MP Economics Grade 12 September 2023 P1 and Memo

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NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE
GRADE 12
ECONOMICS P1
SEPTEMBER 2023
MARKING GUIDELINES
MARKS: 150
This marking guideline consists of 19 pages.
Copyright reserved Please turn over

Economics/P1 2 MDE/September 2023
NSC – Marking guidelines
SECTION A (COMPULSORY)
QUESTION 1
1.1 MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.1.1 C compensations of employees 
1.1.2 B monetary 
1.1.3 A medium-term expenditure framework.
1.1.4 C Kitchin 
1.1.5 D Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) 
1.1.6 D Reconstruction and Development Programme
1.1.7 B terms of trade

1.1.8 A productivity 
(8 x 2) (16)
1.2 MATCH TYPE
1.2.1 I the figure used to correct errors and omissions in the

calculation of the GDP
1.2.2 D factors from within the market system that lead to changes in
the level of economic activities
1.2.3 H the inflation rate of between 3% - 6% in South Africa 
1.2.4 F the price of a currency is determined purely by market forces

of demand and supply 
1.2.5 A member countries agree to abolish tariffs among themselves

but levy tariffs to non-members 
1.2.6 B measures that are implemented to influence the aggregate

spending in the economy
1.2.7 C the financial incentives aimed at helping to improve the quality

of workers 
1.2.8 E the United Nations recommends its use in order to standardise
the calculations of social and economic indicators
(8 x 1) (8)

ONE TERM
1.3.1 Money market 
1.3.2 Trough 
1.3.3 Community goods 
1.3.4 Infant mortality 
1.3.5 Import duties/import tariff
1.3.6 Land restitution 

(6 x 1) (6)
TOTAL SECTION A: 30

SECTION B
QUESTION 2: MACRO-ECONOMICS 40 MARKS
2.1 Short questions
2.1.1 Name any TWO pricing policy options used in the public sector
 Free of charge 
 Charging a small fee 
 Subsidies  (2 x 1) (2)
2.1.2 Why are taxes on products added to basic prices to obtain the
market price?
Taxes are paid by the consumer / they are part of the price payable to
obtain the product  (1 x 2) (2)
(Accept any other correct relevant responses)
2.2 DATA RESPONSE
2.2.1 Identify any ONE point in the graph that shows the natural rate
of unemployment
 D
 F (1)
2.2.2 Name the business cycle turning point during which inflation is
often the highest.
Peak (1)
2.2.3 Briefly describe the term business cycle.
The decreasing and increasing movements of the level of economic

activity over a period of time  (2)
2.2.4 Explain a reason for the curve to move to PC1.
 Implementing the supply-side policies

 Improving labour skills and productivity through better education,
training  (2)

Economics/P1 Downloaded from Stanmorephysics.com
5 MDE/September 2023
2.2.5 Why is the relationship between inflation and unemployment
regarded as inverse? Use the information in the graph to
motivate your answer.
 When the rate of unemployment decrease, the rate of inflation

increase/ when unemployment increase, the inflation rate
decrease
 On PC curve, when the unemployment is low at 10%, the rate
of inflation at the highest level of 9% 
 When the rate of unemployment increases to 20% the inflation
rate decreases to 6% (2 x 2) (4)
2.3 DATA RESPONSE
2.3.1 Which parastatal produces electricity in South Africa?
Eskom (1)
2.3.2 Name the level of government that focuses on the provision of
services at the community level.
Municipality/ Local government (1)
2.3.3 Briefly describe the term public sector failure.
When government intervention in the economy results in a more

inefficient and ineffective allocation of resources  (2)
2.3.4 Why is it difficult for the government to correctly assess the

needs of the citizens for public goods?
Public goods have no market price to guide production (2)
2.3.5 How can public sector failure affect South Africans?
 The country can experience macro-economic problems such as

low economic growth and high unemployment 
 Social instability can happen as a result of government failure to
provide services
 Poor implementation of progressive taxation can result in
growth in unequal income distribution(2 x 2)
(Accept any other correct relevant responses) (4)
MMMMMMMMMM

2.4 Discuss the exogenous (monetarist) explanation of business cycles.
 Monetarists Economists believe that markets are inherently (naturally)

stable
 Any expansion or contraction in economic activities is due to factors
coming out of the market system 
 They believe that when disequilibrium exist in the economy, Market forces
(supply and demand) bring the economy back to its natural state or
equilibrium route 
 Government interferences (policy) are not part of the normal forces
operating in the market ( i.e. Government policy is regarded as external
factor)
 Changes in weather patterns influence mainly agriculture and affects the
level of economic activity in general
 Technological innovation can lead to an expansion of the level of
production of goods and service 
(Allocate a maximum of 4 marks for the mere listing of facts) (8)
2.5 Evaluate the contribution of the business sector to the economy.
The business sector contributes positively to the economy by:

 producing goods and services that satisfy humans need and wants 
 employing factors of production from which households earn income
 contributing to government income by paying their relevant taxes
 earning foreign exchange when exporting goods and services
 contributing to economic development by inventing new products that
improve the lives of consumers 
The business sector can contributes negatively to the economy by:

 charging prices that are too high for their products, therefore, limiting
consumption
 producing products that are of inferior quality, therefore not fully satisfying
people’s specific wants
 not informing consumers about the effects of the long-term consumption of
their products, therefore denying consumers an opportunity to make
informed decisions
 using highly scientific terms when listing the ingredients on their products
thereby making consumers to not know what they really consume 
(Allocate the maximum of 2 marks for the mere listing of facts)
(8)
[40]

QUESTION 3: ECONOMIC PURSUITS

3.1 Short questions
3.1.1 Name TWO instruments of fiscal policy
 Taxation 
 Government spending
 Government loans/borrowing  (2 x 1) (2)
3.1.2 How can physical control be used to reduce import?
 A country can completely ban the import of certain products 

 government can also set very high quality control standards for
imported goods  (1 x 2) (2)
3.2 DATA RESPONSE

3.2.1 Name the international trade policy whereby the government
uses tariffs to protect domestic infant industries.
Protectionism (1)
3.2.2 List any ONE method of export promotion.
 Subsidies
 Export processing zones
 Incentives  (1)
3.2.3 Briefly describe the term free trade.
Free trade occurs when there are no barriers to trade, such as taxes
on imported goods or bans on imports (2)
3.2.4 Why are subsidies used when implementing import
substitution?
Subsidies help to reduce costs of production for local producers,

therefore allowing them to be more competitive  (2)
3.2.5 How can an economy be disadvantaged by importing more than
exporting?
 It can experience a deficit on the Balance of payment

 Domestic economic growth can decrease
 Job opportunities can decrease as a result of low production
(Accept any other correct relevant responses) (2 x 2) (4)

3.3 DATA RESPONSE
3.3.1 Identify in the table, the economic indicator that has improved in
2022 compared to 2021.
Unemployment (1)
3.3.2 Name the price index used to measure the cost of living.
Consumer Price Index / CPI (1)
3.3.3 Briefly describe the term economic indicator.
Statistics used to assess the performance of an economy  (2)

3.3.4 How are interest rates used to influence the inflation rate?
 During high inflation interest rates are increased to discourage

spending on credit 
 If price levels are too low, interest rates can be decreased to
encourage spending (2)
3.3.5 What effects can a depreciating rand have on South Africa’s

international (foreign) trade?
 imported goods can become expensive as the value of the rand

decrease
 There can be an increase in South African exports as they
become cheaper in countries with strong currencies
 The Balance of Payment can be in deficit as a result of more
imports than exports (2 x 2) (4)

3.4 Distinguish between economic growth and economic development.
Economic growth
 It is an increase in the production capacity of a country over a period of
time
 It is measured by the real Gross Domestic Production of a country
 Economic growth can lead to economic development (Max.4)
Economic development
 It is an improvement in the quality of life of the majority of people in a country
over a period of time
 It is concerned with factors that show the level of standard of living i.e.
education, health, job creation
 It is measured by per capita income (Max.4) (8)
(Accept any other correct relevant response)
3.5 Evaluate the achievement of the Japan - South Africa partnership forum
for South African economy.
 Bilateral trade between Japan and South Africa had been expanding since
the establishment of full diplomatic relations in 1992. 
 Companies such as the Toyota Motor Corp had entered South Africa in
1962 and investment by Japanese companies continued during this period.

 South Africa exports mainly primary products such as base metals,
agricultural products, etc.
 South Africa imports technology-intensive goods from Japan. 
 There has been over Yen 100 billion in Japanese investments in South
Africa since 1994
 in 2021 South Africa exported goods worth R150 billion to Japan, resulting
in a trade surplus for South Africa.
 Japanese investments in South Africa are mostly in the automotive, metals (8)
and chemicals sectors
(Accept any other correct relevant responses) [40]
(Allocate a maximum of 2 marks for the mere listing of facts)

QUESTION 4: MACROECONOMICS AND ECONOMIC PURSUITS

4.1 Short questions
4.1.1 List TWO demographic indicators.
 Population growth 
 Life expectancy  (2)
4.1.2 How does the government manage the economy?
 Creates the social and legislative environment in which

businesses and individuals follow their own interests
 Applies suitable and reliable economic and other policies
(Accept any other correct relevant responses (1 x 2)
(2)
4.2 DATA RESPONSE
4.2.1 Name the leakage that is possible in a two-sector economy.
Saving (1)
4.2.2 Which participant spend money on goods and services in the

above economy?
Household/ consumer (1)
4.2.3 Briefly describe the term autonomous consumption.
 The spending that does not depend on income

 The expenditure that takes place irrespective of the level of
income (2)
4.2.4 Use the following formula to calculate the multiplier .Show all
calculation
1
Mps
= 1

0,4 (2)
= 2.5 

4.2.5 Using the information in the extract, draw the multiplier graph.
Y=E
Aggregate expenditure
C = 30 + 0.6Y
30
75 National income
Marking grid
- Correct drawing and labelling of axes = 1 mark
- Correct drawing and indication of autonomous consumption (30) = 1 mark
- Correct indication of the consumption function = 1 mark
- Correct indication of the equilibrium national income amount (75) = 1 mark
- Correct drawing and indication of the line of equity (Y=E) =1 mark
(Max 4)
(4)

4.3 DATA RESPONSE
4.3.1 Identify the alternative term used to describe poor countries.
‘the South’ (1)
4.3.2 Name any ONE indicator that relates to unequal living standards.
 Per capita income

 Life expectancy (1)
 Education
4.3.3 Briefly describe the term north-south divide.
The developmental gap between the developed (rich) and developing

(poor) countries (2)
4.3.4 How do farming subsidies offered by rich countries negatively

affect farmers from developing countries?
Allowing farmers from developed countries to charge much lower

prices, therefore developing farmers being unable to compete 
(2)
4.3.5 Why are developed countries regarded as the major contributors

to climate change?
 Developed countries mostly engage in the mass production of

goods and services 
 These economies often burn a large amount of coal and gas,
thereby causing air pollution
 This pollution causes global warming and climate change which
negatively affect the whole world  (2 x 2) (4)

4.4 With an aid of a labeled diagram explain the relationship between tax rate
and tax revenue.
 Laffer curve

250 bn 

Tax revenue
100bn
0 30 40 80 100
Tax rate 
Mark allocation
Correct labeling on axis = 1 mark
Correct labelling of axis = 1 mark
Correct position and shape of Laffer curve = 2 marks
(4 marks)
 At the tax rate of 0% the government revenue is zero because no one pays

 An increase in tax rate from 0% to 30% will lead to an increase in tax
revenue from 0 to 100 billion
 At the rate of 40% the tax revenue will be at its highest level at 250 billion
 A further increase in tax rate to 80% will result in a decrease in the tax
revenue from 250 billion to 100 billion due to tax evasion or avoidance

 tax at 100% and no one will be willing to work at 100% tax rate,therefore
tax revenue will be zero(Max. 4)
(8)

4.5 Analyse the role of education in the economy.
 Education is one of the methods to decrease poverty and income inequality


 Education directly influences the level of income and standards of living for
the people
 If the level of education increases, more people will find jobs, unemployment
will decrease and poverty will decline 
 The level of education of the population also affects the country’s level of
productivity, competiveness and national wealth 
 Secondary education is considered as a minimum entry requirement to
employment for semi- skilled labour therefore it helps improves the society’s
skill acquisition potential
 Education contributes highly to economic growth as skilled and qualified
labour force is likely to be productive and contribute to government revenue (8)

[40]
TOTAL SECTION B: 80

SECTION C
ESSAYS
QUESTION 5: MACROECONOMICS
 Discuss in detail the reasons for international trade. (26 marks)

 Evaluate the effects of international trade on a country. (10 marks)
INTRODUCTION
International trade involves the importing and exporting of goods between

countries
(Accept other correct relevant introductions) (Max. 2)
BODY: MAIN PART
Demand reasons
o Size of the population
 The size of the population impacts the demand for goods and services
 If there is an increase in population growth, it causes an increase in demand,
as more people’s needs must be satisfied. 
 Local suppliers may not be able to satisfy this demand.
o Income levels
 The population’s income levels affect demand.
 Changes in income cause a change in the demand for goods and
services.
 An increase in the per capita income of people results in more disposable
income that can be spent on local goods and services, some of which may
then have to be imported.
o Changes in the wealth of the population

 An increase in the wealth of the population leads to greater demand for
goods.
 People have access to loans and can spend more on luxury goods, many of
which are produced in other countries.
o Preference and trade

 Preferences and tastes can play a part in determining prices, 
 E.g. customers in Australia have a preference for a specific product which
they do not produce and need to import, and it will have a higher value than
in other countries.
o The difference in consumption patterns

 The difference in consumption patterns is determined by the level of
economic development in the country,  e.g. a poorly developed country
will have a high demand for basic goods and services but a lower demand
for luxury goods 

Supply reasons
o Natural resources 
 These resources are not evenly distributed across all countries of the world

 They vary from country to country and can only be exploited in places where
these resources exist 
 South Africa is well-gifted with different natural resources but less well-gifted
with skilled labour and capital whilst Japan and Ireland have a relative
abundance of skilled labour but they lack natural resources 
o Labour resources 
 Labour differs from country to country in terms of skills, knowledge, training,
quality, quantity and cost between them 
 Some countries have highly skilled, well-paid workers and high productivity
levels 
o The availability of capital 

 Some countries need to modernize their industries and economies with
advanced machinery, equipment and plant but cannot manufacture this
equipment because they lack the capital to do so 
 This has increased the need for international trade 
o Lack of entrepreneurship 
 Countries that have good entrepreneurial skills offer more goods and
services for trade 
 Efficiency determines the supply of goods and services produced at lower
prices and reduces the opportunity cost of acquiring them 
o Climatic conditions
 These conditions make it possible for some countries to produce certain
goods at a lower price than other countries 
 E.g. Brazil is the biggest producer of coffee 
 Countries have different climatic conditions and are therefore able to
produce different products 
o Technological resources 
 The development levels and innovation processes of countries will always
differ and as a result, other countries may have them in abundance while
others may not.
 Countries like Germany, and the United States, are able to use capital that
embodies high levels of technology while other countries do not have access
to the latest technology 
 These countries that have high technological labour force are able to
produce certain goods and services at a low unit cost e.g. US and
Germany

o Specialisation 
 The production of certain goods and services allows some countries to
produce them at a lower cost than others 
 E.g. Japan produces electronic goods and sells these at a lower price 
 International trade enables countries to specialize in the production of goods
and services in which they have a comparative advantage 
 Most of such surplus production gets exported to other countries and the
revenue earned from these exports can be used to finance imports 
(Accept any other correct relevant response) (Max. 26)
ADDITIONAL PART
International trade can affect a country positively by:

 making a country specialise in the production of goods and services in which
they have a comparative advantage
 leading to economic growth as mass production of goods and services takes
place due to local consumption and exports
 increasing efficiency with which firms produce their products in order to
successfully compete in international markets
 benefitting consumers through lower prices due to increased competition
among local and foreign produced goods
 enabling consumers to have access to a wider variety of goods and services

International trade can negatively affect a country by:

 causing economic suffering during times of emergencies such as war or lock-
downs if a country specialises in producing too few kinds of goods and
services
 increasing poverty in countries which do not have enough capital to produce
and export many goods and services
 encouraging over-exploitation of a country’s natural resources as goods are
produced for local and export markets (Max.10)
(Allocate a maximum of 2 marks for the mere listing of marks)
CONCLUSION
[40]
Each country needs to develop and implement suitable policies to guide its
participation in international trade
(Accept any other correct relevant higher order conclusion) (Max.2)

QUESTION 6: ECONOMIC PURSUITS 40 MARKS – 40 MINUTES
 Discuss in detail South Africa's initiatives (endeavours) in regional

development. (26 marks)
 How can a country benefit from successful implementation of its industrial
development policies? (10 marks)
INTRODUCTION
Regional development is the provision of support and other assistance to regions which
are less economically developed in order to improve them.  (Max. 2)
(Accept any other relevant introduction)
BODY: MAIN PART
o Spatial Development Initiatives (SDIs) 

 SDIs refer to government initiatives to stimulate industrial development in areas
where poverty and unemployment are at their highest
 It is a link between important economic hubs and regions in a country  The
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) is the main driver of SDIs 
 All major projects in the SDIs are partnerships between the public sector and the
private sector. 
 In a Public Private Partnership, a private business may provide the capital to build the
factory and buy raw materials and employ labour, while the government provides the
capital for the infrastructure  
Aim/objectives of SDIs
 To attract business investments to neglected areas in the country
 To stimulate growth and employment in underdeveloped areas 
 To develop infrastructure such as roads and harbours 
o Industrial Development Zones (IDZ) 
 They are geographically designed near a harbour or airport, purpose-built industrial
sites providing services to export-orientated industries. 
 They are physically enclosed and linked to an international port (harbour) or airport.

 The private sector firms develop and manage the firms inside the IDZ. 
 Each IDZ offers a zero rate VAT on supplies bought within South Africa, government
incentive schemes, reduced taxation for some products and access to the latest
information. 
 Raw materials are imported free of customs duties 
Aims/objectives of Industrial Economic Zones
 Designed to attract new investment in export-driven industries 
 Increase exports by encouraging manufacturing and foreign trade 
 Raise the standard of living 
o Special Economic Zones (SEZ`s) 
 They are geographically demarcated areas where specific economic activities have
been identified to be developed. 
 These areas may enjoy incentives such as tax relief and support programmes to
promote industrial development. 
 SEZs were initiated because of the shortcomings that were identified in IDZs 
 For example, IDZs could only be set up next to the sea or international airport 
 This restriction excluded other regions in the country that had industrial potential.
 The products are aimed at both the export and the local markets 
 That is why it can be next to a harbour/airport (export purposes) or anywhere within
the country (local market) 
 This makes it different from the IDZ which focuses only on the export market 
 These areas may enjoy some tax incentives which are used to attract more
investments into the zone 
o Corridors 
 These are tracks of land that form passageways allowing access from one area to
another. 
 They offer specific advantages to mining, manufacturing and other businesses. 
 The advantages also include the presence of existing infrastructure and the
Specialisation of products or services 
 Corridors are important for  E.g. Maputo corridor that starts in Gauteng and extends
through Mpumalanga to the Maputo port 
(Accept any other correct relevant response.) (Max.26)
(Allocate a maximum of 8 marks for the mere listing of facts or examples)
ADDITIONAL PART:
Successful implementation of industrial policies can benefit a country by:
 allowing for engagement with the world economy in trade and acquisition of
knowledge that is important for increasing the productive capacity of the country 
 establishing large-scale manufacturing, agricultural, mining and services production,
leading to the creation of job opportunities for all skill levels
 enabling consumers to access a variety of domestically produced products at
affordable prices as well as improved living standards. 
 achieving high rates of savings and investment that can lead to stable prices 
 diversifying the economy by producing a variety of goods not only for the domestic
market but for the global market as well 
 developing and maintaining appropriate incentives to attract investors domestically
and from abroad 
 contributing to the industrial development of the African continent and making a
positive contribution to the global economy
(Accept any other correct relevant response.) (Max.10)
CONCLUSION
The department of trade and industry plays a key role in ensuring that the aims of
regional development are achieved by ensuring that there is a decentralisation of
industries in the country 
(Accept any other relevant conclusion) (Max. 2) (40)
TOTAL SECTION C: 40
GRAND TOTAL: 150

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This marking guideline consists of 19 pages.

Copyright reserved Please turn over

1.1 MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.1.1 C compensations of employees 

1.1.3 A medium-term expenditure framework.

1.1.5 D Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) 

1.1.6 D Reconstruction and Development Programme

1.1.7 B terms of trade

1.2 MATCH TYPE

1.2.1 I the figure used to correct errors and omissions in the

1.2.3 H the inflation rate of between 3% - 6% in South Africa 

1.2.4 F the price of a currency is determined purely by market forces

1.2.5 A member countries agree to abolish tariffs among themselves

1.2.6 B measures that are implemented to influence the aggregate

1.2.7 C the financial incentives aimed at helping to improve the quality

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1.3.1 Money market 

1.3.3 Community goods 

1.3.4 Infant mortality 

1.3.5 Import duties/import tariff

1.3.6 Land restitution 

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2.1 Short questions

2.2 DATA RESPONSE

2.2.3 Briefly describe the term business cycle.

The decreasing and increasing movements of the level of economic

2.2.4 Explain a reason for the curve to move to PC1.

 Implementing the supply-side policies

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 When the rate of unemployment decrease, the rate of inflation

2.3 DATA RESPONSE

2.3.1 Which parastatal produces electricity in South Africa?

Municipality/ Local government (1)

2.3.3 Briefly describe the term public sector failure.

When government intervention in the economy results in a more

2.3.4 Why is it difficult for the government to correctly assess the

Public goods have no market price to guide production (2)

2.3.5 How can public sector failure affect South Africans?

 The country can experience macro-economic problems such as

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2.4 Discuss the exogenous (monetarist) explanation of business cycles.

 Monetarists Economists believe that markets are inherently (naturally)

2.5 Evaluate the contribution of the business sector to the economy.

The business sector contributes positively to the economy by:

The business sector can contributes negatively to the economy by:

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QUESTION 3: ECONOMIC PURSUITS

3.1.1 Name TWO instruments of fiscal policy

3.1.2 How can physical control be used to reduce import?

 A country can completely ban the import of certain products 

3.2 DATA RESPONSE

3.2.3 Briefly describe the term free trade.

Subsidies help to reduce costs of production for local producers,

 It can experience a deficit on the Balance of payment

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3.3 DATA RESPONSE

Consumer Price Index / CPI (1)

3.3.3 Briefly describe the term economic indicator.