Principle of Hydrostatics

MECHANICS OF
FLUIDS Civil Engineering Program

College of Engineering Education
The University of Mindanao, Davao City, Philippines
CHAPTER 2
PRINCIPLE OF
HYDROSTATICS
What is a pressure?
Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per

unit area.
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
The pressure unit Pascal is too small for pressures
encountered in practice. Therefore, its multiples kilopascal (1
kPa =10^3 Pa) and megapascal (1 MPa =10^6 Pa) are
commonly used.
PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any one point

on the earth’s surface from the weight of the air above
it.
1 atm = 101.325 kPa
= 14.7 psi
= 760 mm Hg
= 2166 psf
= 29.9 in Hg

Gage Pressure
Most pressure-measuring devices, however, are

calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere , and so they
indicate the difference between the absolute pressure
and the local atmospheric pressure. This difference is
called the gage pressure.

Absolute Pressure
The actual pressure at a given position is called the

absolute pressure, and it is measured relative to
absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
𝒑𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝒑𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆 + 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎

Pascal’s Law
“At any point in a fluid at rest, the pressure is the same in all directions”

Variations in Pressure

Variations in Pressure
h
1
2
h 1 2
𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑𝟏 = 𝜸𝒉 𝒑𝟐 = 𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐 = 𝜸𝒉
𝒑𝟐 = 𝒑𝟏 + 𝜸𝒉 𝒑𝟏 = 𝟎

Example
If a depth of liquid of 1m causes a pressure of 7kPa, what is the

specific gravity of the fluid?

Example
What is the pressure 12.5m below the ocean? For salt water,
S=1.03.

Example
If the pressure 23 meter below a liquid is 338.445 kPa, determine

its unit weight, mass density, and specific gravity.

Example
If the pressure in the air space above an oil (s=0.75) surface in a
closed tank is 115 kPa abs, what is the gage pressure 2m below
the surface?

Pressures below Layers of Different Liquids
Consider the tank shown to be filled with liquids of different densities
and with air at the top under gage pressure pA , the pressure at the
bottom of the tank is:
𝒑𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 = 𝒑𝑨 + ( 𝜸𝒉
𝒑𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 = 𝒑𝑨 + 𝜸𝟏 𝒉𝟏 + 𝜸𝟐 𝒉𝟐 + 𝜸𝟑 𝒉𝟑

Example
An open tank contains 5.8m of water covered with 3.2 m of kerosene (𝜸 = 8
kN/m3). Find the pressure at the interface and at the bottom of the tank.

Example
In the figure shown, if the atmospheric pressure is 101.03 kPa and the
absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank is 231.3 kPa, what is the specific
gravity of olive oil?

Example
Assuming specific weight of air to be constant at 12 N/m3, what is the
approximate height of Mount Banahaw if a mercury barometer at the base
of the mountain reads 654 mm and at the same instant, another barometer
at the top of the mountain reads 480 mm.

Pressure Head
Pressure head is the height “h” of a column of homogeneous liquid of

unit weight 𝜸 that will produce an intensity of pressure p.
𝒑
𝒉=
𝜸

To convert pressure head of liquid A to liquid B
𝒔𝑨 𝝆𝑨 𝜸𝑨
𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨 𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨 𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨
𝒔𝒃 𝝆𝒃 𝜸𝒃
𝑂𝑖𝑙 (0.85) 1.65𝑚
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ??𝑚
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 3𝑚

Example
For the tank shown, h1 = 3m, and h3 = 4m. Determine the value of h2.

Example
In the figure shown, what is the static pressure in kPa in the air chamber?

Example
In the figure shown, determine the height h of the water and the gage
reading at A when the absolute pressure at B is 290 kPa.

The Manometer
A manometer mainly consists of a glass

or plastic U-tube containing one or
more fluids such as mercury, water,
alcohol, or oil.
A device based on this principle is

called a manometer, and it is
commonly used to measure small and
moderate pressure differences.

Open Manometer
Has an atmospheric surface on

one leg and is capable of
measuring gage pressures.

Differential Manometer
Without an atmospheric surface

and is capable of measuring only
differences in pressures.

Piezometer
is the simplest form of

manometer that is tapped into
the wall of pressure conduit for
measuring pressure.

Steps in Solving Manometer Problems
1. Decide on the fluid in feet or meter, of which the heads are

to be expressed, (water is most advisable).
2. Starting from an end point, number in order, the interface
of different liquids.
3. Identify points of equal pressure. Label these points with
the same number.
4. Proceed from level to level, adding (if going down) or
subtracting (if going up) pressure heads.

Example
For the manometer shown, determine the pressure at the center of the pipe.

Example
Determine the value of y in the manometer shown in the figure.

Example
For a gage reading of -17.1 kPa, determine the (a) elevations of the liquids in
the open piezometer columns E, F, and G, and (b) the deflection of the
mercury in the U-tube manometer neglecting the weight of the air.

For the manometer setup shown, Example
determine the difference in pressure
between A and B.

Example
In the figure shown, determine the difference in pressure between points A

and B.

Boyle’s Law Problems
Recall that according to Boyle’s Law:
p1V1 = p2V2

Example
Assuming normal barometric pressure, how deep in the ocean is the point
where an air bubble, upon reaching a surface, has six times its volume than
that it had at the bottom? Sp gr of salt water is 1.03.

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MECHANICS OF

FLUIDS Civil Engineering Program

Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any one point

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

Most pressure-measuring devices, however, are

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

The actual pressure at a given position is called the

𝒑𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝒑𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆 + 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

If a depth of liquid of 1m causes a pressure of 7kPa, what is the

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

If the pressure 23 meter below a liquid is 338.445 kPa, determine

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

Pressure head is the height “h” of a column of homogeneous liquid of

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

𝑂𝑖𝑙 (0.85) 1.65𝑚

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

A manometer mainly consists of a glass

A device based on this principle is

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

Has an atmospheric surface on

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

Without an atmospheric surface

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

is the simplest form of

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

1. Decide on the fluid in feet or meter, of which the heads are

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

In the figure shown, determine the difference in pressure between points A

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

Recall that according to Boyle’s Law:

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS CHAPTER 2

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