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Introduction
Unraveling the ecological threads connecting human culture and nature

The Literature of America springs from the landscape of the United States of America.

It comes under an umbrella of themes such as nature, coming of age, relationship to society,

society reformation, transcendentalism, etc. The Overstory is written by a 21st-century

American author, Richard Powers. Powers talks about the evolution of individual

relationships with nature in the backdrop of America in the 21st century.

With the rise of machines, the destructive power of certain humans to tame nature can

result in devastating consequences. To propagate the importance of preserving nature,

Powers' novel gives a perspective into the interaction of humanity with nature. Powers

believe that nature is a living being and that humans should learn to co-exist with this being.

Eco-novels

The 21st century faces the rising problems of pollution, environmental disasters, water

scarcity, climate change, etc. These problems need an effective solution and most often

solutions require one to acknowledge the root of the problem. The problems that are related

to nature can be addressed through powerful literature. Eco-novels showcase characters who

work to care for nature and raise awareness of the consequences of the destruction of nature.

Eco-novels often bridge the gap for society to emphasize a healthy connection to the

natural world. They bring a positive change to preserve, protect and re-grow nature. The

Overstory is one such eco-novel which is a powerful tool to shift the perceptions of nature in

society and urge people to bring a change. The characters in the novel, go through an

adventure to find solace, strength and hope in nature which enables them to develop a

connection with nature.

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Richard Powers, the author of The Overstory, is an American author, who won the

Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 2019 for his novel. This novel highlights the deep connection

between the natural world and human beings and the interplay of all biological beings.

Powers’ background in technical writing and literature provides a unique perspective,

allowing him to write stories that intersect with dimensions of science, art, and technology.

The author skilfully portrays diverse characters from different ethnicities, their relationship

with nature that evolves with time and their efforts to shift reality and change perspectives

about the nature that surrounds human existence.

In today’s world, technology has disrupted the natural connection between humanity

and the eco-environment. Richard Powers, a novelist, has merged technological

advancements with the human experience to better comprehend the biosphere we inhabit and

to reinforce the interdependence between us and nature. While the perception of life can be

subjective, the validity of those experiences can be substantiated through tangible and

observable evidence, particularly in the fields of science, politics, and arts.

As humans, we rely on social interactions to thrive and survive as a community.

Similarly, the interactions between the characters in the novel lead them to unexpected

discoveries, and serendipity enabling them to shift their views on life and appreciate,

comprehend, and recover the ecology surrounding humans. Restoration and preservation

require care and concern for nature. A genuine concern for nature is evoked when humanity’s

perception of nature is broadened.

The Overstory provides insight into the characters’ inner thoughts and experiences

and the change in consciousness that happens when they are amidst nature. They all belong to

different cultures and ethnicities yet somewhere; their lives intricately revolve around nature.

Similarly, our human existence involuntarily revolves around the nature that exists around us,

acknowledging and celebrating nature ushers us in wellness and abundance to thrive in life.
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Firstly, the story of Jorgen Hoel and his family whose lives revolve around a chestnut

tree. The Hoel family grows a chestnut farm which gets destroyed owing to environmental

damage, but one chestnut tree survives and becomes a beacon of hope and survival amidst

tragedy for the Hoel family. The Hoel family preserve and salvage the single chestnut tree

learning the fragility and gentle value of nature.

Secondly, the story of the Ma family, who are Chinese immigrants preparing to move

to America. They carry an ancient scroll and three green jade rings which have the depth of

nature symbols in them. The artefacts metaphorically represent the beauty and functionality

of nature. The colour green also represents human tendencies, precisely the negative impact

of humans on nature when green is envy.

Thirdly, the story of Adam Appich. He is a sensitive child who feels nature and

becomes extremely disappointed when the trees in his hometown are chopped down. Adam

doesn't lose touch with nature, he observes and studies insect behaviour and demonstrates a

project based on insect behaviour. He also creates poems on different varieties of trees and

their unique qualities.

Fourthly, the story of Neelay Mehta, a tech nerd who spends his time observing the

growth of tree branches. He can develop programming applications using the knowledge of

the branching of trees in nature. And finally the story of Patricia Westerford who is a deaf

child and develops a unique imaginative connection with nature.

All these characters undergo a unique experience that allows humanity to ponder upon

the gifts of nature. An ignorant and arrogant attitude towards nature could lead to ecological

disasters bringing down humanity towards loss and destruction. Hence, this research aims to

bring in eco perspectives to decode the layers of interplay between life and nature. The

fictional story urges humankind to develop a space in their consciousness for ecological
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perspectives, urging the world to prevent or reverse ecological damage and bring human folk

closer to nature awakening us to the interconnectedness of all living beings.

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Literature Review

Richard Powers penned a fictional novel, The Overstory which revolves around

individuals belonging to multiple ethnicities, who go through hardships in life yet find solace

and meaning in nature, which promotes their will to live life equipped with eco-awareness.

The characters go through struggles that develop a shift in their focus, to surround their lives

with green life and raise environmental concerns to promote ecological learning.

In the article titled, “The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology”,

published in The University of Georgia Press, the authors Cheryll Glotfelty and H Fromm,

talk about the origin of eco-criticism and how the narratives have developed over the years.

Helen Briggs, in her article “1,000-Year-Old Oaks Used to Create ‘Super Forest”

published on the website BBC News, talks about the super forest in Britain, that is protected

and secured by environmental activists of the British community. This super forest consists of

ancient forests that are home to many diverse species in the UK.

Derek Gladwin in his article, “Ecocriticism” published in Oxford Bibliographies, explains

that eco-criticism also involves the study of natural disasters in the world. The way to solve

the global ecological crisis can be analyzed through, political, social and philosophical lenses

as well. The way to understand these ecological disasters can be through literary studies that

are penned down by scholars around the world.

Cheryl Lousley in her article “Ecocriticism” published in the Oxford Research

Encyclopedia of Literature, talks about the concept of eco-criticism consisting of

intersections that involve cultural, historical, social and political dimensions. And each of

these intersections influences one another.

The author, Christopher D Ives in his article “Human–Nature Connection: A

Multidisciplinary Review” published in the journal Current Opinion in Environmental

Sustainability, talks about the significant rise in wellness that humans feel when they are in
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nature. The psychological investigations reveal the positive health benefits of participating in

nature.

The author, Adrienne Matei, in the article “Technology Is Changing Our Relationship

with Nature as We Know It” published in the website Quartz, talks about the effects of

technology and its power to disconnect humans away from nature. Technology is only

visually stimulating but does not grant the benefits of being in nature.

The authors Ghulam Rabani and Binod Mishra in their article “Ecological Memory

Consciousness: A Sense of Place Attachment in Uzma Aslam Khan’s The Story of Noble

Rot” published in the journal, ResearchGate, talk about memory consciousness and how the

feelings of eco-nostalgia arise when the natural environment is destroyed to pave way for

urbanization and other forms of destruction of nature.

The authors, Etxeberría Arantza, and Moreno Alvaro in their article “From Complexity to

Simplicity: Nature and Symbols.” Published in the journal Biosystems, talks about the

simplicity found in the symbolisms of nature. Nature may be chaotic, messy and difficult to

understand but nature’s process and systematic order can be simplified in the form of

symbols.

The author Alex Koliada in the article “The Symbolism of Nature: Unraveling the

Meaning and Significance” published on the website, AFS Intercultural Programs, talks

about symbols and their different meanings across cultures and myths. Each colour, season

and artform of a symbol expresses a unique meaning relevant to the time it was created.

The article titled “Nature Symbolism - Everything You Need to Know” published in

Symbolismhub.com talks about, the elements of nature such as the planets, animals and

landscapes and their meanings. One way humans could connect with nature is through

symbols and the article explains the potential meanings of symbols that are representations of

nature.
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The author Keith G. Tidball, in the article, “Seeing the Forest for the Trees: Hybridity

and Social-Ecological Symbols, Rituals and Resilience in Postdisaster Contexts” published in

the journal Ecology and Society, the author says, trees in the form of symbols are used for

ritualistic purposes. Tree symbols play a role in socio-ecological systems preventing

ecological crises and restoring forests.

The authors, Ni Komang Trisya Suasti and I Putu Andri Permana in their article,

“View of the Analysis of Symbolism Related to Ecocriticism Found in Movie ‘Man’ by Steve

Cutts” published in International Journal of HUSOCPUMENT, talk about the nature

symbolisms that occur in the movie ‘Man’. The colours, characters and objects each have a

hidden eco message and the authors attempt to decipher the ecological depth of the nature

symbols.

In the article “The Pursuit of Eco-Harmony in Contemporary Culture: A Personal

Ethnography - ProQuest” published on the website Proquest.com the author Laurie Anderson

talks about the definition of eco-harmony and the need for humanity to feel the essence of

harmony with nature to protect the natural environment.

In the article, “Richard Powers’s Eco-Novel The Overstory Urgently Challenges Our

Ideas about Humanity and Nature”, the author India Bourke published on the website New

Statesman explains the impact of human activity on the environment. The characters in the

novel all come together to raise concerns about environmental issues and urge the readers to

contribute to a change to help preserve the environment for a better future.

The authors Nikita Gandotra and Shuchi Agrawal in their article “Sustainability,

Civilization and Women- an Environmental Study of The Overstory by Richard Powers.”

Published in the journal Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, talks

about the hardships faced by the women characters of the novel, Patricia, Mimi and Olivia

are progressive women who advocate for the protection of trees from human activities in the
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environment and a need for change. The contributions of women are important for the

preservation of forests and a sustainable planet.

The author Mika, in the article “The Navajo People’s Relationship with Nature”

published on the website Indian Country Extension, explains the life of the native Americans

called Navajo people. This community is interested in maintaining a harmonious relationship

with nature giving valuable insights into the functioning of indigenous perspectives on trees

and forests.

Research Gap

The research articles on The Overstory are based on an ecological view talking about

recurring environmental issues such as deforestation, climate change and natural disasters.

The articles stress the social issues related to nature that give rise to propagating activism for

nature. Some psychological elements such as loss of innocence and empathy to nature have

also been discussed. The articles lacked an analysis of nature symbols from a culturally

diverse angle. Additionally, the articles talk about feelings such as eco-nostalgia in a limited

range.

This dissertation investigates the causes and effects of eco-nostalgia concerning the

characters in the novel. Furthermore, trees have been analysed from the point of view of

commodities and raw resources, in this dissertation trees have been perceived as living beings

and having a human-like personality of their own. This humanistic and empathetic

perspective towards trees brings in deeper appreciation towards trees in nature.

Research Objectives:

This research intends to bring a shift in perception towards nature which propels

humanity to potentially look for solutions to preserve nature and further explore the concepts
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of eco-criticism. The chapters dissect the layers of interconnectedness between the natural

world and humans through different characters in Richard Power’s The Overstory through an

ecocritical lens. The chapters uncover how memories are rooted in humans and how

ecological interplay leads to feelings such as eco-nostalgia. The chapters also decode nature

symbols and their meanings and origins arising from diverse cultures. The mutual and

symbiotic interplay is explored and investigated through eco-narratives in the realm of eco-

literature.

Chapter Summaries

Chapter One, “Eco-Nostalgic Echoes: Tracing Memories in Richard Power’s, The

Overstory” focuses on eco-nostalgia. The characters Patricia and Neelay are two children

who grow up surrounded by nature but eventually because of the loss of nature in their adult

life, they feel the intensity of eco-nostalgia. The findings of this chapter trace the causes of

eco-nostalgic feelings, whether it is possible to reduce these feelings and how the characters

navigate these feelings of eco-nostalgia.

The second chapter, “Expressions of Ecology: Significance of Symbolisms in nature”

talks about nature symbols. The Ma family are a Chinese family who immigrated to America,

they are given three green jade rings each which carry the symbolic wisdom of nature in

them. The findings uncover the nature symbols and the deep meanings that are infused by

cultural influences.

Chapter Three “The harmony between ancestral trees and humanity” emphasizes trees.

Patricia spends most of her time in the forests understanding their life and connecting with

them emotionally and mentally. The findings of this chapter reveal the aesthetic, functional

and living value life of trees. Trees have been discussed from an empathetic point of view.
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Hypothesis

When humans are closer to nature, they are affected by the forces of nature positively

and the lack of active engagement in nature leads to passive feelings.

Research Methodology

The research has been done using a qualitative method of analysis on The Overstory.

The qualitative method of research is mostly subjective and relies on individual

interpretation. The method is applied using the standard MLA 9th edition.
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Chapter 1

Eco-Nostalgic Echoes: Tracing Memories in Richard Power’s, The

Overstory

Nature has always been a wellspring of abundance for humanity, providing us with

food, natural resources, and the beauty that surrounds us. The ecosystem is the pulsebeat of

human and other organic life. The green world has an intelligent system of its own, following

a systematic process of growth, budding, pollination, reproduction and decay. Humanity

needs to awaken from the ignorance of nature and equip itself with the wonder and miracle of

nature. From an eco-critical angle, it is eco-narratives that bridge the gap between humanity

and nature by exploring the interconnectedness and the life that pulses in all living beings.

Hence it becomes necessary to understand nature through literary narratives.

The connection between nature and humans, foretold by our ancestors, is always

acknowledged and sustained by tribes around the world as a reciprocal bond. Nature and

humans coexisted for many years, the humans that immersed themselves to the tune of nature

could perceive a thread of relationship with the flora and fauna around them. The gatherings

of these experiences are manifested in poems, stories, songs, folklore, musicals, etc. When

humans actively and consciously involve themselves in the green or blue spaces of the planet,

they sense a change in themselves, which could be as simple and subtle as enhancement of

mood.
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Humankind and nature coexist together, if nature is a textbook, then many lessons and

knowledge can be gathered from the wilderness, landscape, animals, plants and the

ecosystem. The wisdom of the earth is reflected in the many indigenous cultural practices

across the world. A strong conscience advocating for the green and blue spaces of the planet

can save the Earth from further destruction. The inherent will to save, care and protect nature

could potentially develop from having positive experiences that are developed whilst being in

nature.

The article titled “Ecological Memory Consciousness: A Sense of Place Attachment in

Uzma Aslam Khan’s The Story of Noble Rot” published in the journal ResearchGate

mentions,

The concept of eco-nostalgia is rooted in the idea that humans have an innate connection to

the natural environment that surrounds them. When people are separated from nature through

urbanization, industrialization, or environmental degradation, they may experience a sense of

loss, grief, or nostalgia for the natural world. (Rabani and Binod Mishra)

Hence the author points out that eco-nostalgia is a feeling that stems from the intrinsic

threads that tie humanity and nature together, when these innate threads connecting humans

to nature are severed due to lack of immersion in nature, the unpleasant feelings of eco-

nostalgia arise.

In the novel, The Overstory, the narration opens with an anonymous woman who is

sad and is leaning against a pine tree. Though she is deep in sorrow, she senses the trees are

communing with her, and she listens to the trees. “Her ears tune down to the lowest

frequencies. The tree is saying things, in words before words” (Powers 3). She intuitively

feels the trees urging her to smell the fragrance, feel the wind, observe the weather and sense

the intelligent existence of nature. Nature is seen to be communing with her without a voice

but through the senses of her being.

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From an eco-critical perspective, when the woman becomes sensitive to the natural

environment around her, she then becomes ecologically conscious. As she opens herself up to

the fragrances, rhythms and tunes of nature, she experiences the depth and power of nature

which rejuvenates her intrinsic threads of connection to the soul of nature.

The experience of eco-nostalgia often leaves one longing for nature resulting in grief

and sadness. In contrast, the people who spend quality time in nature are comparatively

healthier and happier. In the article titled, “Human–Nature Connection: A Multidisciplinary

Review” published in the journal Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, the author

says “The relationship between people and nature has attracted rising interest among

scientists, given evidence of health and well-being benefits from human interaction with

nature” (Ives et al). This research article proves that the participants who were actively

involved with nature were much healthier in life. Being in green and blue spaces allows a

boost to health and relieves one from experiencing eco-nostalgia.

The experiences of eco-nostalgia in the 21 st century have been arising due to the lack

of adequate experiences developed in nature. In the article titled “Technology Is Changing

Our Relationship with Nature as We Know It” published in the website Quartz, the author

says “Teenagers who have grown up in urban areas can put on a VR headset and get some

small awareness of a wild place, but that visual awareness is severed from the meaning of

interacting with the wild in that place” (Matei). When people only get a visual experience of

nature through technology without the complete sensory experience that comes when one is

physically present in nature, they experience an incomplete feeling that arises from being

away from nature. The activities that deprive humans of actively engaging with nature give

rise to the feelings of eco-nostalgia.

Humans are closer to technology than the natural world around them and hence the

deep connection that biological humans once felt with the soul of the earth is diminishing.
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For example, the merging of humans with technology has caused them to be disconnected

from nature. This disconnection has led to emotional imbalance, psychological distress and

increased feelings of grief associated with eco-nostalgia. The healthy alternative to negate the

feelings of eco-nostalgia is to participate in healthy nature-oriented activities.

In the novel The Overstory, the character Patricia Westerford is a botanist by

profession as an obligation to her career she spends time actively in nature. Her story is

focused on her childhood experiences where she develops a unique and imaginative

relationship with nature. “It’s 1950, and like the boy Cyparissus, whom she’ll soon discover,

little Patty Westerford falls in love with her pet deer. Hers is made of twigs, though it’s every

bit alive” (Powers 141). As a partially deaf child, she is isolated from her peers and plays

with elements of nature believing them to be friends. She makes dolls, dragons, angels, pieces

of furniture and homes out of leaves, twigs, pine cones, coffee pods, acorns, walnut shells and

petals. When no one was there for little Patricia, nature became her companion creating a

space for memories amidst nature in her childhood.

Patricia develops a language of her own to commune with the nature around her. Her

father supports her imaginative tendencies and artistic crafts made out of nature. “She

becomes her father’s star and only pupil for the simple reason that she alone, of all the family,

sees what he knows: plants are wilful and crafty and after something, just like people”

(Powers 143). As a child, she spent her time in the forests with her father exploring the

lifecycle of ecological beings and the ecosystem in which they live. These curious

interactions blossom into a quest to understand green life, she grows up to be a botany

researcher and her days are spent collecting rows of data on ecological living beings.

During her childhood, Patricia and her father planted beech saplings and watched

them grow during summer nights. Her innate understanding of the growth of saplings leads

her to conduct tiny botanical experiments. “In the summer of her eighteenth year, preparing
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to head to Eastern Kentucky to study botany, she remembers the beech growing in its tub of

soil, out by the barn. Shame rushes through her: how could she have forgotten the

experiment?” (Powers 149). As Patricia reminisces about her childhood experiments with her

father amidst nature, she momentarily goes through feelings of eco-nostalgia as she hadn’t

been planting beech seeds for almost two years. But soon recovers from indulging in the past

brooding about the loss of time and begins to re-create the experiment of growing beech

saplings in her backyard.

The feelings of Patricia express the longing for the past environment where nature

was beautiful, abundant and providing. Hence as an adult, she feels eco-nostalgic as she

reminisces about her childhood which was filled with experiences exploring nature with her

father. Eco-nostalgia is also a major phenomenon experienced by individuals in real life, the

feeling calls for the individuals of the current generation to face the reality of the collapsing

planet owing to the destructive tendencies of human beings and advocate for the rights of a

healthy planet. The sooner we heal the planet, the better the quality of life that will be assured

for the current and next generations.

From an eco-critical standpoint, the feelings of eco-nostalgia are a constant reminder

for humanity to help live an ecologically friendly lifestyle. One way is by planting more

saplings and actively looking for sustainable means to help the planet balance and stabilize

itself. When the boundaries of the planet are pushed beyond its tolerable capacity, the Earth

responds through natural disasters which is evident in the 21 st century. These natural disasters

act as a wake-up call to humanity to save, reserve and heal the planet back to its restorative

powers which will make space for healthy feelings and memories amidst nature.

Adam Appich, in the novel, The Overstory, is a small boy who has a keen eye for

details in nature. Adam and his friends observe the beauty of the designs and interesting

structures of the trees. The children choose different species of trees like Butterfinger, maple,
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and ironwood and keenly observe the unique identifying markers of the trees. “Each child’s

tree has its excellence: the ash’s diamond-shaped bark, the walnut’s long compound leaves,

the maple’s shower of helicopters, the vase-like spread of the elm, the ironwood’s fluted

muscle” (Powers 62). The children write poems and slogans about each of the trees linking

and associating them to their special tree functions. For example, “Even the mighty Ironwood

was once a nut, like you” (Powers 63). This way the children spend time creating childhood

memories and bonding with nature.

From the lens of eco-criticism, it can be observed that developing literary elements

such as poems that are inspired by nature develops the children’s understanding of the natural

environment. The learning outcomes arising from nature shape the children’s little minds,

while they are engaged in the process of trying to identify the trees and playing with nature,

they are becoming ecologically aware. This acknowledgement of the elements of nature

around them instils in them a sense of care and concern for nature as they evolve into

ecologically conscious human beings.

Before autumn, Adam observes that the leaves of the trees are dying rapidly though

it’s not autumn.

The fungus gutted Detroit while the kids were still small. Then Chicago, soon

after. The country’s most popular street tree, vases that turned boulevards into

great tunnels, was leaving this world. Now the disease comes to the outskirts

of Bellville, and Leigh’s tree, too, succumbs. Fourteen-year-old Adam is the

only one who mourns (Powers 66).

Adam is innately inclined towards nature, as a child he watches the beautiful trees that

occupy his streets and learns their unique specialities. Later a strange fungus arrives and after

over a year, the fungus rips away the trees in his hometown leaving the streets empty. This

loss of trees makes him feel a profound sense of sadness and longing for a past that had a
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healthy quantity and quality of trees on the streets of his hometown. This nostalgia, Adam

feels for the past is eco-nostalgia, as his feelings are specifically oriented toward the loss of

trees in nature that were once flourishing in nature that was in his hometown.

In the article titled, “Ecocriticism” published in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of

Literature, the author says,

Ecocriticism describes and confronts the socially uneven encounters and

entanglements of earthly living. As a political mode of literary and cultural

analysis, it aims to understand and intervene in the destruction and

diminishment of living worlds. A core premise is that environmental crises

have social, cultural, affective, imaginative, and material dimensions

(Lousley).

The calamities of nature that affect humanity are inevitable, yet a change in the

thought process could potentially bring a solution to bringing back and restoring nature. A

simple imaginative plan that is socially implemented can bring about a change in the

landscape of the earth. For example, Patricia’s act of planting beech seeds around her home.

Certain ecological calamities cannot be stopped and ravaged, such as the fungus that

eats away the trees in Adam’s town. Yet, the need of the hour calls for a time where active

participation from humanity is needed to restore the nature around humanity. The indulgence

in the past where nature was bountiful only limits Adam to feeling the mourning and loss for

the nature that once existed around him. While Patricia on the other hand, swiftly takes action

to continue planting the beeches in her backyard. This marks the difference between being

passively eco-conscious vs actively eco-conscious. Patricia is an example of preserving and

creating the life cycle of nature.

Neelay Mehta is a character from the novel, The Overstory, who is a tech nerd. The

initial setting of Neelay’s house is San Hose, where the history of the place is haunted by
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imaginary ghosts that were torn away to make structures of cement. “Outside, in the Valley of

Hearts Delight, the ghosts of almond, cherry, pear, walnut, plum, and apricot trees spread for

miles in every direction, trees only recently sacrificed to Silicon” (Powers 114). The mention

of ghosts of all of the fruit and nut trees possibly refers to the longing for the lush forests that

once surrounded the landscape. Neelay and his parents vividly recall the ghosts of trees in

great visual description and painfully lament for the trees that are no longer existent. Hence

the feelings of eco-nostalgia are triggered in Neelay’s family as they remember the past that

was filled with nature.

Mimi Ma and her family in the novel, The Overstory, experience the duality of nature

which is both nourishing and destructive. Mimi grows up hearing the tales of her family

fortune in China which was yielded by a silk plantation and how a typhoon destroyed it, yet

the family stood with might. “Ma Shouying gazes out into the August sky, staring at all the

calamities the Ma Trading Company has survived” (Powers 30). Ma Shouying, the

grandfather longs for a pleasant past when the family prospered owing to their silk plantation.

When a natural disaster strikes, he realizes that nature can be a destructive force too. The very

plantation that gave them memories of happiness and fortune left them traumatized and

desperate over some time.

As the Ma family reminisces about the ruined silk plantation, they become eco-

nostalgic and attempt to create a better future by planting a mulberry tree and setting an

example of preserving nature for the Ma daughters. Even while facing nature's wrath in the

form of destruction, the family’s faith and honour for nature do not deter.

The Hoel family are characters in the novel, who live as farmers, they grow many

crops such as corn, potatoes and beans. Life is harsh on them as it is to everyone on earth, the

winters come around and the Hoels risk losing their crop treasures due to hard winters, but

just like the qualities found in nature they persevere and protect their crops. “A leaf of grass is
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no less than the journey-work of the stars” (Powers 9). For the Hoels, the growth and renewal

of trees is no ordinary task, they equate it to the formation of celestial stars.

Yet, once again the tables turn and somewhere in the country, an orange fleck turns up

develops into a blight and destroys all the chestnut trees all over America. “Loggers race

through a dozen states to cut down whatever the fungus hasn’t reached. And in that salvage

mission, men kill any tree that might contain the secret of resistance” (Powers 16). People

fear this fungus-like disease and quickly resort to destroying the trees. To save what’s left the

government dictates chopping out all the healthy wood, for economic consumption, this way

all the chestnut trees disappear. All chestnut trees die, except one, the one lucky chestnut tree

that grows strong and sturdy enduring three generations of the Hoel family.

As Nicholas Hoel, goes through a bunch of photos he is reminded about his childhood

days spent on the farm. “With a flip through the photos, the farm memories come back to

him: the holidays of his childhood, the entire clan gathering for Turkey or carols, midsummer

flags and fireworks” (Powers 20). The Hoel family celebrated most of their happy moments

among the chestnut trees on the farm.

The Hoel family experienced a sense of bonding and belonging amidst the chestnut

trees that their ancestors planted. Now most of the chestnut trees have died, but their

memories remain in a stack of vivid photographs which makes Nicholas Hoel, eco-nostalgic

for his childhood days spent amongst nature.

The chestnut tree is central to Hoel’s family, serving as a wealth that is in the form of

nature and also a reservoir of memories. The chestnut tree has witnessed everything between

life and death for three generations of the Hoel family. The story emphasizes the vital role of

a tree in shaping the lives of people, nature was harsh on the Hoel family but they didn't lose

hope and toiled to tend their crops. The trees in turn did return the blessings by providing

them plenty and serving many purposes other than sprouting nuts, by standing as a landmark
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beacon, the source for photographic endeavours and the pivotal function of creating

memories for the Hoel family.

The Hoel family has been ecologically nostalgic for the memories provided by nature,

in the face of environmental degradation, harsh climate and ecological problems such as

blight. The Hoels long for the pleasant past where they were once sheltered and provided for

by nature. “One more spring and the three remaining trees burst out in cream-colored

flowers” (Powers 9). The memories such as the taste and the value of simple things like nuts,

Jorgan reminiscences about the flavours of roasted nuts and nurtures the chestnuts not just for

himself but also to provide for future generations.

As Jorgen Hoel lives his final days, he remembers the time spent around the

landscapes where he planted the chestnuts. “Do you remember? Jorgen asks the woman who

holds his hand, Prospect Hill? How we ate that night! He nods toward the leafy limbs, the

land beyond” (Powers 11). Jorgen is old and is about to leave the earth; his final days are

spent being eco-nostalgic for the beautiful experiences he had amidst nature that once existed.

The urge to preserve memories around the infamous chestnut is shared by two

generations of the Hoel family, John Hoel and Nicholas Hoel, their memories spring from

ecological existence and preserving the chestnut tree that connects the Hoel family for three

generations. Just as the chestnut tree, planted by the grandfather Jorgen Hoel, the tree

blossomed to hold a special meaning to the Hoels, acting as a beacon of light to lost souls and

a symbol of happiness by holding a treasure full of memories.

To reduce feelings of eco-nostalgia, forests and nature must be protected. A brilliant

way to conserve forests is published in a British newspaper article titled, “1,000-Year-Old

Oaks Used to Create Super Forest”. It is observed that participation in ecological preservation

is actively being conducted in Europe where British environmentalists are preserving what is

known as the ‘Super Forest’. The super forest has ancient native oak trees which stood the
 Bhoomika 21

test of time for over 1000 years, the forest was and will be a homeland to thousands of native

species providing resources and nourishment for humans and other forest dwellers.

Additionally, this super forest will resist natural disasters such as floods and absorb

carbon emissions, making the planet greener and sustainable for all living species.

Furthermore, it will also be a tourist spot for people to create and cherish their memories

amidst nature and its wonders. “Down near the river, there is a natural amphitheatre shielded

from the wind that is set to become the site of a forest school. And it's good to think that

when the new Blenheim oaks have grown to full size, they will be here for tomorrow's

children to admire” (Briggs). The British environmentalists are making space for research and

other fun activities around the super forest, these environmentally engaged approaches can be

implemented across the world for a healthier future on the planet.

The super forest is a mini example of how different methods of creating, preserving

and protecting the ecology around us can be achieved. If not huge, micro changes to help the

environment can be implemented, such as sowing a seed. The tiny efforts of planting a

sapling and tending it can make space in a person’s life to experience memories of green

plants and open themselves towards embracing a green life. Such a progressive and

community-centred approach towards protecting nature shall benefit society and the forest

creatures to have a better life.

In conclusion, as long as ignorance prevails, there is bound to be the destruction of

trees and natural resources, when humans are not amidst nature the lack of exposure to nature

causes feelings of eco-nostalgia. Hence it is important to involve oneself amidst the natural

environment. Nature contains the source of human life providing medicinal value and

nourishing food, however, they like any other organic being are vulnerable to human activity.

The fictional stories of the Hoel family, the Mehta family, the Westerford family and the Ma

family are examples that reflect how the loss of nature causes them to feel eco-nostalgia.
 Bhoomika 22

Loss of nature contributes to feelings of unhappiness and eco-nostalgia. To preserve

nature, one must acknowledge the ecology that surrounds humankind. An eco-conscious

perspective towards nature allows one to feel the depth and importance of nature. But if the

intrinsic value of all life in nature is unacknowledged, the forests might face the threat of

exploitation and extinction. This negative impact can pose a serious threat to the survival of

humankind creating feelings of eco-nostalgia. To replenish healthy feelings that are created

and developed in nature, there is much need for research to be conducted on protecting and

restoring the flora and fauna of the planet.

All of the diverse species of trees have a personality of their own, they have a genetic

code that follows the command of life, branching out into shapes and forms that are delightful

in the scenery they exist in. One might wonder if we will run out of naming shapes to identify

trees but nature will keep producing creative forms of designs. This intricate and careful

shaping of the physical features of the trees implies trees too have the pulse of life. And

sharing the life of humans with nature gives humans a sense of eco-nostalgia.

In the article titled “Ecocriticism” published in the journal, Oxford Bibliographies, the

author says, “Ecocriticism is a broad way for literary and cultural scholars to investigate the

global ecological crisis through the intersection of literature, culture, and the physical

environment” (Gladwin). From an eco-critical standpoint, eco-nostalgia is especially felt

when ecological calamities occur on the planet depriving humans of the touch of nature.

These ecological crises are explored and the resurrection and re-creation of nature are

inspired through the dimensions of literature and culture, the beings on earth can lead a

healthy life.

Literature and cultural expressions tend to reflect humanity’s interaction with nature.

The mistakes of the past can be learned from the history of scars that exist in nature. The life

of the green world suggests they have a profound value too, a value that is associated with the
 Bhoomika 23

concept of an earth-centered approach to life. Literature and cultural studies can significantly

raise awareness about environmental concerns and trigger humanity to solve the eco-crisis on

the planet.

The earth-centric viewpoint calls for a perspective that says all living beings on the

planet have an intrinsic worth for their existence. An ethical attitude towards the natural

environment, an approach to having consideration for all living things in the ecosystem

ranging from microorganisms and green things to animal life assures a healthy life for all

living beings and lessens the feelings and impact of eco-nostalgia.

 Bhoomika 24

Chapter 2

Expressions of Ecology: Significance of symbolisms in nature

Nature in its mysterious ways has always been entwined with humanity, sometimes

nature is benevolent and providing while other times nature can be harsh and destructive. The

interaction of humans with nature is often depicted in nature symbols across cultures. Nature

symbols depict life forms of humans intermingling with crawling earthly organisms, gliding

water creatures in the ocean's depths, the seasons of the planet, the unseen seeds

underground, the cosmos, etc.

The landscape of nature imprints a myriad of memories on an individual and the

memories range from soothing and healing to causing agony and trauma. In all her scenic

beauty, nature enchants the human with adventurous places of oceans, deserts, mountains and

grasslands. Nature’s tendencies swing from a caring, providing and sheltering agency and

also come in a full circle while carrying out raging fires, choking waves of tsunamis and

landslides that bury humans alive. All of these nature-oriented spectrums can be observed in

the form of symbols.

In the article titled “View of the Analysis of Symbolism Related to Ecocriticism

Found in Movie ‘Man’ by Steve Cutts”, published in the International Journal of

HUSOCPUMENT, the authors say that “Symbolism is a literary method in which symbols,
 Bhoomika 25

such as words, persons, markings, locations, or abstract concepts, are used to signify

something other than their literal meaning” (Suasti and Andri Permana). The phenomenon

that happens in nature is a delicate dance. Each plant, human, ravine, wood, bird, season etc

are elements of nature. Their independent existence as well as their co-existence with

humankind are symbolized to convey hidden meanings. Nature symbols can be interpreted to

reveal the many purposes and functionality of elements in nature.

In the article, “Seeing the Forest for the Trees: Hybridity and Social-Ecological

Symbols, Rituals and Resilience in Postdisaster Contexts” published in the journal Ecology

and Society, the author says, “Trees as symbols are employed in multiple ways: to depict life

cycle rituals, to make sense of the human body, to visualize kinship, and to express solidarity,

continuity, and vitality of a community, among others” (Tidball). The existence of trees in

nature enlivens the imaginative understanding of human existence through symbols. For

example, the life cycle of a tree, the reproductive phases of flowers, the death of leaves and

the sprouting of seeds are all similar aspects occurring in human lives.

Human ancestors have learned the dance of the earth, they encoded the lessons of

nature and learnings in what is known as ecological wisdom, which shows the way to balance

the livelihood of humanity with the ebbs and flows of the earth. The lessons are a way to

teach the pleasures of living on Eden-like earth while being mindful of the biosphere. The

message of our wise forebearers is passed down the ancestral line through motifs, tokens,

crafts etc which take the shape of symbolism.

The article, titled “Uses of Symbolism on JSTOR” published in the journal Jstor,

talks about the function and emotional value of symbols. “A world has a symbolic association

with its history, its other meanings, and with its general status in current literature. Thus a

word gathers emotional signification from its emotional history in the past, and this is
 Bhoomika 26

transferred symbolically to its meaning in present use” (Whitehead). Every symbol that has

been etched by humankind serves as a reservoir for knowledge.

Going beyond the literal value of symbols in nature to explore deeper meanings and

wisdom can be called symbolism. The purpose of these symbols is celebrated and preserved

in art, ceremonies and academic research. “The road narrows and the emerald forest

thickens” (Powers 302). The quote suggests that the green forests in nature symbolize the

preciousness and beauty of an emerald stone. The forests must be valued the same way as one

would value a gemstone.

The article titled “From Complexity to Simplicity: Nature and Symbols” published in

the journal Biosystems, mentions, “One of the areas where the relation between nature and

symbols is discussed with certain objectivity is that of complex systems and their degree of

order or organization” (Arantza Etxeberría and Moreno). The existence of symbols and the

connection of symbols with nature are recorded visual observations occurring in folklore and

storytelling. The wisdom of the earth and the cosmos is passed down to the generations

through symbolism.

The article, “The Symbolism of Nature: Unravelling the Meaning and Significance”

published on the website, AFS Intercultural Programs, mentions

Nature symbolism is prevalent in numerous cultures and mythologies. For

example, in Celtic mythology, the “Awen” symbol, consisting of three rays

radiating from three points, represents inspiration, creativity, and divine

illumination. In Japanese culture, the cherry blossom is a symbol of beauty,

grace, and the transience of life. In Native American traditions, the butterfly

symbolizes transformation, rebirth, and the soul’s journey (Koliada).

Symbolisms across cultures represent nature in various artistic disclosures. The

healing herbs, the poisonous mushrooms, the sun that grows organic life, the phases of the
 Bhoomika 27

moon that command the waves at night, the evolution of dangerous wolves to pettable dogs

and the ideology of a goddess representing the living entity that is the earth. Nature has its

diversity reflected in symbolisms that are patterned across time. The depth of cultural

meaning in symbols and their essential connection with nature are left for human civilizations

to decipher.

The story of Mimi Ma, a character in the novel The Overstory, shows the significance

of symbolism. Mimi grows up hearing the tales of her family fortune in China which was

yielded by a silk plantation and how a typhoon destroyed it, yet the family stood with might.

“Ma Shouying gazes out into the August sky, staring at all the calamities the Ma Trading

Company has survived” (Powers 30). The very plantation that gave them fortune also left

them traumatised and desperate over some time. The grandfather Ma Shouying shows his son

Sih Hsuin Ma, an ancient Buddhist scroll and three green jade rings that look like tiny birds’

eggs. “Look at the color! The color of greed, envy, freshness, growth, innocence” (Powers

31). The colour green has the aspect of duality expressing humanity’s selfish tendency to

overpower nature as well as pass the knowledge of the rebirth and rejuvenation that is shared

by humans and nature.

Ma Shouying, in all his wisdom, embeds a message in the ancient cultural artefacts

and passes them to his son, which further gets passed on to the granddaughters. A message

that can save humanity from the rages of the earth and cooperate to tune to the nourishing and

healing provisions of nature. The colours act as a symbol to represent the connection linking

the green of the earth and the emotions of a human being. The father cleverly and subtly

hinted at the message through the green jade rings. When humans are swayed by the negative

spectrum of emotions such as greed, envy and selfishness, they will forage the bio

environment around them, inevitably bringing destruction and misfortune in return.

 Bhoomika 28

Conversely, if the human is guided by his intellect and ethical values to practice his actions

on the planet, then nature will flow its rewards with abundance and health.

Nature was not very kind to the Ma family, their silk plantations were ruined by a

typhoon, yet the family stood up with resilience in a harsh period of ecological stress. Nature

is a teacher, that teaches the duality of life, the action of preservation and destruction are

integrated in the depths of human actions. The actions that humanity chooses to practice are

reflected in the consequences of the environment. Learning from mistakes requires the

documentation of history and sometimes nature in history is depicted in a pictorial form.

Rather than occurring in writing form or orature, the pictorial expressions of nature often

show up as symbols that have simple, meaningful and truthful information.

Ma Shouying understands his son has huge dreams of migrating to America and

starting a life there, having a glimpse of his ambitions he advises in three cryptic symbols that

revolve around the roots of nature “You live between three trees, one is behind you. The Lote

– the tree of life for your Persian ancestors. The tree at the boundary of the seventh heaven”

(Powers 32). The son reflects on these cryptic messages and travels the world keeping in

mind that culture and nature are interconnected and interdependent.

The first cryptic symbol of nature mentioned by Grandfather Ma is the Lote tree,

which is considered a tree that gives life in the Persian culture. The Lote tree is the present

situation of people’s reality. The symbolic essence can be interpreted to be of cultural and

ancestral significance. The ancestors around the world worshipped trees believing trees to be

the keepers and providers of life, respecting and nurturing trees brings humans provisions for

their survival on the planet. The importance and significance of trees especially the Lote tree

act as a symbol of wisdom that is given unto humanity.

The Lote tree also has mystical significance as mentioned by Grandfather Ma. It is the

tree at the boundary of the seventh heaven. The tree has a celestial essence to it, a divine
 Bhoomika 29

symbol representing ideas beyond earth, going towards the stars, the sky and the heavens.

The Lote tree serves as a reservoir for celestial wisdom, which humbles a human down to the

delicate and fragile being that we are.

The second cryptic symbol that Grandfather Ma mentions is a mulberry tree which

seems to be magical and contains the rejuvenation of life on the planet. “Another tree stands

in front of you – Fusang. A magic mulberry tree far to the east, where they keep the elixir of

life” (Powers 32). The mulberry tree holds a personal significance to the Ma family, the tree

is a symbol of good fortune, which kept the family thriving in Chinese society for many

years.

Grandfather Ma mentions Fusang, which means a magical tree or a faraway place

associated with Chinese mythology. Legends of China say that Fusang is an extremely distant

place where a mulberry tree grows containing miraculous powers. In Chinese culture, the

mulberry tree is often seen as a symbol of health and eternal life. Grandfather Ma addresses

his son’s desire to move to America and says this tree with the elixir of life stands in front of

his son, Fusang symbolically means the land of dreams where the son can find and live a free,

spiritual and happier life on the planet.

The mulberry tree could symbolically mean opportunities that make life worth

pursuing, the tree of rejuvenation as it is referred to in Chinese culture. In life, everyone will

chase their dreams known as Fusang to find the meaning of existence. In finding the miracle

mulberry tree, flowing the essence of renewal of life, it can be interpreted that nature is the

miracle that heals and provides the regeneration to life. The concept of Fusang and the

magical mulberry tree stand as symbolic doorways to grasp the wisdom of life and enhance

the interactions between humans and nature.

Grandfather Ma addresses the last cryptic symbol, saying “The third tree is all around

you: Now. And like Now itself, it will follow wherever you go” (Powers 32). The third tree is
 Bhoomika 30

a symbol conveying a philosophical message to humanity, the third tree constitutes the

intention and actions of a human being in the present moment. It implies the present is all

there is, yesterday, today and tomorrow, the present state of time will always prevail, just like

the trees that will always live on the soil, growing and lasting forever.

There is a subtle warning in the third tree which implies that when a human crosses

his ethical boundaries to violate the earth that sustains life, the human should be reminded

that he/she is as small to the sky as an ant to the earth. Humbleness keeps the human

grounded in his virtues and keeps the threads of existence with the planet alive. The

consideration and care given to the trees in nature in the past shall affect the future of human

existence. The learning of the past applied in the present can secure a better tomorrow. The

present moment is linked to a tree, subtly implying that nature is the platform where the past,

present and future occur to influence human life.

The symbolism of trees as mentioned by Grandfather Ma, suggests that just as the

present moment is surrounded by nature, one cannot deny the influence of nature on humans.

The best way to live life is to be in the present and conscious of nature and its influence over

all life on planet Earth. With these three wise sentences, Grandfather Ma connects the trees to

symbolically signify nature and its value to humanity.

The son Winston Ma has reached America, where he and his wife start their lives by

honouring the traditions of the Chinese culture. The couple planted a valuable mulberry

sapling in their backyard. “It’s a single tree with two sexes, older than the separation of yin

and yang, the Tree of Renewal, the tree on which the Ma family fortune was made, a tree to

honour his father, who’ll never be allowed to see it” (Powers 37). The Ma family chose to

pay tribute to their ancestors and their culture by planting the mulberry tree.

The mulberry tree stands as a symbol in many ways, an honour father, the wealth that

came from the silk farms for his ancestors and a rejuvenation of life and opportunities for his
 Bhoomika 31

family. The Ma family believes in the harmony of all living beings without conflicts and a

belief in gratitude to the earth. Given the toughness of reality, just like the sapling that grows

through the soil, combating all the stressors of the environment, the sapling grows to renew

the life inside itself to grow into a tree. The Ma story is a witness to the longing of human

beings to immortalize the aspects of nature in physical material, shaping it in artistic form

that mimics the structures of nature.

The Ma couple has three bright daughters. On one occasion, the father shows the

firstborn Mimi her three green jade rings, representing the past, present and future. The child

Mimi understands the symbolic significance of the jade rings in a much simpler form. For

her, the rings are symbolic of expressing past actions and are meant to teach a lesson in the

present so that wrongdoings can be avoided in the future. The past, present and future

connects to the present moment on earth, where trees help people’s lives.

The wisdom of nature embedded as symbolism in stories of nature is passed on to the

Ma daughters. Mimi, her sisters and her father go camping near a creek in the salmon streams

of the Alaskan forest. The family spent time cherishing memories in the natural wilderness of

the planet. They spend their time camping and fishing in the wild consciously understanding

the spirituality and spiritual essence of forests and the rivers. Another wonderful occasion

when the children while spending time in the wilderness come to an understanding that

humans have a unique connection and interdependence that is shared with nature. The family

reminisces about their grandfather’s folklore on trees and their symbolism.

From an eco-critical perspective, it is observed that nature is carved and symbolized

in paintings, carvings, totems and other material artefacts. “In ecocriticism, there are many

things that can be analysed, one of which is the symbolism in a literary work related to

ecocriticism” (Suasti and Andri Permana). Nature becomes a symbol of values and spiritual

beliefs across the spectrum of cultural diversity. The Ma family honoured trees as trees have
 Bhoomika 32

been their providers for generations. The three green jade rings contain the wisdom of the

earth and humans, serving as symbols of wisdom, care and renewal.

The Hindu philosophy talks about aspects of preservation, protection and destruction.

Nature’s functional use has been preserved and protected through symbolisms in folklore, art,

rituals etc, for future generations. When this intricate ecological depth is not deciphered, it

paves for ignorant and neglectful treatment of elements of nature. In the 21 st century mining,

overuse of natural resources, wildlife demolishment etc affect human terrain resulting in

floods, climate change and other ecological disasters. It takes one to skillfully and

knowledgeably navigate the realms of nature to sustain the ecology.

Jorgen Hoel, a character in the novel, is a Norwegian immigrant building his life as a

farmer in America. Jorgen is fascinated with nuts, describing them with unique qualities such

as “sweet and savoury, rich as a honeyed potato, earthly and mysterious all at once” (Powers

5). Jorgen brings an imaginative quality to nuts and he preserves them by planting them and

tending them for further generations. “One day, my children will shake the trunks and eat for

free” (Powers 7). Here the nuts become symbols of growth, nurture and rejuvenation. Jorgen

believes that they are sentient and plant chestnut saplings in soil that is not native to the

chestnut family, yet the saplings grow in gratitude to the planter.

Jorgan is intelligent in his farming techniques, and he takes care of the seedlings.

However, only one chestnut tree survives in the face of eco-disaster. The son John Hoel

continues in his father’s footsteps to grow the trees and starts photographing their family

events around that chestnut tree. The grandson Nicholas Hoel picks up on this hobby and

starts his photography sessions around the tree, “The stack of photos hits the five-hundred

mark during World War II” (Powers 17-18). The single resilient chestnut tree witnesses the

family growing up around it. The miracle chestnut tree becomes a symbol expressing the

renewal of hope, resilience and survival amidst tragedy.

 Bhoomika 33

In conclusion, the collective experiences of our human ancestors amidst nature have

been represented across cultures in symbolism. The entwined fate of humans and nature is

encoded in nature symbols.

Nature, with its diverse symbols and imagery, serves as a mirror reflecting

humanity’s complex emotions, desires, and fears. The changing seasons, for

example, symbolize the cyclical nature of life, where each phase represents a

unique aspect of human existence. Spring, with its blossoming flowers and

vibrant colors, signifies hope, renewal, and growth (Koliada).

The seasons are symbols of nature that show the ebbs and flows of human emotions

reflecting a philosophy that expresses the impermanence of life. The characters in the novel

encounter unique experiences with nature and these experiences are condensed as wisdom in

the form of nature symbols. The colours of nature as mentioned in the stories, have their

meaning. The colours often symbolise aspects of hope, resilience and progression and at the

same time express concerns such as greed, envy and selfishness. The encoding of these

symbols of nature symbols acts as a bridge to decode the hidden meanings in nature that can

help humanity progress and co-exist with nature without any destruction or chaos resulting in

eco-crisis.
 Bhoomika 34

Chapter 3

The harmony between ancestral trees and humanity

Trees bring balance to the ecosystem. They are homes and habitats for many species on

earth. Trees help humans by shifting climate change and providing nourishment in the form

of food. Trees enhance the aesthetic value of the surroundings, in gardens or forests. They are

the reservoir of many symbols in many cultures and traditions. They represent hope, renewal

and wisdom. The beauty of trees has an emotional influence on people, evoking feelings of

wonder, calmness and serenity.

Yet, trees are taken for granted by human beings. If humans dominate and control

nature by clearing away the pulse of the planet which are trees, the planet will not tolerate it.

It will lead to unfavourable circumstances like climate change, floods, global warming etc as

seen in the 21st century. To understand the value of trees there is a need to understand their

existence. In the novel, The Overstory, Powers gives us different perspectives on how the

characters understand and interact with trees, reinforcing the innate value of trees to

humanity.
 Bhoomika 35

Embracing an inclusive and interconnected value of the world, acknowledging the

goodness of the earth, and developing a protective attitude towards the functioning of non-

human entities that exist in the form of trees including animals, plants etc is a natural way of

living. In the novel, Patricia is taking a stroll in the forest, she comes across a western red

cedar tree and feels a flow of gratitude for the tree and its uses for incense, canoes, baskets,

paddles, cradles etc. “Thank you, she says, following the ancient formula. For all these gifts

that you have given. And still not knowing how to stop, she adds. We’re sorry. We didn’t

know how hard it is for you to grow back” (Powers 170). The trees on earth provide

abundance for the sustenance of human life and other wildlife. The problem arises when

humans do not use the resources of the trees adequately and wisely. When humans decide to

dictate the exploitation of the flora and fauna on earth there is a risk of extinction of trees.

The tone in the above quote suggests a feeling of remorse for not recognising the innate

value of trees, yet it is better late than never to protect them. It is also seen that Earth is a

resilient being, that regenerates on its own. But it is high time to acknowledge the care of

nature towards humanity and stop the pain inflicted on nature by the posthuman attitude of

humans. Humans should learn the boundaries of the use of natural resources and stop the

exploitation of trees. Humanity should learn the cycles of trees and in sincere use of the

resources of trees, humanity and nature will stabilize to co-exist reasonably. Trees are central

to humanity’s existence. A more humane perspective that would allow and encourage

empathy and respect for the non-sentient trees and other forms of life enables the existence

and experience of peace and harmony on earth.

In the article titled “Sustainability, Civilization and Women- An Environmental Study

of The Overstory by Richard Powers” published in the journal Rupkatha Journal on

Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, the authors remark “Humanity has grown at a pace

which has led to irreversible environmental effects. All developing and developed countries
 Bhoomika 36

are suffering in different ways because of this. To reduce rising inequality and achieve

prosperity, the use of a large range of commodities in these nations needs to be put to

equability” (Gandotra and Agrawal). The negative consequences of human activity on trees in

nature have led to a series of unfavourable ecosystems on the planet. There is a need to

address the concern of depleting trees that are rampant in the 21 st century. Richard Powers

gently brings in narratives of trees which become a blessing to the characters in the novel,

The Overstory.

Even though there is much destruction of trees happening on the planet in the 21 st

century, the forests don’t seem to know how to stop serving humans, such is the benevolence

bestowed by the trees. Humans must recognise the importance of natural resources and

reconsider the repercussions of abusing trees. To change the lack of awareness and

consideration for the gifts of trees in nature, one must follow the recurring theme of the

interconnectedness of all living beings. This theme is rooted in the belief that there exists a

gentle harmony between the non-sentient trees and the sentient humans of the planet.

In the article titled, “The Pursuit of Eco-Harmony in Contemporary Culture: A

Personal Ethnography - ProQuest” published on the thesis website Proquest, the author says

“Eco-harmony is defined as being in a harmonious relationship - or feeling in accord - with

the world and environment; and the resulting basis of eco-harm only embraces and

appreciates all life and includes becoming native or indigenous to one’s land, place, and

environment” (Anderson). With an attitude that involves the recognition of a gentle

appreciation towards trees, humanity can witness a healthier planet in the future.

From an eco-critical lens, the positive themes of eco-harmony would mean care for

nature and an empathetic relationship with the trees on the planet. The concern for nature

leads to an enriching experience for all humans and other life forms on Earth. Given the

environmental destruction by humans and the earth’s capacity to regenerate itself, one should
 Bhoomika 37

re-evaluate the relationship with the natural planet and the consequences of their destructive

actions on trees in nature.

Patricia begins to study a certain species of trees called Doug-firs. She believes trees

have their way of communicating with each other. “The things she catches Doug Firs doing,

over these years, fill her with joy. When the lateral roots of two Douglas-firs run into each

other underground, they fuse. Through those self-grafted knots, the two trees join their

vascular systems together and become one” (Powers 178). She understands the interaction

taking place in the hidden underground realm of trees and attempts to find evidence through

chemical reactions and root connections taking place under the soil. Having an underground

understanding of the trees. Patricia reflects on the workings of communication between trees,

she senses that a method called grafting hurts trees. And when a graft is taking place, the trees

reach out for each other and rejoin their broken parts together to exhibit the essence of care

and connection much like human beings.

Though the story is fictional, it gives humans a new perspective to ponder upon. While

a posthuman standpoint towards the planet might not consider the repercussions of human

activity towards trees, a grander vision of the workings of the trees in the forests develops a

space of empathy and appreciation towards the existence of trees. “Networked together

underground by countless thousands of miles of living fungal threads, her trees heal and feed

each other, keeping their young and sick alive” (Powers 178). Patricia discovers how the trees

are similar to humans in protecting and caring for each other, this makes the trees special

even though they are non-sentient. This vision of the underground networks of trees might

gently provoke humanity to think again about the interference and destruction caused by

humans and prod humanity to care for nature just like trees care for each other.

The ethics of caring for the trees goes beyond human wants and needs. It raises concern

for the treatment of all living organisms and the preservation and protection of biodiversity
 Bhoomika 38

existing in global ecosystems. The inclusion of a viewpoint that promotes the healthy well-

being of all living sentient and non-sentient beings benefits the forests and the diverse

ecosystems in the world.

Further in the novel, Olivia and Nick live on redwood trees to protect them from being

chopped off by the loggers. While living in the trees, they observe the rawness and majesty of

living the forest life.

They read about Myrrh-tree transplanting expeditions depicted in the reliefs at

Karnak, three thousand five hundred years ago. They read about trees that

migrate. Trees that remember the past and predict the future. Trees that

harmonize their fruiting and nutting into choruses. Trees that bomb the ground

so only their young ones can grow. Trees that summon air forces of insects to

come and save them. Trees with hollowed trunks wide enough to hold the

population of small hamlets. Leaves with fur on the undersides. Thinned

petioles that solve the wind. The rim of life around a pillar of dead history,

each new coat as thick as the maker season is generous (Powers 368).

After discovering the knowledge of the trees in a secret book, Olivia and Nick ingrain

in them the will to protect the trees. Olivia and Nicholas begin a friendship based on their

commonality in their interest in trees, they drive to California, angered by the news that

certain redwood trees are being logged off by the timber company. They intend to slow down

the loggers if not stop them entirely and meet the protestors at the camp. They find a huge

tree and name the tree Mimas, after inspecting the trees, Olivia and Nichola soon start living

on the tree Mimas, by setting up huge hammocks and safety ropes.

Together Olivia and Nicholas explore the raw and humane feelings of living in a tree

and cherish their time together with nature.

 Bhoomika 39

You and the tree in your backyard come from a common ancestor. She stops

and looks out the transparent wall of their tree house. A billion and half years

ago, the two of you parted ways. She pauses again as if to do the math. But

even now, after an immense journey in separate directions, that tree and you

still share a quarter of your genes (Powers 336).

This knowledge gives the understanding that trees and humans are the same at the core of

nature’s creation. As Olivia, comes to an understanding that trees and humans are distant

ancestors, she feels a sense of connection and empathy towards the trees. She recognises the

interconnectedness of all living beings. The unlearning of ego-centric human attitudes and

learning of eco-centric standpoints can significantly benefit both the planet and humanity.

Human beings are dependent on the wealth of natural resources in the forests for their health

and well-being, hence a healthy environment will lead to a healthy life. Therefore, advocating

for the healthy usage of forest resources starts with the development of eco-awareness and the

conscious acknowledgement of the interconnectedness of all life on earth.

Patricia is an eco-conscious person in the novel, she sees value in trees beyond their

still existence.

She builds these creatures’ elaborate homes with pebbled front walks and

mushroom furniture. She sleeps them in beds fitted with magnolia-petal

comforters. She watches over them, the guiding spirit of a kingdom whose

towns nestle behind closed doors in the burls of trees. Knotholes turn into

louvred windows, through which, squinting, she can see the inviting parlours

of woody citizens, the lost kin of humans. She lives there with her creatures in

the minuscule architecture of imagination, so much richer than the offerings of

full-sized life. When her tiny wooden doll’s head twists off, she plants it in the

garden, certain it will grow another body (Powers 141).

 Bhoomika 40

Little Patricia brings natural life through her imagination, she feels the twigs, the flowers and

the mushrooms all are part of her family and she takes care of them. The little child’s

understanding of the natural world doesn't distinguish or dominate the environment around

her but she happily plays with them considering the parts of trees as an extension of her

imaginative world.

Her active imagination is an extension of her love for the small trivial parts of the

forests such as pebbles, wood etc and she seems to deeply appreciate their existence which

contributes as playthings for her. From an eco-critical lens, it can be seen little Patricia’s

involvement in nature shows her understanding of the value of the forests. This activity is a

step that allows humans to share the interconnectedness of nature with all living beings and

respect and celebrate nature to inspire creativity and inspiration in humanity.

As a child, Patricia shows an aspect of tenderness and protectiveness towards the little

home she built, as she grows up, she takes up investigating the trees to study their lives. She

takes care of the trees and publishes many findings on how trees interact with each other. This

shows her empathy towards trees in forests and the need to take care of trees by humans. Her

actions demonstrate that humanity needs to develop this care and nurture towards the natural

forests to maintain balance and harmony in the ecosystem.

In the last line, Little Patricia replants the doll’s head without worry because she

believes nature will help the doll regrow in the garden. This act shows her faith in trees, to

provide abundantly and reinforces the independence of nature to renew itself autonomously

despite human intervention. This thought process shows the different ways in which humans

can connect with nature through imagination which will help humanity to protect the

biodiversity and environment. The quote emphasizes the idea of care, protection, happiness
 Bhoomika 41

and nourishment that nature provides to humans. Little Patricia’s innovative perspective gives

a glimpse of fostering a healthy relationship with humans and nature.

The negative consequences of human activity on the planet, yet a change in the

positive direction is always possible. The change can happen individually or collectively and

it begins with developing a planet-friendly attitude and the integration of eco-awareness in

oneself. All living beings have an interest in living a life and even if their purpose is to serve

as consumption for humans, there is an ethical concern of not overusing the resources of the

planet. To unlearn the posthuman attitude of dominating the natural world around humans, it

is firstly important to recognise and value the little things in the environment.

The responsibility of practising and maintaining eco-consciousness is up to the

individuals belonging to the society. Patricia is one such eco-conscious person, now as a

botany scientist she has a much better understanding of forests. As she grows closer to the

trees in the world, she attempts to connect with the history of the trees by remembering their

history of existence.
 Bhoomika 42

Patricia Westerford hugs herself, and, for no reason, begins to cry. Tree of

Navajo sun house chant. The tree Hercules turned into a wreath, the one he

sacrificed when coming back from hell. The one whose brewed leaves

protected the native hunters from evil. This, the most widely distributed tree in

North America with close kin on three continents, all at once feels unbearably

rare (Powers 164).

She feels their ancestral heritage, their power in influencing great mythology and their

significance towards human ancestors. And in their remembrance, she expands her

consciousness to connect with the ancient trees and feels the intensity of harmony existing in

nature.

Patricia grew up bonding over little fragments of nature during her childhood, this

bond is deepened further as an adult. She develops an emotional bond with the trees as she

hugs and cries while she gathers insights about the trees. Trees are a reliable source of

comfort and bond; forests can have a profound impact on the human psyche if they are sensed

from the heart. Through the act of hugging the trees out of love for nature, Patricia sets an

example of how to love nature and sense the connection between trees and humans.

Patricia also mentions, the tree of Navajo, the Navajo people are the original

inhabitants of America. The tribes of Navajo considered the trees as sacred and spiritual

hence they chanted songs around trees to offer their respect to nature. In the article titled “The

Navajo People’s Relationship with Nature” published on the website Indian Country

Extension written by Mika, there is documented evidence of the native's connection with

trees.

One of the most important aspects of Navajo religion is the relationship

between humans and the natural world. The Navajo believe that everything in

the universe is connected and that all beings are related. The Navajo people
 Bhoomika 43

have a deep respect for the forces of nature and see them as powerful and

sacred. The Navajo god, Ma’ ii, is the god of the earth and the sky. He is the

creator of all things and is responsible for the balance and harmony of the

universe. The Navajo believe that humans must live in harmony with nature

and respect the natural world to maintain balance and order (Mika).

This ties to the cultural connection between forests and ancestors who grew up around

trees. As Patricia remembers the ancestors of the native land, she feels a profound

relationship with the trees that witnessed the life of the natives. The Navajo culture deeply

believes that living in harmony with nature is a core value. The Navajo people maintain a

symbiotic relationship with nature and they greatly respect and appreciate nature.

Trees cover a huge part of the world, they influence climates, crops and harvest. Trees

are central to ecological growth and sustenance. They are important in providing a habitat for

wildlife and cleansing air and water. The resources provided by trees are a gift to humanity

and they are great reminders that everything on the planet is interconnected and it is

necessary to preserve trees of all species around the world.

In conclusion, through the perspectives of the characters Olivia, Nicholas and Patricia,

the author Richard Powers gives humanity multiple reasons to protect and care for nature.

The forests are a living witness to aesthetic visuals, wildlife, a source of nourishment and the

influence of climate. Powers emphasize that nature is a divine gift, by portraying the

emotional, cultural and ecological significance of trees.

The ecosystem is a fragile entity, it needs to be loved, nourished and taken care of by

humans. In turn, nature will return its value by sustaining the breath of life to humans and

every other species on the planet. To understand the message is to understand that all living

beings on the planet deserve harmony of existence.

 Bhoomika 44

Conclusion
 Bhoomika 45

In the novel The Overstory, Powers gives examples of how humans perceive and

interact with nature. The earth is a place where living beings inhabit and co-exist. When the

characters in the novel go through adversity involving nature, they understand the importance

of nature and strive to protect the natural environment in their unique way. But, due to some

dominant human-centric activity, the nature around them gets destroyed. This loss of nature

makes the characters reminisce about the times when they lived under the shade of nature

making them feel eco-nostalgic. The findings suggest that developing a co-existing

relationship with nature is the key to sustaining a healthy planet.

If humans disregard the concern for the natural environment, there will be a disorder

in the fragile ecosystem.

Species disappear. Patricia writes of them. There are too many species to

count. Reefs bleach and wetlands dry. Things are going lost that have not yet

been found. Kinds of life vanish a thousand times faster than the baseline

extinction rate. Forests larger than most countries now turn to farmland

(Powers 467).

It’s humankind that is responsible for the majority of ecological imbalance. A small

disruption to the ecology creates chaos in the cycle of sustenance. The feelings of disconnect

with nature because of the depletion of nature will create feelings of eco-nostalgia in humans

just like Patricia feels in the novel.

When there is an evident loosening of the innate biological connection with nature,

humans feel eco-nostalgic for the past. These feelings of eco-nostalgia are felt by Patricia as

she observes the loss of greenery around her. A solution to negate the feelings of eco-

nostalgia is to become ecologically aware and environmentally conscious.

In chapter two, The Ma and the Hoel families understand the importance of natural

symbols. The Ma family is a Chinese immigrant who brings three jade rings to America. The
 Bhoomika 46

rings symbolically carry the wisdom of nature which has culturally infused meanings. The

green color of the jade rings represents the interactions of humans with nature in the past,

present and future.

The first ring represents the past for the Ma family was an unpleasant one where, a

typhoon destroyed their silk plantation. Humbled by the power of nature the Ma family

understand the wisdom of preserving nature. The present situation of the Ma family is

focused on them navigating their American lives as Chinese immigrants, the message of the

second ring is to protect the nature of the present so the future can be secured. The third ring

represents the future and emphasizes that the present actions of humanity create ripples in the

future, if the actions are positive towards nature then the future of humans with nature will be

healthy.

The family plants a mulberry tree which represents regeneration. The growth of the

mulberry tree reflects the growth of nature which rejuvenates and replenishes itself under the

care of humanity. “Best time to plant a tree? Twenty years ago. Yep. And you always said the

next best time was now. Wrong. Next best time, nineteen years ago” (Powers 49). The

characters understand the value of preserving nature especially when the mulberry tree falls

sick. The children reminisce and come together to protect nature.

Finally, in chapter three, the importance of trees is further emphasized by Patricia who

brings aesthetic and functional perspectives of trees to humanity. Patricia spends a

considerable amount of her time in the forests of The Great Smoky Mountains in America.

This constant engagement with trees instils in her a sense of empathy and appreciation

towards trees. “But the priestly tulip trees still boost her immune system, while beeches lift

her mood and focus her thoughts. Under these giants, she’s smarter and clearer. She sees an

alligator-barked persimmon. Sweet gum balls, like tiny, medieval morning stars, crunch under
 Bhoomika 47

her feet” (Powers 547). Patricia is exploring the trees in The Great Smoky Mountains, and

she absorbs the environment through all her five senses.

The tulips delight the eye gaze and boost her health, the trees give her knowledge to

enhance her research, her focus is rejuvenated and she feels better walking amidst the trees

under the morning sky. By simply engaging herself amidst nature and absorbing the green

environment around her through her physical senses, Patricia can emotionally and mentally

connect with the nature that surrounds her and she is an example of how one can lead an eco-

conscious life.

The working structure of trees propels one to ponder upon the structure and

functioning of trees. History is witness to many books exploring the lives of many people but

not many books record the lives and stories of trees. “The wounded trees send out alarms that

other trees smell. Her maples are signalling. They’re linked together in an airborne network,

sharing an immune system across acres of woodland. These brainless, stationary trunks are

protecting each other” (Powers 158). Richard Powers, in The Overstory, challenges the

traditional view of trees as individual beings and stresses the importance of observing and

understanding the intricacy and beauty of trees in forests. In empathizing with trees humanity

can shape a future that is not destructive but accommodative of nature.

In the novel, as Patricia observes trees are not just quiet objects, they are part of a

social organization bound by a sense of duty and an unseen bond. When one tree is injured,

by stress or infection it sends out distress signals and cries for help. The signals are picked up

by neighbor trees not by the organ of the ears but by an inner sense of connectedness. These

signals are unknown to the untrained observer, yet the prudent Patricia picks up on the tree's

behaviourisms. She senses the trees and empathizes with them, broadening the horizons of

trees in forests and knowledge.

 Bhoomika 48

Patricia understands that trees respond to obligation out of genuine care for one of

their own. Just like a family, the trees nourish, support and strengthen each other through

delicate networks under the soil. Unlike humans, the trees do not have brains, ears and

voices. They appear to be still and silent. Yet they are united on sharing a journey of

surviving and resiliently helping each other in times of difficulty. The communication of trees

shows humanity the path of compassion and interconnectedness. One learning of the natural

world is that we can protect these sacred bonds to preserve the forests and maintain harmony

and healing in the world.

The imprint of every organism leaves a mark deep or shallow on Earth, it is

inevitable. “The corpse will be found of course. Teeth with fillings, the nubs of unburned

bone. Every clue will be discovered and read. They aren’t getting rid of the corpse. They’re

sending it into forever” (Powers 445). The imprints of human activities especially show up

eventually leading to a deeper understanding of life. The evidence of human life will be

accountable and pave the path towards a sustainable or destructive place on the planet. The

legacy of humans will be reflected in Earth’s history giving us a glimpse into the fate of

humanity.

In conclusion, Powers takes the reader on a journey of discoveries in the realm of

nature. The protection of nature becomes an intergenerational responsibility, a drop of

concern for nature today will flower the wellness of life tomorrow. Our choices' long-term

actions and consequences shall ensure a healthier flourishing of nature. The harsh realities of

nature’s rage can be avoided. Through effective self-reflection and consideration of nature, it

becomes possible for the planet to heal itself and unleash its restorative powers.

Coexistence becomes valuable to living a balanced and harmonious life on earth. The

needs of humans are taken care of by nature and in turn, humans need to recognise the

intrinsic value of all species and ecosystems. If there is any active work done to help heal and
 Bhoomika 49

regenerate the destroyed ecosystems, by opening up our doors to nature the acts will suffice

to enhance ecological restoration.

Hence from the essence of the dissertation it can be concluded that nature influences

human emotions positively and negatively depending on humanity’s interaction with nature.

The scope of the research has space to investigate the psychoanalysis and emotional states of

the characters in the novel as they progress from childhood to adulthood.

 Bhoomika 50

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