MODULE

ELEMENTARY LINEAR ALGEBRA

Supporting Lecture: Dr. Hamidah Nasution, M.Si

Arranged by Group 2 :

Ilham Adrianto (4222411021)

Helni W Nainggolan(4223111048)

Nazwa S Harahap (4221111005)

MATHEMATIC EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
Universitas Negeri Medan
2024
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................................................
GLOSSARY ..............................................................................................................................
CONCEPT MAPS ....................................................................................................................
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................
A. Module Identity .................................................................................................................
B. Basic Competencies .............................................................................................................
C. Brief Description Of The Material ..................................................................................
D. Instructions for Using the Module ...................................................................................
E. Learning Materials ............................................................................................................
LEARNING ACTIVITIES ......................................................................................................
Linear Transformation ( Kernel and Range) ........................................................................
A. Learning Objective .................................................................................................................
B. Material Description ............................................................................................................
C. Summary .............................................................................................................................
D. Practice Questions .............................................................................................................
EVALUATION .......................................................................................................................
 GLOSSARY
Algebra : branch of mathematics; subject matter covering the number system and
its properties in general, using letters or symbols to express quantities
Domain : area of origin; non-empty set as the first set in a relation or function
Equivalent : having the same solution; equation 𝑥 − 2 = 5 is equivalent to 3𝑥 = 21
Element : member of a set; the particular mathematical objects that make up the set
Function : a special relationship that pairs each member of a a set with exactly a
member of another set
Linear Function: function of degree one, for example 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 in where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are
real numbers with 𝑎 ≠ 0
Set : a collection of things or objects that can be defined clearly. Objects or
objects in a set are called elements or members of the set
Range : range or area of results
Kernel : null space
Codomain : friendly area of a function
Coefficient : the number in the algebraic term in which it is written placed at the front
Constant : a fixed number, or value that does not change even though it is often
unknown or undefined
Map : Shadow
Vector Space : a matrix or function that is equipped with addition and multiplication
operations on scalars
Theorem : a mathematical statement that still requires proof and the statement can
be demonstrated its truth value
Transformation: movement or change
Linear Transformation: movement from one space which is usually called a domain to
another space which is called codomain
 CONCEPT MAPS

Linear
Transformation

𝑇(𝑣1 + 𝑣2) = 𝑇(𝑣1) + 𝑇(𝑣2)

𝑇(𝑘𝑣) = 𝑘𝑇(𝑣)

Reach
Kernels
(range or
(Null Space)
result area)

Characteristics Linear
Transformation

(a) 𝑇(0) = 0
(b) 𝑇(−𝑣) = −𝑇(𝑣)
(c) 𝑇(𝑣 − 𝑤) = 𝑇(𝑣) − 𝑇(𝑤)
 INTRODUCTION
A. Module Identity
Subject : Elementary Linear Algebra
Class : MESP 22
Time Allocation : 5 lesson hours
Module Title : Linear Transformation ( Kernel and Range)
B. Basic Competencies
1. Students are able to explain the relationship between kernel and range
2. Students are able to calculate the correct kernel value of a linear transformation
3. Students are able to convert linear transformations into matrix form
4. Know the definition and examples of linear transformations.
5. Using the definition of a linear transformation to check whether a function is a linear
transformation or not.
6. Examining the properties of linear transformations.
7. Using the definition of kernel space and range to determine the basis of a transformation
matrix
8. Calculates the dimensions of the transformation matrix
9. Examining the properties of the transformation matrix, the standard matrix of linear
operators
10. Calculating the transition matrix P to determine the transformation matrix on a basis B'
C. Brief Description Of The Material
Transformation means a change in appearance (form, nature, function, etc). The word
transformation means change or movement. Any change in an object from its original form is
called a transformation. Transformations have extensive examples in various fields, namely in
physics (for example optical transformations), in biology (for example metamorphosis), in
computer science (data transformations), and so on.
Transformation in mathematics is a broad concept because there are linear transformations,
geometric transformations, and others. If it can be concluded in general, the definition of
transformation in mathematical language is a mapping of points in a plane to a set of points in
the same plane.
Linear transformations are basic in linear algebra in the form of functions. The linear
transformation in question is a movement from one space which is usually called a domain to
another space which is called a codomain. One of the discussions in algebra lectures is about
linear transformations, namely functions that can map one vector space to another vector space,
so that standard operations on vector spaces (addition and multiplication with scalars) still apply.
D. Instructions for Using the Module
This module is designed to facilitate you in carrying out activities independent learning.
To master this material well, follow along Instructions for using the following module.
1. Pray before studying this module.
2. Study the description of the material provided in each learning activity sequentially.
3. Pay attention to the problem solving examples provided and if so maybe try to do itagain.
4. Do the practice questions provided, then check the results of your work with answer keys
and discussion at the end of the module.
5. If you encounter problems in completing the practice questions, try to look return the
description of the material and examples of existing questions.
6. After doing the practice questions, do a self-assessment as a form of reflection from your
mastery of the material in learning activities.
7. At the end of the module, evaluation questions are provided, please do the evaluation
questions this is so that you can measure your mastery of the material in this module.
Match the work results with the answer key provided.
8. Remember, the success of the learning process in this module depends on your
seriousness to understand the contents of the module and practice independently.
E. Learning Materials
This module contains material on chain rule and includes material descriptions, example
questions, practice questions and evaluation questions.
 LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Linear Transformation ( Kernel and Range)
A. Learning Objective
1. Determine the kernel and range of a linear transformation
2. Determine the dimensions of the T range and the dimensions of the T kernel
3. Form a vector subspace from the kernel and range
B. Material Description
In this section, we will discuss the kernel and range. The definitions of kernel and range are as follows.

Definition 6.4. If 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊 is a linear transformation, then the set V that T maps to 𝑊 is called the
kernel (null space or center) of T. This set is denoted by 𝑘𝑒𝑟(𝑇), which is
ker 𝑉; 𝑇(𝑣 ) = ⃗0 }
Definition 6.5. If 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊 is a linear transformation, then the set W that is an image (map) under the
transformation T is called the range (image). It is denoted by R(T). In this case,

R 𝑊; 𝑤⃗⃗ = 𝑇(𝑣 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑣

A linear transformation (or a linear map) is a function T:Rn→Rm that satisfies the following
properties:

1. T(x+y)=T(x)+T(y)
2. T(ax)=aT(x)

for any vectors x,y∈Rn and any scalar a∈R . It is simple enough to identify whether or not a
given function f(x) is a linear transformation. Just look at each term of each component of f(x).
If each of these terms is a number times one of the components of x, then f is a linear
transformation.

Theorem 6.6 If 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊 is a linear transformation, then:

1) The kernel of 𝑇 is a subspace of 𝑉.
2) The range of 𝑇 is a subspace of 𝑊.
Proof
a. To prove that 𝐾𝑒𝑟(𝑇) is a subspace, we must it is shown that 𝐾𝑒𝑟(𝑇) contains at least
one vector, and is closed to scalar addition and multiplication operations.
According to Definition 6.5, at least vector 0 must be inside 𝐾𝑒𝑟(𝑇). Suppose the
vectors 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 are inside vectors 𝐾𝑒𝑟(𝑇), and taking any scalar 𝛼𝜖ℝ, then:
𝑇(𝑣1 + 𝑣2) = 𝑇(𝑣1) + 𝑇(𝑣2) = 0 + 0 = 0,
so that 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 𝜖𝐾𝑒𝑟(𝑇) , and
𝑇(𝛼𝑣1) = 𝛼𝑇(𝑣1) = 𝛼. 0 = 0, so 𝛼𝑣1 𝜖 𝐾𝑒𝑟(𝑇) .
So it is proven that 𝐾𝑒𝑟(𝑇) is a subspace.
 b. Since 𝑇(0) = 0, there is at least one vector in 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒(𝑇).
Let 𝑤1, 𝑤2 be any vectors in 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒(𝑇), and take any scalar 𝛼𝜖ℝ. It will be shown
that 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒(𝑇) is closed to the scalar addition and multiplication operations. From
Definition 6.5, this means that we must find vectors 𝑣 and 𝑢 in 𝑉, such that 𝑇(𝑣) = 𝑤1
+ 𝑤2 and 𝑇(𝑢) = 𝛼𝑤1.
Because 𝑤1, 𝑤2 𝜖 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒(𝑇), it means that there are vectors 𝑣1 𝜖 𝑉 and 𝑣2 𝜖 𝑉 such
that 𝑇(𝑣1) = 𝑤1 and 𝑇(𝑣2) = 𝑤2. If 𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 and 𝑢 = 𝛼𝑣1, then:
𝑇(𝑣) = 𝑇(𝑣1 + 𝑣2) = 𝑇(𝑣1) + 𝑇(𝑣2) = 𝑤1 + 𝑤2 𝜖 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒(𝑇)
and
𝑇(𝑢) = 𝑇( 𝛼𝑣1) = 𝛼 𝑇(𝑣1) = 𝛼𝑤1 𝜖 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒(𝑇) .
So it is proven that 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 of 𝑇 is a subspace of 𝑊.
Definition 6.7 If 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊 is a linear transformation, then the dimension of 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒(𝑇) is called
the rank of 𝑇 and the dimension of 𝐾𝑒𝑟(𝑇) is called the nullity of 𝑇.
Example :
It is known that the linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑅3 → 𝑃2 with

Determine the basis and dimensions of ker(𝑇) and 𝑅(𝑇) (R(T) is the range of T
Solution :

It can get that:

So,

So the transformation matrix for 𝑇 is

By performing an OBE on the enlarged matrix, it is obtained

So (0,0,0) is the only member of ker(T) .So, the basis of ker 𝑇 = { } and the nullity is zero
Then the column space basis of matrix 𝐴 is :

Therefore, the range basis of 𝑇 is:

so that rank (base dimension 𝑅( 𝑡 )=3

Therefore, the function f(x,y,z)=(3x−y,3z,0,z−2x) is a linear transformation, while neither

g(x,y,z)=(3x−y,3z+2,0,z−2x) nor h(x,y,z)=(3x−y,3xz,0,z−2x) are linear transformations.
The function h has a nonlinear component 3xz that disqualifies it. What about the function g?
It's the second component 3z+2 that's the problem because the term 2 is a constant that doesn't
contain any components of our input vector (x,y,z) It's easy to see that the function g violates the
second condition above. In particular, if you set a=0 in that second condition, you see that each
linear transformation must satisfy T(0)=0 but g(0,0,0)=(0,2,0,0). The condition for a linear
transformation is stronger than the condition one learns in grade school for a function whose
graph is a line. A single variable function f(x)=ax+b is not a linear transformation unless its y-
intercept b is zero.

If 𝑉 and 𝑊 are vector spaces and 𝑇 is a function that associates a unique vector in 𝑊 with a
vector in 𝑉, then we say 𝑇 maps 𝑉 into 𝑊, and we write 𝑇 ∶ 𝑉 → 𝑊. Furthermore, if 𝑇 associates
vector 𝑤 with vector 𝑣, then we write 𝑤 = 𝑇(𝑣) and we say that 𝑤 is the image of 𝑣 under 𝑇. For
example, if 𝑣 = (𝑥, 𝑦) is a vector in 𝑅2, with the formula:

𝑇(𝑣) = (𝑥, 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥 − 𝑦 )
Then we can define a function that maps 𝑅2 into 𝑅3. Specifically, for example 𝑣 = (1, 1), then 𝑥
= 1 and 𝑦 = 1, so that the image of 𝑣 under 𝑇 is 𝑇(𝑣) = (1, 2, 0).

When working with transformations T : Rm → Rn in Math 341, you found that any linear
transformation can be represented by multiplication by a matrix. At some point after that you
were introduced to the concepts of the null space and column space of a matrix. In this section
we present the analogous ideas for general vector spaces.
Definition 2.4: Let V and W be vector spaces, and let T : V → W be a transformation. We will
call V the domain of T , and W is the codomain of T .
Definition 2.5: Let V and W be vector spaces, and let T : V → W be a linear transformation.

• The set of all vectors v ∈ V for which T v = 0 is a subspace of V . It is called the kernel of T ,
And we will denote it by ker(T ).

• The set of all vectors w ∈ W such that w = T v for some v ∈ V is called the range of T . It is a
subspace of W , and is denoted ran(T ).
It is worth making a few comments about the above:
• The kernel and range “belong to” the transformation, not the vector spaces V and W . If we had
another linear transformation S : V → W , it would most likely have a different kernel and range.
• The kernel of T is a subspace of V , and the range of T is a subspace of W . The kernel and
range “live in different places.”
• The fact that T is linear is essential to the kernel and range being subspaces.
Definition. A linear equation is an equation of the form L(x) = b,
where L : V → W is a linear mapping, b is a given vector from W , and x is an unknown vector
from V . The range of L is the set of all vectors b ∈ W such that the equation L(x) = b has a
solution. The kernel of L is the solution set of the homogeneous linear equation L(x) = 0.

Let T denote such a function. The notation T:Rn↦Rm means that the function T transforms
vectors in Rn into vectors in Rm. The notation T(x⃗ ) means the transformation T applied to the
vector x⃗ . The above example demonstrated a transformation achieved by matrix multiplication.
In this case, we often write TA(x⃗ )=Ax⃗
Therefore, TA is the transformation determined by the matrix A. In this case we say that T is a
matrix transformation. Recall the property of matrix multiplication that states that for k and p
scalars, A(kB+pC)=kAB+pAC
In particular, for A an m×n matrix and B and C, n×1 vectors in Rn , this formula holds. In other
words, this means that matrix multiplication gives an example of a linear transformation, which
we will now define.
Recall that a function is a rule f that associates each element in the set 𝐴 with only one element
in the set 𝐵. If f associates element 𝑏 with element 𝑎, then: 𝑏 = 𝑓(𝑎)

𝑏 is the image of 𝑎 because 𝑓 or 𝑓(𝑎) is the value of 𝑓 in 𝑎. The most general functions are 𝐴 and
𝐵 which are sets of real numbers, where 𝑓 is called a real-valued function of a real variable.
The range or range of T, is also called the result area contained in the vector set W and is the
image or map of the vector in V.

NOTE: The set 𝑘𝑒𝑟(𝑇) is a subset of 𝑉, and 𝑅(𝑇) is a subset of 𝑊. These two sets are vector
subspaces.
C. Summary

 𝑇(𝛼𝑣1) = 𝛼𝑇(𝑣1) = 𝛼. 0 = 0, so 𝛼𝑣1 𝜖 𝐾𝑒𝑟(𝑇)

 basis of ker 𝑇 = { } and the nullity is zero
 if 𝑇 associates vector 𝑤 with vector 𝑣, then we write 𝑤 = 𝑇(𝑣) and we say that 𝑤 is the
image of 𝑣 under 𝑇
 In particular, for A an m×n matrix and B and C, n×1 vectors in Rn

D. Practice Questions
1. It is known that the linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑅3 → 𝑃2 with

a.
b. Determine the basis and dimensions of ker(𝑇) and 𝑅(𝑇) (R(T) is the range of T
2. Suppose T : P2 → R 2 is defined by
T ( a+bx +c x ) =
2 2a−b
2 a−4 c ( )
Which one represents ker ⁡(T )?
a) s1=4+3 x + x 2
b) s2=4+ 8 x +2 x 2
3. Given a linear transformation T : R 3 → R 2 which is defined by the following matrix:

A=
[ 10 2 −1
1 1 ]
Determine the kernel and range of the linear transformation T.

4. Let B= { (1 , 2 ,3 ) , ( 2 , 1 ,2 ) ,(3 , 4 ,5) } be a basis for R3 and a vector ⃗v =(4 , 5 , 4) in R3. Find
 the coordinate vector and coordinate matrix ⃗v with respect to base B.
5. From basis in question 11, find the vector ⃗v in R3 where ( ⃗v )B= (7 ,−8 , 6 )
6. The linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑅4 → 𝑅3 is defined by the equation
𝑤1 = 2𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 + 𝑥3 − 5𝑥4
𝑤2 = 4𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 + 𝑥4
𝑤3 = 5𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 4𝑥3
Get: a. transformation matrix notation
b. standard linear transformation matrix
c. image of point (1, −2, 0, 3)

Answer Key & Discussion

 Solution number 1

It can get that:

So,

So the transformation matrix for 𝑇 is

By performing an OBE on the enlarged matrix, it is obtained

So (0,0,0) is the only member of ker(T) .So, the basis of ker 𝑇 = { } and the nullity is zero
Then the column space basis of matrix 𝐴 is :

Therefore, the range basis of 𝑇 is:

so that rank (base dimension 𝑅( 𝑡 )=3

 Solution Number 2
a. T ( s 1) =T ( 4+3 x + x 2 ) ; a=4 , b=3 , c=1

¿
( 2 (4)−3
)()
2(4 )−4 (1)
5
= ≠ 0⃗
4

So, s1 ∉ker ( T )

b. T ( s 2) =T ( 4+ 8 x +2 x 2 ) ; a=4 , b=8 , c=2

¿
( 2(2)−4
2(4)−8
)
(2) 0
=( )=⃗0
0

So, s2 ∈ker ( T )
 Solution number 3
The kernel of a linear transformation T is the set of all vectors in R3that are mapped to the
zero vector by T. In other words, the kernel T is the solution of the following matrix equation:

Ax=0

Write the matrix equation in the form of a system of linear equations:

{x+y+2 yz=0
−z=0

Solving the system of linear equations, we get the following solution:

x=2 t y=−t z=t

With t as a free parameter. So, kernel T is the following set of vectors:

 {( ) }
2t
Ker (T )= −t :t ∈ R
t

In this case, since the matrix is already in echelon form, we can see that the first two columns
are linearly independent and will be the basis for the range of(T).

So, the range of (T) is the space generated by the first two columns of matrix (A), namely:

Range ( T )=span
{[ ] [ ]}
1 2
,
0 1

 Solutin Number 4
⃗v can be written as a linear combination.
(4 , 5 , 4)=k 1 ( 1 , 2 ,3 ) + k 2 ( 2 , 1 ,2 ) + k 3 (3 , 4 , 5)

From this linear combination form, three equations are obtained, namely
k 1 +2 k 2 +3 k 3=4
2 k 1 + k 2 +4 k 3=5
3 k 1 +2 k 2 +5 k 3=4

The solution of this system of equations is k 1=−3., k 2=−1, and k 3=3

Therefore, the coordinate vector and coordinate matrix are

[]
−3
( ⃗v )B= (−3 ,−1 ,3 )∧[ ⃗v ]B = −1
3
 Solution Number 5
We write it as a linear combination, so that
⃗v =7 ( 1 ,2 , 3 )−8 (2 , 1 ,2 )+ 6 ( 3 , 4 , 5 )=(9 , 30 ,35)

 Solution Number 6
a. Matrix notation
 b. Standard linear transformation matrix

c. Image of point (1, −2, 0, 3)

EVALUATION
1. Suppose T : R 3 → R 3 a is multiplication by matrix

[ ]
3 2 3
1 1 3
4 1 −6
Which of the matrices below lies in ker ⁡(T )

[]
−3
a. 6
−1

[]
2
b. −1
−4
2. Define the linear transformation T by T (x)= Ax . Find (a) the kernel of T and (b) the range of
T.

[ ]
1 3
A= −1 −3
2 2
3. Let V be the vector space of polynomials of maximum degree 2 and T be the linear
transformation defined as T ( p( x))= p '( x)+ p(1). Find the kernel and range of the
transformation T.
4. Given :
 For example : 𝑇: 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 with :

Determine the standard matrix!

5. Given :

If 𝑇: 𝑅3 → 𝑊 is a matrix transformation.

([ ]) ([ ])
x 1
Find T y and T 3
z 8

6. Let T : R 3 → R 2 is a defined by

([ ]) [
x
T y =
z
x−2 y
x+ z ]
Find the transformation matrices (T).
7. Let T : R 2 → R 2 is a defined linear operator

T
([ ]) [
x1
x2
=
2 x 1 +2 x 2
x 1−4 x 2 ]
Find the representation matrix T with respect to base B= {u⃗ 1 , u⃗ 2 } and u⃗ 1=(−3 , 5) and u⃗ 2=(2 ,−1)

8. Let T : R 2 → R 3 is a defined linear operator

[ ]
x− y
T
([ ])
x
y
= 2 x+ y
x−3 y

Find the representation matrix T with respect to base B= {u⃗ 1 , u⃗ 2 } where u⃗ 1=(3 ,−1) and

u⃗ 2=(−2 , 4) and B' ={ ⃗v 1 , ⃗v 2 , ⃗v 3 } where ⃗v 1=( 2 ,−3 , 1 ) , ⃗v 2=(−4 ,2 , 5 ) ,∧⃗v 3=( 3 ,−5 , 4 )

EVALUATION ANSWER KEY

 [ ] [ ][]
3 2 3 x1 0
1. T ( x )= Ax= 1 1 3 × x 2 = 0
4 1 −6 x3 0

[ ][ ][ ][]
3 2 3 −3 3 (−3 ) +2 ( 6 ) +3(−1) 0
a. 1 1 3 × 6 = 1 (−3 ) +1 ( 6 ) +3(−1) = 0
4 1 −6 −1 4 (−3 ) +1 ( 6 ) +(−6)(−1) 0

[]
−3
So, 6 lies on ker(T)
−1

[ ] [ ][ ][ ]
3 2 3 2 3 ( 2 )+ 2 (−1 )+3 (−4 ) −8
b. 1 1 3 × −1 = 1 ( 2 )+ 1 (−1 ) +3 (−4) = −11
4 1 −6 −4 4 ( 2 )+1 (−1 ) +(−6)(−4 ) 31

[]
2
So, −1 not lies on ker(T)
−4

2. a. The kernel of T, denoted ker ⁡(T ) consists of all vectors x ∈ R2 such that Ax=0.
To find ker ⁡(T ), solve the equation Ax=0:

[ ]
1 3
A= −1 −3
2 2
Perform row reduction on A

[ ][ ]
1 3 1 3
−1 −3 → 0 0
2 2 0 0

Form the reduce form, the equations are:

x 1+ 3 x 2=0

x 1=−3 x 2

So the kernel, ker ( T ) is spanned by the vector:

 [ ]
−3
1
Therefore, the kernel of T is

ker ( T )=span
[{ −31]}
b. The range of T, denoted range (T ) is the set of all possible outputs of T (x) as x varies over
2
R.
To find range (T ) , determine the span of the columns of A:

[ ]
1 3
A= −1 −3
2 2
Perform row reduction to find the column echelon from of A

[ ][ ]
1 3 1 3
−1 −3 → 0 0
2 2 0 0

The pivot columes correspond to :

[]
1
−1
2
Therefore, the range of T is spanned by :

{[ ]}
1
R ( T )=span −1
2

3. a.Kernel of T
The kernel of T is the set of all polynomials p ( x ) ∈ V such that T ( p ( x ) )=0
In this case, T ( p ( x ) )=0implies p' ( x ) + p ( 1 )=0
Steps to find ker ( T ) :

Let p(x )=a x 2 +bx +c , where p(x ) is a polynomial of degree at most 2.

Compute the first derivative of p(x ), p ' (x )=2 ax +b.
Apply the condition T ( p(x))=0
 '
p ( x ) + p ( 1 )=0 2 ax +b+ a+b+ c=02 ax +2 b+a+ c=0
Now we have a system of equations for a, b, and c
2 a=0 →a=0
−1
2 b+1=0 →b=
2
c=0
−1
Therefore, polynomials p(x ) in ker ⁡(T ) are of the form p ( x )= x+ c , where c is a
2
constant.
b. The range of is the set of all possible values T ( p ( x ) ) can take as p(x ) varies over V.
To determine range (T ), consider that every polynomial p(x )∈ V can be expressed as
2
p(x )=a x +bx +c .
T ( p(x))= p '( x)+ p(1)=2 ax +b+ a+b+ c=2 ax+ 2b +a+ c
In polynomial form, this means T ( p( x)) can be expressed as a linear polynomial with
coefficients that can vary.
Thus, range (T ) consists of all linear polynomials in x, or in other words, the set of all
polynomials in x with varying coefficients.
Therefore, the results for the kernel and range of the linear transformation T are:
1
ker (T )={− x +c ∣c ∈ R }, which represents the space of all constant polynomials.
2
range (T ) is the space of all linear polynomials in x, which can be expressed as ax +b ,
where a , b ∈ R .
4. Answer

,
Then,

is the standard matrix for 𝑇, 𝑇: 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 with

5.
 We get

So, 𝑇(1,3,8) is (38, −53)

() ()[
x x
6. T y = A y =
z z
x−2 y
x+z ]
)( ) [ ]
x
( 1 −2 0
1 0 1
y=
z
x−2 y
x+ z

So, T = ( 11 −2 0
0 1 )
7. First find T (⃗u1) and T (⃗u2 ) which is

T ( u⃗ 1 )=T
[−35]=[−234 ]∧T (u⃗ )=T [−12 ]=[ 26 ]
2

By writing T ( u⃗ 1 ) as a linear combination of u⃗ 1 , u⃗ 2 i.e

[−234 ]=k [−35]+ k [−12 ]

1 2

We get k 1=−6 and k 2=−7. So that

T ( u⃗ 1 )=
[−234 ]=−6 u⃗ −7 ⃗u
1 2

Then, by writing as a linear combination of which is

[ 26]=k [−35]+ k [−12 ]

1 2

We get k 1=2 and k 2=4 . So that

 T ( u⃗ 2 )=
[]
2
6
=2 u⃗ 1 +4 ⃗u2

Therefore

[ T (⃗u1) ]B = −6
'

−7 [ ]
, [ T (⃗u2 ) ]B = '
[ 24 ]
And

A=[ [ T (⃗u1) ]B [ T (⃗u2 ) ]B ]=

' '
[−6
−7 4 ]
2

8. First find T (⃗u1) and T (⃗u2 ) which is

[] [ ]
4 −6
T ( u⃗ 1 )=T
[ ]
3
−1
= 5 ∧T ( u⃗ 2 )=T
6
−2
4
= 0
−14
[ ]
By writing T ( u⃗ 1 ) as a linear combination of ⃗v 1 , ⃗v 2 , ⃗v 3 i.e

[] [ ] [ ] [ ]
4 2 −4 3
5 =k 1 −3 +k 2 2 + k 3 −5
6 1 5 4

We get k 1=−28 ,53 ., k 2=−4 ,53 , and k 3=14 , 3. So that

[]
4
T ( u⃗ 1 )= 5 =−28 , 53 ⃗v 1−4 , 53 ⃗v 2 +14 , 3 ⃗v 3
6

Then, by writing as a linear combination of which is

[ ] [] [] []
−6 2 −4 3
0 =k 1 −3 + k 2 2 +k 3 −5
−14 1 5 4

We get k 1=30 ,3 ., k 2=4 ,3 , and k 3=−16 , 46 . So that

[ ]
−6
T ( u⃗ 2 )= 0 =30 ,3 ⃗v 1+ 4 , 3 ⃗v 2−16 , 46 ⃗v 3
−14

Therefore

[ ] [ ]
−28 , 53 30 , 3
[ 1 ]B −4 ,53 [ 2 ] B
T (⃗
u ) = ' , T (⃗
u ) = 4 ,3 '

14 , 3 −16 , 46

And
 [ ]
−28 ,53 30 , 3
A=[ [ T (⃗u1) ]B [ T (⃗u2 ) ]B ]= −4 , 53
' ' 4 ,3
14 ,3 −16 , 46