science Unit-2.indd 35

2. Motion 35
1. The motion of a city bus in a heavy traffic road is an example for uniform motion.
Ans: False - The motion of a city bus in a heavy traffic road is an example for
non - uniform motion.

Physics - Unit - 2
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2. Acceleration can get negative value also.  Ans: True

3. Distance covered by a particle never becomes zero but displacement becomes zero. Ans: True
4. The velocity – time graph of a particle falling freely under gravity would be a straight line
parallel to the x axis.
Ans: False - The velocity - time graph of a particle falling freely under gravity would be
straight line inclined to the X axis.
5. If the velocity – time graph of a particle is a straight line inclined to x - axis then its displacement

n
– time graph will be a straight line.  Ans: True
IV. Assertion and reason type q ­ uestions.

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Mark the correct choice as :
a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

da
c) If assertion is true but reason is false. d) If assertion is false but reason is true.
1. Assertion : The accelerated motion of an object may be due to change in magnitude of ve-
locity or direction or both of them.
Reason : Acceleration can be ­produced only by change in magnitude of the velocity. It
does not depend the direction.

ka
Ans: d) If assertion is false but reason is true.
2. Assertion : The speedometer of a car or a motor-cycle measures its average speed.
Reason : Average velocity is equal to total displacement divided by total time taken.
Ans: (b ) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
vi
correct explanation of assertion.
3. Assertion : Displacement of a body may be zero when distance travelled by it is not zero.
Reason : The displacement is the shortest distance between initial and final position.
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Ans: (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
correct explanation of assertion.
V. Match the following.
.k

List I List II Answer

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Motion of a body covering equal

Velocity
Velocity

1 distances in equal interval of a. d.

time
Time
w

Time
Velocity

Motion with non uniform

Velocity

2 b. c.
w

acceleration
Time Time
Velocity
Velocity

3 Constant retardation c. a.

Time Time

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Velocity
Velocity
4 Uniform acceleration d b.

Time Time

VI. Answer briefly.

n
1. Define velocity.
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement. It is the displacement in unit time.
Displacement

l.i
Velocity =
Time taken
2. Distinguish distance and d
­ isplacement.

da
Distance Displacement
1. The actual length of the path ­travelled by a The change in position of a ­moving body
moving body ­irrespective of the direction in a particular direction
2. It is a scalar quantity It is vector quantity

3.
3. It has magnitude only
What do you mean by uniform motion? ka It has both magnitude and direction

An object is said to be in uniform motion if it covers equal distance in equal intervals of time.
vi
4. Compare speed and velocity.
Speed Velocity
al
1.  he rate of change of ­distance in unit
T  he rate of change of ­displacement in
T
time. unit time.
2. It is a scalar quantity It is vector quantity
.k

5. What do you understand about negative acceleration?

 If final velocity is less than initial velocity, the velocity decreases with time and the value
of acceleration is negative. It is called negative acceleration.
w

 Negative acceleration is called retardation (or) deceleration

6. Is the uniform circular motion a­ ccelerated? Give reasons for your answer.
w

¾¾ Yes, the uniform circular motion is accelerated.

¾¾ Reason : An object moving with a constant speed along a circular path, the change in
velocity is due to the change in direction
w

7. What is meant by uniform circular motion? Give two examples of uniform circular motion.
When an object moves with constant speed along a circular path, the motion is called uniform
circular motion.
Examples : 1) The earth moves around the sun.
2) The moon moves around the earth
3) In an atom, an electron moves around the nucleus in a circular path.

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VII. Answer in detail.

1.Derive the equations of motion by graph-
ical method. 1 
= (AE×OE) +  ×AB×DA
 The graph shows the change in velocity 2 
with time of a uniformly accelerated object. 1
 The object starts from the point D in the S = ut + at 2
graph with velocity u. 2

n
 Its velocity keeps increasing and after time Third equation of motion
it reaches the point B on the graph
From the graph the distance covered by
The initial velocity of the object

l.i
= u = OD = EA the object during time t is given by the
The final velocity of the object area of the quadrangle DOEB. Here DOEB
= v = OC = EB is a trapezium. Then

da
Time = t = OE = DA S = area of trapezium DOEB
Also, we know that AB = DC
= 1 × sum of length of parallel side
2
× distance between parallel sides

ka S
= 1 2 × (OD + BE) × OE

= 1 2 × (u + v) × t
vi
=
1 × (v + u) × (v − u) ∴ a = v − u ∴ t = v − u 
2  
First equation of motion a t a 
al
change in velocity 2as = v2 - u2
Acceleration =
time v2 = u2 + 2as
(final velocity - initial velocity)
= 2. Explain different types of motion.
.k

time
¾¾ Linear motion : The object moves along a
(OC - OD) DC
= = straight line.
OE OE ¾¾ Circular motion : Where the object moves
w

DC along circular path.

a=
t ¾¾ Oscillatory motion : Where an object
DC =AB = at describes a respective to and fro movement
w

From the graph EB = EA + AB retracing its original path.

v = u + at ¾¾ Uniform motion : Where an object travels
equal distance in equal intervals of time.
Second Equation of motion
¾¾ Random motion : Where the motion of
w

From the graph distance covered by the the object does not fall in any of the above
object during time t is given by the area of categories.
quadrangle DOEB
S = area of the quadrangle DOEB VIII. Exercise problems.
= area of the rectangle DOEA + area of 1. A ball is gently dropped from a height of
the triangle DAB 20m. If its velocity increases uniformly
at the rate of 10ms–2, with what velocity
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will it strike the ground? After what time 22

will it strike the ground? = 2 × × 100
7
Solution: 4400
Given Data: =
7
initial velocity u = 0
g = 10ms–2 Distance
Speed of the athlete (v) =
h = 20m Time
v =? time t =? 4400 1
= ×

n
(i) h = ut + 1 gt2 7 40
2
4400
20 = 1 2 × 10 × t2 =

l.i
7 × 40
2
t =4 Distance covered in 140s = Speed × Time
4400
time t = 2s = × (2 × 60 + 20)

da
7 × 40
(ii) v = u + gt
( 2 minute 20 second = 2 × 60 + 20)
v = 10 × 2
4400
v = 20 m/s = × 140
7 × 40

2. An athlete completes one round of a

circular track of diameter 200 m in 40 s.
What will be the distance covered and the
ka =
4400 × 140
1 7 × 40
4400 × 20
1
20
vi
displacement at the end of 2 m and 20 s? =
Solution: 40 2
Diameter of circular track (D)= 200m 4400
=
al
200
Radius of circular track (r) = = 100 m 2
2
Time taken by the athlete for one round (t) = 40 s Distance covered = 2200 m
Distance covered by athlete in one round (s) = 2πr No of round in 40s = 1 round
.k

No of round in 140s = 140 / 40

= 3 ½ rounds
w

A B
D=200 m Hence displacement of the athlete =
Diameter of the circular track = 200 m
w

3. A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 4ms–2.. What distance it covers in 10 s after the
start?
Acceleration (a) = 4 ms–2 Solution:
w

Time(t) = 10 s S = ut + 1 at2
2
Initial velocity u = 0 0 × 10 + 1 2 × 4 × 102
S=?
1 2
S = 0 + 2 × 4 × 100
1
S = 200m

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Part - II. (Additional Exercises)

I. One Mark Questions Answer
1. Object which do not change their positions are said to be at ____. rest
2. An object covers equal distance in equal interval of time that Uniform motion
motion is called _______.
3. Distance is a _____ quantity. Scalar
4. SI unit of distance is ______. metre (m)

n
5. An object covers unequal distance is equal intervals of time is Non uniform motion
called _____.

l.i
6. Rate of change of distance is known as ____. speed
7. SI unit of velocity is ______. m/s
8. SI unit of acceleration is _______. m/s2

da
9. If decrease the velocity with increasing time is called as ____ negative acceleration
10. The area under the velocity - time graph gives ____. distance
11. In distance - time graph if slope increases ____ will increase speed
12. Initial velocity of free falling body is ______. Zero
13.

14.
ka
When a particle is moving is circular orbit of radius R, the 2R
distance covered after completing full circular path is _______.
When an object is moving with a constant speed along a circular uniform circular motion
path, that motion is called _____.
vi
15. Uniform circular motion is a ________ motion. accelerated
16. Revolution of moon around the earth is _____ motion Uniform circular
al
17. The centripetal acceleration is directed ____ the centre of the circle. towards
18. ______ must act on the object radically towards the centre. Centripetal force
19. Force acting on a body away from the centre of circular path is Centrifugal force.
called ______.
.k

20. A spin dryer in washing machine work under the _____ force. Centripetal force
21. The motion of seconds needle in a clock is in ______ motion uniform circular
w

22. Merry -go-round is an example for ______. centrifugal force

23. Unit of centrifugal force is ____ newton (N)
24. When an object is thrown upwards, the g value will be ______. –9.8 m/s2
w

25. Revolution of earth around the sun is an example for ____. uniform circular motion
26. If an object moves in uniform motion, its acceleration will be Zero
______.
w

27. ______ has both positive and negative values. Velocity

28. Motion of bus is an example for ______. Non-uniform motion
29. The value of acceleration due to gravity is ______. 9.8 m/s2
II.True or False If false Correct the Statement.
1. The objects which change their p
­ osition are said to be in motion. Ans: True

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2. The actual length of the path travelled by a moving body irrespective of the direction is
called displacement.
Ans: False. The actual length of the path travelled by a moving body irrespective of the di-
rection is called distance.
3. Velocity is the rate of change of distance.
Ans: False. Velocity is the rate of change of displacement
4. Vector quantity having both magnitude and direction. Ans: True

n
III. Match the following.
1. Physical Quantity Unit Answer

l.i
1 Displacement a Newton c metre
2 Velocity b m/s2 d m/s

da
3 Acceleration c metre b m/s2
4 Centripetal force d m/s a Newton

2. Physical Quantity Unit Answer

1 Slope of distance-time graph a Distance covered d Speed
2
3
4
Slope of displacement-time graph
Slope of velocity –time graph
Area under the speed-time graph
kab Acceleration
c Velocity
d Speed
c
b
a
Velocity
Acceleration
Distance covered
vi
IV. Assertion and reason type Questions.
1. Assertion (A) : An object describes a repetitive to and fro movement retracing its original
path is called oscillatory motion.
al

Reason (R) : Time period is constant.

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
.k

(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.

(d) Assertion is false but reason is true.
Ans: b) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
w

2. Assertion (A) : velocity can have both positive and negative values.
Reason (R) : Velocity is a vector quantity having both magnitude and direction.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
w

(b) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but reason is true.
Ans: a) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
w

3. Assertion(A) : The variation in velocity of an object with time can be represented by

velocity – time graph.
Reason(R) : Graphical Representation is only uniform motion.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but reason is true. Ans: c) Assertion is true but r­ eason is False
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V. Short Answer - 2 Marks

1. What is displacement?
It is defined as the change in position of a moving body in a particular direction.
2. Distinguish scalars from vectors.
Scalars vectors
It has magnitude only. It has both magnitude and direction
Example : Distance, Speed Example : velocity, displacement.

n
3. What is non uniform motion?
An object is said to be in non uniform motion if it covers unequal distances in equal

l.i
intervals of time.
4. Define centripetal force.
Centripetal force is a constant force that should act on the body, along the radius towards

da
the centre and perpendicular to the velocity of the body.
5. Define acceleration.
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity (or) it is the change of velocity in unit time.
VI. Answer in Details - 5 Marks
1.

1.
Compare speed and velocity.
Speed
I t is the rate of change of d
­ istance
ka Velocity
It is the rate of change of displacement
vi
2. It is a scalar quantity having It is a vector quantity having both magnitude
magnitude only. and direction
3. It is measured in ms -1 in SI system. It is also measured in ms-1in SI system.
al
4. Speed in any direction would be a Velocity can have both positive and negative
positive quantity, since the distance values. If velocity in one direction is assumed
in any direction is a positive to be positive then the velocity, in opposite
quantity. direction would be negative quantity.
.k

2. Explain the centripetal acceleration and centripetal force.

¾¾ A body is said to be accelerated, if the velocity of the body changes either in magnitude or
w

in direction.
¾¾ Hence the motion of the object in circular path with constant speed and continuous changes of
direction is an accelerated motion.
¾¾ There must be an acceleration acting along the string directed inwards, which makes the object
w

to move in circular path. This acceleration is known as centripetal acceleration and the force is
known as centripetal force.
¾¾ Since the centripetal acceleration is directed radically
w

towards the centre of the circle.

Centripetal acceleration is ­given by a= vr
2
¾¾
mv2
¾¾ Centripetal force is given by F= r Centripetal Acceleration Centripetal Force

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Loyola

UNIT
PHYSICS
EC – 9th Science

Fluids
3
Part - I. (Text Book Exercises)
I. Choose the correct answer.

n
1. The size of an air bubble rising up in water
a) decreases b) increases
c) remains same d) may increase or decrease Ans: b) increases

l.i
2. Clouds float in atmosphere because of their low
a) density b) pressure c ) velocity d) mass Ans: a) density

da
3. In a pressure cooker, the food is cooked faster because
a) increased pressure lowers the boiling point
b) increased pressure raises the boiling point
c) decreased pressure raises the boiling point
d) increased pressure lowers the melting point

4.
ka
Ans: (b) increased pressure raises the boiling point
An empty plastic bottle closed with an airtight stopper is pushed down into a bucket
filled with water. As the bottle is pushed down, there is an increasing force on the bottom.
This is because,
vi
a) more volume of liquid is displaced
Force on bottle

b) more weight of liquid is displaced

c) pressure increases with depth
al
d) all the above
Depth of immersion Ans: (c) pressure increases with depth
.k

II. Fill in the blanks. Answer

1. The weight of the body immersed in a liquid appears to be _______ than its less
actual weight.
w

2. The instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure is _______. barometer

3. The magnitude of buoyant force acting on an object immersed in a liquid density
depends on _______ of the liquid.
w

4. A drinking straw works on the existence of _______. pressure

III. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.
w

1. The weight of fluid displaced determines the buoyant force on an object Ans: True
2. The shape of an object helps to determine whether the object will float or not.
Ans: False - The density of an object helps to determine whether the object will float or not
3. The foundations of high-rise buildings are kept wide so that they may exert more pressure
on the ground.
Ans: False - The foundations of high - rise buildings are kept wide so that they may exert
less pressure on the ground.
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4. Archimedes’ principle can also be applied to gases. Ans: True

5. Hydraulic press is used in the extraction of oil from oil seeds. Ans: True

IV. Match the following.

Column - I Column - II Answer
Mass
1. Density a. hρg c.
Volume

n
2. Pascal’s law b. Milk d. Pressure
3. Pressure exerted by a fluid c. a. hρg

l.i
Mass
Volume
4. Lactometer d. Pressure b. Milk

da
V. Answer in brief.
1. On what factors the pressure exerted by the liquid depends on?
Pressure exerted by a liquid at a point is determined by,
i) depth (h), ii) density of the liquid (ρ), iii) acceleration due to gravity(g).
2.

3.
Why does a helium balloon float in air?
ka
Helium balloon floats in air because helium gas is less dense than air.
Why it is easy to swim in river water than in sea water? (The question itself is wrong)
vi
¾¾ It is easier to swim in sea water than in the river water.
¾¾ The density of sea water is greater than river water due to its high salt content.
¾¾ More over, salt water provides more buoyant force than fresh water.
¾¾ Hence, it is easy to swim in sea water than in river water.
al

4. What is meant by atmospheric pressure?

¾¾ Earth is surrounded by a layer of air up to certain height and this layer of air around the
Earth is called atmosphere of the Earth.
.k

¾¾ Air occupies space and has weight, so it also exerts pressure.

¾¾ This pressure is called atmospheric pressure.
¾¾ The atmospheric pressure normally referred is the air pressure at sea level.
w

5. State Pascal’s law.

The law states that, the external pressure applied on an incompressible liquid is transmitted
uniformly throughout the liquid.
w

VI. Answer in detail.

1. With an appropriate illustration prove that the force acting on a smaller area exerts a
greater pressure.
w

¾¾ Stand on loose sand. Your feet go deep into the sand. Now , lie down on the sand, you
will find that your body will not go that deep into the sand
¾¾ In both the cases of the above activity the force exerted on the sand is the weight of your
body which is the same. This force acting perpendicular to the surface is called “Thrust”
¾¾ When you stand on loose sand, the force is acting on an area equal to the area of your
feet. When you lie down, the same force acts on an area of your whole body, which is
larger than the area of your feet.

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Loyola EC – 9th Science

¾¾ T herefore the effect of thrust, that is pressure depends on the area on which it acts. The
effect of thrust on sand is larger while standing than lying.
¾¾ The net force in a particular direction is called thrust. The force per unit area acting on an
object concerned is called pressure. Thus we can say thrust on an unit area is pressure.
Trust
Pressure =
Area of contact

n
l.i
¾¾ F
 or the same given force, if the area is large pressure is low and vice versa. (This is shown
in figure)
2. Describe the construction and working of mercury barometer.

da
¾¾ The instrument used to measure
Vacuum
atmospheric pressure is called
barometer.
Construction : Pressure exerted
by the column
¾¾ A mercury barometer, first designed
by an Italian Physicist Torricelli,
consists of a long glass tube (closed at
one end, open at the other) filled with
mercury and turned upside down
ka
of mercury

Atmospheric
760 mm
vi
pressure
into a container of mercury. Surface of
¾¾ This is done by closing the open mercury
end of the mercury filled tube with
al

the thumb and then opening it Mercury barometer

after immersing it in to a trough of
mercury.
.k

Working :
¾¾ The barometer works by balancing the mercury in the glass tube against the outside air
pressure
w

¾¾ I f the air pressure increases, it pushes more of the mercury up into the tub and if the air
pressure decreases, more of the mercury drains from the tube.
¾¾ A
 s there is no air trapped in the space between mercury and the closed end, there is
w

vacuum in that space.

¾¾ V
 acuum cannot exert any pressure. So the level of mercury in the tube provides a precise
measure of air pressure which is called atmospheric pressure.
w

¾¾ This type of instrument can be used in a lab or weather station.

3. How does an object’s density determine whether the object will sink or float in water?
¾¾ W
 hether an object will sink or float in a liquid is determined by the density of the object
compared to the density of the liquid.
¾¾ If the density of a substance is less than the density of the liquid it will float.

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¾¾ For example:
(i) A piece of wood which is less dense than water will float on it.
(ii) Any substance having more density than water (for example: a stone) will sink into
water.
4. Explain the construction and working of a hydrometer with diagram.
Principle : Hydrometer is based on the principle of flotation, i.e., the weight of the liquid
displaced by the immersed portion of the hydrometer is equal to the weight of the hydrometer.

n
Construction - Hydrometer :
¾¾ A direct-reading instrument used for measuring the density or relative density of the liquid
is called hydrometer.

l.i
¾¾ Hydrometer consists of a cylindrical stem having a
Hydrometer
spherical bulb at its lower end and a narrow tube at
its upper end.

da
¾¾ The lower spherical bulb is partially filled with lead
shots or mercury. This helps hydrometer to float or
stand vertically in liquids.
¾¾ The narrow tube has markings so that relative

density of a liquid can be read directly.

¾¾
Working :
ka
The liquid to be tested is poured into the glass jar.
The hydrometer is gently lowered in to the liquid
until it floats freely. The reading against the level of
Lead shots
vi
liquid touching the tube gives the relative density of
Hydrometer
the liquid.
5. State the laws of flotation.
al

Laws of flotation:
¾¾ The weight of a floating body in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by
the body.
.k

¾¾ The centre of gravity of the floating body and the centre of buoyancy are in the same
vertical line.
VII. Assertion and reason type Questions
w

Mark the correct answer as :

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
w

(c ) If assertion is true but reason is false.

(d) If assertion is false but reason is true.
1. Assertion : To float, body must displace liquid whose weight is equal to the actual weight.
w

Reason : The body will experience no net downward force in that case.
Ans: (a ) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
2. Assertion : Pascal’s law is the working principle of a hydraulic lift.
Reason : Pressure is thrust per unit area.
Ans : (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
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VIII. Numerical Problems.

1.  block of wood of weight 200 g floats
A 13600 kgm-2
Relative Density =
on the surface of water. If the volume of 1000 kgm-3
3
block is 300 cm . Calculate the upthrust = 13.6 (No unit)
due to water.
Soln : 3. The density of water is 1 g cm–3. What is
1 kg = 9.8 N its density in S.I. units?

n
Weight of wood = 200 g = 0.2 kg Soln :
= 0.2 × 9.8 Water as reference with its highest density
at 4ºC is (ρ) = 1g / cm3

l.i
= 1.96 N
The correct SI unit is ρ = 1000 kg /m3.
Upthrust due to water = 1.96 N
4. Calculate the apparent weight of wood
2. Density of mercury is 13600 kg m–3.

da
floating on water if it weighs 100g in air.
Calculate the relative density.
Soln :
Soln : Apparent weight of an object =
Density of Mercury =13600 kg m-3 The weight of the body in air - Upthrust
Density of water at 4ºC = 1000 kg m-3 = 100g - 100g
Relative Density =
Density of the substance
Density of water at 4ºC
= 0
ka
(Upthrust = The weight of water displaced)
Apparent weight of an object = 0
vi
IX. Higher order Thinking Skills
1. 
How high does the mercury barometer stand on a day when atmospheric pressure is 98.6 kPa?
Pressure (P) = - hρg
al

98600 Pa = - h × 13600 × 9.8

-P 98.6 98600
h= = =
ρg 13600×9.8 133280
.k

= - 0.7397 m
h = - 0.74 m = 740 mm
w

2. How does a fish manage to rise up and move down in water?

¾¾ To reduce its overall density, a fish fills the bladder with oxygen collected from the
surrounding water via the gills.
w

¾¾ In this case, the forces of buoyancy and gravity cancel each other out, and the fish stays
at that level.
¾¾ Most fish rise and sink using this method, but not all do.
w

3. If you put one ice cube in a glass of water and another in a glass of alcohol, what would
you observe? Explain your observations.
¾¾ Ice cube in water : As the density of ice cube is less than water, the ice cube floats in
water.
¾¾ Ice cube in alcohol : As the density of ice cube is greater than alcohol, the ice cube will
sink in alcohol.
(Note : Density : Water = 1.00, Ice cube = 0.917, Alcohol = 0.78)

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4. Why does a boat with a hole in the bottom would eventually sink?
A boat with a hole in the bottom eventually sinks due to:
¾¾ The water entered through a hole will increase the weight of boat.
¾¾ The boat becomes heavier so it cannot displace more water.
¾¾ As the water keeps entering into the hole the hydrostatic pressure is higher than the
atmospheric pressure which pushes the boat down to the surface of the water causing it
to sink.
Part - II. (Additional Exercises)

n
I. One Mark Questions : Answers

l.i
1. One Pascal = ____ one newton per square metre
2. The pressure exerted by the fluid acts in an object all directions.
from____.

da
3. When the volume of the fluid increases, its ____ also Pressure
increases.
4. __________ device is for measuring atmospheric Aneroid barometer
pressure without the use of liquids.
5. __________ barometer that records the atmospheric Barograph

6.
7.
pressure variations over time.
Relative density can be measured using __________ ka
The graduation ranging of lactometer from ____ at the 15, 45
Pycnometer
vi
top to _______ at the bottom.
o
8. The correct lactometer reading is obtained only at the 60 C
temperature of _______.
al
9. A lactometer measures the ____ of milk Cream content
10. The point through which the force of buoyancy is centre of buoyancy
supposed to act is known as ____
.k

11. ____ is a device used to measure the relative density Hydrometer

of liquids.
12. Hydrometer based on the ____ principle. Archimedes' principle
w

13. The atmospheric pressure ____ as we go up in decreases

mountains.
14. Pycnometer is also called____ density bottle
w

15. The buoyant force phenomenon is called ____ buoyancy

16. An ____ is a confined aquifer containing ground water artesian aquifer
that flow upwards out of a well without the need for
w

pumping.
17. Pressure is ____ proportional to the area in which it is inversely
acting.
18. In CGS system force is measured in _____ and area in Dyne, square Cm
_____.
19. Pressure on blood pressure and tires in vehicles is higher
_______ than atmospheric pressure

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20. Most buoyant objects are those with a relatively high volume, density
____ and low ___.
21. Petroleum-based products typically float on the Specific gravity.
surface of water, because their _____ is low.
22. Animals jaws can exert a pressure of more than ______ 750
pounds per square inch as they are very sharp.
23. For pressure lower than atmospheric pressure, atmospheric pressure - gauge

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absolute Pressure = ________ pressure
24. Cartesian diver is an experiment that demonstrates the buoyancy

l.i
principle of ___.
25. Human lung is well adapted to breathe at a pressure 101.3 K Pa
of sea level ____.

da
26. ____ is a device for measuring atmospheric pressure Aneroid barometer
without the use of liquids.
27. _____ Records the atmospheric variations over time Barograph
28. The Global mean pressure at the surface of the earth 984 hPa
is ____.
29. The correct lactometer reading is obtained only at the
temperature of ____.
30. Salt water provides more ____ than fresh water
ka 60ºF

Buoyant force
vi
31. Fish has an Internal swim bladder which is filled with gas
____.
32. ______ is Equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. upthrust
al

33. The tyre pressure of vehicles is measured in a unit Psi

called ____.
.k

II. Match the following

1) A B Answer
1 Hydraulic press a lactometer e Pascal’s Law
w

2 Relative Density b Cartesian diver d Pycnometer

3 Principle of floating c Hydrostatic balance a lactometer
w

4 buoyancy d Pycnometer b Cartesian diver

5 Archimede’s Principle e Pascal’s Law c Hydrostatic balance
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III.True or False, If false Correct the Statement

1. Gauge pressure is Zero - referenced against a perfect vaccum.
Ans : False - Gauge pressure is zero - referenced against atmospheric pressure.
2. The Effect of thrust that is pressure depends in the object on which it acts.
Ans : False - The Effect of thrust that is pressure depends on the area on which it acts.
3. Mercury barometer can be used in weather station. Ans: True

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4. All the flowing substances, both liquids and gases are called fluids  Ans : True
5. Pressure does not depend on shape and size of the containers Ans : True
IV. Assertion & Reason type Questions
1. Assertion (A) :  ome people do not have any damage to the body, even if they are nailed
S
to bed.
Reason (R) : Stress works in large area.
a. If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

n
b. If assertion is true, but reason is false
Ans : a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of

l.i
assertion.
2. Assertion (A) : Air get ‘thinner’ with increasing altitude.
Reason (R) : The atmospheric pressure ‘increases’ as we go up in mountains.

da
a. If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
b. If assertion is true, but reason is false  Ans: b) If assertion is true, but reason is false
3. Assertion (A) :  he global mean pressure at the surface of the earth is slightly less than
T
mean sea-level pressure.
Reason (R) : Because of the elevation of land.

ka
a. If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
b. If assertion is true, but reason is false
Ans : a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion
vi
V. Analogy
1. Large : Low pressure
al
:: Small Area : _________________  Ans : high pressure
2. Above sea level : low pressure (lesser)
.k

:: Below sea level : _________________  Ans : high pressure on (greater)

3. Less dense than water : Float on water
:: more dense than water : _________________  Ans : Sink into water
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4. Density of milk : Lactometer

:: Density of sugar in liquid : _________________ Ans : Pycnometer
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VI. Short Answers – 2 Marks

1. Define thrust & Pressure
w

 The Force which produces compression is called thrust

 Its S.I Unit is newton.
 Thrust acting normally to a unit area of a surface is called pressure
 Its S.I Unit is Pascal. or N/m2
2. What is buoyant Force?
The upward force experienced by a body when partly or fully immersed in a fluid is called
Upthrust or buoyant force.
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3. What is explained by Cartesian diver?

Cartesian diver is an experiment which
demonstrates the Principle of buoyancy
and the ideal gas law.
4. State-Archimedes' Principle.
 Archimedes' Principle state that when a
body is partially or wholly immersed in a
Pressure due to a liquid column

n
fluid,
 It experiences an up thrust or apparent loss ¾¾ We know that thrust at the bottom of

l.i
of weight. the column (F) = weight of the liquid
 Which is equal to the weight of the fluid Therefore,
displaced by the immersed part of the F = mg _______________ (1)
¾¾ We can get the mass of the liquid by


da
body.
multiplying the volume of the liquid and
5. What is relative density?
its density.
 Relative density is the ratio between the
Mass M = ρV _________ (2)
density of a substance and density of water.
¾¾ Volume of the liquid column,
 Relative density of a body is a pure number
and has no unit.
6. What are the types of barometer?
There are three types:
ka
V= Area of cross section (A) x Height (h)
V = Ah __________ (3)
Substituting (3) in (2)
Hence, mass, m = ρAh _______ (4)
vi
 Fortin’s barometer
Substituting (4) in (1)
 Aneroid barometer
Force = mg = ρAhg
 Barograph
al
7. Write about Absolute pressure and Gauge Thrust (F) mg
pressure? ¾ ¾ Pressure, p= =
Area (A) A
 Absolute pressure- is Zero referenced ρ(Ah) g
.k

against a perfect vacuum. = = ρhg

A
 Gauge pressure- is Zero referenced against
atmospheric pressure. ¾¾ This expression shows that pressure in a
w

8. Where is the lactometer used? liquid column is determined by depth,

The lactometer is used highly at milk density of liquid (or) the amount of liquid
processing units and at dairies. and the acceleration due to gravity.
w

¾¾  Thus pressure at given depth does not

VII. Answer in Detail - 5 Marks depend upon the shape of the vessels
1. Explain pressure due to a liquid column containing the liquid (or) the amount of
¾¾ A tall beaker is filled with liquid so that it
w

liquid in the vessel. It only depends on the

forms a liquid column. depth.
¾¾ The area of cross section at the bottom is A ¾¾ The pressure is the same even though the
.The density of the liquid is ρ containers have different amount of liquid
¾¾ The height of the liquid column is h, In in them, and are of different shapes.
other words the depth of the water from
the top level surface is ‘h’ 

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PRACTICAL
PHYSICS
1. TO FIND THE DIAMETER OF A SPHERICAL BODY

n
Aim:
To determine the diameter of a spherical body using Vernier Caliper

l.i
Apparatus required:
Vernier Caliper, given spherical body (cricket ball)
Formula: (i) Least count (LC) = 1 Main scale division – 1 Vernier scale division

da
LC = 1 mm-0.9 mm LC = 0.1 mm (or) 0.01 cm
(ii) Diameter the spherical object (d) =M.S.R+(VC X LC) ± ZC cm
Where, MSR-Main Scale Reading
VC = Vernier Coincide LC - Least Count (0.01cm) ZC - Zero Correction.
Procedure:
¾¾Find the least count of the Vernier caliper.
¾¾Find the zero correction of the Vernier caliper.
ka
vi
¾¾Fix the object firmly in between the two lower jaws of the Vernier.
¾¾Measure the main scale reading and the Vernier scale Coincidence.
¾¾Repeat the experiment by placing the jaws of the Vernier at different position of the object.
al
¾¾Using the formula find the diameter of the object.
Least count (LC) : 0.01cm Zero correction (ZC) : ––––––––––
SI. Main Scale Vernier Diameter of object d =
.k

No Reading(MSR) cm coincidence (VC) MSR + (VC X LC) +ZC (cm)

1 7.2 5 7.25
w

2 7.2 8 7.28
3 7.2 7 7.27
Average: 7.267 cm
w

Result: The diameter of the given spherical object (Cricket ball) is 7.267 cm.
2.TO FIND THE THICKNESS OF GIVEN IRON NAIL
w

Aim:
To find the thickness of the given iron nail.
Apparatus required:
Screw gauge and iron nail

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Formula:
Pitch scale Reading
(i) 
Least Count (LC) =
No of divisions in the Head scale

(ii) 
Thickness (t) = Pitch Scale Reading (PSR)+[Head Scale Coincidence (HSC) X Least Count
(LC)] ± Zero correction
t = PSR+(HSC X LC) ± ZC

n
Error:
(i) 
If positive error is 5 points, for zero correction, subtract 5 points.

l.i
t = PSR + (HSC X LC) – ZC
t = PSR + (HSC X LC) -5
ii) If negative error is 95 points, for zero correction add 5 points (100 - 95 = 5)

da
t = PSR + (HSC X LC) + ZC
t = PSR + (HSC X LC) +5
iii) If no correction is needed, t=PSR + (HSC × 0.01)+0
Procedure:
¾¾The least count of screw gauge is 0.01 mm ka
¾¾The zero error is to be found when the two faces of the screw gauge touch each other.
¾¾Then place the iron nail between the two faces of the screw gauge. The Pitch Scale
vi
reading(PSR) and head scale coincidence (HSC) are to be noted.
¾¾Repeat the process by placing other parts of the iron nail in the screw gauge .
¾¾Tabulate the readings.
al

Zero correction: Nil Least count: 0.01 mm

SI.NO. Pitch Scale Reading Head Scale Co- Thickness of the iron nail t= PSR +
.k

PSR (mm) incidence (HSC) (HSC X LC) ± ZC (mm)

1 4 60 4.60
2 4 75 4.75
w

3 4 80 4.80
Average: = 4.63 cm
w

Result: The diameter (Thickness) of the iron nail is 4.63 mm

3. MELTING POINT OF WAX
w

Aim :
To determine the melting point of wax using cooling curve.
Principle :
The determination of melting point is based on latent heat which is the amount of heat
required to change a unit mass (1gm) of a substance from one state to another state without
changing its temperature.

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Materials Required :
Beaker, burner, thermometer, boiling tube, retort stand and clamp, wire gauze, tripod stand,
candle wax, stop watch, bowl of sand.
Procedure :
¾¾ Melt the wax in a warm water bath.
¾¾ When the wax is melted entirely, remove it from the bath, dry it and then bury it in sand.
¾¾ Record the temperature each 30 seconds while the liquid is being converted to solid.

n
¾¾ At the same time watch for constant temperature at which liquid and solid are present.
Melting point of wax = Constant Temperature over a period of time

l.i
Diagram Graph

Thermometer
Y
Boiling tube

da
Temperature (C °)
Retort stand
with clamp

Beaker M
Water
Candle wax
Wire gauze
Tripod stand
Bunsen burner
ka Time (S)
X
vi
Observation and Tabulation :

S.No. Time (Second) Temperature

al

1 30 82
.k

2 60 58

3 90 56.7
w

4 120 56
w

The temperature at the point M denotes the melting point of wax.

Result : Melting point of wax = 56.7ºC
w

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CHEMISTRY
4. MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME OF LIQUIDS
Aim:
To measure the volume of given colourless and coloured liquids.
Materials required :
Pipette (20ml), sample liquids and beakers.

n
Procedure:
¾¾ Take a 20 ml pipette. Wash it throughly with water and then rinse it with the given

l.i
liquid. Insert the lower end of the pipette into the given liquid and suck the solution
slowly till the solution rises well above the circular mark on the stem.
¾¾ Take the pipette out of the mouth and quickly close it with the fore finger. Take the
pipette out the liquid and keep it in such a way that the circular mark on the stem is at

da
the level of the eyes.
¾¾ Now slowly release the fore finger to let the liquid drop out until the lower meniscus
touches the circular mark on the stem.
¾¾ Now the liquid in the pipette is exactly 20 ml. This can be transferred to an empty beak-
er by removing the fore finger.
Tabulation:

Sl. No. Name of the liquid

kaColour of the Nature of the Volume of
vi
liquid meniscus the liquid

1. water colourless lower 20 ml

al

2. Hcl colourless lower 20 ml

.k

3. Pottassium permanganate pink upper 20 ml

w

4. Pottassium di-chromate red orange upper 20 ml

Report:
w

Exactly 20ml of various liquids are measured using a standard 20ml pipette.
Note:
1. Keeping the circular mask on the stem of the pipette above or below the level of the eyes
w

will lead to error.

2. When coloured liquids are measured, the upper meniscus should be taken into account
3. Never suck strong acids or strong alkalis using a pipette

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a. Biofertilizer - Rhizobium.
b. Medicinal plants - Nilavembu, Alovera
c. Mushroom - Agaricus bisporus
d. Indigenous cattle breed - Umblachery
e. Indian major carp - Catla catla
f. Type of Honey bees - Queen bee, Worker bee

n
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
A. Draw a neat labelled sketch.

l.i
BIO FERTILIZER - Eg. Rhizobium - Eg. for symbiosis
Rhizobium is a nitrogen fixing bacteria common in soil.
  Rhizobium colonize in the cells of the root and reside in the nodules.

da
  They fix the gaseous form of atmospheric nitrogen into soluble form
of nitrates.
B. Write its economic importance.
MEDICINAL PLANTS
1) Nilavembu,
1) Nilavembu :
2) Aloe vera.

Andrographis paniculata is the botanical name -

ka
Nilavembu Kudineer is widely used in Siddha medicine to combat, prevent and manage all
vi
types of viral infections and fevers.
2) Aloe Vera :
al
A - The clear, inner fleshy portion of the leaf,
 LEAF
packed with nutrients and very healthy for Inner Leaf Juice (A)
both internal and external consumption.
.k

B - The bitter yellowish sap, with strong odour


flow between leaf rind and inner fleshypart
is not good for consumption.
w

Aloe latex (B)

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C. Mushroom - Agaricus bisporus

A - Pileus Agaricus Basidiocarp has 3 distinct parts
 Pileus
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C - Gills
Stipe
 
D - Annulus
Rhizomorph
 
B - Stipe

E - Phizomorph

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Pileus :
 
Umbrella shaped structure and many gills seen on the underside of the pileus, responsible
for the production of basidiospores.
Stipe :
 
It is the fleshy stalk made up of parenchymatous mass of hyphae. It gives support to the
pileus.
Rhizomorph :
 
The basel underground mycelial portion, from where develop the fruit body (basidio carp).

n
D. Indigenous cattle breed - umblachery.

l.i
 Umblachery is indigenous breed of domestic
cattle of India - It is also known as Jathemadu or
Therkuthimadu.

da
 It is native to the coastal places of Nagapattinam and
Thiruvarur district.
 Male is used for agricultural purposes, carting &
ploughing
 Cows yield milk for consumption.

E. Indian major carp - Carp - Catla catla ka

 It is an economically important fresh water fish in the
carp family.
vi
  It has large and broad head, a large protruding lower
jaw and upturned mouth.
  It has large greyish scales on it’s dorsal side and whitish Carp - Catla catla
al
on it’s belly.
  They lay eggs after heavy rain.
  They eat Zoo plankton and grow upto 1.5 metre length and upto 45 kilo weight.
.k

  It is a common south Asian fresh water fish, such as Pakistan, Bangladesh etc.

F. Type of Honey bees - Queen bee, Worker bee.

w

QUEEN BEE : Antenna

There is only one Queen bee in a hive, Leg
Compound eye
these are the largest fertile female Wing
developed sexually from fertilized
w

eggs.
The egg to develop into Queen bee is
Leg
laid in special big cells of the hive.
w

Young Queen bees are fed exclusively

  Abdomen
by royal jelly.
The Queen bees are reproduced by
 
haploid drones.
A Queen bee lay up to 2000 eggs / day
 
inside the cells of a hive.

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Fertilized eggs hatch into female worker bees and unfertilized eggs hatch and become drones
 
or male bees.
The life span of a Queen bee is upto 3 to 4 years.
 
WORKER BEES :
In a hive there are upto 10,000 to 30,000 workers.
 
They are female and sterile bees.
 
They work tirelessly and so named as worker bees.
 

n
They do cleaning works, building new comb, taking care of larvae, (baby bees or brood),
 
production of royal jelly, and do collection and storage of nectar and pollen etc.

l.i
10. IDENTIFICATION OF ADAPTATIONS IN PLANTS
Aim:

da
To identify the given plant specimen and lists out its adaptations.
1. Mesophytic Plant – Tomato or Brinjal Plant 2. Xerophytic Plant – Opuntia
3. Aquatic Plant – Eichhornia Sp 4. Insectivorous plant – Nepenthes
Observation:

Sl. Name of Habitat

ka
The given plants are identified and the following adaptations are noted.

Morphological Anatomical Physiological

vi
no the Plant Structure Structure Structure

1. Tomato Mesophyte Small Herb Land Plant Need

al
Water For Growth

2. Opuntia Xerophyte Succulent Stem Tide Over

Leaves- Unfavourable
.k

- Season
Modified into
Spines
w

3. Eichhornia Floating Leaf Petiole, Aerenchyma Adapted To Keep

Sp Hydrophyte Spongy, Balancing Present Buoyancy
Roots With Root,
w

Pockets

4. Nepenthes Insectivorous Leaf Adapted To Rectify

Plant Nitrogen Deficiency
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Modification -
Lamina-Pitcher Secrete Digestive
Enzymes
Petiole-Phyllode



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