ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
AWANTIPORA, PULWAMA

REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

VENUE: - GLADNI, JAMMU

JANNUIUINMM TUHSMIUlOH C0_4W l：^IT£0

710 MVA , 220/132/33 KV
QRID STATION GLADNI, JAMMU
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
7th SEMESTER

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

An achievement be scholastic or otherwise does not depend solely on the individual efforts but the
guidance, encouragement and co-operation of intellectuals, elders and friends. A number of personalities in
their own capabilities have helped me in carrying out this internship on Gladni Grid Station. I would like
to take this oppurtunity to thank them all. I avail this opportunity to express my profound sense of sincere
and deep gratitude to Executive Engineer ,Mr Surjeet Singh, Gladni Narwal Jammu for giving me the
opportunity to carry out my four-weeks training in this organization. I am blissful to express my deep sense
of gratitude to Mrs Bandana Manhas (A.E) and Mr. Sumesh Sharma in this internship for their valuable
time they devoted to us give us a lot of knowledge and help regarding Gladni Grid. They helped me a lot in
giving minute details of Design and Constructional Features of Grid Station and enlightened me with the
knowledge of Grid Station and its working. I will continue to work on their improvement, in order attain
desired career opportunities.

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Location of Gladni Grid Station

1.2 Description of Single line diagram
1.3 Sub-stations
1.3.1 Design of sub-stations

1.3.2 Location of Sub-stations

CHAPTER 2 EQUIPMENTS & SWITCH GEAR INSTALLATIONS IN

GLADNI GRID STATIONS

2.1 Incoming lines

2.2 Bus bars
2.2.1 Single bus bar
2.2.2 Double bus bar

2.3 Insulator

2.3.1 Pin type insulator

2.3.2 Suspension type insulator

2.3.3 Post type insulator

2.4 Isolating switches

2.5 Circuit breaker

2.5.1 Classification of circuit breaker

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 2.5.1.1 MOCB

2.5.I.2. Sulphur Hexafluoride

2.5.1.3 Vacuum Circuit breaker

2.5.2 Applications

2.6 Lightening arrester

2.7 Wave trap

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CHAPTER 3 RELAYS

3.1 Protective relays

3.2 Types of relays

3.2.1 IDMT
3.2.2 Buchol’z relay

3.3 Earthing

3.3.1 Neutral grounding

CHAPTER 4

4.1 Power transformer

4.2 Instrument transformer

4.2.1 Current transformer

4.2.2 Potential transformer

4.3 Metering and indicating instruments

4.4 Power line carrier communication system

CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Main circuits in transformers

5.2.1 Magnetic Circuit

5.2.2 Electric Circuit

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 5.2.3 Dielectric Circuit

5.2.4 Thermal Circuit

5.2.5 Structural Circuits

5.3 Transformer Cooling

5.4 Structural Circuits
5.4.1 Conservator

5.4.2 Breather

5.4.3 Temperature Indicator

5.4.4 Buchholz’s Relay

5.4.5 Bushings

5.4.6 Tap Changer

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In the beginning of the electrical age, electricity was generated, transmitted and distributed in the
form of direct current and voltages were low. With the development of transfer of power, ac system
has become predominant In the present time large power systems has been possible only due to the
adoption of ac systems. The present time electrical power generator system is ac. The electrical
power is produced at power stations which are located at favourable places quite away from
consumers. It delivers to consumers through large network of transmission and distribution. For
the further distribution of electrical supply grid stations play an important role.

Sometimes it becomes necessary to use de, at that time, ac can be converted to de using
rectifiers. In short ac is of utmost importance.

INTRODUCTION (GLANDI, JAMMU):

Gladni Grid station (220/132/33 KV ) is a step down transmission sub station located at Narwal jammu. It

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was commissioned in the year 1985-1986 with an installed capacity of 120MVA. At present, the gladni grid
station has an installed capacity of 710MVA at 220/132Kv level and 200 MVA at 132/33 KV level. Let us
discuss the transmission lines at each voltage level

At220KV level:

1. 220KV Salal-1
2. 220KV Salal-2
3. 220KV Jatwal

At 132kv level:

1. 132 KV Gangyal
2. 132 KV Kalakote Line
3. 132 KV Bari Brahmana-II
4. 132 KV Sidhra-I
5. 132 KV Sidhra-II
6. 132 KV Bari-Brahamana-I

At 33kv level:

1. 33KV G-l, It is used by power station itself.

2. 33KV G-2, Trikuta-Nagar and Railway complex

3. 33KV G-3, Gandhi Nagar,Nanak-Nagar and Preet-Nagar

4. 33 KV G-4, Old city and Panjthrithi

5. 33 KV G-5, Bahu Fort
6. 33KV G-6, Channi Himmat, Sainik Colony
7. 33KV G-7, Transport Nagar, Bathindi
8. 33KV G-8, PHE Boria.
9. 33KV G-9, Vazarat Residency
10. 33KV G-10, Wave Mall
11. Shunt Capacitor Bay
Now following is the transmission capacity at each level:
At 220/132kV level:
1. 3+1 (spare),Single- phase transformers having each capacity of 133.3MVA (400MVA)
2. 3-phase Auto Transformer having capacity of 160MVA.

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3. 3-phase Auto Transformer having capacity of 150MVA.

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 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

Lightening Udhampur

P^wiiaj
Tr^n&kinYiM

CunAfc
Tr^ifiterrntf

Br«iauf
RSHM
Ti'^jAjOTHkr

Kdaax W.O E'5

220 KV Puwcr NaTwe^ 132

KV PoMif N^rTMxk

KAtakdA

\ I—»*—
C=H

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 DESCRIPTION ABOUT SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
Figure attached shows key diagram of a typical 220/132/33 KV Gladni Grid Station. The diagram of
this grid station is explained as under:-

1. There are three 220 KV incoming lines connected to the bus bars. Each incoming line can supply the
substation load. All these lines can be
loaded simultaneously to share the grid station load. The three-line arrangement increases the
reliability of the system. In case there is a
breakdown of one incoming line, the continuity of supply can be
maintained by the other line.

2. The grid station has double bus bar system, one main bus bar and the other spare bus bar. The
incoming line can be connected to bus bar with the help of an arrangement of circuit breaker and
isolators. The advantage of double bus bar system is that if repair is to be carried on one bus bar,
the supply need not to be interrupted as the entire load can be transferred to the other bus.

3. There is an arrangement in Gladni grid station to step down the incoming 220 KV supply to 132 KV
by three transformer banks with capacity,

3 x 133.33 MVA = 400MVA

1 x 160 MVA = 160MVA
1 x 150 MVA = 150MVA
Total =710MVA

4. All the three incoming and outgoing lines are connected through circuit breaker having isolators on
there either ends. Whenever repair is to be
carried out over the line towers, the lines are first off circuited and then earthed.

5. The P.T and C.T are suitably located for supply to metering and
indicated instruments and relay circuit. The P.T is right on the point
where the line is terminated. The C.T are connected at the terminals of each circuit breaker.

6. The lighting arresters are connected near the transformers terminals to protect those lighting
strokes.

7. Again, there is provision for further step down 132 KV supply to 33 KV by three transformers with
capacity:

4 x 50 MVA = 200 MVA

8. There are other auxiliary components in the grid station such as wave trap, capacitor bank for

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power factor improvement, each connection, local supply connections, and DC supply connections.

NUMBER OF BAYS:
Under 220KV bus bar the total number of bays are 7 as under:
1. LINE BAY OF 220kV SALAL-I •
2. LINE BAY OF 220kV SALAL-II.
3. LINE BAY OF 220kV JATWAL.
4. INPUT TRANSFORMER BAY OF 3 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS OF CAPACITY
400MVA.
5. INPUT TRANSFORMER BAY OF 3 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS OF CAPACITY
160MVA.
6. INPUT TRANSFORMER BAY OF 3 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS OF CAPACITY
150MVA.
7. BUS COUPLER
Under 132KV bus bar the total number of bays are 14 as under:
1. LINE BAY OF 132Kv SIDHRA-I
2. LINE BAY OF 132Kv SIDHRA-H
3. LINE BAY OF 132Kv JANIPUR
4. LINE BAY OF 132Kv BARI BRAHMANA-I
5. LINE BAY OF 132Kv BARI BRAHMANA-H
6. LINE BAY OF GANGYAL
7. INPUT TRANSFORMER BAY OF 4,3 PHASE TRANSFORMERS OF CAPACITY 50MVA.
8. OUTPUT TRANSFORMER BAY OF 3 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS OF CAPACITY
400MVA.
9. OUTPUT TRANSFORMER BAY OF 3 PHASE TRANSFORMERS OF CAPACITY 160MVA.
10. OUTPUT TRANSFORMER BAY OF 3 PHASE TRANSFORMERS OF CAPACITY 150MVA.
11. BUS COUPLER

Under 33KV bus bar the total number of bavs are 16 as under:
1. LINE BAY OF 33KV G-l USED BY POWER STATION ITSELF
2. LINE BAY OF 33KV G-2 TRIKUTA NAGAR AND RAILWAY COMPLEX.
3. LINE BAY OF 33KV G-3 GANDHI NAGAR, NANAK NAGAR AND PREET NAGAR
4. LINE BAY OF 33KV G-4 OLD CITY AND PANJTRITHI
5. LINE BAY OF 33KV G-5 BAHU FORT
6. LINE BAY OF 33KV G-6 CHANNIHIMMAT, SAINK COLOPQY
7. LINE BAY OF 33KV G-7 TRANSPORT NAGAR AND BATHINDI
8. LINE BAY OF 33KV G-8 PHE BORIA
9. LINE BAY OF 33KV G-9 VAZARAT RESIDENCY
10. LINE BAY OF 33KV G-10 WAVE MALL
11. OUTPUT TRANSFORMER BAY OF 4,3 PHASE TRANSFORMERS OF CAPACITY 50MVA
12. CAPACITOR BANK
13. BUS COUPLER

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 GRID STATION:

Grid station are the important part of power system. It serves as a source of energy supply for the
local areas of distribution in which these are located. Their main functions are to receive energy
transmitted at high voltage from generating stations, reduce the voltage to a value appropriate for
local distribution and provide facilities for switching. Some substations are simply switching where
different connections between various transmission lines are made, others are converting substations
which convert AC into DC or vise-versa or convert frequency from higher to lower or vise-versa,
substation have some additional functions. They provide points where safety devices maybe installed
to disconnect equipment or circuit at the event of fault. Voltage on the outgoing feeder can be
regulated at the substation. A substation is convenient place for installing synchronous condensers at
the end of the transmission line for purpose of improving power factor and make measurements to
check the operation of the various part of the power system. Thus, grid stations maybe defined as
the assembly of apparatus, which transfer energy to another, e.g., from AC to DC or to the voltages
from 66kV, HOkV, or 220kv.however 500kv will used for the national grid system in future. The
consumer does not use such high voltage and so they must be transformed to low voltage levels by
means of substations, thus a substation maybe called as link between the generating stations and
consumer.

DESIGN OF GRIDSTATION

When a station is to be designed, the following procedure should be adapted:

1. Prepare a single line diagram of main electrical connections Showing bus bar arrangements, circuit
breaker and transformers.

2. Decide the layout of the switchgear keeping in view capacity of substations,

methods of control and number of feeders, reliability, safety, flexibility, space needed and
construction.

3. The layout should be such that it should be possible to isolate any section during fault, without
affecting the service of the healthy section.
4. It should be possible to have an easy and safe access for 7maintenance and inspection for different
equipment’s.
5. An arrangement should be made to extii^uish fire.

6. The earth conductor should be of sufficient cross-sectional area to carry the foult current in severe
conditions.

7. A proper and sufficient automotive electrical protective

gear should be used. Power cables should be separate from
control cable.

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8. Allow reasonable amount of expansions for substation.

LOCATION OF GRIDSTATION

The following points should be taken mainly into consideration in choosing the location of grid
station:-

1. Locate stations as dose to the load centre as possible.

2. Locate stations at such points that all the perspective loads may be conveniently reached without
under voltage regulation.
3. Allow access to the incoming transmission line and outgoing distribution line.

4. Choose the site where municipal restriction of property laws should permit the type of building
necessary construction for substation.

5. Keep load on substations within such limits that an undue large area or number of consumers will
not be affected in case the station shutdown occurs.

The location of station should be indoor, outdoor, and underground or pole mounted. The last two
are for small size of distributions stations and the rural electrification may be considered only in
large, crowded «ties, with space limitations. In indoor type of station, which is commonly used, all
the equipment’s are arranged indoor. In case of outdoor types of station, which is also commonly
used, all the equipment’s are arrayed outdoors and should with stand weather conditions.

Arrangemnent of equipments:

The various equipments used in Gladni SubStation are lightning arrestors, wave trap, current transformer,
potential transformer, CVTs, Isolaters, Circuit Breakers.The arrangement of these equipments is described
below:

In Incoming line bay:

1. Lightning arrestor
2. CVT
3. Wave trap
4. Current Transformer
5. Line Isolator ( Earth Switch)
6. Transfer Bus Isolator (Directly from incomimng line withour CB)
7. Circuit Breaker Isolator.
8. Circuit Breaker
9. Main Bus Isolator
10. Transfer Bus Isolator

In Transformer Bay:

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 1. Main Bus Isolator
2. Transfer Bus Isolator
3. Circuit Breaker
4. Circuit Breaker Isolator
5. Transfer Bus Isolator (Directly from incomimng line withour CB)
6. CT
7. Lightning Arrestor

In Bus Coupler Bay:

1. CT
2. Transfer Bus Isolator
3. PT
4. Main Bus Isolator
5. Circuit Breaker

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 CHAPTER 2

EQUIPMENTS AND SWITCH GEAR INSTALLATION

IN THE GLADNI GRID STATION

There are the various electrical equipment’s installed at the substations. These are:

1. INCOMING LINES
These lines supply powers to the substations from source of generation or from transmission lines at high

voltages.

2. BUS BARS
When a few lines operate at the same voltage, it has to be directly connected electrically, bus bars are used
as the common electrical components. Bus bars copper or aluminium bars (generally rectangular x - section)
operate at constant voltage. The incoming and outgoing lmes in a substation are connected to the bus bars.
The outdoor bus bars are either of the rigid type or the strain type. In rigid type pipes are used for bus bars
and for making the connections among the various equipment’s wherever required. The strain type bus bars
are the overhead system of wires string between the two supporting structures and supported by the strain
type insulators.

There are numerous variations of bus bars arrangements. The choice of a particular anangement depends on
various factors, system voltage and position of the substation in the system flexibility, reliability of supply
and cost:-
1. Simplicity is the keynote of dependable system.
2. Maintenance should be possible without interruption of supply or danger to the operating personal.
3. Alternative arrangements should be available in the event of an outage of any of the apparatus.
4. The installation should be as economical as possible keeping in view the requirements and continuity of
supply.

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 The most used bus bars arrangements in substations are:

1. Single line bus bar arrangement

It consists of single (three phase) bus bars to which the various feeders are connected. In case of fault or
maintenance of bus bar the entire bus bar must be de energized and total shutdown results. The equipment
connections are very simple, and it is very easy to operate. It is not popular used for 33KV and above,
except where the relative importance of the substation is less, or the position of the substation does not
justify elaborate schemes. This arrangement is simplest and cheapest. However, it suffers from two major
defects:-

1. Maintenance without interruption of supply is not possible.

2. Extension of substation without a shutdown is not possible

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2. Double Bus Bar Arrangement
The double bus arrangement provides facility to change over to either bus to carry out
maintenance on the other but provides no facility to carry over breaker maintenance. The main
and transfer bus works on other way round. It provides facility for carrying out breaker
maintenance but does not permit bus maintenance. Whenever the maintenance is required on any
breaker, the circuit is changed over to the transfer bus and controlled through bus coupler
breaker.
The scheme identical bus bars so that used two

1. Each load may be fed from either bus.

2. The load circuits may be divided into two separate groups if needed from the operational
considerations.
3. Either bus bar may be taken out for the maintenance and cleaning of insulators

This arrangement has been used quite frequently adopted where the load and continuity of supply
justify additional cost. This type of bus is used in GLADNI are main bus bar (bus 1) & reserve bus
bar(bus 2).

3. INSULATORS
The insulator used in connection with overhead systems employing bar conductors are composed
almost invariably of glazed porcelain, although some moulded materials are used for tow voltage,
and glass material are used. The
insulator serves two purposes. The most usually material for manufocture of insulators is
porcelain.

The porcelain should be ivory white, sound free, free from defects and thoroughly vitrified so that
the glaze is not dependent upon insuation. Thus through Vitrification of the porcelain is of
paramount importance, since the presence of pores or other air- spaces will lower the dielectric
strength, and it therefore follows that porcelain for electrical purposes must be both thoroughly
air- free and impervious to the
entrance of gases and liquids. Toughened glass is also sometime used for
insulators, but its use is limited to about 33KV. The design of the insulator is such that the stress
due to contraction and expansion in any part of insulator does not to any defect It is desirable not
allow porcelain to come in direct with a hard metal screw thread. Normally cement is used between
metal and porcelain.

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1. Pin type insulator
As the name suggests the pin- type insulator is attached to steel bolt or pin, which is
secured to a cross arm on the transmission pole. This type of insulator consists of single
or multiple shells (petticoats or rain sheds) adopted to be mounted on a spindle to a fixed
to the cross arm of the supporting structures. Multiple shells are provided in order to
obtam suflicient length of leakage path so that the flash over voltage between the power
conductors and pin of the insulator is increased. The design of the shells is such that if
upper most shell is wet due to rain the lower shells are dry and provided sufficient
leakage resistance. The insulator and its pin, or other support, should be sufficiently
strong mechanically to withstand the resultant force due to the combined effects of wind
pressure and weight of span. The pin type insulators are normally used up to 33KV. It is
not desirable to use them beyond 50KV as a cost of such insulators then increase much
faster than the voltage.

2. Suspension type insulator

For high voltage rating these insulators are used. These insulators consist of one or more
insulator units flexibly connected and adopted to the hung for the cross on of the supporting
structure and to carry a power conductor at its lowest extremity. Such composite units are
known as string insulators. Each insulator is a single disc shape piece of porcelain grooved on
the under surface to increase the leakage path between the metal cap at the top and the metal
pin at the bottom of the insulator. Suspension insulators being free to swing, the clearance
required between the power conductor and the supporting structures are more as compared to
pin type insulators. Each insulator is design for 11KV and hence for any operating voltage a
string of insulators can be used.

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Several important advantages follow from this system

1. Each insulator is designed for a comparatively low working voltage, usually about 11,000 volts, and
the insulation for any required line voltage can be obtained by using a ‘string’ of a suitable number
of such insulators.

2. In the event of a failure of an insulator, one unit- instead of the whole string- has to be replaced.
3. The mechanical stress is reduced, since the line is suspended flexibly with pin type insulators, the
grid nature of the attachment results in fatigue and ultimate brittleness of the wire, due to the
alternating nature of the stresses. Also, string is free to swing; there is an equalization of the
tensions in the conductors of successive spans
4. In the event of an increase in the operating voltage of the line, this can be met by adding the
requisite number of units to each string, instead of replacing all insulators, as would be necessary
with pin-type.

3.Post type insulator

Post insulators have metal bolt down base as opposed to threads. Many early multipart lines are
spotted with line post insulators as replacements. Post insulators are also used in substations to
insulate high voltage switehing gear and transformers. There is no hobby numbering system for
post insulators yet Most insulators are used for bus bars. Post insulators consist of porcelain body,
cast iron cap and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is the threaded so that the bus bars can
be directly to cap

Post insulators have metal bolt down base as opposed to threads. Many early multipart lines are
spotted with line post insulators as replacements. Post insulators are also used in substations to
insulate high voltage switching gear and transformers. There is no hobby numbering system for
post insulators yet Most insulators are used for bus bars. Post insulators consist of porcelain body,
cast iron cap and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is the threaded so that the bus bars can
be directly to cap.

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ISOLATING SWITCHES

In substation, it is often desired to disconnect part of the system of the general maintenance
and repairs. The isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this. It may be defined as a device
used to open or close a circuit either when negligible current is interrupted or when no
significant change in the voltage across the terminals of each pole of the isolator will result
from the operation. An isolator is essentially a knife switch and is designed to open the circuit
under no load. In other words, isolator’s switches are operated only when the lines in which
they are connected carry low current Isolators are not fitted control device and function only
for instantaneous changes of switching circuit’s arrangements and for providing a visible
break in a circuit So as to make certain operation that can be performed on an isolated section
without running a risk. Isolators are handling manually as well as automatic.

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5. CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is equipment which can be open are dosed a circuit under a nonnal as
well as fault condition. It is so desired that it can be operated manually or by remote
control under normal condition and automatically under fault condition. For the latter
operation a relay is used in the circuit breaker. A circuit breaker essentially consists of
fixed and moving contacts, called electrodes. Under normal operating condition, these
contacts remain closed and will not open automatically until and unless the system
becomes fault. The contacts can be opened manually or by remote control whenever
desired. When a fault occurs on any part of the system, the trip coils of the circuit breaker
get energized and moving contacts are pulled apart by some mechanism, thus opening the
circuit. The basic construction of any circuit breaker requires the separation of the
contacts in any insulating fluid, when serves two functions:-

1. It extinguishes the arc drawn between the contacts when the circuit breaker open.

2. It provides adequate insulation between the contacts and from each

contact to earth. Many insulating fluids are used for arc extinction and the fluid chosen to
depend upon the rating and type of the circuit breaker. The insulating fluids commonly
used are:-
3. Air at atmospheric pressure
4. Compressed air
5. Ultra-high vacuum
6. Oil which produces hydrogen for arc extinction
7. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER:-
1. MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER (MOCB):
One of the important developments in the design of oil circuit breaker has been to reduce
the amount of oil needed. The other advantages are reduction in tank size, reduction in
total weight and reduction in cost. It used minimum amount of oil and is only used for arc
extinguishing the current conducting parts are insulated by porcelain or organic insulated
material. Low oil circuit breaker employs solid materials for insulations purpose and uses
a small qty. of oil which is just sufficient for arc extinguishing. By using suitable arc
control devices, the arc extinguishing can be further facilitated in low circuit breaker
venting.

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2. SULPHURHEXAFLURIOD (SF6

In such circuit breaker sulphur hexafluoride gas is used as arc quenching medium. The
SF6 is electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts
of the breaker an opened in a high- pressure flow of SF6 gas and an arc is struck between
them. The conducting free electrons in arc are rapidly captured by the gas to form
relatively immobile negative ions. This loss of conduction electrons in the arc quickly
builds up enough insulating strei^th. The SF6 circuit breaker has been found to be very
effect able for high power and high voltage services.SF6 has excellent insulating strength
because of its affinity for electrons i.e whenever a free elecfron collides with the neutral
gas molecules to form negatives ions, the electrons is absorbed by the neutral gas
molecules may occur in two ways
SF6 + e -> SF6
SF6 + e-> SF5 + F

The negative ion formed are relatively heavier as compared to free elecfrons and therefore
under a given electric field the ions do not attain sufficient energy to lead cumulative
ionization in the gas.

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3. VACCUM CIRCUIT BREAKER:

In such breakers (degree of vacuum being from 10"^ to 10"^ tore) is used as arc quenching
medium. Since vacuum offers the high insulating strength, it has superior quenching
properties than any other medium e.g when contacts of the breaker are opened n vacuum, the
interruption occurred first current zero with dielectric strength between the contacts building
at a rate of lOOO^1 of times higher than that obtained with other circuit breaker. Thus, a
vacuum arc is different from the general class of low- & high-pressure arc. In the vacuum arc
the neutral atoms, ions and electrons do not come from the medium m which the arc is drawn
but they are obtained from the electrodes themselves by evaporating its surfoce material,
because of the large mean free path for the electrons, the dielectric strength of the vacuum is
1000 times more than when the gas is used as the interrupting medium.

In GLADNI grid station different types of circuit breakers are used. In 220 KV fine minimum
oil circuit breaker (MOCB) is used where as in 132KV line MOCB and SF6 are used and for
33KV line MOCB and vacuum circuit breaker is used.

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1. LIGHTENING ARRESTERS:

It is protective device which conducts the high voltage surges on the power system to the
ground. Surge voltages are abnormal voltage that may cause break down of insulation of
electrical equipment. These voltages may result from switching disturbance in the
electrical installation circuit or from lightning stroke. 19 In Gladni grid station valve type
arrester is used. It consists of two assemblies: Series spark gaps and non-linear resistor
discs. These both are connected in series under normal conditions; the normal system
voltage is insufficient to cause the breakdown of air gap assembly. On the occurrence over
voltage, the breakdown of series spark gap takes place, and the surge current is conducted
to earth via the non-linear resistor. They provide effective protection. Requirement of
lightning Arrester 1. It should not pass any current at normal or at abnormal (normally
5% more than normal voltage) power frequency voltage. 2. It should break down as
quickly as possible after abnormal high frequency voltage is arrived. 3. It should not only
protect the equipment for which it is used but should discharge the surge current without
damaging itself. 4. It should interrupt the power frequency follow current after the surge
is discharged to ground.

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2. WAVE TRAP

The main use of this line trap is to prevent the flow of carrier signal towards substation
and at the same time offers negligible impedance to the power frequency current. The line
traps are connected in series with the high voltage lines on the station side. It should be
inserted between bus bar and connection of CVT to the line. 20 Application: The high
voltage power lines are used for the transmission of various high frequency signals such
as: 1. Remote measuring signals - telephone
conversation,Remote control signals, telex, etc. 2. Remote production signals The function
of the line traps is to prevent these high frequency signals from going towards undesired
directions. The line traps are connected in series with the high voltage lines on the station
side and must be designed for the following ratings: 1. Normal power frequency current 2.
Short time short-circuit currents 3. Basic insulation level characteristics by the normal
power frequency voltage and switching impulse withstand voltage.

BUS COUPLER
Breakers are used as bus couplers. They provide the coupling between the two bus bars of
the zone e.g. the provide the coupling between the zone A and B. whenever there is a fault
in the main bus couple the load of the main bus bars to their serve bus bar and vice versa.

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CONTROL CABLES

The control cables and conduit system is required for affecting automatic controls. For
laying these cables generally ducts are run from control room basement to centrally
located junction box from where the conduits are run to be required.

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 CHAPTER 3

PROTECTIVE RELAY AND EARTHING

PROTECTIVE RELAYS:
It is a device that defect the faults and initiates the operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the
defective element from the rest of the system. The relay ensures the safety of the circuit
equipment from any damage which might be otherwise caused by the fault.

THE TYPES OF RELAYS INSTALLED AT GLADNI

1. IDMT type relay (Directional & non directional)
2. Primary relays such as Buchholz Restricted earth fault etc.

1. IDMT (INVERSE DEFINITE MINIMUM TIME OVER

CURRENT RELAY):-
IDMTL is one in which the operating time is approximately inversely proportional to the fault
current near pick up value and becomes substantially constant slightly above the pickup value
of the relay. This is achieved by using a core of the electromagnet which gets saturated for
currents slightly greater than pick up current. It has two types:-

1. Non - directional relay:-

These types of relays will not be able to discriminate when used on transmission lines, whether
the fault has been taken place in the section where the relay is located or it has taken place in
the adjoining section under the condition of high-power factor or leading power factor, the
impedance seen by relay is a very low or even negative

2. Directional (Over current or earth fault) relay: • In order to achieve

operation for fault flowing in a particular direction it is necessary to add a directional element
in the non- directional relay. So, such a relay which respond to fault flow in a particular
direction is called directional relay.
3. Buchholz Relay:-
It is a gas actuated relay used for the protection of oil immersed transformer against all types of
internal faults and makes use of the fact that fault decompose oil generating gases.

EARTHING
Connecting of an electrical equipment or apparatus to the earth with the help of a connecting
wire of negligible resistance is known as “ear thing” or “grounding”. In an electric installation,
if a metallic part of an electric appliance comes in direct contact with a bare or livewire, the
neutral being a good conductor of electricity is charged static charge on it will accumulate. Now
if any person comes in contact with this charged metal part, he will get a severe shock. But if
the metallic parts of the equipment or apparatus are earthed, the charge will be given to earth

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 immediately as the metallic part comes in direct contact with a bare or live wire or breakdown
occurs. And as the discharge takes place to the earth, the impedance of the path of the current is
low, heavy current flows to earth, the instant the current exceeds the limiting value the
protective device (usually a fuse) operates and isolates the appliance or equipment form the
supply. Thus, to provide safety to the users as well as for the operating and maintenance
personals it is essential to provide ear thing.

1.SYSTEM EARTHING:-
It is required to provide low fault impedance to the ground fault currents for proper operation of the
protective relays and for meeting the system requirement by effectively earthed system.

2. SAFETY EARTHING:-
It is required to provide protection to the operating staff working in the yard and substation from
any injury during fault condition by keeping the voltage gradient within safe limits. The above two
parts have common earth mat from which flat iron risers are taken out to connect all the non-current
carrying metal parts of the equipment. At the same time the earth mat conductor rise to voltage,
which is equal to the resistance of the earth mat multiplied by ground fault current. This difference
of potential results in voltage gradients.

NEUTRAL GROUNDING:
In practice, the neutral of a three- phase system is earthed at substation. This is known as neutral
earthling or grounding. An earthed neutral system has the following advantages:-
1. It provides a better protection against earth faults.

2. It ensures nearly constant voltage of healthy phases because neutral point is not shifted.

3. This system provides a better reliability of service.

4. It is safer for personal and equipment.

5. It requires lesser maintenance expense as compared to the unearthed neural (isolated system).

6. In the system, transient voltages produced are very small.

7. Ground fault relaying is simple. The earth may be utilized to operate protective relays to isolate
the fault.

8. Persistent arcing ground can be eliminated by employing protective gear.

In addition to above, there are following equipment’s in a substation:-

1. Fuses

2. Substation Auxiliary Supplies.

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FUSES:-
Fuse is a essentially a short piece of metal (or a fusible material) inserted in a circuit which melts
when a predetermined value of current flows through it and thus breaks the circuits. The protective
element of the fuse is a fuse-link inserted in series with the circuit being protected. The most
generally material used for fuse element is a low melting point material such as tin, lead or zinc.
Fuses may be low voltage type or high voltage type: low voltage can be further divided into two
classes namely semi- enclosed rewire able fuse and the cartridge type fuse.

SUBSTATION AUXILIARY SUPPLY:

In small -unattended substations only small amount of power for electric lightening during regular
periods of inspection, maintenance and repair is required. In regional substation the electric power
is required for the auxiliaries- the lightening circuits, air blast fans of power transformers, battery
changing sets, compressor units in case of air blast circuit breakers, ventilating fans of the
substation buildings etc. In large substation it is wide practice to connect two transformers to the
main bars supply of the auxiliaries.

CHAPTER 4
POWER TRANSFORMERS:
A power transformer is used in a substation for step down the voltage. Expect at the power station,
all the subsequent substation used step down transformer to gradually reduce the voltage of
electrical supply and finally delivered it at the utilization voltage. The modern practice is to use 3
phase transformers in the substation, although 3 single phase banks of transformer can also be used.
The use of three phase transformer (instead of 3 phase bank of transformer) permits two
advantages. Firstly, only one 3 phase load tap changing mechanism can be used. Secondly its
installation is much similar then singlephase transformer. The power transformers are generally
installed upon length of rails fixed on concrete slabs having foundation 1 to 1.5 m deep. In Gladni
substation two rating of transformers are installed 220/132/33 KV.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS:
The lines I substation operate at high voltage and carry current of 1000 of amperes. The measuring
instruments and protective devices are designed for low voltages (for generally 110 volts) and
currents (about 5 A).Therefore, they not work satisfactory if mounted directly on the lines this
difficulty is overcomes by installing instrument transformers on the power lines. The function of his
instrument transformers is to transfer voltage or current in the power lines to values which are
convenient for the operation of measuring instrument and relays. There are two types of instrument
transformers viz. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
C.T is essentially a transformer which steps down current to a known ratio. The primary winding of
this transformer consists of one or more turns of thick wire connected in series with the line. The
secondary consists of large number of turns of fine wire and provides for the measuring instruments
& relays a current which is a constant fraction of the current in the line. Suppose current
transformer rated at 100/5 A is connected in the line to measure current in primary the current in
primary the current in the line 100 A, then secondary of C.T will be 5 A. Similarly, if current in the

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line is 50 A, then secondary of C.T will have current of 2.3 A .Thus C.T under consideration will
step down the line current by a factor of 20.

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:
It is essentially a step-down transformer & step downs the voltage to known ratio. The primary of
this transformer consists of large number of turns of fine wire connected across the line instrument
relays a voltage a known fraction of the line voltage. Suppose a potential transformer rated at 66kv/
1 lOv is connected to a power line. If line voltage is 66kv, then the voltage across secondary will be
1 lOkv. METERING & INDICATING INSTRUMENTS
There are several metering & indicating (e.g., ammeter, voltmeter, energy meter etc.) installed in a
substation to maintain watch over the circuit quantities. The instrument transformer is invariably
used with them for satisfactory operation

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Whenever some breakdown occurs in the transmission network at any place, the message to rectify
the fault must be sent to all substations. Quickness is the priority, the ordinary telephone network
cannot be used as it already overloads and remains engaged, therefore the same power lines which
carry energy are used for this purpose are used for this purpose the signal is modulated by HF
carrier and decent as radio waves through the power lines the system is known as power line career
communication system.

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 CHAPTER 5
TRANSFORMERS
Introduction:-
As in well-known transformers is a piece of apparatus without continuously moving
parts, which by electromagnetic induction transformers alternating voltage and current
in one or move windings usually of different values of voltage and current and at same
frequency. Transformers is heart of power system and is most important and costliest in
power system. It is estimated that one MW of additional power earning capacity
requires about 7 to 8 MVA transformers’ capacity. The diamond for transformer is
expected to grow at a lipid pace, since the generating station conventionally
Hydroelectric, thermal is situated geographically for a part from load centres and since
these are linked by transformer.

MAIN CIRCUITS IN TRANSFORMERS

1. MAGNETIC CIRCUITS:
Cold rolled grain-oriented silicon (CRGOS) Steel (with lower specific losses to the
flow of magnetic flux along the direction of grain orientation’s is universally
utilized. With the advent of computer-controlled machines for cutting the
laminations precisely, step lap lamination joints are economically used to achieve
low no- load losses.
2. ELECTRIC CIRCUIT:
It consists of primary and secondary winding which are costliest, and which have to
meet stringent requirement of Dielectric, thermal and mechanical stresses expected
during testing as well as service conditions. ANNEALED rectangular shaped copes
conductor s most used and for Distribution transformer and high voltage testing
transformers and conductor are also used. In order to minimize the stay losses in
the winding, continuously transposed conductor (CTC) is used type of winding
normally include Helical, continuous Disc, Multilayer and inter laved Disc
winding.

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3. DIELECTRIC CIRCUIT:
It comprises of insulation:

1. Minor insulation between lure to lure on within the layers o same winding.

2. Major insulation between winding and between winding earth.

3. Oil serves as an insulation as well as coolant paper oil combination has been
established as effective insulation system even up to HV transformers.

4. THERMAL CIRCUIT:
The losses produced in transformer should be dissipated in order to limit the
temperature rise of oil and winding working at 98mof winding temperature, over
weighted ambient of 32, transformers have continuous healthy life during its entire
service span and every 6 rise ova 98 reduces the life to half. By providing
additional cooling through radiators, fans etc. heat can be dissipated, and capacity
of transformer can be updated.

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ACCESSORIES AND AUXILIARIES USED IN
TRANSFORMER
1. Tank

2. Radiators

3. Cooling fans, oil pump, oil to water heat exchangers

4. Bushings

5. Buchholz Relay/ Oil surge Relay • Temperature Indicator -

WTI, OTI.

6. Oil level Indicators

7. Pressure Relief device

8. Marshalling Box/ Control Cubicle

9. Oil preservation systems: Conservators and Breathers

TRANSFORMER OIL

One of the most important factors, which determine the life, satisfactory operations
of the transformer are the oil in which it is immersed The transformer oil has two
prime functions:-

1. To create the acceptable level of insulation in conjunction with insulated

conductors and coils.

2. To provide a cooling medium capable of extracting quantities of heat without

deterioration as an insulating medium.

3. Transformers oil is a mineral oil obtained by fractional distillation of crude

petroleum. Vegetables and animal oils are not used in transformers. Some of the
important characteristics necessary in transformer oil are its dielectric, strength,
resistance, to emulsion viscosity, purity, and flash point and sludge formations.

TRANSFORMER COOLING

Transformer is a static device that converts energy at one level to another voltage
level. During this process of energy transfer, losses occur in the windings and core
of the transformer. These losses appeared as heat. This heat is dissipated to the
surroundings. The coolants used in the transformers are:-

1. Air

2. Oil

The transformers using air as coolant are called dry type transformers while
transformers using oil as coolant are known as oil immersed transformers. In dry
type transformers the heat generated is conducted across the core and windings to
be dissipated from the Outer surface of the windings to the

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surrounding air through convection. In case of oil immersed transformers, the heat
produced inside the core and the windings are connected across them to their
surfaces. The heat is transferred from oil to the walls of the tank through
convection. Finally, the heat is transferred from the tank walls of the surrounding
air by radiation and convection.

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Method of cooling

The cooling methods used for dry type transformers are

1. Air natural (AN)

The natural circulation of surrounding air is utilized to carry the heat generated by
natural convection.

2. Air Base (AB)

Air blast is employed in order to keep the temperature rise within the limits. The
forced air circulation improves the heat dissipation. The cooling method used for
oil- immersed transformers are:-

1. Oil Natural (ON)

The cooling by air is not so effective and proves insufficient for transformers of
medium sizes. Oil coolant has two advantages:

1. It is better conductor of heat then air.

2. It has high coefficient of volume expansion with temperature.

2. Oil natural air forced (ONAF)

In this method the oil circulating under natural head transformer heat to the tank
walls. The transformer tank is made hollow, and air is blown through the hollow
space to cool the transformer. The heat is removed from the inner tank walls can be
increased to five or six times that dissipated by natural means.

3. Oil natural water forced (ONWF)

In this method copper cooling coils are mounted on the transformers core but below
the surface of the oil. Water is circulated through the cooling coils to cool the
transformer.

4. Forced circulation of oil

In large transformer the natural circulation of oil is insufficient for cooling the
transformer and forced circulation is employed. Oil is circulated by a motor driven
pump from the top of a tank to an external cooling plant (heat exchanger) where the
oil cooled. The cold oil enters the transformer at the bottom of the tank.

The methods of cooling oil in the heat transformers by forced circulation of oil
areas classified accordingly as:-

1. Oil forced air natural (OFAN)

In this method oil is circulated to the transformer with the help of a pump and
cooled in heat exchanger by natural circulation of air. This method is not commonly
used.

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2. Oil forced air forced (OFAF)

The oil is cooled by external heat exchangers using air blast produced by fans. The
arrangement results in higher efficiency for the system.

3. Oil forced water forced (OFWF)

The heated oil is cooled in a water heat exchanger. In this method the pressure of oil
is kept higher than that of water and therefore leakage occurs in from oil to water.

5. STRUCTURAL CIRCUITS:
This is essential to house the transformer oil, flitting and accessories such as
terminal arrangements, conservator, Breather, safety device etc. The structural
design should also withstand seismic forces.

1. Conservator:

Conservator with valuation of temperature there is corresponding variation in oil

volume. To account for this, an expansion vessel called conservator is added to
hemp with a connecting pipe to main tank. In smaller transformers this vessel is
open to atmosphere through dehydrating breathers in large transformer, an air bag is
mounted inside the conservator with inside bag open atmosphere through breathers
and outside surface of bag in contact with oil surface.

2. Breather:
Both transformer oil and cellulose paper are highly hygroscopic paper being more
hygroscopic then mineral oil the moisture if not excluded from oil surface in
conservator this will find its way finally into paper insulation and causes reduced
insulation strength of transformer to minimize this the conservator is allowed to
breath only through silica gel column which absorb the moisture in air before it
enters the conservator air surface.

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 PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE / EXPANSION VENT.
Transformers tank is a pressure vessel as the inside pressure can group steeply
whenever there is a fault in the windings and the surrounding oil is suddenly
vaporized. TANKS as such are tested for a pressure with stand capacity of 0.35
kg /cm. To prevent bursting of the tank, these tanks are in addition provide with
expansion vents with a thin diaphragm made of Bakelite /Copper / glass at the end.
In present day transformer, pressure relief device is replacing expansion vents.
These are like safety valves on boilers.

BUSHINGS:
Transformer are connected to HV lines and therefore care is to be taken to prevent
flash-over from high voltage connections to earthed tank Connections from cables
are made in cable boxes, but overhead connections are to be brought through
bushing specially designed for different classes of voltages.

TAP CHANGER

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 It is very essential to maintain system voltage within prescribed limits for better
health of electrical equipment’s voltage of system can be varied by changing the
true ration of transformer. The device tap changer is used for adding a cutting out
turns of primary or secondary winding of transformer. It is of basically two types:

1. Off-Circuit tap changer

2. On-Load tap changer (OLTC)
OFF-CIRCUIT TAP CHANGER
The cheapest method of changing turn ratio of transformer is use of off-circuit tap
changer. It is essential to de-energize the transformer before changing tap.

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 ON - LOAD TAPCHANGE

On-load tap changers are employed to change the turn ratio of the transformer to
regulate system voltage while transformer is delivering normal load. With the
introduction of on-load tap
changer, operating efficiency of electrical systems has considerably improved.

CAPACITOR BANK:
Capacitor bank is a physical group of several capacitors the talk of common
specification and are connected in series or parallel with each other to form a capacitor
bank that store electrical energy the capacitor bank shoe formed is than used to correct
a power factor lag or phase shift in AC power supply.

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133.3 MVA TRANSFORMER (SINGLE PHASE)

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 160 MVA POWER Transformer (3 Phase)

TABLE 1
TYPE OF COOLING OFAF ONAF ONAN

Rating (MVA) 160 128 96

Rating LV (MVA) 53.33 42.67 32
No load HV(KV) 220 220 220
No load IV(IV) 132 132 132
No load LV’(KV) 11 11 11
Line current HV(A) 419.8 335.91 251.94
IV(A) 699.8 559.8 419.8
LV(A) 2799.27 2239.42 1679.5

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 50 MVA EM( O TRANSFORMER

TABLE 2
TYPE OF COOLING ONAN ONAM

Rated power HV KVA 40000 50000

LV 40000 50000
Rated voltage at no load HV(KV) 132 132

IV 33 33
Rated line current HV(A) 174.95 218.69
LV 699.8 874.7

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 50 MVA CGL TRANSFORMER

TABLE 3
TYPE OF COOLING ONAN
No load voltage HV(KV) 132.8
LV 33
Current HV 218.7

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160 MVA TRANSFORMER CONTROL PANEL

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CONCLUSION

It is itself is a feeling of gratitude to have visited one of the chief Electrical installations of the
Jammu. Though the period of one month was not that much to have explored such a wonderful
sight. I am sure that the technical knowledge which I have gained at GLADNI Narwal Jammu
would serve great in future. Still, I am pleased to have learnt a lot about the work culture and the
ethics of industries.

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REFERENCES

BOOKS:

NAME OF THE BOOK : PRINCIPLE OF POWER SYSTEM

AUTHOR: V. K .Mehta & Rohit Mehta

PUBLISHER : S.CH AND

CHAPTER: 1. CIRCUIT BREAKERS

2.SUBSTATIONS

3.PROTECTIVE RELAY'S

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