Direct and Reported Speech

Source: http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/rep1.
cfm
DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH

Podemos contestar á pregunta "What did he/she say?" de dous xeitos:
• Repetindo as palabras que esa persoa dixo (direct speech)
• Informando das palabras que esa persoa dixo (indirect or reported speech).
1. Direct Speech
O Direct speech (estilo directo) repite exactamente as palabras que se dixeron. Na escrita, o estilo directo
sinálase con comas ("....") e non se produce cambio algún nas palabras para expresar o que se di ou dixo
nunha conversa: She says "What time will you be home?" / She said "What time will you be home?"
2. Reported Speech
Sen embargo o Reported speech (estilo indirecto) emprégase habitualmente para falar de algo que se
dixo no pasado, con verbos coma 'say', 'tell', 'ask', + a palabra 'that' para introducira s palabras que se
expresaron. Como sabedes, aquí non se empregan comas: She said, "I saw him." She said that she
had seen him.
Para transformar unha oración en estilo directo a unha en estilo indirecto, prodúcense unha serie de
cambios que dependen do tipo de oración de que se trate. Verémolas unha por unha:
ℵ Oracións declarativas:
Normalmente, o tempo verbal en estilo indirecto é un tempo máis pasado mentres que no estilo directo
pode ir en calquera tempo verbal: She said, "I am tired." She said that she was tired. Estes son os
cambios:
Simple present Simple past
"I always drink coffee", she said She said that she always drank coffee.
Present continuous Past continuous
"I am reading a book", he explained. He explained that he was reading a book
Simple past Past perfect
"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said. He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday
Present perfect Past perfect
"I have been to Spain", he told me. He told me that he had been to Spain
Past perfect Past perfect
"I had just turned out the light," he explained. He explained that he had just turned out the light.
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
They complained, "We have been waiting for hours". They complained that they had been waiting for hours.
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
"We were living in Paris", they told me. They told me that they had been living in Paris.
Future Present conditional
"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.
Future continuous Conditional continuous
She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday". She said that she would be using the car next Friday.
Os verbos modais tamén adoitan cambiar:

Direct speech Indirect speech
will would
›
She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow." She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can could
›
She said, "I can teach English online." She said she could teach English online.
must had to
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English › She said she had to have a computer to teach English
online." online.
shall should
›
She said, "What shall we learn today?" She asked what we should learn today.
may might
›
She said, "May I open a new browser?" She asked if she might open a new browser.
OLLO!: - Estes verbos modais non cambian: could, would, should, might and ought to (debería).
"I might go to the cinema", he said. He said he might go to the cinema.
“It could be difficult to find our house”, we explained We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.
Source: http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/rep1.cfm
OLLO!: Tamén se pode empregar o present simple no estilo indirecto se o que se quere dicir aínda é
verdade: My name has always been and will always be Lynne (O meu nome foi e sempre será Lynne) ou
sis e está a falar dun feito futuro:
"My name is Lynne", she said. She said her name was Lynne OU She said her name is Lynne.
"Next week's lesson is on reported speech ", she said. She said next week's lesson is on reported speech.
Cambios nas referencias temporais:

Today that day
"I saw him today", she said. She said that she had seen him that day.
Yesterday the day before
"I saw him yesterday", she said. She said that she had seen him the day before.
The day before yesterday two days before
"I met her the day before yesterday", he said. He said that he had met her two days before.
Tomorrow the next/following day
"I'll see you tomorrow", he said He said that he would see me the next day.
The day after tomorrow in two days time/ two days later
"We'll come the day after tomorrow", they They said that they would come in two days time/ two days
said. later.
Next week/month/year the following week/month/year
"I have an appointment next week", she said. She said that she had an appointment the following week.
Last week/month/year the previous/week/month/year
"I was on holiday last week", he told us. He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week.
ago before
"I saw her a week ago," he said. He said he had seen her a week before.
this (for time) that
"I'm getting a new car this week", she said. She said she was getting a new car that week.
this/that (adjectives) the
"Do you like this shirt?" he asked He asked if I liked the shirt.
here there
He said, "I live here". He told me he lived there.
Outros cambios:
En xeral, os pronomes persoais cambian á 3ª persoa de singular ou plural, excepto cando se trata das
nosas propias palabras:
I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours him/his/her/hers
we/us/our/ours, you/your/yours they/their/theirs:
He said: "I like your new car." He told her that he liked her new car.
I said: "I'm going to my friend's house." I said that I was going to my friend's house.
ℵ Ordes, pedimentos, suxestións en estilo indirecto

No estilo directo, empregamos o imperativo para indicar unha orde, transformándose do seguinte xeito no
estilo indirecto: Verbo “tell” + obxecto indirecto + to-clause
The doctor said to me, "Stop smoking!". The doctor told me to stop smoking.
"Get out of the car!" said the policeman. The policeman ordered him to get out of the car.
The man with the gun said to us, "Don't move!" The man with the gun warned us not to move.
Como vedes, ademais de Tell, pódense empregar outros verbos: command (mandar), order (ordear),
warn (advertir,ameazar), ask, advise (aconsellar), invite, beg (suplicar), teach, forbid(prohibir).
O pedimento de cousas en estilo indirecto faise coa seguinte estrutura: ask + for + object:
"Can I have an apple?", she asked. She asked for an apple.
Por último, as suxestións en estilo indirecto levan a seguinte estrutura: that-clause, sendo 'That' e 'should'
(debería) opcionais:
She said: "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?" She suggested that I should get a
mechanic to look at the car. OU She suggested I get a mechanic to look at the car.
Source: http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/rep1.cfm
Ademais de Suggest, pódense empregar tamén estes verbos: insist, recommend, demand (pedir),
request (pedir), propose.
OLLO: Suggest tamén pode ir seguido de xerundio: I suggested postponing the visit to the dentist.
ℵ Esperanzas, intencións, promesas en estilo indirecto

Cando informamos dunha intención, esperanza ou promesa en estilo indirecto, empregamos o verbo
axeitado (hope, propose, threaten ameazar, guarantee garantizar, swear xurar) seguido dunha that-
clause ou to-infinitive:
"I'll pay you the money tomorrow." He promised that he would pay me the money the next day OU He
promised to pay me the money the next day.
"Give me the keys to the safe or I'll shoot you!" He threatened to shoot me if I didn't give him the
keys to the safe. OUHe threatened that he would shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
ℵ Preguntas en estilo indirecto
En primeiro lugar, cómpre salientar que as preguntas en estilo indirecto leva na orde normal das oracións,
é dicir, Suxeito + Verbo (non verbo + suxeito como se fai coas preguntas) e non é necesario empregar o
auxiliar 'do' or 'did': "Where does Peter live?" She asked him where Peter lived.
Yes / no questions: Este tipo de preguntas cuxa resposta é YES/NO leva na seguinte estrutura: 'ask' +
'if / whether + clause:
"Do you speak English?" He asked me if I spoke English.
"Are you British or American?" He asked me whether I was British or American.
"Is it raining?" She asked if it was raining.
Question words: Este tipo de preguntas introducidas por partículas interrogativas (WH- Questions) levan
en estilo indirecto a seguinte estrutura: 'ask' (ou outro verbo coma 'ask') + question word + clause. A
dita oración (clause) leva o verbo na orde normal e o tempo verbal cambiado:
"What is your name?" he asked me. He asked me what my name was.
"How old is your mother?", he asked. He asked how old her mother was.
The mouse said to the elephant, "Where do you live?" The mouse asked the elephant where she lived.
ℵ Reporting verbs:
1. Verbos aos que lle segue 'if' or 'whether' + clause:
ask say
know see
remember
2. Verbos aos que lle segue unha that-clause:

Add (engadir) doubt Reply (replicar)
admit estimate report
agree explain reveal (revelar)
announce fear (temer) say
answer feel state (establecer)
argue (discutir) insist suggest (suxerir)
boast (fanfarronear) mention suppose (supoñer)
claim (reclamar) observe tell + object
comment persuade (convencer) think
complain (queixarse) propose understand
confirm remark (recalcar) warn (avisar)
consider remember /remind (recordar)
deny (negar) repeat
3. Verbos aos que lle segue unha that-clause ou to-infinitive:

decide promise
expect swear
guarantee threaten
hope
4. Verbos aos que lle segue object + to-infinitive:

advise forbid teach
ask instruct tell
beg invite warn
command order
5. Verbos aos que lle segue o verbo + -ing:

Accuse someone of admit Apologise for (pedir desculpas por)
insist on recommend suggest

Direct and Reported Speech

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Direct and Reported Speech

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Direct and Reported Speech

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Source: http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/rep1.

DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH

Os verbos modais tamén adoitan cambiar:

Cambios nas referencias temporais:

ℵ Ordes, pedimentos, suxestións en estilo indirecto

ℵ Esperanzas, intencións, promesas en estilo indirecto

2. Verbos aos que lle segue unha that-clause:

3. Verbos aos que lle segue unha that-clause ou to-infinitive:

4. Verbos aos que lle segue object + to-infinitive:

5. Verbos aos que lle segue o verbo + -ing:

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.