Chapter 13

Chapter 13: Chemical Equilibrium
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following is true about a system at equilibrium?

A) The concentration(s) of the reactant(s) is equal to the concentration(s) of the
product(s).
B) No new product molecules are formed.
C) The concentration(s) of reactant(s) is constant over time.
D) The rate of the reverse reaction is equal to the rate of the forward reaction and both
rates are equal to zero.
E) None of the above (A-D) is true.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 13.1
KEY: Chemistry | general chemistry | chemical equilibrium MSC: Conceptual
2. Which of the following is true about chemical equilibrium?

A) It is microscopically and macroscopically static.
B) It is microscopically and macroscopically dynamic.
C) It is microscopically static and macroscopically dynamic.
D) It is microscopically dynamic and macroscopically static.
E) None of these are true about chemical equilibrium.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 13.1
3. Equilibrium is reached in chemical reactions when:

A) The rates of the forward and reverse reactions become equal.
B) The concentrations of reactants and products become equal.
C) The temperature shows a sharp rise.
D) All chemical reactions stop.
E) The forward reaction stops.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 13.1
4. For a particular system at a particular temperature there ______ equilibrium constant(s) and
there _______ equilibrium position(s).
A) are infinite; is one
B) is one; are infinite
C) is one; is one
D) are infinite; are infinite
E) none of these
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 13.2
5. For the reaction given below, 2.00 moles of A and 3.00 moles of B are placed in a 6.00-L
container.
At equilibrium, the concentration of A is 0.246 mol/L. What is the concentration of B at
equilibrium?
A) 0.246 mol/L
B) 0.325 mol/L
C) 0.500 mol/L
D) 0.492 mol/L
E) none of these
KEY: Chemistry | general chemistry | chemical equilibrium MSC: Quantitative
6. The value of the equilibrium constant, K, is dependent on:

I. the temperature of the system
II. the nature of the reactants and products
III. the concentration of the reactants
IV. the concentration of the products
A) I, II
B) II, III
C) III, IV
D) It is dependent on three of the above choices.
E) It is not dependent on any of the above choices.
KEY: Chemistry | general chemistry | chemical equilibrium | equilibrium constant
MSC: Conceptual
7. If the equilibrium constant for A + B C is 0.208, then the equilibrium constant for
2C 2A + 2B is
A) 0.584
B) 4.81
C) 0.416
D) 23.1
E) 0.208
MSC: Conceptual
8. Indicate the mass action expression for the following reaction: 2X(g) + Y(g) 3W(g) +
V(g)
A) [X]2[Y][W]3[V]
B)
C)
D)
E) none of these
KEY: Chemistry | general chemistry | chemical equilibrium | equilibrium constant |
definition of equilibrium constant Kc MSC: Conceptual
9. If, at a given temperature, the equilibrium constant for the reaction H2(g) + Cl2(g)
2HCl(g) is Kp, then the equilibrium constant for the reaction HCl(g)  H2(g) + Cl2 (g)
can be represented as:
A)
B) Kp2
C)
D)
E) none of these
10. Apply the law of mass action to determine the equilibrium expression for 2NO2Cl(aq)
2NO2(aq) + Cl2(aq).
A) K = 2[NO2][Cl2]/2[NO2Cl]
B) K = 2[NO2Cl]/2[NO2][Cl2]
C) K = [NO2Cl]2/[NO2]2[Cl2]
D) K = [NO2]2[Cl2]/[NO2Cl]2
E) K = [NO2Cl]2[NO2]2[Cl2]
11. At a given temperature, K = 0.017 for the equilibrium:

PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
What is K for:
Cl2(g) + PCl3(g) PCl5(g)?
A) 0.017
B) 59
C) 0.00029
D) 17
E) 3500
equilibrium constant for the sum of reactions MSC: Quantitative
12. Given the equilibrium constants for the following reactions:

4Cu(s) + O2(g) 2Cu2O(s), K1
1
2CuO(s) Cu2O(s) + 2 O2(g), K2

what is K for the system
2Cu(s) + O2(g) 2CuO(s)
equivalent to?
A) (K1)(K2)
B)
C)
D)
E)
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: 13.2

equilibrium constant for the sum of reactions MSC: Conceptual
13. Which expression correctly describes the equilibrium constant for the following reaction?
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
A) K = ( 4NH3] + 5[O2] ) / ( 4[NO] + 6[H2O] )
B) K = ( 4[NO] + 6[H2O] ) / (4NH3] + 5[O2] )
C) K = ( [NO][H2O] ) / ( [NH3][O2] )
D) K = ( [NO]4[H2O]6 ) / ( [[NH3]4[O2]5 )
E) K = ( [NH3]4[O2]5 ) / ( [NO]4[H2O]6 )
Consider the chemical system CO + Cl2 COCl2; K = 4.6  109 L/mol.
14. How do the equilibrium concentrations of the reactants compare to the equilibrium
concentration of the product?
A) They are much smaller.
B) They are much bigger.
C) They are about the same.
D) They have to be exactly equal.
E) You can't tell from the information given.
KEY: Chemistry | general chemistry | chemical equilibrium | using the equilibrium constant
| qualitatively interpreting the equilibrium constant MSC: Conceptual
15. If the concentration of the product were to double, what would happen to the equilibrium
constant?
A) It would double its value.
B) It would become half its current value.
C) It would quadruple its value.
D) It would not change its value.
E) It would depend on the initial conditions of the product.
16. Determine the equilibrium constant for the system N2O4 2NO2 at 25°C. The
concentrations are shown here: [N2O4] = 2.32  10–2 M, [NO2] = 1.41  10–2 M.
A) 0.608
B) 1.65
C) 1.17  102
D) 0.369
E) 8.57  10–3
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 13.2
definition of equilibrium constant Kc MSC: Quantitative
17. If K = 0.144 for A2 + 2B 2AB, then for 4AB 2A2 + 4B, K would equal:
A) 0.288
B) 0.144
C) –0.144
D) 3.47
E) 48.2
18. Consider the gaseous reaction CO(g) + Cl2(g) COCl2(g). What is the expression for Kp
in terms of K?
A) K(RT)
B) K/(RT)
C) K(RT)2
D) K/(RT)2
E) 1/K(RT)
KEY: Chemistry | general chemistry | chemical equilibrium | equilibrium constant | the
equilibrium constant Kp MSC: Conceptual
19. For the reaction N2O4(g) 2NO2(g), Kp = 0.148 at a temperature of 298 K. What is Kp for
the following reaction?
10NO2(g) 5N2O4(g)
A) 6.76
B) 0.74
C) 1.35
D) 1.41  104
E) 7.10  10–5
20. For the reaction H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g), Kc = 1.22  1033 at a temperature of 301 K.
What is Kp at this temperature?
A) 1.22  1033
B) 3.01  1034
C) 4.93  1031
D) 7.43  1035
E) 2.00  1030
equilibrium constant Kp MSC: Quantitative
1
21. For the reaction NO(g) + 2 O2(g) NO2(g) at 750°C, the equilibrium constant Kc equals:
A) 1.0
B) Kp
C)
D)
E)

22. An equilibrium reaction, A2(g) + 3B2(g) 2C(g), has a Kp at 225°C of 2.6  10–3 /atm2.
What is K for this reaction at that temperature?
A) 1.6  10–6
B) 7.6  10–6
C) 4.3
D) 6.4  10–5
E) 0.89
23. Find the value of the equilibrium constant (K) (at 500 K) for N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g).
The value for Kp at 500 K is 1.5  10–5/atm2.
A) 7.5  10–2
B) 1.3  10–2
C) 9.6  10–2
D) 2.5  10–2
E) 6.0  10–2
24. Consider the following reaction: CS2(g) + 4H2(g) CH4(g) + 2H2S(g). The equilibrium
constant K is about 0.31 at 900.°C. What is Kp at this temperature?
A) 2.9  103
B) 3.2  10–3
C) 3.3  10–5
D) 3.0  101
E) 1.1  10–3
25. Given the equation 2NOCl2(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g), the equilibrium constant is about
0.0196 at 115°C. Calculate Kp.
A) 0.0196
B) 0.624
C) 0.185
D) 19.9
E) none of these
26. Calculate Kp for using the following data:

Kp = 2.3 106
Kp = 1.8  1037
A) 4.1  1043
B) 2.1  1043
C) 2.9  10–25
D) 5.4  10–13
E) 9.8  10–13
27. Consider the reaction:

CaCl2(s) + 2H2O(g) CaCl2·2H2O(s)
The equilibrium constant for the reaction as written is:
A)
K=
B)
C)
D) K = [H2O]2
E)
K=
heterogeneous and homogeneous equilibrium MSC: Conceptual
28. Consider the reaction At 1273 K, the Kp value is 167.5. What is

the at equilibrium if the is 0.17 atm at this temperature?
A) 2.7 atm
B) 0.085 atm
C) 11 atm
D) 5.3 atm
E) 7.5 atm
MSC: Quantitative
Consider the following equilibrium: H2(g) + I2(s) 2HI(g)
29. The proper Keq expression is:

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

heterogeneous and homogeneous equilibrium MSC: Conceptual
30. Which of the following statements about the equilibrium is false?

A) If the system is heated, the right side is favored.
B) This is a heterogeneous equilibrium.
C) If the pressure on the system is increased by changing the volume, the left side is
favored.
D) Adding more H2(g) increases the equilibrium constant.
E) Removing HI as it forms forces the equilibrium to the right.
KEY: Chemistry | general chemistry | chemical equilibrium | Le Chatelier's principle
MSC: Conceptual
31. Consider the reaction: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) at constant temperature. Initially a
container is filled with pure SO3(g) at a pressure of 2 atm, after which equilibrium is
reached. If y is the partial pressure of O2 at equilibrium, the value of Kp is:
A)
B)
C)
D)
E) none of these
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: 13.5
MSC: Conceptual
32. Which of the following is true for a system whose equilibrium constant is relatively small?
A) It will take a short time to reach equilibrium.
B) It will take a long time to reach equilibrium.
C) The equilibrium lies to the left.
D) The equilibrium lies to the right.
E) Two of these.
| qualitatively interpreting the equilibrium constant MSC: Conceptual
33. The reaction quotient for a system is 7.2  102. If the equilibrium constant for the system is
36, what will happen as equilibrium is approached?
A) There will be a net gain in product.
B) There will be a net gain in reactant.
C) There will be a net gain in both product and reactant.
D) There will be no net gain in either product or reactant.
E) The equilibrium constant will decrease until it equals the reaction quotient.
| predicting the direction of reaction MSC: Conceptual
34. Consider the following reaction:

2HF(g) H2(g) + F2(g) (K = 1.00 10–2)
Given 1.00 mole of HF(g), 0.362 mole of H2(g), and 0.750 mole of F2(g) are mixed in a
5.00 L flask, determine the reaction quotient, Q.
A) Q = 0.0543
B) Q = 0.272
C) Q = 0.0679
D) Q = 2.11
E) none of these
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: 13.5
| predicting the direction of reaction MSC: Quantitative
Nitric oxide, an important pollutant in air, is formed from the elements nitrogen and oxygen
at high temperatures, such as those obtained when gasoline burns in an automobile engine.
At 2000°C, K for the reaction N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) is 0.01.
35. Predict the direction in which the system will move to reach equilibrium at 2000°C if 0.4
moles of N2, 0.1 moles of O2, and 0.08 moles of NO are placed in a 1.0-liter container.
A) The system remains unchanged.
B) The concentration of NO will decrease; the concentrations of N2 and O2 will
increase.
C) The concentration of NO will increase; the concentrations of N2 and O2 will
decrease.
D) The concentration of NO will decrease; the concentrations of N2 and O2 will
remain unchanged.
E) More information is necessary.
36. A 1-L container originally holds 0.4 mol of N2, 0.1 mol of O2, and 0.08 mole of NO. If the
volume of the container holding the equilibrium mixture of N2, O2, and NO is decreased to
0.5 L without changing the quantities of the gases present, how will their concentrations
change?
A) The concentration of NO will increase; the concentrations of N2 and O2 will
decrease.
B) The concentrations of N2 and O2 will increase; and the concentration of NO will
decrease.
C) The concentrations of N2, O2, and NO will increase.
D) The concentrations of N2, O2, and NO will decrease.
E) There will be no change in the concentrations of N2, O2, and NO.
MSC: Conceptual
37. Consider the following equilibrated system: 2NO2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g). If the Kp value
is 0.604, find the equilibrium pressure of the O2 gas if the NO2 gas pressure is 0.520 atm and
the PNO is 0.300 atm at equilibrium.
A) 1.05 atm
B) 24.8 atm
C) 0.348 atm
D) 0.201 atm
E) 1.81 atm
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: 13.5
MSC: Quantitative
38. For the reaction given below, 2.00 moles of A and 3.00 moles of B are placed in a 6.00-L
container.
A(g) + 2B(g) C(g)
At equilibrium, the concentration of A is 0.213 mol/L. What is the value of K?
A) 2.18
B) 1.79
C) 0.213
D) 8.40
E) 0.565
MSC: Quantitative
39. A 10.0-g sample of solid NH4Cl is heated in a 5.00-L container to 900.°C. At equilibrium
the pressure of NH3(g) is 1.51 atm.
NH4Cl(s) NH3(g) + HCl(g)
The equilibrium constant, Kp, for the reaction is:
A) 1.51
B) 2.28
C) 3.02
D) 8.21
E) none of these
heterogeneous and homogeneous equilibrium MSC: Quantitative
40. Consider the reaction H2 + I2 2HI for which K = 44.8 at a high temperature. If an
equimolar mixture of reactants gives the concentration of the product to be 0.50 M at
equilibrium, determine the equilibrium concentration of the hydrogen.
A) 1.1  10–1 M
B) 7.5  10–2 M
C) 3.7  10–2 M
D) 1.3  101 M
E) 5.6  10–3 M
| calculating equilibrium concentrations MSC: Quantitative
41. Consider the equation A(aq) + 2B(aq) 3C(aq) + 2D(aq). In one experiment, 45.0 mL
of 0.050 M A is mixed with 25.0 mL 0.100 M B. At equilibrium the concentration of C is
0.0410 M. Calculate K.
A) 7.3
B) 0.34
C) 0.040
D) 0.14
E) none of these
MSC: Quantitative
42. The reaction:

H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
has Kp = 45.9 at 763 K. A particular equilibrium mixture at that temperature contains
gaseous HI at a partial pressure of 4.00 atm and hydrogen gas at a partial pressure of
0.213 atm. What is the partial pressure of I2?
A) 0.213 atm
B) 0.409 atm
C) 1.64 atm
D) 10.9 atm
E) 75.1 atm
43. For the equilibrium system:

CO2(g) + H2(g) CO(g) + H2O(g) H = +42 kJ/mol
K equals 1.6 at 1260 K. If 0.15 mol each of CO2, H2, CO, and H2O (all at 1260 K) were
placed in a 1.0-L thermally insulated vessel that was also at 1260 K, then as the system
came to equilibrium:
A) The temperature would decrease and the mass of CO2 would increase.
B) The temperature would decrease and the mass of CO2 would decrease.
C) The temperature would remain constant and the mass of CO2 would increase.
D) The temperature would increase and the mass of CO2 would increase.
E) The temperature would increase and the mass of CO2 would decrease.
44. CS2(g) + 3Cl2(g) CCl4(g) + S2Cl2(g)

At a given temperature, the reaction above is at equilibrium when [CS2] = 0.050 M,
[Cl2] = 0.25 M, [CCl4] = 0.15 M, and [S2Cl2] = 0.35 M. What would be the direction of the
reaction when the reactants and products have the following concentrations: CS2 = 0.15 M,
Cl2 = 0.18 M, CCl4 = 0.29 M, and S2Cl2 = 0.21 M?
A) to the right
B) to the left
C) no change
D) cannot predict unless we know the temperature
E) cannot predict unless we know whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic
45. A mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen was allowed to come to equilibrium at a given
temperature.
3H2 + N2 2NH3
An analysis of the mixture at equilibrium revealed 2.1 mol N2, 3.2 mol H2, and 1.8 mol NH3.
How many moles of H2 were present at the beginning of the reaction?
A) 3.2
B) 4.8
C) 5.0
D) 5.9
E) 4.4
46. Carbon disulfide and chlorine react according to the following equation:
CS2(g) + 3Cl2(g) S2Cl2(g) + CCl4(g)
When 2.14 mol of CS2 and 5.85 mol of Cl2 are placed in a 2.00-L container and allowed to
come to equilibrium, the mixture is found to contain 0.620 mol of CCl4. How many moles of
Cl2 are present at equilibrium?
A) 1.520 mol
B) 0.620 mol
C) 3.99 mol
D) 4.61 mol
E) 2.00 mol
47. Initially 2.0 moles of N2(g) and 4.0 moles of H2(g) were added to a 1.0-liter container and
the following reaction then occurred:
3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)
The equilibrium concentration of NH3(g) = 0.55 moles/liter at 700.°C. The value for K at
700.°C for the formation of ammonia is:
A) 1.0  10–1
B) 5.5  10–2
C) 5.5  10–3
D) 3.0  10–1
E) none of these
MSC: Quantitative
Consider the following reaction (assume an ideal gas mixture): 2NOBr(g) 2NO(g) +
Br2(g) A 1.0-liter vessel was initially filled with pure NOBr, at a pressure of 4.0 atm, at 300
K.
48. After equilibrium was established, the partial pressure of NOBr was 3.1 atm. What is Kp for
the reaction?
A) 0.26
B) 0.038
C) 0.13
D) 0.45
E) none of these
MSC: Quantitative
49. After equilibrium was reached, the volume was increased to 2.0 liters, while the temperature
was kept at 300 K. The result of this change was
A) an increase in Kp
B) a decrease in Kp
C) a shift in the equilibrium position to the right
D) a shift in the equilibrium position to the left
E) none of these
MSC: Conceptual
50. Nitrogen gas (N2) reacts with hydrogen gas (H2) to form ammonia (NH3). At 200°C in a
closed container, 1.0 atm of nitrogen gas is mixed with 2.0 atm of hydrogen gas. At
equilibrium, the total pressure is 2.2 atm. Calculate the partial pressure of hydrogen gas at
equilibrium.
A) 2.2 atm
B) 0.80 atm
C) 1.4 atm
D) 0.0 atm
E) none of these
51. The following reaction is investigated (assume an ideal gas mixture):

2N2O(g) + N2H4(g) 3N2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Initially there are 0.10 moles of N2O and 0.25 moles of N2H4, in a 10.0-L container. If there
are 0.048 moles of N2O at equilibrium, how many moles of N2 are present at equilibrium?
A) 2.6  10–2
B) 5.2  10–2
C) 7.8  10–2
D) 1.6  10–1
E) none of these
52. A 3.00-liter flask initially contains 3.00 mol of gas A and 1.50 mol of gas B. Gas A
decomposes according to the following reaction:
3A 2B + C
The equilibrium concentration of gas C is 0.115 mol/L. Determine the equilibrium
concentration of gas A.
A) 0.115 M
B) 0.655 M
C) 0.730 M
D) 0.885 M
E) 0.345 M
3A 2B + C
The equilibrium concentration of gas C is 0.119 mol/L. Determine the equilibrium
concentration of gas B.
A) 0.119 M
B) 0.619 M
C) 0.738 M
D) 0.262 M
E) 0.238 M
3A 2B + C
The equilibrium concentration of gas C is 0.146 mol/L. Determine the value of the
equilibrium constant, K.
A) 0.206
B) 0.163
C) 3.84  10–3
D) 0.516
E) none of these
MSC: Quantitative
55. A sample of solid NH4NO3 was placed in an evacuated container and then heated so that it
decomposed explosively according to the following equation:
NH4NO3(s) N2O(g) + 2H2O(g)
At equilibrium the total pressure in the container was found to be 2.63 atm at a temperature
of 500.°C. Calculate Kp.
A) 0.769
B) 1.54
C) 0.674
D) 2.70
E) 72.8
MSC: Quantitative
Given the equation 2A(g) 2B(g) + C(g). At a particular temperature, K = 1.6  104.
56. If you mixed 5.0 mol B, 0.10 mol C, and 0.0010 mol A in a one-liter container, which
direction would the reaction initially proceed?
A) To the left.
B) To the right.
C) The above mixture is the equilibrium mixture.
D) Cannot tell from the information given.
E) None of these (A-D).
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: 13.5
57. Addition of chemical B to an equilibrium mixture of the above will

A) cause [A] to increase
B) cause [C] to increase
C) have no effect
D) cannot be determined
E) none of the above
KEY: Chemistry | general chemistry | chemical equilibrium | Le Chatelier's principle |
removing products or adding reactants MSC: Conceptual
58. At a higher temperature, K = 1.8  10–5. Placing the equilibrium mixture in an ice bath (thus
lowering the temperature) will
B) cause [B] to increase
C) have no effect
temperature change MSC: Conceptual
59. Raising the pressure by lowering the volume of the container will
B) cause [B] to increase
C) have no effect
pressure change MSC: Conceptual
Consider the following equilibrium: 2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g) with K = 1.6  10–5. In
an experiment, 1.00 mole of pure NOCl and 1.00 mole of pure Cl2 are placed in a 1.00-L
container.
60. If x moles of NOCl react, what is the equilibrium concentration of NO?

A) x
B) 2x
C) –x
D) –2x
E) x2
| calculating equilibrium concentrations MSC: Conceptual
61. If x moles of NOCl react, what is the equilibrium concentration of Cl2?
A) x
B)
x
C) 1 + x
D)
1+ x
E) 1 + 2x
| calculating equilibrium concentrations MSC: Conceptual
62. At a certain temperature K for the reaction 2NO2 N2O4 is 7.5 liters/mole. If 2.0 moles
of NO2 are placed in a 2.0-liter container and permitted to react at this temperature, calculate
the concentration of N2O4 at equilibrium.
A) 0.39 moles/liter
B) 0.65 moles/liter
C) 0.82 moles/liter
D) 7.5 moles/liter
E) none of these
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: 13.6
63. Exactly 1.0 mol N2O4 is placed in an empty 1.0-L container and is allowed to reach
equilibrium described by the equation N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
If at equilibrium the N2O4 is 37% dissociated, what is the value of the equilibrium constant,
Kc, for the reaction under these conditions?
A) 1.2
B) 0.87
C) 1.2
D) 0.55
E) 0.22
MSC: Quantitative
64. At 500.0 K, one mole of gaseous ONCl is placed in a one-liter container. At equilibrium it is
5.3% dissociated according to the equation shown here: 2ONCl 2NO + Cl2. Determine
the equilibrium constant.
A) 8.3  10–5
B) 1.6  10–3
C) 5.6  10–2
D) 9.5  10–1
E) 1.2  104
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: 13.6
MSC: Quantitative
65. Consider the following equilibrium:

2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)
with K = 1.6  10–5. 1.00 mole of pure NOCl and 0.958 mole of pure Cl2 are placed in a
1.00-L container. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of NO(g).
A) 2.04  10–3 M
B) 9.58  10–1 M
C) 1.04 M
D) 5.78  10–3 M
E) 4.09  10–3 M
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: 13.6
66. Consider the following equilibrium:

2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)
with K = 1.6  10–5. 1.00 mole of pure NOCl and 0.964 mole of pure Cl2 are placed in a
1.00-L container. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of Cl2(g).
A) 1.6  10–5 M
B) 0.966 M
C) 0.483 M
D) 2.04  10–3 M
E) 4.07  10–3 M
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: 13.6
67. For the reaction below, Kp = 1.16 at 800.°C.

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
If a 31.3-gram sample of CaCO3 is put into a 10.0-L container and heated to 800.°C, what
percent of the CaCO3 will react to reach equilibrium?
A) 21.8%
B) 42.1%
C) 56.5%
D) 100.0%
E) none of these
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: 13.6
68. At –80°C, K for the reaction

N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
is 4.66  10–8. We introduce 0.047 mole of N2O4 into a 1.0-L vessel at –80°C and let
equilibrium be established. The total pressure in the system at equilibrium will be:
A) 0.31 atm
B) 0.74 atm
C) 1.4 atm
D) 0.047 atm
E) none of these
69. The equilibrium system 2A 2B + C has a very small equilibrium constant:

K = 2.6  10–6.
Initially 3.0 moles of A are placed in a 1.5-L flask. Determine the concentration of C at
equilibrium.
A) 0.011 M
B) 0.024 M
C) 0.032 M
D) 0.048 M
E) 2.0 M
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: 13.6
70. Which of the following statements concerning equilibrium is not true?

A) A system that is disturbed from an equilibrium condition responds in a manner to
restore equilibrium.
B) Equilibrium in molecular systems is dynamic, with two opposing processes
balancing one another.
C) The value of the equilibrium constant for a given reaction mixture is the same
regardless of the direction from which equilibrium is attained.
D) A system moves spontaneously toward a state of equilibrium.
E) The equilibrium constant is independent of temperature.
The questions below refer to the following system:

Co(H2O)62+ + 4 Cl– CoCl42– + 6H2O
(pink) (blue)
When cobalt(II) chloride is added to pure water, the Co2+ ions hydrate. The hydrated form
then reacts with the Cl– ions to set up the equilibrium shown here.
71. Which statement below describes the change that the system will undergo if hydrochloric
acid is added?
A) It should become more blue.
B) It should become more pink.
C) The equilibrium will shift to the right.
D) The equilibrium will shift to the left.
E) Two of these.
MSC: Conceptual
72. Which statement below describes the change that the system will undergo if water is added?
A) More chloride ions will be produced.
B) More water will be produced.
C) The equilibrium will shift to the right.
D) The color will become more blue.
E) There will be less of the hydrated cobalt ion at the new equilibrium position.
MSC: Conceptual
73. Which statement below describes the change that the system will undergo if silver nitrate is
added?
A) It should become more blue.
B) It should become more pink.
C) Water will be produced.
D) The silver ion will react with the CoCl42–.
E) Nothing will change.
MSC: Conceptual
The following questions refer to the equilibrium shown here: 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)
4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
74. What would happen to the system if oxygen were added?

A) More ammonia would be produced.
B) More oxygen would be produced.
C) The equilibrium would shift to the right.
D) The equilibrium would shift to the left.
E) Nothing would happen.
75. What would happen to the system if the pressure were decreased?
A) Nothing would happen.
B) More oxygen would be produced.
C) The water vapor would become liquid water.
D) The ammonia concentration would increase.
E) The NO concentration would increase.
76. For a certain reaction at 25.0°C, the value of K is 1.2  10–3. At 50.0°C the value of K is
3.4  10–1. This means that the reaction is
A) exothermic
B) endothermic
C) never favorable
D) more information needed
E) none of these (A-D)
77. Ammonia is prepared industrially by the reaction: N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) for the
reaction: H° = –92.2 kJ and K (at 25°C) = 4.0  108. When the temperature of the reaction
is increased to 500°C, which of the following is true?
A) K for the reaction will be larger at 500°C than at 25°C.
B) At equilibrium, more NH3 is present at 500°C than at 25°C.
C) Product formation (at equilibrium) is not favored as the temperature is raised.
D) The reaction of N2 with H2 to form ammonia is endothermic.
E) None of the above is true.
Consider the following equilibrium: 2H2(g) + X2(g) 2H2X(g) + energy
78. Addition of X2 to a system described by the above equilibrium

A) will cause [H2] to decrease
B) will cause [X2] to decrease
C) will cause [H2X] to decrease
D) will have no effect
E) cannot possibly be carried out
79. Addition of argon to the above equilibrium

A) will cause [H2] to decrease
B) will cause [X2] to increase
C) will cause [H2X] to increase
D) will have no effect
E) cannot possibly be carried out
MSC: Conceptual
80. Increasing the pressure by decreasing the volume will cause

A) the reaction to occur to produce H2X
B) the reaction to occur to produce H2 and X2
C) the reaction to occur to produce H2 but no more X2
D) no reaction to occur
E) X2 to dissociate
81. Increasing the temperature will cause

A) the reaction to occur to produce H2X
B) the reaction to occur to produce H2 and X2
C) the reaction to occur to produce H2 but no more X2
D) no reaction to occur
E) an explosion
82. Which of the following statements is true?

A) When two opposing processes are proceeding at identical rates, the system is at
equilibrium.
B) Catalysts are an effective means of changing the position of an equilibrium.
C) The concentration of the products equals that of reactants and is constant at
equilibrium.
D) An endothermic reaction shifts toward reactants when heat is added to the reaction.
E) None of the above statements is true.
83. Consider the following system at equilibrium: N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) + 92.94 kJ
Which of the following changes will shift the equilibrium to the right?
I. increasing the temperature
II. decreasing the temperature
III. increasing the volume
IV. decreasing the volume
V. removing some NH3
VI. adding some NH3
VII. removing some N2
VIII. adding some N2
A) I, IV, VI, VII

B) II, III, V, VIII
C) I, VI, VIII
D) I, III, V, VII
E) II, IV, V, VIII
MSC: Conceptual
84. Consider the reaction A(g) + B(g) C(g) + D(g). You have the gases A, B, C, and D at
equilibrium. Upon adding gas A, the value of K:
A) increases, because by adding A more products are made, increasing the product to
reactant ratio
B) decreases, because A is a reactant so the product to reactant ratio decreases
C) does not change, because A does not figure into the product to reactant ratio
D) does not change, as long as the temperature is constant
E) depends on whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic
MSC: Conceptual
85. Consider the combustion of methane (as represented by the following equation). This is the
reaction that occurs for a Bunsen burner, which is a source of heat for chemical reactions in
the laboratory.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
For the system at chemical equilibrium, which of the following explains what happens if the
temperature is raised?
A) The equilibrium position is shifted to the right and the value for K increases.
B) The equilibrium position is shifted to the right and the value for K decreases.
C) The equilibrium position is shifted to the left and the value for K decreases.
D) The equilibrium position is shifted to the left and the value for K increases.
E) The equilibrium position is shifted but the value for K stays constant.
86. Consider the reaction represented by the equation 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g). For the
system at chemical equilibrium, which of the following explains what happens after the
addition of oxygen gas (assume constant temperature)?
A) The amount of SO3(g) increases and the value for K increases.
B) The amount of SO3(g) decreases and the value for K increases.
C) The amount of SO3(g) stays the same and the value for K decreases.
D) The amount of SO3(g) decreases and the value for K stays the same.
E) The amount of SO3(g) increases and the value for K stays the same.
87. Consider the reaction represented by the equation: N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g). What
happens to the equilibrium position when an inert gas is added to this system (as represented
above) at equilibrium?
A) If the container is rigid, nothing happens to the equilibrium position. If the
container is fitted with a moveable piston, the equilibrium position shifts.
B) If the container is rigid, the equilibrium position shifts. If the container is fitted
with a moveable piston, nothing happens to the equilibrium position.
C) The equilibrium position shifts no matter what the container is like.
D) Nothing happens to the equilibrium position no matter what the container is like.
E) The value of the equilibrium constant must be known to answer this question.
MSC: Conceptual
88. Which of the following are true at equilibrium for the reaction A  B?
I. [A] is no longer changing.

II. The overall rate of change of [B] is zero.
III. No new molecules of A are converting into B.
IV. The value of [B]/[A] is changing in time.
A) I, II, III
B) I, II
C) I, II, IV
D) I, IV
E) II, III
89. Which of the following statements is FALSE:

A) At equilibrium, the concentrations of all species are constant
B) The value of the equilibrium constant depends on the temperature
C) At equilibrium, the reaction has stopped
D) At equilibrium, the forward and reverse reactions are happening at the same rate
E) Pure solids are not included in the equilibrium constant expression.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 to 13.4
heterogenous equilibria MSC: Conceptual

A) At equilibrium BOTH the rate of the forward reaction equals that of the reverse
reaction AND the rate constant for the forward reaction equals that of the reverse.
B) The equilibrium state is dynamic even though there is no change in concentrations.
C) The equilibrium constant for a particular reaction is constant under all conditions.
D) Starting with different initial concentrations will yield different individual
equilibrium concentrations and a different relationship of equilibrium
concentrations.
E) None of these is true.
MSC: Conceptual
91. Which of the following statements concerning equilibrium is TRUE?

A) Catalysts effectively change the position of an equilibrium.
B) The concentration of the products equals the concentration of reactants for a
reaction at equilibrium.
C) The equilibrium constant may be expressed in terms of pressure or in terms of
concentration for any reaction.
D) When two opposing processes proceed at the same rate, the system is at
equilibrium.
E) A system at equilibrium cannot be disturbed.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 13.2 to 13.4
KEY: Chemistry | general chemistry | chemical equilibrium | heteroegenous equilibria
MSC: Conceptual
92. In general, the value of the equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction does NOT depend
on
A) The temperature of the reaction vessel.
B) The initial amounts of reactants present.
C) The total pressure of the reaction vessel.
D) The volume of the reaction vessel.
E) The rate constants of the forward and reverse reactions.
MSC: Conceptual
I. The concentration of a pure liquid does not appear in the mass-action expression
II. If Q > K, the reaction will produce more products and less reactants to reach
equilibrium
III. The equilibrium constant of an overall reaction is the product of the equilibrium
constants of the individual reactions that add up to the overall reaction
IV. If A  B has a reaction quotient, Q, then n A  n B has a reaction quotient, Qn
V. An equilibrium constant expressed in terms of concentrations can be greater than the
corresponding equilibrium constant expressed in terms of pressure, depending on the
reaction
A) II, III, IV and V
B) I, III, IV and V
C) III and IV
D) III, IV and V
E) All are true
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: 13.2 to 13.5
heterogeneous equilibria | preidicting the direction of a reaction MSC: Conceptual
94. For the gaseous reaction, 2 H2 + 2 NO <=> 2 H2O + N2, Kp at 120oC = 2.42. At a given
moment, it is found that the partial pressures of H2, NO, H2O and N2 are 1.1, 1.3, 0.78 and
2.2 atm, respectively. Which of the following statements describes the situation?
A) Qp = 1.2 so the reaction goes to the right
B) Qp = 1.2 so the reaction goes to the left
C) Qp = 0.65 so the reaction goes to the right
D) Qp = 0.65 so the reaction goes to the left
E) The reaction is at equilibrium
| predicting the direction of reaction MSC: Quantitative
95. What effect does a) increasing the total pressure and b) increasing the temperature have on
the equilibrium H2(g) + CO2(g)  H2O(g) + CO(g), Ho = 41.2 kJ/mol.
A) a) equilibrium shifts towards products, b) equilibrium shifts towards

products.
B) a) equilibrium shifts towards reactants, b) equilibrium shifts towards
products.
C) a) equilibrium shifts towards products, b) equilibrium shifts towards
reactants.
D) a) no change in the equilibrium, b) equilibrium shifts towards
products.
E) a) no change in the equilibrium, b) equilibrium shifts towards
reactants.
MSC: Conceptual
96. Consider the endothermic reaction 2 BrCl(g)  Br2(g) + Cl2(g). What will be the effect on
the equilibrium of
a) changing the volume at constant temperature?
b) increasing the temperature at constant volume
A) a) equilibrium shifts towards products, b) equilibrium shifts towards
products.
B) a) equilibrium shifts towards reactants, b) equilibrium shifts towards
products.
C) a) equilibrium shifts towards products, b) equilibrium shifts towards
reactants.
D) a) no change in the equilibrium, b) equilibrium shifts towards
products.
E) a) no change in the equilibrium, b) equilibrium shifts towards
reactants.
MSC: Conceptual
97. Consider the reaction, which is exothermic as written, PCl5(g)  PCl3(g) + Cl2(g). Which of
the following changes would result in the production of MORE Cl2(g)?
I. adding PCl3(g)
II. removing PCl3(g)
III. reducing the volume of the container
IV. removing PCl5(g)
V. increasing the temperature
VI. increasing the volume of the container
VII. adding PCl5(g)
VIII. reducing the temperature
IX. adding a suitable catalyst
A) I, IV, V, VI
B) II, VI, VII, VIII
C) II, III, VII, VIII
D) II, V, VI, VII
E) II, VI, VII, VIII, IX
MSC: Conceptual
98. Consider the reaction, which is exothermic as written, PCl5(g)  PCl3(g) + Cl2(g). Which of
the following changes would result in the production of LESS Cl2(g)?
I. adding PCl3(g)
II. removing PCl3(g)
III. reducing the volume of the container
IV. removing PCl5(g)
V. increasing the temperature
VI. increasing the volume of the container
VII. adding PCl5(g)
VIII. reducing the temperature
IX. adding a suitable catalyst
A) II, III, VII, VIII
B) I, III, IV, V
C) I, III, IV, VIII
D) I, V, VI, VII
E) I, III, IV, V, IX
MSC: Conceptual
99. The following reaction is allowed to reach equilibrium is a glass bulb at a given
temperature. 2 HgO(s)  2 Hg(l) + O2(g) H = 43.4 kcal/mol. The mass of HgO in the
bulb could be increased by:
A) removing some Hg
B) reducing the volume of the bulb
C) adding more Hg
D) increasing the temperature
E) removing some O
MSC: Conceptual

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Chapter 13: Chemical Equilibrium

1. Which of the following is true about a system at equilibrium?

2. Which of the following is true about chemical equilibrium?

3. Equilibrium is reached in chemical reactions when:

6. The value of the equilibrium constant, K, is dependent on:

11. At a given temperature, K = 0.017 for the equilibrium:

12. Given the equilibrium constants for the following reactions:

2CuO(s) Cu2O(s) + 2 O2(g), K2

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: 13.2

Consider the chemical system CO + Cl2 COCl2; K = 4.6  109 L/mol.

ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 13.3

26. Calculate Kp for using the following data:

27. Consider the reaction:

28. Consider the reaction At 1273 K, the Kp value is 167.5. What is

Consider the following equilibrium: H2(g) + I2(s) 2HI(g)

29. The proper Keq expression is:

ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 13.4

30. Which of the following statements about the equilibrium is false?

34. Consider the following reaction:

42. The reaction:

43. For the equilibrium system:

44. CS2(g) + 3Cl2(g) CCl4(g) + S2Cl2(g)

51. The following reaction is investigated (assume an ideal gas mixture):

57. Addition of chemical B to an equilibrium mixture of the above will

60. If x moles of NOCl react, what is the equilibrium concentration of NO?

65. Consider the following equilibrium:

66. Consider the following equilibrium:

67. For the reaction below, Kp = 1.16 at 800.°C.

68. At –80°C, K for the reaction

69. The equilibrium system 2A 2B + C has a very small equilibrium constant:

70. Which of the following statements concerning equilibrium is not true?

The questions below refer to the following system:

74. What would happen to the system if oxygen were added?

Consider the following equilibrium: 2H2(g) + X2(g) 2H2X(g) + energy

78. Addition of X2 to a system described by the above equilibrium

79. Addition of argon to the above equilibrium

80. Increasing the pressure by decreasing the volume will cause

81. Increasing the temperature will cause

82. Which of the following statements is true?

A) I, IV, VI, VII

I. [A] is no longer changing.

89. Which of the following statements is FALSE:

90. Which of the following statements is true?

91. Which of the following statements concerning equilibrium is TRUE?

93. Which of the following statements is true?

A) a) equilibrium shifts towards products, b) equilibrium shifts towards

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