CIVIL AIR REGULATIONS

Why study Air Law??

 To keep flying SAFE and EFFICIENT

 Each Pilot is responsible for compliance with local

and international law

 ―Ignorance of the law excuses no one‖

 CHICAGO CONVENTION
 Signed on December 7, 1944 in Chicago Illinois by signatory
states and approved on March 5, 1947.
 Establishes rules of airspace, aircraft registration and safety and
details the right of the signatories in relation to air travel.
Exempts air fuel from tax
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL
AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO)
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL
AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO)
Annexes VS Law


Annexes –are agreements

Non enforceable


Minimums for the creation of LAW


Law –created by local judicial body

Enforceable / mandatory
 CAAP -Civil Aviation Authority
of the Philippines
 an agency of the Philippine government under the Department
of Transportation and Communications responsible for
implementing policies on civil aviation to assure safe, economic
and efficient air travel
 History of CAAP
1979

1945 1952
1933

1936 1947
1931
1956 1987

Bureau of Bureau of AIR

Aeronautics Division Aeronautics TRANSPORTATION
 History

 December 3, 2007, Senator EdgardoJ. Angara filed

senate bill number 1932, otherwise known as CIVIL
AVIATION AUTHORITY ACT OF 2007

 The bill abolishes the Air Transportation Office (ATO)

and instead creates the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA),
which is mandated to set comprehensive, clear and
impartial rules of the aviation industry.

History
Under the new law, the CAA shall be an
independent regulatory body with quasi-
judicialand quasi-legislativepowers with
corporate attributes

 On March 4, 2008, Republic Act No. 9497

renamed the Air Transportation Office the
Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines
headed by the Director General of Civil
Aviation.
Republic Act 9497
RA 9497 Approval and Effectivity
 CAR -CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

 provide the regulatory

requirements dealing with aviation
safety related to aircraft
operations, airworthiness and
personnel licensing; and are
presented in Parts.
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS (CAR)

 Part 1: General Policies, Procedures, and Definitions

 Part 2: Personnel Licensing
 Part 3: Approved Training Organizations
 Part 4: Aircraft Registration and Markings
 Part 5: Airworthiness
 Part 6: Approved Maintenance Organizations
 Part 7: Flight and Navigational Instruments
 Part 8: Operations
 Part 9: Air Operator Certificates
 Part 10: Commercial Air Transport by Foreign Carriers
 Part 11: Aerial Work and Limitations for Non-Type
Certificated Aircraft
 Part 18: Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods By Air
 Part 1: General Policies, Procedures, and
Definitions
Consist of 4 Subpart:

Rules of construction (1.1)

 General Administrative Rules Governing Testing,

Licenses and Certificates (1.2)

 Exemptions (1.3)

 Definition (1.4)
 1.1.1.2 Applicability
CAR shall apply to all persons operating or maintaining the
following:

(1) Republic of the Philippines registered aircraft;

(2) Aircraft registered in another Contracting State that are operated
by a person licensed by Republic of the Philippines,
(3) Aircraft of other Contracting States operating in Republic of the
Philippines.
 1.1.1.2 Applicability

(4) Foreign air operators, who conduct commercial air transport into,
from or within the Republic of the Philippines.
1.2General Administrative Rules Governing
Testing, Licenses and Certificates


Display and Inspection of Licenses and Certificates

 Change of Name
 Change of address
 Replacement of lost or destroyed license
 Falsification, reproduction or alteration of applications, licenses,
certificates, logbooks, reports, or records
 Administrative action
 Certificate action
 Civil penalties (IS 1.2.1.8 (d) )
 Criminal penalties

Surrender, suspension or revocation of license or certificates
 Reapplication after revocation
 Reapplication after suspension
1.4 Definitions
 1.4 Definitions

 Large airplane
An aircraft with a MTOW greater than 5,700 kilogram.

 Complex airplane
An airplane with a controllable pitch propeller,
retractable landing gear, and flaps.

 High Performance Airplane

An aircraft with that has more than 200 hp per
powerplant.
PART 2 –PERSONNEL LICENSING
 General
 General Licensing Requirements
 Pilot License, categories, ratings and
 authorizations Flight engineer license and ratings
 Flight navigator license
 Aircraft maintenance license

ATC license, categories and ratings
 Flight operations officer license
 Aeronautical station operator license
 Medical provisions license
Implementing standards

2.1.1 Applicability
 Prescribes the requirements for issuing, renewal and re-issue of
aviation personnel licenses, ratings, Authorizations and certificates:

 Prescribes the conditions under which those licenses, ratings,

Authorizations and certificates are necessary; and

 Prescribes the privileges and limitations

2.2.2 LICENSE, RATINGS AND CERTIFICATE
LICENSE –documented evidence issued to an applicant who
satisfactorily accomplishes the requirement of CAR Part 2.
2.2.2 LICENSE, RATINGS AND CERTIFICATE
RATINGS–inserted in license if satisfactorily
accomplish the requirement of specific rating being
applied.(2.2.2.2)

-Category Rating (Airplane, Helicopter, Glider, Free

Baloon)

-Class Rating (SEL, MEL, SES, MES)

-Type Rating –make and model of aircraft

certificated for operation with a minimum crew of at
least two pilots or any type of aircraft considered
necessary by the Authority.

-Instrument Rating
-Instructor Rating
2.2.2 LICENSE, RATINGS AND CERTIFICATE

With respect to certification of airmen:

Category : Airplane , Rotorcraft , Glider and lighter than air
Class : SEL, SES,MEL,MES

With respect to certification of aircraft:

Category : Normal , Utility, Acrobatic
Class : Aircraft, rotorcraft, gliders and balloons
 2.2.2 LICENSE, RATINGS AND CERTIFICATE

AUTHORIZATION –issued to applicant if satisfactory accomplish all

requirements for Authorization sought. (2.2.2.3)

-Student Pilot
Authorization -Examiner
Authorization
 2.2.2 LICENSE, RATINGS AND CERTIFICATE

Certificates –issued to applicant if satisfactory accomplish all

requirements for Certification sought. (2.2.2.4)

-Medical Certificate
-Validation Certificate
-Certificate of Release
2.2.7 Language Proficiency

** Airplane pilots required to use the

radio telephone aboard an aircraft,
air traffic controllers and
aeronautical station operators shall
demonstrate the ability to speak,
read and understand the English
language used for radio telephony
communications.**
 2.2.8 Recording of Flight Time

Each person shall document and record the following time in a manner
acceptable to the Authority:

(1)training and experience used to meet the requirements for a license, rating
and Authorization; and

(2) the experience required to show recent flight experience according to the
requirements of Part 2.

Implementing Standard: see IS 2.2.8

 2.2.10
Suspension or Revocation of a License, Rating,
Authorization/Certificate

If, in accordance with the Civil

Aviation Law the Authority
determines that the interests of
safety require that a license, rating,
Authorization or certificate must be
suspended, revoke or even
cancelled, the Authority prescribed
procedures in acting on it.
 VIOLATION and SANCTION
Violation Sanction
 Failure to use pre-flight cockpit checklist -------------15 to 30 day suspension
 Collision while taxiing ---------------------------------30 to 120 day suspension
 Takeoff against instruction or clearance---------------60 to 120 day suspension
 Takeoff below weather minima--------------------------60 to 120 day suspension
 Operating VFR within clouds ----------------------------90 day suspension to
revocation
 Operating an un-airworthy aircraft ---------------------30 to 180 day suspension
 Landing at wrong airport ---------------------------------90 to 180 day suspension
 Overweight landing ---------------------------------------30 to 90 day suspension
 Short or long landing--------------------------------------30 to 180 day suspension
 Wheels up landing ----------------------------------------30 to 180 day suspension
 Flying without a medical certificate ---------------------15 to 60 day suspension
 Lack of a type rating ---------------------------------------180 day suspension to
revocation
 2.3.1.2
General Rules Concerning Pilot Licensing, Ratings and
Authorization

An applicant shall meet such requirements in respect of age, knowledge,

experience, flight instruction, skill, medical fitness and language proficiency
as are specified for that license, rating or Authorization.

A person shall not act either as pilot-in-command or as co-pilot of an aircraft

in any of the categories unless that person is the holder of a pilot license.
2.3.3.3 Commercial Pilot License

Age: not less than 18 years old.

Knowledge: received and log ground training from an authorized

instructor.

 Air Law

Aircraft General Knowledge
 Flight Performance and Planning

Human Performance
 Meteorology

Navigation
 Operation
Principles of Flight



Radiotelephony
2.3.3.3 Commercial Pilot License
Experience:

200 hours flight time in airplane

Not less than 150 hours if completed with an authority-approved training course
(approved training organization)

10 hours in simulator may substitute for actual

FH 100 hours as pilot in command

70 hours of PIC time if completed under an authority approved training course.

2.3.3.3 Commercial Pilot License
Experience:

20 hours of cross country as PIC

1 cross-country flight totalling not less than 540km (300nm) in the

course of which full stop landings must be made at 2 different
aerodromes.

10 hours of instrument instruction time of which not more than 5 hours

may be instrument ground time (simulator)

if the privileges of the license are to be exercised at night, 5 hours of

night flight time including 5 take-offs and 5 landings as pilot-in-
command.
2.3.3.3 (f-h) Commercial Pilot License

M edical: Class 1 Medical Certificate

Privilege:
 Exercise all privileges of a PPL
 to act as pilot-in-command in any airplane engaged in operations
other than commercial air transportation
 to act as pilot-in-command in commercial air transportation in any
airplane certificated for single-pilot operation;
 to act as co-pilot in commercial air transportation in airplanes
and required to be operated with a copilot.

Validity: 1 year
Medical Licensing
 Class 1 –ATPL, MPL, CPL

Below 40 yrs old

ATPL –6 months
 CPL, MPL –1 yr

 Above 40 yrs old


ATPL, CPL and MPL –6 months

 Class 2 –PPL, SPL


Below 40 yrs old

PPL, SPL –2 YRS

 Above 40 yrs old


PPL, SPL –1 yr

 Class 3 -ATC
 2.3.1.5 Age Restrictions

 Prohibited from commercial single pilot operation –

60 yrs old

 60 yrs old –multi crew allowed provided the other

crew is below 60.

 65 yrs old –prohibited from acting as pilot in

commercial operation
Part 4 –Aircraft Registration and Marking
 General

Registration Requirements

Nationality and Registration Marks
 4.2.1.1 Registration

 No person may operate a civil

aircraft unless it has been
registered under the law of
Republic of the Philippines and
has certificate of Registration
which shall be carried onboard
in all operation of an aircraft
Certificate of Registration
4.3.1.3 (e)Markings to be Used

 Philippine Registration

Government – RP-123

Civil - RP-C123
 Restricted - RP-R123

Experimental - RP-X123
 Sports - RP-S123
4.3.1.11 Identification Plate Required
 Certificate of Airworthiness (C of A)

8.2.1.2
8.2.1.8
-certificate given to the aircraft
or component after applying to
the regulatory agency of the
State of Design or State of
Registry
 REVIEW QUESTIONS
•What type of medical certificate is required for a Commercial Pilot's
License holder?
The medical certificate of a CPL holder below 40 years old has a
validity of how many months?
How long is the validity of a Commercial Pilot's License?
How many passengers before an aircraft is required to have a flight
attendant on board?
When flying at a heading of 135˚ above 3,000 feet, what
altitude
should be used?
The
No two minimum visibility
pilots are allowedwhen flying
to fly abovewhen
together 10,000 feet
they is both
are ___ ?__ years

old or above.
The validity of the Certificate of Airworthiness/Registration is
___. The bill that was passed to change the ATO into the CAAP?
A pilot will be suspended for ___ days if he flies w/o a medical
certificate.
 Minimum Equipment List (MEL)

The Minimum Equipment List is consulted

when one or more instrument or equipment
is not working.
 7.2.2 Minimum Flight and Navigational Equipment

No person may operate any aircraft unless it is

equipped with the following flight and navigational
instruments:

(1) An airspeed indicator;

(2) A sensitive pressure altimeter, adjustable for any
barometric pressure likely to be set during flight;
(3) A vertical speed indicator;
(4) A turn and slip indicator, or a turn coordinator
incorporating a slip indicator;
(5) A magnetic compass;
(6) A means of indicating in the flight crew
compartment the outside air temperature;
(7) An accurate timepiece indicating the time in hours,
minutes and seconds.
 7.2.2 Flight and Navigational Equipment

Whenever an aircraft is operating at night or when two pilots are required, each
pilot's station shall have separate flight instruments as listed above and
additionally as follows;

(1) An attitude indicator (artificial horizon); and

(2) A stabilized direction indicator (directional gyroscope).

 7.3 Communication Equipment

Radio Equipment


No person may operate an aircraft unless it
is equipped with radio equipment.
 All aircraft operated in VFR as a controlled
flight or in IFR shall be provided with radio
communication equipment capable of
conducting two-way communication.
 7.3.3Altitude Reporting Transponder

 No person may operate an aircraft at altitudes

above FL 290 unless it is equipped with a Transponder

No person may operate an aircraft in airspace that requires a

pressure reporting transponder


No person may operate an aircraft in commercial air
transportation unless it is equipped with a Transponder
TRANSPONDER
-provides position and altitude
reporting to the air tower.

Transponder Codes:
VFR1200
Emergency 7700
NORDO 7600
Unlawful interference 7500
As required by air traffic control

TRANSPONDER
 7.4 Aircraft Lights and Instrument Illumination

Required for all aircraft operating at night:

 Landing Light
 Anti-collision light system
 Navigation/position Lights
 Lights to conform International Regulation for
preventing collisions at sea if the aircraft is a
seaplane
 Illumination of flight instruments and equipment
necessary for the safe operation of aircraft
 Lights in all passenger compartments
 Flashlight for each crew member station
(approval not required)
 7.5 Engine Instruments

Engine Instrument Requirements

 Fuel Gauges for each fuel tank
 Oil pressure indicator for each engine
 Oil Temperature indicator for each engine
 Manifold pressure indicator for an engine with controllable pitch
propellers
 Tachometer for each engine
 FLIGHT AND COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER

 Flight data recorders

 Cockpit voice recorders

CESSNA 152 AND 172 IS NOT COVERED BY REGULATION

 7.8.5 Emergency Locator Transmitter
 Emergency Locator Transmitter


ALL AIRCRAFT SHALL EQUIPPED WITH 406

MHZ ELT

ELT MUST REGISTERED AND PROGRAMMED

WITH A DISTINCT UNIQUE IDENTIFICATION
NUMBER 24 BIT.

 when the transmitter has been in used for more

ELT batteries shall be replaced or recharged
than one cumulative hour or 50% of useful life
has expired.

 battery shall be legibly marked on the outside of

Expiration date for a replacement or recharged
 EMERGENCY, RESCUE AND SURVIVAL
7.8 EQUIPMENT

Each item of emergency and flotation equipment

shall be—

(1) Readily accessible to the crew.

(2) Clearly identified and clearly marked to

indicate its method of operation;

(3) Marked as to date of last inspection; and

(4) Marked as to contents when carried in a

compartment or container.
EMERGENCY, RESCUE AND SURVIVAL
EQUIPMENT


Emergency exit
 Visual Signaling device
 equipment
 Portable Fire Extinguisher

Survival Equipment

First Aid and Emergency Medical Kit
Marking of Break-in points

Life Jacket
 Megaphones
 Emergency Locator Transmitter
 Life Raft
 7.8.12 Oxygen Storage

Required for all operation above 10,000 ft (for
unpressurized aircraft)
 Quick donning masks required for aircraft operated above
FL250.

 Total number of dispensing units and outlets must exceed

the number of seats by at least 10%.
 Commercial Flight with one pilot at duty station is required
to use oxygen mask above FL240.
MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT


Seats, Safety Belts and Shoulder

 Harnesses Protective Circuit Fuses
 Icing Protection Equipment
 Operations

CAR Part 8 prescribes the requirements for:


Operations conducted by airman certified in Republic of the
Philippines while operating aircraft registered in Republic of the
Philippines.

 Philippines Operators.
Operations of foreign registered aircraft by Republic of the
Operations of aircraft within Republic of the Philippines by


airman or Operators of a foreign State.

 8.2.1.6 Airplane Flight Manual
 No person may operate a Republic of the Philippines-
registered civil aircraft unless there is available in the aircraft

 (1) A current, approved AFM or RFM; or

 (2) If no AFM or RFM exists, approved manual material,

markings and placards, or any combination thereof, which
provide the PIC with the necessary limitations for safe
operation
 8.2.1.8 Onboard Documents Required by Aircraft


Airworthiness Certificate


Radio Station License



Registration Certificate


Operating Handbook


Weight and Balance Report



Insurance Certificate


Journey Log
 8.2.1.8 Onboard Documents Required by Aircraft

 Flight Plan

List of Passenger names
and point of destination
 Cargo Manifest

Crew licenses

Copy of release to service



Briefing Documentation

Maps and charts
 Noise Certificate
Any documentation may required
 8.3 Aircraft Maintenance Requirements


THE REGISTERED OWNER OR OPERATOR OF AN
RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING THAT AIRCRAFT IN AN AIRWORTHY
AIRCRAFT IS CONDITION.
Types of Maintenance Program

 ANNUAL INSPECTION (8.3.1.3)

ANNUAL
 / 100 HRS
INSPECTION (8.3.1.4)


PROGRESSIVE INSPECTION


(8.3.1.5)


 CONTINUOUS AIRWORTHINESS


INSPECTION
 8.4 Flight Crew Requirements


FLIGHTCREW QUALIFICATION

PIC ENSURE THAT THE LICENSE OF EACH FLIGHT CREW
HE SHALL
T MEMBER HAVE BEEN ISSUED AND VALID BY CAAP
 PIC ENSURE THAT FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS HAVE MAINTAINED RECENT
EXPERIENCE AND COMPETENT
 NO PERSON MAY OPERATE A CIVIL AIRCRAFT IN AERIAL WORK UNLESS
THAT PERSON IS QUALIFIED FOR THE OPERATION
 THE OPERATOR SHALL ENSURE THAT FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS ABLE TO
SPEAK AND UNDERSTAND ENGLISH
 Flight Crew Requirements


COMPOSITION OF
FLIGHTCREW
 HALL NOT BE LESS THAN IN SPECIFIED
S FLIGHT MANUAL
 AT LEAST ONE MEMBER WHO HOLD A
VALID RADIO LICENSE
 Flight Crew Required
Documents
 Airman’s License

Medical Certificate

Radio Operator’s License

Pilot’s Logbook
 8.5.1.1 Duties and Responsibilities of the PIC

 PILOT IN
COMMAND

 Designated aircraft commander by the

operator
 Sole manipulator of the aircraft
controls
 During preflight operation, PIC
responsible to determine the a/c is
safe for flight

Giving emergency instruction to
passengers aboard.
 Duties and Responsibilities of the PIC


Responsible for the safe operation of the aircraft


Operator is responsible for maintenance


Responsible for compliance with local and
international law


Reporting mechanical irregularities


Incident Reporting
 8.4.1.8 PILOT LOGBOOK

 EACH PILOT SHALL SHOW TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE THROUGH A

RELIABLE LOGBOOK
 EACH PIC AND STUDENT PILOT SHALL CARRY THEIR LOGBOOK IN ALL
GENERAL AVIATION FLIGHTS
 8.4.1.9 Pilot Currency

 Takeoffs, Landings
(8.4.1.9):

Required to have made 3

takeoffs and landings
within the preceding 90
days
 8.5.1.5 Use of Alcohol and Drugs

 Aircrews are prohibited from

flight duty while under the
influence of alcoholWithin 8
hours of the consumption of an
alcoholic beverage

 Aircrews are prohibited from

flight duty when using any drug
that affects the person’s faculties
in any way contrary to safety
8.5.1.6 Seatbelts and Safety Harness

 Flight crew members shall

have his or her seatbelts and
safety harness fastened
during takeoff and landing
and all other times seated on
their station
 8.5.1.9 Compliance with Checklist

 PIC shall ensure that

checklist are complied
with in details
 Reporting
 Mechanical

Facility and navigational aid
irregularities

Hazardous conditions
 inadequacies
Incidents
 Accidents
 8.6.1.1 Flight Plan

- Used for flights intending to operate within

controlled airspace

-Activates search and rescue services if the aircraft

does not land after its endurance runs out.

-File atleast60 minutes before ETD

-For international operation, ICAO Flight Plan is

used.
 8.6.2.3 Weather Reports and Forecasts

 PIC shall be familiar with all

available meteorological
information appropriate to
the intended flight.
 Fuel Planning
 VFR day -enough to fly to the 1stpoint of intended landing and to fly
after that for 30minutes at normal cruising speed.

 VFR night –enough to fly to the 1stpoint intended landing and to fly
after that for 45 minutes at normal cruising speed.
 8.6.2.17 Mass and Balance

 No person may operate an

aircraft unless the
computation of mass and
balance indicates that the
flight is safe.
 8.7.1.4 Aircraft Performance Calculation

 No person may operate

aircraft that exceeds its
designed performance
limitation
 Take Off Performance
 Cruise Performance

Landing Performance
 Take off
 PIC shall ensure that according to available
information, the weather at the airport and condition of
the runway is safe for take off.
 Altimeter Setting
 Flight crew shall use altimeter setting provided by the
air traffic service within which the operation is
conducted
 IN-FLIGHT SIMULATION OF
8.8.1.17 ABNORMAL SITUATIONS
 Things prohibited during passenger carrying
operations

Abnormal aircraft
 attitude Simulating
 engine failure

Simulating IMC
 8.8.1.19 Aerobatic Flight

No person may operate an aircraft in aerobatic
flight:
1) Over a city or town,
2) Below an altitude of 1,500 feet above
the surface
 8.9.1.4 Passenger Safety Briefing
 PIC shall brief passengers on:
 Seatbelts and

harnesses Emergency

exists



Life jackets
Oxygen equipment
Other equipment provided for individual use
 8.9.1.2Refueling with Passenger Aboard
 Qualified personnel ready to initiate evacuation
 2 way communication is maintained between the
ground crew and personnel aboard the aircraft
 Locking of flight deck compartment
8.5.1.12 door
Flight deck doors are required if the aircraft’s MTOW is 45,000 kg,
or if passenger capacity is greater than 60.
 Admission to the flight deck:
8.5.1.13 commercial air transport
 Permitted personnel:


A crew member


Representative of the authority responsible for certification,

licensing or inspection, if it is required by his duties.

A person permitted by the operations manual (company)
 Flight time, duty periods, and rest periods:
commercial air transport
 Duty begins when crew members are performing any scheduled or
unscheduled tasks on behalf of the operator

 No operator may schedule:


A duty time for more than 14 hours of duty for a flight crew
member


Rest periods

Minimum rest periods for flight crew members are 8
consecutive hours.

Time spent in deadhead transportation
Not considered as part of a rest period

 scheduled and non-scheduled domestic
commercial air operations (8.11.1.9)
 Maximum flight time loggable

1 year : 1,000 hours

1 month: 100 hours

7 days: 30 hours

Maximum flight time loggablefor aircraft

Between rest periods: 8 hours
pilots: certificated for 2

1 year: 1,000 hours

1 month: 100 hours

7 days: 32 hours
End of CAR
THANK YOU!