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NGR 02b

Refrigeration repair manual

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30 views47 pages

NGR 02b

Refrigeration repair manual

Uploaded by

nwannealex1982
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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energy efficiency

applied to RAC

2
best practices

UNDP Nigeria project


heat (thermal energy) displacement occurs
by exploiting the property of refrigerant fluids
that are inside the cooling system

each refrigerant is classified


according to its
thermodynamic features
CFC
chloro-fluoro-carbon fluids

HCFC
hydro-chloro-fluoro-carbon fluids; chlorine has less depleting effect
due to the hydrogen in to the formula

HFC
hydro-fluoro-carbon fluids; having no chlorine, they have no ozone
depleting effect …..

………but contribute in greenhouse effect


pure refrigerant
refrigerant fluid with a chemical link among the molecules, change
in state is isothermal and isobaric

azeotropic refrigerant
mix of pure refrigerants with a similar behaviour to pure refrigerant

zeotropic refrigerant
mix of different refrigerants with a temperature glide during change
in state

nearly azeotropic refrigerant


mix of different refrigerants with a temperature glide during change
in state near to zero
ODP
Ozone Depletion Potential

represents the potential effect of each


controlled substance on the Ozone layer

Reference: R11 = 1.0

Hydrocarbon fluids and CO2

ODP = 0
pure refrigerants R12 – R22 – R134a

azeotropic refrigerants R500 – R502

zeotropic refrigerants R404A – R407C – R422D - …..

nearly azeotropic refrigerants R410A

inorganic refrigerants R744 – R717


pure refrigerants R12 – R22 – R134a

azeotropic refrigerants R500 – R502

zeotropic refrigerants R404A – R407C – R422D - …..

nearly azeotropic refrigerants R410A

inorganic refrigerants R744 – R717


each refrigerant has been appointed by an identifier
linked to its chemical composition

R (refrigerant) followed by
number (ASHRAE classification)

different numbers depending on the type of the fluid

pure fluid
azeotropic fluid
zeotropic fluid (glide)
near azeotropic fluid (very small glide or negligible)
fluid of organic origin and hydrocarbons
R (refrigerante) followed by the number where:

1st digit numer of carbon atoms (C) contained


in the molecule -1

2nd digit numer of hydrogen atoms (H) contained


in the molecule +1

3rd digit numer of fluorine atoms (F) contained


in the molecule

chlorine atoms (Cl) and zero do not appear


example:

R22 chemical formula CHF2Cl

refrigerant R
carbon atoms 1-1 0
hydrogen atoms 1+1 2
fluorine atoms 2 2
other refrigerant groups such as azeotropic,
zeotropic, organic origin and hydrocarbon fluids are
identified with different logics.

to the azeotropic fluids has been assigned


an identifier of the 500 series followed by a
progressive numbering in order of appearance
on the market

example R500, R501, R502 etc ………


inorganic fluids are distinguished by an identifier
of 700 series plus a number that reflects the
molecular weight

1a digit
numer 7

2a digit 3a digit
molecolar weight

the most common fluids are:


the 700 series fluids most commonly used are:

R702 hydrogen
R704 helium
R717 ammonia
R720 neon
R728 nitrogen
R729 air
R732 oxygen
R718 water
R744 carbon dioxide - CO2
LIQUID

N
TIO
VAPOUR
RA
TU
SA
PLUS
R407C = R32 + R125 + R134a
R407C = R32 + R125 + R134a

R32 R125 R134a


in case of leakage or incorrect refrigerant handling
the refrigerant splits and the resulting fluid can have
characteristics completely different

R407C (R32 – R125 – R134a) X


R410A (R32 – R125 )
50% more capacity
higher saturation pressure
GWP-AR4 2088 vs 1774
the refrigerant manufacturers have failed to develop
alternatives to CFC-HCFC and HFC, single-component,
with good performance and good reliability
to be considered reasonable alternatives, the proposed
refrigerants must achieve at least these basic
requirements

E negligible or low environmental impact


E chemical stability
E compatibility with materials
E thermodynamic efficiency
E non-toxicity
E non flammability
well known environmental requirements suggest
to take in consideration natural refrigerants once
used but now relegate to limited applications as::

R744 (CO2 – carbon dioxide)

R717 (NH3 - ammonia)


refrigerants for new installations

R744 (CO2 )
natural fluid re-used because of its low environmental
impact
operational pressures extremely high
mechanical complications both in subcritical cycle
and transcritical cycle
Glide = < 0K

ODP = 0 GWP = 1
R11 = 1.0 CO2 = 1.0
Refrigerants for new installations
R717 (NH3 )
natural fluid re-used because of its excellent
thermodynamics performances
low environmental impact but very dangerous
to personnel
high incompatibility to normal processed materials
of traditional cooling systems
Glide = < 0K

ODP = 0 GWP = 0
R11 = 1.0 CO2 = 1.0
a growing attention to environmental problems as
greenhouse effect and ozone depletion, gives rise
to a second “revolution” in refrigerant fluids
hydrocarbons offer very interesting environmental
performances:
! ODP equal zero
! direct greenhouse effect (GWP) very reduced
! reduced indirect greenhouse
effect (TEWI) thanks to a high efficiency
thermodynamic cycle

but their inflammability always


precluded utilization in
refrigeration industry
at the moment most used hydrocarbons are:

R600a isobutane
R600 (N) butane
R290 propane
R1270 propylene
toxicity class

CLASSIFICATION
A B
low toxicity high toxicity

class 1 no flammability A1 B1
flammability

class 2 low flammability A2 B2

class 2L * mild flammability A2L B2L

class 3 high flammability A3 B3


R600a isobutane

advantages:

! ODP equalzero

! low GWP (< 20)

! excellent thermodynamic characteristics and consequent high


energetic efficiency

! excellent compatibility with components


R600a isobutane

applications:

! in medium and high temperature

! domestic refrigeration (refrigerator and freezer)

! small refrigerating cabinets

! vending machine
R290 propane

advantages:

! ODP equalzero

! low GWP (< 20)

! excellent thermodynamic characteristics and consequent high


energetic efficiency

! excellent compatibility with components


R290 propane

applications:

! commercial refrigeration
! refrigerating cabinets and vending machines
! cold rooms and food processing
! refrigerated transports
! small air conditioners
! small refrigerating cabinets
! water chillers
! heat pumps
R1270 propylene

advantages:

! ODP equalzero

! low GWP (< 20)

! excellent thermodynamic characteristics and consequent high


energetic efficiency

! excellent compatibility with components


R1270 propylene

applications:

! commercial refrigeration
! refrigerating cabinets
! cold rooms and food processing
! industrial refrigeration
! small and large air conditioners
! water chillers

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