Basic syntax

Syntax
In every program must be followed by syntax rules.
 Tokens

 Semicolon

 Identifiers

 Keywords

 Constants

 Variables
Tokens
 Smallest individual units in a program are known as Tokens.

 The individual words, symbols and punctuation marks

presented by tokens.
 Ex:

 class Sample

{

 int a,b,c;

}
Tokens are:
 class
 Sample
 {
 int
 a
 ,
 b
 ,
 c
 ;
 }
Semicolon
 In a program, the semicolon is a statement terminator.
 That is, each individual statement must be ended with a semicolon.
Ex:
class Add
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a=10,b=20,c;
c=a+b;
System.out.println(c);
}
}
Identifiers
 Identifiers are names given to the variables,methods,arrays
and other user defined object.
 These are user defined names.
Rules:
 Identifiers are formed with alphabets, digits, and a special
character underscore(_).
 The first character must be an alphabet.
 No special characters are allowed other than underscore(_)
 These are case sensitive.
 Ex :
AA and aa are different identifiers
Keywords
 Java language provides 50 keywords.
 Keywords are the reserved words these meaning are already
known t the compiler.
 You cannot use it as a variable name, constant name etc.
Constants
 The value does not change during execution in a program.
 There are Two types of constants in java
Numeric constants
Character constants
Numeric constants
A Numeric constants is a constants made up of digits and
some special symbols.

Integer constants
floating point constants
Integer constants
Integer constant is a constant made up of digits without
decimal point.

 Valid:

10 -542 5782
 Invalid:

5,734 150.36 187-

Floating point constants
 Any number written with one decimal point is called

floating point constant.

Valid:
-0.145 0.98 2.67
Invalid:
153 12.256.32 5/3 1,253,253,56
Character constants
 A character constant consists of a character or string

enclosed with in quotation marks.

Types:
 Single character constant

 String character constant

Single character constant
 A single character constant consists of a single character
enclosed with in quotation marks.
Ex:
char a=‘A’;
String character constant
 A string character constant consists of a sequence of a
character enclosed with in double quotation marks.
Ex:
string s=“Java”
Variable
 A variable is a container which holds the value while
the java program is executed.
 A variable is assigned with a data type.
Declaration of variable in java
Syntax:
 type variable name;

 type variable name1, variable name2, variable name n;

Example:
 int width, height;

 char letter;

 float age, area;

 double d;
Types of Variables
There are three types of variables in java:
 instance variable

 static variable

 local variable
instance variable
 A variable declared inside the class but outside the body of the

method, is called instance variable.

static variable
 A variable which is declared as static is called static variable.

 It cannot be local.

 You can create a single copy of static variable and share among

all the instances of the class.

local variable
 A variable declared inside the body of the method is called local
variable.
 A local variable cannot be defined with "static" keyword.

Ex:
class A
{
int data=50;//instance variable
static int m=100;//static variable
public static void main(String args[])
{
int n=90;//local variable
}
}
Data type
Data type specifies the size and type of values that can be
stored in an variable.
There are two types of data types in Java:
Primitive data types:
The primitive data types include boolean , char, int , float
and double.
Non-primitive data types:The non-primitive data types
include Classes, Interfaces, and Arrays.
Integer
 Integer types can hold whole numbers such as 123 and −96.

Range of values that can be

Type Size
stored

byte 1 byte −128 to 127

short 2 bytes −32768 to 32767

int 4 bytes −2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
long 8 bytes 9,223,372,036,854,755,807
class JavaDatatype
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
byte num=113;
short num1=150;
int num2=100000;
long num3=12332252626L;
System.out.println(num);
System.out.println(num1);
System.out.println(num2);
System.out.println(num3);
}
}
Floating Point
 Floating point data types are used to represent numbers with
a fractional part.

Range of values
Type Size that can be
stored

3.4e−038 to
float 4 bytes
3.4e+038

1.7e−308 to
double 8 bytes 1.7e+038
class JavaExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
float num = 19.98f;
double num1 = -42937737.9d;
System.out.println(num);
System.out.println(num1);
}
}
Character
 The char data type is used to store characters.
 size: 2 bytes.
Ex:
class JavaExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
char ch = 'Z';
System.out.println(ch);
}
}
Boolean
 The Boolean data type is used to store only two possible values:
true and false.
 size: 1 bit.
Ex:
class JavaExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
boolean b = false;
System.out.println(b);
}
}
input/output in java
Java Output
 use System.out.println(), System.out.print() to send output to
standard output (screen).
Ex:
class Output
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.print(“Welcome ");
System.out.println(“Java");
System.out.print(“Language”);
}
}
Java Input:
 There are several ways to get input from the user in Java.
 You will get input by using Scanner object.
For that, you need to import Scanner class using:
import java.util.Scanner;
 we will create an object of Scanner class which will be used
to get input from the user.
Ex:
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int number = input.nextInt();
Ex:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Input
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter
an integer: ");
int number = input.nextInt();
System.out.println("You entered " + number);
}
}
Where

 input object of Scanner class is created.

 the nextInt() method of the Scanner class is used to get

integer input from the user.

 To get long, float, double and String input from the

user, you can use,

nextLong(), nextFloat(), nextDouble() and next() met
hods respectively.