This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2984613, IEEE Access

Date of publication xxxx 00, 0000, date of current version xxxx 00, 0000.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.Doi Number

Design and Fabrication of Wideband Dual-

polarized Dipole Array for 5G Wireless Systems
Sajjad Hussain, Student Member, IEEE, Shi-Wei Qu, Senior Member, IEEE, Wen-liang Zhou,
Peng Zhang and Shiwen Yang, Fellow, IEEE
School of Electronic Science & Engineering, University of electronic Science and technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 611731 China.

Corresponding author: Shi-Wei Qu (e-mail: shiweiqu@uestc.edu.cn).

This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 61271001.

ABSTRACT This paper presents simulation and measurement results of a wideband planar phased array
for 5G. The desired wideband operation is achieved using a tightly coupled dipole array (TCDA). The
proposed array consists of tightly coupled dipole units in dual-polarized configuration, and two thin
parasitic layers separated apart by air gap for wide-angle impedance matching (WAIM). The top matching
layer is loaded with a metasurface composed of sub-wavelength split-ring resonators (SRRs) to improve the
scanning performance of array. The infinite array achieved a bandwidth from 23.5 to 29.5 GHz, with
voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) < 3 for scan up to ± 60°in E, H and D-plane. The array has a height
of only 0.144λl , and it exhibits high gains, high efficiency > 71% (largest scan angle) and good cross-
polarization. The simulations are validated by fabrication and measurement of an array prototype, which
indicates agreement to simulated values. The proposed dual-polarized antenna array can be deployed in the
future beam scanning applications for 5G.

INDEX TERMS 5G, millimeter-wave, phased arrays, planar arrays, metasurface.

I. INTRODUCTION is narrow beam-width with limited coverage area. Therefore,

In less than a decade, 5G has transformed from a merely a in order to achieve both high gain and wide coverage for
distant concept to a reality with wireless access and services possible 5G mobile terminals, the use of phased array is a
begin to roll out across the globe. No doubt, 5G is not an promising solution.
evaluation but a big revolution unlike predecessor Planar phased arrays with high-gain performance and agile
generations. Thus in order to achieve its full potential beam switching are a key ingredient to unlock the true
requires end-to-end network transformations. potential of 5G technologies, to ensure coverage and better
5G technology promise extensive improvement in capacity at commercially allocated millimeter-wave
capacity to accommodate ever-increasing data demands. spectrum. Thus, many companies and research groups are
Millimeter-Wave bands are widely considered as rushing to design fixed wireless access and radio
prospective candidate for 5G, due to the large bandwidths front/backhaul equipment for 5G technology.
that can be exploited to improve the channel capacity, along Historically, mutual coupling amongst the elements was
with much-desired high data rates for users [1]. considered as a complication in the design of conventional
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has phased arrays. However, this is not the case, for tightly
proposed several millimeter–wave bands (above 24 GHz to coupled arrays (TCAs). These arrays exhibit characteristics
100 GHz) for fifth generation (5G) technology [2]. 26 GHz like wide band, wide-scan, low profile and low cross
(24.25 to 27.50 GHz) and 28 GHz (26.50 to 29.50 GHz) polarization levels, these features are in demand for future
bands are the two most promising bands for preliminary 5G wireless radio frontends. TCAs utilize capacitive coupling
commercial deployment. Although, increasing the between electrically small elements to support low-frequency
frequency, will result in higher path loss as evident from operation across a relatively large sub-array aperture with
Friis formula [3]. One possible solution is to enlarge the multiple elements, and consequently the current distribution
antenna aperture to achieve large transmission distances. can be equivalent to a sheet with uniform current as
Even though this can improve the antenna gain, the demerit theoretically proposed by Wheeler [4]. Meanwhile, B. A.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2984613, IEEE Access

Munk gave an explanation to the bandwidth enhancement plate, two WAIM layers, a pair of 50Ω SMP connector and a
from the input impedance point of view, i.e., due to the ground plane. The radiating layer consists of dipoles
cancellation of the inductance from the ground by the arranged in a dual-polarized frame with strong capacitive
capacitance of the tightly coupled elements. This was coupling amongst cross-polarized elements. The tightly
implemented on capacitively coupled dipoles with dielectric coupled dipoles placed over the ground plane and matching
layers above the ground plane for the first time in 2003 [5]. layers altogether provide wideband operation and wide-scan
Many TCDA based phased arrays has been designed in performance. Capacitively coupled dipoles are implanted on
recent years mainly for sub-6 GHz [6-8], X-band [9-11] and dielectric material layers above the ground plane in
Ku-band [11-13]. However, very few millimeter wave bands orthogonal topology to achieve dual polarized aperture.
designs are reported, for commercial applications. Although, Although, array elements, are placed in close proximity to
TCAs are in military use for many years with very wideband the ground plane (0.15𝜆ℎ ), but still maintained good radiating
capabilities, however, due to the release of millimeter-wave efficiency because, the input impedance is well matched.
frequencies for 5G these arrays are now actively considered The dipoles are fed by perfect electric conductor (PEC)
for commercial deployment. The commercial demands are vias. The metallic plate is printed on dielectric beneath the
different from military. An ultra-wideband (UWB) phased dipole arms loaded with a shorting via. The upper wide-angle
array, capable of covering 5G bands in millimeter wave impedance matching layer loaded with split-ring resonators
spectrum with VSWR < 3 for ± 45◦ scanning in E and H- (SRRs) is used to improve scanning performance especially
plane [14]. Another millimeter wave differential phased array in H-plane.
[15] with polarization diversity across 5G bands is excited by The dipole arms are printed on substrate layers, bonded
twin line differential feed. Most of these designs are single together using Rogers RO4450F bondply with 𝜀𝑟 = 3.52, tan
polarized with maximum scanning range ± 45◦ (see section 𝛿 = 0.004, with thickness of 0.101 mm. Rogers RT/duriod
III for comparison). The main contribution of this work is to 5880 with 𝜀𝑟 = 2.2, tan 𝛿 = 0.0009 is used as aperture
design and verify the phased array with below mentioned substrate. Two layers each 0.13 mm thick of Rogers
goals. RO3003 𝜀𝑟 = 3, tan 𝛿 = 0.0010, apart by an air gap of 2 mm
1) An array with sufficient bandwidth to cover both 26 and is placed above dipoles acts as Wide Angle Impedance
28 GHz bands. Since these are preliminary bands for 5G Matching (WAIM) layer. 7 mm thick, aluminum is acting
commercial deployment at millimeter-wave spectrum, with as ground, appropriate thickness is chosen to accommodate
fuzz button based SMP connector. The square unit cell has
active VSWR < 3 over the scan range.
length 5.4 mm a little more than half of wavelength, at the
2) Scan up to ±60°in all planes.
highest frequency.
3) Planar geometry with simple feeding structure.
The unit element simulations are carried under periodic
The mentioned objectives are not reported in literature so boundary condition using HFSS. The radiating layer
far, particular to preliminary commercially attractive 5G consists of dipoles arranged in a dual-polarized frame with
bands to the author’s knowledge. In this work a 12 ×12 array strong capacitive coupling amongst cross-polarized
prototype is manufactured using the standard PCB elements. The tightly coupled dipoles placed over the
technology, operating over 23.5 -29.5 GHz. The prototype ground plane and matching layers altogether provide
array is achieving over 23% fractional bandwidth with active wideband operation and wide-scan performance.
VSWR < 3 while scanning up to ± 60◦, in all planes. The Impedance matching is fundamental in order to achieve a
measured performance is in good agreement with the wideband radiating aperture. Hence, careful selection and
simulation results, with array presenting good beam steering optimization of element type and coupling, spacing of
property in E, H and D-plane. The metasurface consists of ground plane, and parasitic matching layers resulted in
SRRs is used for impedance matching, metasurfaces are almost constant impedance for our desired frequency band.
more actively used in different antenna designs as it is used
for linear-to-circular polarization conversion in [16]. The A. IMPEDANCE
radiation and scattering performances are presented and The working principle of array is based on Munk current
discussed to verify the design. sheet array (CSA) concept [5]. The theoretical background of
The paper is organized as follows. Section II discusses the CSA is based on analyzing the impedance response of each
design method, working principle and simulated performance component in the design to attain total impedance behavior
of unit cell. Fabrication details of array, comparison between of array. Suitable selection of antenna element type and
simulation and measurement results are given in Section III coupling, spacing from ground plane, and matching layers
and Section IV provides the conclusion of this work. results in almost constant impedance over wide range of
frequencies although, the individual impedance values vary
II. ANTENNA CONFIGURATION AND OPERATING over frequency. The capacitive coupling among neighboring
PRINCIPLE elements is utilized to overcome inductive loading from
The detailed configuration of the proposed unit cell is shown ground plane.
in Fig. 1. The antenna element consists of dipoles, a circular

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2984613, IEEE Access

TABLE I elements is shown in Fig. 2, which is an accurate equivalence

UNIT CELL GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS AND DIMENSIONS
of the impedance response of the array.
Value Value
Thickness Dimensions (mm) Impedance observed from array terminals combine in
(mm)
parallel, thus input impedance of dipole arms 𝑍𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑍𝐺𝑃
𝑡1,3,4 0.127 𝑟𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 1.1
+ 𝑍𝑃𝑃 . The impedance viewed from the array terminals
𝑡2 0.787 𝐷𝑥 , 𝐷𝑦 5.4
𝑡𝑏𝑙 0.101 𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑎 0.2 towards the ground plane is 𝑍𝐺𝑃 and is the impedance viewed
𝑡𝑚𝑙 0.13 𝜀𝑟1 2.2 from the array terminals towards free space through the
𝑡𝑎𝑔 2 𝜀𝑟2 3.52 WAIM layers is 𝑍𝑃𝑃 . The impedances viewed from array
𝑡𝑔 7 𝜀𝑟3 3.0 terminals combined in parallel because these values are
transformed along the suitable electrical distances to be
coincident at array terminals.
Just assume for one polarization, E and H planes are
aligned similar as x and y-axis respectively, thus TE and TM
polarizations are in y and x directions, respectively. The
lattice spacing between the metasurface elements is much
smaller than the array itself therefore, and therefore
metasurface can be considered as homogenized structure in
xy plane. Similar assumption can be made for other
polarization in dual polarization case. The impedance
perceived by dipole arms is not the impedance of just
metasurface itself but free space impedance behind the
metasurface is shunted with it. Referring to [17] in TM
polarization, a small reactive component is due to
(a) metasurface impedance. Thus, the impedance looking into
the metasurface backed by free space is quite similar to free-
space TM wave impedance. The TM polarization dominates
in E-planes, and thus verifies and explains the outcome of
metasurface minimum impact on E-plane scan, with a
significant improvement in H-plane scan.

(b)

(c) FIGURE 2. Equivalent circuit of array.

FIGURE 1. Geometry of TCDA unit element (a) Top view without

matching layers (b) Side view (green indicates bonding layers) (c) SRR B. INFINITE ARRAY PERFORMANCE
loaded matching layer (isometric view). Unit element impedance well matched to 50Ω input
Some assumptions are made to apply CSA approach that impedance leading to wideband operation. VSWR values for
includes the array is of infinite size, the elements are both ports of unit cell are shown in Fig. 3. It is observed that
electrically short. Following the mentioned assumptions, the the VSWR remains < 2.5 across the almost entire band at
equivalent circuit of array of tightly coupled dipoles spaced broadside and scans up to ± 45° for both planes.
above ground plane with two dielectric layer above the Furthermore, when scanning even up to ± 60° for both

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2984613, IEEE Access

polarizations in all planes, the array maintains 6 dB return- possible, to simulate and measure the finite array under
loss operating bandwidth from 23.5 to 29.5 GHz. single polarization excitation.

(a)
FIGURE. 4. Orthogonal port isolation vs. frequency for broadside and
scans.

C. ROLE OF MATCHING LAYERS

Use of dielectric WAIM is one way to increase the
bandwidth of TCDA. These superstrates act as impedance
matching sections in order to match the impedance of array
with free-space impedance. In this design a metasurface
loaded with a parasitic layer of sub-wavelength SRRs is
used. A 5 ×5 sheet of SRR having lattice spacing Δ𝑥,𝑦 =
0.08λ0 is deployed (Fig. 1. c).
The SRR response depends on a magnetic vector normal to
the plane containing the split rings hence; metasurface is
tuned to improve the scan range of array in H-plane, as
already explained. Due to the appropriate distance 0.2𝜆0
(b) above dipole arms and sub-wavelength size of SRRs
(nearly 0.1𝜆0 ), H-plane scan up to ±60°is achieved.

(c)
FIGURE 3. Simulated infinite array VSWR Port 1 and 2 (a) E-plane (b) H-
plane (c) D-plane.
The array also exhibits high cross-polarization FIGURE. 5. Air gap variations between matching layers, and its effect
on 60°H-plane scan performance.
isolation. The port isolation remains below -10 dB for all
Metasurface loaded matching layer over the dipole arms
scan cases across the band as depicted in Fig. 4. Thus,
with suitable distance from dipoles is influential to achieve
acceptable port isolation amongst the two ports made it
wide H-plane scan, as already explained. Simulated
4

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2984613, IEEE Access

variations with different air gap variations for just ±60°scan holes one at each corner is drilled through the array PCB
for both ports are presented in Fig. 5. As evident, a 2 mm gap dielectric layers, to fasten the PCB with ground to perform
is appropriate to achieve 60°scan in for both polarizations. measurements. An aluminum ground, with special 0.02 mm
tin coating, in order to bond with multilayer substrate with
D. ROLE OF METAL PLATE total thickness of 7 mm is placed under the substrate, to
Array elements are closely spaced, separated by a small gap. accommodate fuzz button based SMP connector. Spring like
The gap created capacitance between the neighboring fuzz button connector is used for a solider less connection in
elements and is useful in achieving wideband. Capacitance is order to excite the array. The overall dimensions of 12 × 12
further facilitated by introducing a circular plate. This array are 85.6 ×85.6 ×10.7 mm3.
metallic plate etched beneath the dipoles is loaded with via. The bandwidth of finite array is affected when array
This configuration is helpful to mitigate the common mode aperture is truncated. Finite array bandwidth not only
resonance at the broadside, without affecting the bandwidth depends on the aperture shape and size, but also on type of
at the lower end of the band. Moreover, this structure boosts element. It is observed that the elements towards the array
inter-dipole capacitance and is useful to achieve wide scan E- periphery when excited detune the active VSWR of center
plane performance. elements. To minimize the effect of finite array on
After attempting several radii of the metal plate, a suitable performance, edge element termination technique is used.
size presented here is the best in terms of wide-scan This is done by exciting elements around the center of array
performance. To elaborate the influence on beam scan of the and not exciting the peripheral elements as shown in Fig. 7
wide-scan E-plane performance, some random variations are (b).
shown in Fig. 6 for 60°scan.
A. ACTIVE VSWR
In array scenario, all elements are excited together.
Therefore, active VSWR that considers the effect mutual
coupling is used to analyze. The active VSWR (50Ω) is
measured at a central element of array to validate the scan

(a) (b)

FIGURE 7. Fabricated 12 × 12 array prototype, (a) top view, without

FIGURE 6. Variations in the radius of via loaded metal plate and matching layers, showing etched dipoles (b) bottom view of ground
corresponding E-plane 60°scan. plane with 64-element excited using fuzz button based SMP connector.

III. PROTOTYPE FABRICATION AND RESULTS performance. The reflection coefficient of selected port and
A 12 × 12 array is fabricated with Port 2 excitation with Port the transmission coefficient between this port and all other
1 as short circuit, to avoid too much simulation resources and ports are measured one by one using a vector network
time, since dual polarizations have already been verified for analyzer (N5244A). Later the active reflection coefficient of
an 8 × 8 array [18]. As evident from unit element outcomes central element is calculated using summation formula given
both polarizations are identical and orthogonal to each other below.
with acceptable orthogonal port isolation thus, validation of 𝑁
𝑎𝑛
one validates the other. Tile architecture arrays is an industry 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑚 = ∑ 𝑆 𝑚 = 1,2, . . . , 𝑁 (1)
𝑎𝑚 𝑚𝑛
trend, where different layers placed parallel to the face, 𝑛=1

integrated into a single multilayer structure with Tx/Rx Here Active 𝑆𝑚 symbolizes the reflection coefficient of
modules loaded beneath. Same approach is used to feed the central element. 𝑆𝑚𝑛 is the measured complex S-parameter
designed array. between Ports m and n, 𝑎𝑚 and 𝑎𝑛 are the corresponding
Prototype array is a low cost, multilayer PCB arrangement, complex excitations, and N is the count of elements.
as depicted in Fig. 7. The air gap is replaced by 2 mm thick Eventually, the active VSWR of central element is (1 +
Rohacell material with 𝜀𝑟 = 1.09 and tan 𝛿 = 0.0015. Four Active 𝑆𝑚 )/(1 – Active 𝑆𝑚 ).

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2984613, IEEE Access

Both full wave simulation results and measurement

outcomes agree reasonably well with each other, successfully
demonstrate broad impedance bandwidth from 23.5 to 29.5
GHz out to ±60°scan in E, H and D-planes. The measured 8
x 8 array active VSWR results, which are compared with the
simulated values of the array with same number of elements
as shown in Fig. 8 (a, b, c). The measured values largely
follow the same trends as the array simulations, however a
slight upward shift of values is observed. The measured
active VSWR remains < 3 across almost entire band except
for a few lower frequencies for E-plane. Better active VSWR
values are observed at the upper end of the band, during
measurements.
The minor disagreement at the band edges is due to
fabrication tolerance and the impact of high frequency
connectors. Nonetheless, results show acceptable (c)
performance over the operational band. The array presents an FIGURE 8. Simulated (solid line) and measured (dotted line) active
VSWR for 8 × 8 excited elements (a) E-plane (b) H-plane (c) D-plane.
effective and low-cost solution for beam scan
implementation for 26 and 28 GHz 5G bands.
B. ARRAY POLARIZATION AND EFFICIENCY
The measured broadside realized gain for 32 elements (16
for each polarization) as a function of frequency is plotted in
Fig. 9, corresponding simulated gain is given for comparison.
The measured co-polarized gain is in good consistency with
the simulations, with less than 2.2 dB variations, indicating
high efficiency. The measured cross-polarization values
hover around -15 dB. Good agreement is observed for co-
polarized and cross-polarized gain values, verifying the
finite array simulations.
The measurements of radiation pattern are obtained by unit
excitation active element pattern (UEAEP) method [19].
Using this far field gain patterns of array elements are
measured one after the other in the anechoic chamber, with
other ports being terminated with 50Ω matched loads. The
measured element gain patterns are then combined with
equal amplitude weightings and corresponding progressive
(a) phase.

(b)
FIGURE 9. Measured (Red) and simulated (Blue) broadside realized
gain of 32 elements in array (16 for each polarization) versus frequency.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2984613, IEEE Access

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝜂𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 = (2)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

In Table II, the proposed array is compared with the recent

millimeter wave arrays publications in terms of maximum
scan range and array profile. Although, the prototypes listed
in the table II are nearly same profile and size, mostly only
achieve maximum scan angle to ±45°under single polarized
case. It is noted that this work achieved a wide scan range
while having element size nearly equal to half of a
wavelength at the highest frequency. Moreover, the proposed
array has a wider scan range as well as thin superstrates and
largest unit element size. These attributes along with same
scan range in both planes for both polarizations make it a
suitable choice for utilization at promising 26 and 28 GHz
bands, which are actively considered for preliminary 5G
(a) commercial launch.
TABLE II
COMPARISON WITH SOME RECENT DESIGNS

Max. scan angle Polarization

Ref. 𝐷𝑥 × 𝐷𝑦 A 𝐷𝑧 A E & H-plane

[14] 0.49×0.49 0.39 ±45° Single

[15] 0.47×0.47 0.38 ±60° Single
[20] 0.44×0.44 0.37 ±60° Dual
[21] 0.48×0.48 0.37 ±45° Single
Our 0.53×0.53 0.37 ±60° Dual
A
in terms of 𝜆ℎ

IV. CONCLUSION
The design, simulation and measurement results for a
wideband dual-polarized tightly coupled phased array have
been presented. The array is low-profile, wide-scan and has
(b) good cross-polarization and consistent radiation patterns. The
FIGURE. 10. Measured (dashed line) and simulated (solid line) scan
patterns of array (32 elements) at 26.5 GHz for scan to 0° (Red), ± 30° top metasurface loaded parasitic layer is beneficial to achieve
(Green), ± 45°(Blue) and ± 60°(Magenta) (a) E-plane (b) H-plane. wide H-scan performance, while the circular metallic plate is
Fig. 10 (a, b) present the measured radiation patterns at handy to achieve wide scan in E-plane. The measured results
central frequency (26.5 GHz) while scanning to broadside, ± show that the scanning range of the designed array with
30°, ± 45°, and ± 60°in E and H-plane, respectively. Since metasurface loaded matching layer is up to ±60°in E, H and
the pattern and maximum scan angles that are already D-planes at 26 GHz and 28 GHz 5G bands. Measurements
verified for E and H-plane, therefore, the D-plane scanning is confirm the feasibility of the antenna for 5G base station
not shown here because it is an approximate average, of the applications due to its compactness and wide scanning in
principle planes scanning. three planes.
The arrays beams are well maintained with specific
REFERENCES
directivities as the array is scanned. It is evident that [1] J. G. Andrews, S. Buzzi,W. Choi, S. V. Hanly, A. Lozano, A. C. K.
measured pattern outcomes are in agreement with simulated. Soong, and J. C. Zhang, “What will 5g be?,” IEEE Journal on Selected
The minor discrepancies are mainly due to surface waves that Areas in Communications, vol. 32, pp. 1065–1082, June 2014.
[2] “Report of the CPM on technical, operational and regulatory/
only exist in finite array and propagate along the array, procedural matters to be considered by the World Radiocommunication
because of reflections from the array edges. Conference 2019.” https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/act/ R-ACT-
The efficiency of finite array is calculated using Eq. 2, for CPM-2019-PDF-E.pdf. [Online; accessed 19-Janurary-2020].
broadside and different scan angles. This presents the [3] D. M. Pozar, Microwave engineering; 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley,
2005.
percentage of accepted power radiated. It accounts for loss [4] H. Wheeler, “Simple relations derived fom a phased-array antenna
in conductors and dielectrics, as well as the influence due to made of an infinite current sheet,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
cross polarizations. Highest value of efficiency is observed Propagation, vol. 13, pp. 506–514, July 1965.
at 29.5 GHz > 87% for broadside and lowest value is > 71% [5] B. Munk, R. Taylor, T. Durharn, W. Croswell, B. Pigon, R. Boozer, S.
for scan to ±60°at 26.5 GHz. Brown, M. Jones, J. Pryor, S. Ortiz, J. Rawnick, K. Krebs, M. Vanstrum,
G. Gothard, and D. Wiebelt, “A low-profile broadband phased array

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2984613, IEEE Access

antenna,” in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International [21] M. H. Novak, J. L. Volakis, and F. A. Miranda, “Low cost ultra-
Symposium. Digest. Held in conjunction with: USNC/CNC/URSI North wideband millimeter-wave array,” in 2016 IEEE International Symposium
American Radio Sci. Meeting (Cat. No.03CH37450), vol. 2, pp. 448–451 on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI), pp. 1841–1842, June 2016.
vol.2, June 2003.
[6] H. Zhang, S. Yang, S. Xiao, Y. Chen, S. Qu, and J. Hu,
“Ultrawideband phased antenna arrays based on tightly coupled open
folded dipoles,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 18,
pp. 378–382, Feb 2019.
[7] Y. Wang, L. Zhu, H. Wang, Y. Luo, and G. Yang, “A compact,
scanning tightly coupled dipole array with parasitic strips for next- SAJJAD HUSSAIN (Student Member, IEEE)
generation wireless applications,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless was born in Khushab, Punjab, Pakistan. He is
Propagation Letters, vol. 17, pp. 534–537, April 2018. currently pursing Ph.D. in Electronics
[8] S. Xiao, S. Yang, H. Zhang, H. Bao, Y. Chen, and S. Qu, “A low Engineering (electromagnetic and microwave
profile wideband tightly coupled dipole array with reduced scattering technology) at University of Electronic Science
using polarization conversion metamaterial,” IEEE Transactions on and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu,
China. He received M.Sc. degree in
Antennas and Propagation, vol. 67, pp. 5353–5361, Aug 2019.
telecommunication engineering from University
[9] R. Xia, S. Qu, S. Yang, and Y. Chen, “Wideband wide-scanning of Engineering and Technology (UET), Taxila,
phased array with connected backed cavities and parasitic striplines,” Pakistan in 2013 and B.Eng. in Electrical from
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 66, pp. 1767–1775, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan in 2008. His current research interests
April 2018. include UWB antennas and phased array antennas.
[10] J. A. Kasemodel, C. Chen, and J. L. Volakis, “Wideband planar array
with integrated feed and matching network for wide-angle scanning,” SHIWEI QU (Senior Member, IEEE) was born
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 61, pp. 4528–4537, in China, in 1980. He received the B.Eng. and
M.Sc. degrees from the University of Electronic
Sep. 2013.
Science and Technology of China (UESTC),
[11] W. Zhou, Y. Chen, and S. Yang, “Dual-polarized tightly coupled Chengdu, China, in 2001 and 2006, respectively,
dipole array for x-band satellite applications,” IEEE Antennas and and the Ph.D. degree from the City University of
Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 18, pp. 467–471, March 2019. Hong Kong (CityU), Hong Kong, in 2009. He
[12] S. E. Valavan, D. Tran, A. G. Yarovoy, and A. G. Roederer, “Dual- was with the Tenth Institute of Chinese
band wide-angle scanning planar phased array in x/ku-bands,” IEEE Information Industry, Taiwan, from 2001 to
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 62, pp. 2514–2521, May 2002. He was a Research Assistant with the Department of Electronic
Engineering, CityU, from 2006 to 2007. He was a COE (Global Center of
2014.
Excellence) Research Fellow and a Postdoctoral Fellow with Tohoku
[13] J. T. Logan, R. W. Kindt, M. Y. Lee, and M. N. Vouvakis, “A new University, Sendai, Japan, from 2009 to 2010. He is currently an External
class of planar ultrawideband modular antenna arrays with improved Member of the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Partner
bandwidth,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 66, pp. Laboratory, CityU, and also a Full Professor with the School of Electronic
692–701, Feb 2018. Engineering, UESTC. He has authored or coauthored over 70
[14] M. H. Novak, F. A. Miranda, and J. L. Volakis, “Ultra-wideband internationally refereed papers and over 50 international conference
phased array for millimeter-wave ism and 5g bands, realized in pcb,” papers. His current research interests include UWB antennas and arrays,
phased arrays, and millimeter-wave/terahertz antennas and arrays.
IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 66, pp. 6930–6938,
Dec 2018. WEN-LIANG ZHOU was born in Jiangxi,
[15] A. D. Johnson, S. B. Venkatakrishnan, E. A. Alwan, and J. L. China, in 1994. He received the B.E. degree from
Volakis, “Suppressing e-plane scan resonance for uwb millimeter-wave the University of Electronic Science and
differential phased array,” in 2019 International Applied Computational Technology of China, Chengdu, China, in 2017,
Electromagnetics Society Symposium (ACES), pp. 1–2, April 2019. where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree
in electromagnetic and microwave technology.
[16] H. L. Zhu, S. W. Cheung, K. L. Chung and T. I. Yuk, "Linear-to-
His current research interests include ultra-
Circular Polarization Conversion Using Metasurface," in IEEE wideband, wide angle scanning phased array
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 4615-4623, antennas and shared aperture antennas.
Sept. 2013.
[17] T. R. Cameron and G. V. Eleftheriades, “Analysis and
characterization of a wide-angle impedance matching metasurface for PENG ZHANG was born in Henan, China, in
dipole phased arrays,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1996. He received the B.Eng. degree in
electronic engineering from the University of
vol. 63, pp. 3928–3938, Sep. 2015.
Electronic Science and Technology of China
[18] S. Hussain and S. Qu, “A compact wideband, wide-scan millimeter- (UESTC), Chengdu, China, in 2018, where he is
wave antenna array for 5g wireless applications,” in ICC 2019 - 2019 currently pursuing the M.Sc. degree in
IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 1–5, May electromagnetic and microwave technology. His
2019. current research interests include dual-polarized
[19] D. M. Pozar, “The active element pattern,” IEEE Transactions on antennas and phased arrays.
Antennas and Propagation, vol. 42, pp. 1176–1178, Aug 1994.
[20] S. M. Moghaddam, J. Yang, and A. A. Glazunov, “A planar dual-
polarized ultra-wideband millimeter-wave array antenna,” in 12th
European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018), pp. 1–
3, April 2018.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2984613, IEEE Access

SHIWEN YANG (Fellow, IEEE) was born in

Langzhong, Sichuan, China, in 1967. He
received the B.S. degree in electronic science and
technology from East China Normal University,
Shanghai, China, in 1989, and the M.S. degree in
electromagnetic and microwave technology and
the Ph.D. degree in physical electronics from the
University of Electronic Science and Technology
of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China, in 1992 and
1998, respectively. From 1994 to 1998, he was a
Lecturer with the Institute of High Energy
Electronics, UESTC. From 1998 to 2001, he was a Research Fellow with
the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore. From 2002 to 2005, he was a
Research Scientist with Temasek Laboratories, National University of
Singapore, Singapore. Since 2005, he has been a Full Professor with the
School of Electronic Engineering, UESTC. He has been a Chang-Jiang
Professor nominated by the Ministry of Education of China, since 2015.
He has authored or coauthored over 300 technical papers. His current
research interests include antennas, antennas arrays, optimization
techniques, and computational electromagnetics.
Prof. Yang was a recipient of the Foundation for China Distinguished
Young Investigator presented by the National Natural Science Foundation
of China, in 2011. He is currently the Chair of the IEEE Chengdu
AP/EMC Joint Chapter and serves as an Editorial Board Member for the
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation and the Chinese Journal
of Electronics.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.