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Icte 7

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8 views21 pages

Icte 7

Uploaded by

mostakbalwatan153
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Programming

Chapter (7)

Computer Programming
Computer Programming

Objectives

Program and Programming


Algorithms & Programs
Computer Programming Languages
Flowchart
Examples
Program and Programming
Program: ‫مجموعة من األوامر المكتوبة بلغة برمجة يقوم الحاسب بتنفيذها‬
• A set of instruction written in a programming language that a
computer can execute so that the machine acts in a
predetermined way.
• Program solves a problem ‫البرنامج يحل مشكلة معينة‬
• Before writing a program:
– Have a thorough understanding of the problem
– Carefully plan an approach for solving it.

Programming: ‫البرمجة هي عملية كتابة أوامر للحاسب تخبر المعالج بما يجب أن‬
‫يقوم به‬
• The Process of providing instructions to the computer that tells
the processor what to do.
Algorithms and Programs
‫الخوارزمي يقدم حال لمشكلة دون االعتماد على أي لغة للبرمجة بينما‬
‫البرنامج عبارة عن خوارزمي مكتوب بلغة معينة‬
• An Algorithm is a solution to a problem that is
independent of any programming language.

While
• A program is an algorithm expressed using a
specific set of instructions from any
programming language.
Algorithm Example

• Maximum of two numbers


Steps:
1.Read/input two numbers
2.Compare two numbers
3.Print the Greater number
• Average of three numbers
Steps:
1.Read/input three numbers
2.Add three numbers
3. divide the sum by 3.
4.Print the result of division
Computer Languages

- Machine language
- Assembly languages
- High-level languages

6
Machine Language
• Programs and memory locations are written
in strings of 0s and 1s.
• Problems with machine languages
– Programs are difficult to write and debug
• Only option available to early programmers.

7
Assembly Language
– For example, A for add, C for compare, etc.
– Use names rather than binary addresses for
memory locations
• Require an assembler to translate the program
into machine language.

8
High-Level Languages
• Transformed programming
– Programs could be written and debugged
much more quickly
• Requires a compiler to convert the
statements into machine language
– Each computer has its own version of a
compiler for each language.

9
Major Programming Languages
• FORTRAN
• COBOL
• BASIC
• Visual Basic
• C/C++
• Java

10
Flowcharts
Flowcharts
Flowchart
Flowchart
– It is a graphical representation of an algorithm.

– Components:
• Arrows/lines: Flow of control

• Parallelogram: Indicates input and output operations

• Rectangle symbol (action symbol): Indicates any type of


action/computational step

• Oval symbol: Indicates the start or the end of a program or a


section of code.

• Diamond: Decision.

12
Flowcharts

Flowchart Notations

Arrows
Diamond

Parallelogram

Oval
Rectangle

13
Flowcharts

Examples
Flowcharts

Example: Add Two Numbers

START

READ
A,B

Sum = A+B

PRINT
Sum

Stop
15
Flowcharts

Example: Average of Three Numbers

START

READ
A,B,C

Sum= A+B+C
Average = (A+B+C) / 3

Avg = Sum / 3
PRINT
Average

Stop
16
Flowcharts

Example: Area of a Circle


START

READ
R

Area = 3.14 * R * R

PRINT
Area

Stop
17
Flowcharts

Decision Making (Selection)


Flowcharts

Example: Max. of Two Numbers

START

READ
N1, N2

PRINT Yes No PRINT


N1 If N1>N2
N2

Stop

19
Flowcharts

Example: Pass or Fail

START

READ
D

PRINT Yes No PRINT


“Pass” If D>=60
“Fail”

Stop

20
Flowcharts

Example: Degree to Grade


START

READ
D

PRINT Yes No No No No PRINT


If D>=90 If D>=80 If D>=70 If D>=60 “F”
“A”

Yes Yes Yes


PRINT PRINT PRINT
“B” “C” “D”

Stop
21

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