Q1.

This question is about energy change.

A student investigated the temperature change when 10 g of ammonium nitrate was

added to 100 cm3 of water.

This is the method used.

1. Measure the temperature of 100 cm3 of water.
2. Add 10 g of ammonium nitrate.
3. Stir once.
4. Measure the temperature of the solution every minute for 7 minutes.

Figure 1 shows the apparatus.

Figure 1

(a) What is the dependent variable in this investigation?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Give three improvements to the investigation to make the results more accurate.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Figure 2 shows the results.

Figure 2

Page 1 of 13
 Explain the results.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(d) Draw a reaction profile for an exothermic reaction.

You should label:

• the energy level of the reactants and of the products
• the activation energy
• the overall energy change.

Page 2 of 13
 (4)
(Total 12 marks)

Q2.
Carbon can exist in a number of different structures.

(a) The first fullerene to be discovered was Buckminsterfullerene.

What is the formula of Buckminsterfullerene?

Tick (✓) one box.

C40

C50

C60

C70

(1)

(b) Graphite is a form of carbon.

Explain why graphite conducts electricity.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.

(c) Explain why steel is harder than iron.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 3 of 13
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) Iron is alloyed with carbon and other metals to make stainless steel.

A stainless steel fork contains 71.92% iron.

The table below shows the mass of each element in the fork.

Element Iron Carbon Chromium Nickel

Mass of element in g X 0.05 10.44 5.80

Calculate the mass of iron (X) in the fork.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

X = __________ g
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Q3.
This question is about the electrolysis of aqueous solutions.

Hydrogen gas and chlorine gas are produced when sodium chloride solution is
electrolysed.

(a) Hydrogen ions (H+) are attracted to the negative electrode.

The half equation for the reaction at the negative electrode is:

2 H+ + 2 e– → H2

What type of reaction happens at the negative electrode?

Give the reason for your answer.

Type of reaction _____________________________________________________

Page 4 of 13
 Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Chloride ions are attracted to the positive electrode.

Complete the half equation for the production of chlorine gas (Cl2).

___ Cl– → _______ + _______

(2)

(c) Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are produced when sodium sulfate solution is
electrolysed.

Explain how oxygen gas is produced in the electrolysis of sodium sulfate solution.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Q4.
Metal oxides are produced when metals are heated in air.

A student investigated the change in mass when 0.12 g of magnesium was heated in air.

The figure below shows the apparatus.

The student measured the mass of magnesium oxide produced.

(a) 0.12 g of magnesium reacted to produce 0.20 g of magnesium oxide.

Page 5 of 13
 Calculate the number of moles of oxygen gas (O2) that reacted.

Relative atomic mass (Ar): O = 16

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Moles of oxygen gas = _______________

(3)

(b) The student repeated the experiment without a lid on the crucible.

Suggest why the mass of magnesium oxide produced would be different without a
lid on the crucible.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Copper reacts with oxygen to produce copper oxide.

63.5 g of copper produces 79.5 g of copper oxide.

Calculate the mass of copper oxide produced when 0.50 g of copper reacts with
oxygen.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mass (3 significant figures) = __________ g

(3)

(d) Iron reacts with oxygen to produce an oxide of iron.

0.015 moles of iron reacts with 0.010 moles of oxygen gas (O2).

Determine:
• the formula of the iron oxide produced
• the balanced symbol equation for the reaction.

Page 6 of 13
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Formula of iron oxide = _______________

Balanced symbol equation

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

Q5.
Methane, ethane, propane and butane all react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide
and water.

(a) Suggest why a mixture of methane and oxygen does not react at room temperature.

Answer in terms of particles.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Table 1 shows the energy released when methane, ethane and propane react with
oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Table 1

Compound reacted with oxygen

Methane Ethane Propane

Formula of compound CH4 C2 H6 C3 H8

Energy released in
680 1160 1640
kJ/mol

Predict the energy released when butane (C4H10) reacts with oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide and water.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Energy released = __________ kJ/mol

(1)

(c) Propane reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Page 7 of 13
The displayed formula equation for the reaction is:

The reaction is exothermic.

In the reaction, the energy released when forming new bonds is 1640 kJ/mol greater
than the energy needed when breaking bonds.

Table 2 shows bond energies.

Table 2

Bond H–C C–C O=O C=O O–H

Bond energy in
410 X 500 740 460
kJ/mol

Calculate the C––C bond energy (X).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

X = __________ kJ/mol
(5)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 8 of 13
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) temperature (of solution)
allow temperature change
1

(b) any three from:

• insulate the beaker

or
use polystyrene cup

• add a lid

• stir more (times)

• repeat the experiment and calculate the mean (ignoring anomalous

results)

• use smaller volume (of water)

• use larger mass of ammonium nitrate

• more accurate balance

• use digital thermometer

or
use a more accurate thermometer
3

(c) (from 0 to 1.5 minutes the) temperature decreases

allow the temperature decreases (from 21.4 ⁰C to
15.4 ⁰C)
1

(because) ammonium nitrate dissolving is endothermic

1

(then) after 1.5 minutes the temperature increases

(then) after 15.4 ⁰C the temperature increases
1

(because) energy transfers to the solution from the surroundings

1

(d) labelled horizontal lines for reactants and products, with the product line below
the level of the reactant line
1

reaction pathway
allow curve to start / finish anywhere along
reactant / product lines
1

line from reactants to maximum labelled activation energy

Page 9 of 13
 1

line from reactants to products labelled overall energy change

the diagram below scores 4 marks

1
[12]

Q2.
(a) C60
1

(b) (graphite has) delocalised electrons

1

(so the delocalised electrons) carry electrical charge through the structure
allow (so the delocalised electrons) move
through the structure
1

(c) carbon atoms have different sizes to iron atoms / ions

1

(so carbon atoms) distort the layers of iron atoms / ions

1

(therefore) the layers cannot slide

1

(d) (percentage and mass of other elements)

28.08 (%) = 16.29 (g)
1

(mass of fork) =
1

= 58.01 (g)
1

(mass of iron =
71.92
allow (mass of fork – mass of other elements) =
41.72 (g)

Page 10 of 13
 allow 41.7 (g)
allow correct use of incorrect calculation of mass
and / or percentages
1
[10]

Q3.
(a) reduction
ignore electrolysis
1

(as H+ ions) gain electrons

1

(b) 2 Cl– → Cl2 + 2 e–

allow 2 Cl– – 2 e– → Cl2

ignore state symbols
allow 1 mark for Cl2 + e–
allow 1 mark for – e– (on lhs) and Cl2 (on rhs)
2

(c) water molecules

1

break down to produce OH– ions

allow dissociate to produce OH– ions
1

(which are) attracted to the positive electrode

1

(where OH– ions are) oxidised

or
(where OH– ions) lose electrons
ignore discharged
ignore oxygen is produced as no halide is
present
1
[8]

Q4.
(a) (mass of oxygen = 0.20 – 0.12) = 0.08 (g)
1

(moles of oxygen) =
1

= 0.0025
allow 1 mark for 0.005

if derived from
1

Page 11 of 13
 (b) (without a lid the) mass of magnesium oxide was less
1

(because) products escaped allow magnesium oxide escaped

1

(c) (mass of copper oxide =)

= 0.62598 (g)
1

= 0.626 (g)
allow an answer correctly rounded to 3 significant
figures from an incorrect calculation which uses
all the values in the question
1

(d) 3:2 ratio Fe : O2 (molecules)

or
3:4 ratio Fe : O (atoms)
1

(formula) Fe3O4
allow 1 mark for Fe3O2 from 3:2 ratio Fe : O
(atoms) (MP2 but not MP1)
1

3 Fe + 2 O2  Fe3O4
allow multiples
allow correct use of incorrectly determined
formula
allow 1 mark for Fe, O2 and Fe3O4
or
allow 1 mark for Fe, O2 and incorrectly
determined formula
2
[12]

Q5.
(a) particles collide
1

(but at room temperature) particles have insufficient energy

or
(but) have energy less than the activation energy (so collisions are not
successful)
1

(b) 2120 (kJ/mol)

1

(c) (bonds broken =

(8 × 410) + 2 X + (5 × 500) = 5780 + 2 X

Page 12 of 13
 allow C–C for X
allow (bonds broken = (8 × 410) + (5 × 500) =
5780
1

(bonds formed =
(6 × 740) + (8 × 460) = 8120
1

(bonds broken – bonds formed = energy released)

(5780 + 2 X) – 8120 = – 1640
allow correct use of incorrect values from step 1
and/or step 2
1

(2 X =) 700
allow correct use of incorrect value from step 3
1

(X =) 350 (kJ/mol)
1
[8]

Page 13 of 13