Index

Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures, t indicate tables, and b indicate boxes.

A ASHRAE, 406 Boilers

Abrasive wear, 428–429 ASME F&D head, 81, 82f blowdown, 384–385
Absorption Aspen HYSIS, 42 caustic embrittlement, 380, 380t
carbon dioxide, 294t Association for the Advancement of Cost conductivity vs. dissolved solids, 377–379
with chemical reaction, 298–300 Engineering (AACE International), controls
commercially important systems, 302–303t 486–488t firing, 372
data required for calculation, 299t Asymptotic model, 76 level, 372
hydrogen sulfide, 294t Atmospheric pressure, 459–461, 460–461t master, 373
inorganic, 296–297 Atmospheric storage tanks, 80 deaerator, 376
rules of thumb, 297 electric, 372t
Absorption coefficients, 296–297 B feedwater, 383–384
Activity coefficients, 258–260 Backflow prevention, 8–9 fire-tube, 372t
Adiabatic flow, 59–60 Baffles, 100 packaged, 371, 372t
Affinity laws, 138–139, 152–153 piping, 385
Barlow formula, 429
Agitator critical speed, 121–123 Basis of design (BOD), 23–24 power plants, 371–372
Agitator power, 104–105, 108, 112, 115 Basket strainers, 187 Scotch Marine, 372t
Agitator shaft design procedure, 123f flow coefficient, 188t silica in steam, 380
Air classification (pharmaceutical), 324 stack gas enthalpy, 374, 374f
mesh, screen size and percent open, 189t
Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration particle size comparison, 188t steam drum, 374–376
Institute (AHRI), 486–488t Batch process optimization, 352 thermal efficiency, 373
Air-cooled heat exchangers, 224–225 waste heat, 380–383
Bell-Delaware method, 214, 219–220
air data, 224–225 Best efficiency point (BEP), 132 water-tube, 372t
design variables, 228t Biopharmaceutical process, 317 Bowtie methodology (BM), 4t
film coefficient, 227–229 qualification, 328 Breathing losses, 86
MTD correction factor, 227f Bubble point, 256–258
Bioprocessing equipment standard (BPE), 317
pressure drop, 229 Bioreactor Buffer hold tank system, 451, 452f
temperature control, 229 capacity-based volumetric productivity, Buffer preparation, 338–341
thermal design, 225–229 332–333 specifications, 342t
Air-driven motors, 364 Building Information Management (BIM), 34
control systems, 333
advantages and disadvantages, 364t gas supply, 333, 334t, 334–335f Bulk modulus, 472, 473t
Air leakage geometric and engineering parameters, 333 Burner system piping, 385
measurement, 168–170
key performance indicator, 332
rules of thumb, 170
mass transfer coefficient, 335–336 C
Alarm trip points, 308 oxygen transfer, 334–336 Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), 294t
American Boiler Manufacturers Association pH control, 336–337 Cartridge filters, 187–189
(ABMA), 486–488t
temperature control unit, 336 Cascade control, 306–307
American Gear Manufacturers Association types, 331, 332t Caustic embrittlement, 380, 380t
(AGMA), 100, 107, 112–113t Blending Cavitation, 134
American Institute of Chemical Engineers miscible liquids, 105–108 Centrifugal chiller refrigerants, 404t
(AIChE), 485, 485t
newtonian fluids, 106–107 Centrifugal compressor
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and shear-thinning fluids, 107–108 application, 150–151t
Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Blending time, 106 power, 154–155
486–488t Blind flange, 440 Centrifugal pumps, 442
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Block diagrams, 21–22, 22–23f Change control, 325, 450
(ASME), 486–488t Blocked-in lines, 7 Charpy test, 429
Ammonia, 408–410 Block-sequential diagrams, 25 Checklist PHA, 3, 4t
Ammonia absorption, 408, 410t
Blowdown, 384–385 Chemical process industry (CPI) sectors,
Antoine coefficients, 256, 466 Blowers, 143, 145 organizations, 489–490t
Area classification, 12, 13t types and application, 147t Chemical reaction, packed column, 298–300
Artistic expression, 310 Chlorides in feedwater, 385
Boiler chemistry, 384t
Aseptic process, 317
Boiler horsepower, 371 Chloride stress cracking, 420

497
498 Index

Chromatography, 338, 339f, 339t evaporative, 387 Disposable bioreactors, 321

CIP skid photo, 320f field-erected, 387, 388f Distillation, vacuum control, 223
Cleaning chemicals, 434 forced draft, 389 Dittus-Boelter equation, 234
Clean in place (CIP), 319–320, 493 heat balance, 390–391 Downstream processing
spray-based, 493–494 holding time index, 391 objectives, 337, 337t
Closed-loop cooling towers, 387 induced draft, 389 principal unit operations, 338t
Closed system (definition), 323 material balance, 389–391 yield, 337
Cocurrent flow, 439 nomenclature, 391 Drum-level-stability factor (DLSF), 375
Composite curve, 350 operating and monitoring practices, 392, Dry vacuum pumps, 166–167
Compressed air 392–393t Dual-temperature central system, 241
best practices, 144–145 packaged, 387 Ductility, 427
cost, 158 performance calculation, 391 Dust explosion hazards, 13, 15
receiver volume, 158 safety concerns, 388–389 Dynamic simulation, 38
time to pressurize system, 158 scale, 393–395 Dynamic simulators, 41
Compressed Air Challenge (CAC), 486–488t stability index, 395 Dynamic viscosity, 468
Compressibility factor, 478–479 tons conversion factors, 391
Compressible flow water filtration, 391
isothermal, 57–58 water quality, 393, 394t E
transmission equations, 58–59 Corrosion Edmister method, 295
Compression efficiency, 152, 152t common mistakes, 430 Electrical area classification, 12, 13t
Compressors, 143 embrittlement, 418–419, 421 Electrical enclosures
compressed air hydrogen, 421–422 ingress protection code, 312
applications, 150–151t NACE International, 486–488t NEMA, 312–314
systems, 144–145 naphthenic acid, 425–426 Ellipsoidal head, 81, 82f
natural gas compression, 149t pitting, 422–423 Embodied energy, 417–418, 420t
performance, 149–151 stress cracking, 420 Embrittlement, 418–421
power Cost estimates, 31–34 Emergency shutdown, 458
centrifugal compressor, 154–155 accuracy, 17 Emergency vent systems, 5
P-E diagram, 156–158 organization of, 31, 33–34t blocked-in line, 7
reciprocating compressor, 153–154 Cost of startup, 450–451 fire outside the vessel, 5–6
power consumption, 156, 156f Counterfeit materials, 417 runaway reaction, 7
reciprocating vs. centrifugal, 145, 148–149t Creep, 423–425 Emissions, 86–87
rules of thumb, 144 Critical speed, 121–123 from storage tanks, 86–87
screw, 147 Cryogenic embrittlement, 418 Emulsions, viscosity of, 468–469
surge, 147 Cutting corners, 438 Energy conservation, 345
troubleshooting, 442 Cyclone separators, 184–185 Engineering, 34–35
Compressor selection, affinity laws, 152–153 Engines, fuel rates, 366, 368f
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 39 Equicohesive temperature, 423
D Equipment history files, 434
Computer aided design (CAD), 34 Darcy friction factor, 53–57, 61–62
Condensers, 223 Equivalent diameter, 481–484, 481–482f
Data sheet, 29–31 Erosion, 428
Conical head, 81, 83f heat exchanger, 204f
Construction Industry Institute (CII), 485t European Federation of Chemical Engineering
jacketed vessel heat transfer, 40f (EFCE), 485t
Construction quality, 453 level instruments, 32f
Containment, causes for loss of, 12 Evaporative cooling towers, 387
mechanical refrigeration, 399f Event tree analysis (ETA), 4t
checklist, 14t physical properties, 483f
Contamination investigation, 325–327 Expansion tank, heat transfer fluid, 235–239
pressure Vessel, 93
Contamination root causes, 324–325
steam jet chiller, 409f
Contingency, 18–19 Dead legs, 317–318 F
Control loop, 305 Deaerator, 376 Fabric filters, 185
controller action, 305 Debottlenecking, 352 Failure mode and effects analysis
Control modes, 306 (FMEA), 4t
Decimal decay time, 343
Control objectives, 305 Deflagration prevention/control, 8 Fan(s), 143, 145
Control ranges, 308–309 Derivative control, 306 axial fan application notes, 146t
Control valve, 134 Desulfurizers, 425 centrifugal fan application notes, 146t
factors influencing controllability, 136 law, 152–153
Diagnostic tools, 433–434
troubleshooting, 434 Diameter, packed column, 284, 288t power, 153
Cooling Technology Institute (CTI), 486–488t Diaphragm pump, 127–128t Fan selection, affinity laws, 152–153
Cooling tower, 423
Diffusivity, 301 Fatigue life, 426–427
approach temperature, 391, 392f Direct refrigeration systems, 400, 400t Fault tree analysis (FTA), 4t
closed-loop, 387 Discrete-event simulation, 38 Feeding devices, 181–182
counterflow, 389, 389f Discrete process simulation (DPS), 42–43 Fenske method, 264–265
crossflow, 389, 390f
Dished head, 81, 82f Field-erected cooling towers, 387, 388f
cycles of concentration, 390 Disinfection, chemical agents for, Film coefficient, ammonia, 408–410, 410t
efficiency, 391 342–343t Filter press technology, 191f
 Index 499

Filtration level control, 276 stream allocation, 210–211

basket strainers, 187 McCabe-Thiele diagram, 266–270 tubeside film coefficient, 212–213
cartridge filters, 187–189 minimum reflux, 261–264 tubeside pressure drop, 212
constant pressure, 191, 192t minimum stages, 264–265 Heating value of fuels, 465t
filter press, 191–193 Murphree tray efficiency, 270 Heat transfer coefficient, 220, 234–235
membrane filters, 193–194 performance constraints, 278 ammonia, 408–410
rotating vacuum filters, 189–191 pressure control, 276 Heat transfer fluids (HTF), 232–233
Flash point, binary mixtures, 8 pressure drop, 275 characteristics, 233–234
Flooding point, 290 reflux to feed ratio, 266 dual-temperature central system, 241
Flow number, 115 theoretical stages, 265 expansion tank, 235–239
Flue gas, 380 tray efficiency, 270–271 physical properties, 242–251
Fluid flow trays and packings, 271–272 selection factors, 232–233
check valves, 52 tray spacing, 273 single-temperature central system, 240
compressible typical control scheme, 279f system design, 235–239
isothermal, 57–58 Fracture resistance, 429 three-temperature central system, 241–242
transmission equations, 58–59 Friction factor, 179–180 types, 233–234
equivalent length, 48, 49b, 53–55 Froude number, 115 Heat Transfer Research, Inc. (HTRI), 486–488t
friction factor, 48, 53–57, 61–62 Fuel cost, 347 Height, packed column, 287
gas compressible flow, 52 Helical ribbon impeller, 108
general procedure, 48–49 Hengstebeck diagrams, 438
orifice, 71–72
G Henry’s Law, 297, 302–303t
Gas constant, 459
Panhandle A equation, 58–59 Higher heating value (HHV), 465
Gas diffusion coefficients, 470–472
Panhandle B equation, 58–59 of gaseous fuels, 465, 465t
Gas dispersion, 114–115
partially full pipes, 73–74 of liquid fuels, 465, 466t
Gas expanders, available energy, 366–368 of solid fuels, 465, 465t
pipe length estimation, 50f
Gas turbines High shear mixers, 116
pressure drop, 55, 62–71
fuel rate, 365, 367f Holding time index (HTI), 391
adiabatic, 59–60
heat rate, 365
asymptotic, 76 Homogeneous model, 75–76
performance, 365 Human reliability analysis, 4t
incompressible, 57
site-specific correction factors, 365, 367t Hydrate formation, 475
resistance coefficients, 53
Gas volume, 459
Reynolds number, 55, 60–61 Hydraulic motors, 364–365
Gear pump, 127–128t Hydrocarbon
surface roughness, 57, 58t
Generalized pressure drop correlation (GPDC), absorption, 295–296
two-phase flow, 51–52
288f, 289 dissolved gases in, 464–465, 464t
asymptotic model, 76
Gilliland correlation, 265
comparisons, 76–77, 77f light hydrocarbons in, 464–465, 464t
Gilliland relationship, 301 in water, 472–474
homogeneous model, 75–76
Glide, 404 Hydrocrackers, 425
horizontal flow, 74, 75f
Gouging abrasion, 428 Hydrogen attack, 421–422
Lockhart-Martinelli model, 75
Grinding abrasion, 428
split bounds model, 76 Hydrogen embrittlement, 418
velocity, recommended, 49–52 Hydrogen reformers, 424
water hammer, 73 H Hydroprocess reactor, 42, 42f
Weymouth equation, 58–59 Hazardous conditions, 3
Fluidized-bed bioreactor, 332t HazOp, 3, 4t I
Foam density, 480–481 Heat exchangers Ideal mixtures, 255
Foaming, 439 attributes, 207t IDEAS, 41–42
Forced draft towers, 389 baffle cut, 216 Impeller
Foreign growth, 317 baffle leakage, 216–217 helical ribbon, 108
Foreign growth investigation checklist, 326t comparison of TEMA classes, 202–203t types, 102
Fouling resistances, 220–222 data sheet, 204f Incompressible flow, 57
Fourier number, 106 design calculations, 206–209 Indirect refrigeration systems, 400
Fractionation factors for selection, 199–200 Induced draft towers, 389
activity coefficients, 260 fouling, 220–222 Industry exhibitions, 491t
column pressure, 260–261 helical coil, 203–206 Inerting, 10
concentration control, 439 installation recommendations, 222 Inherently safer predesign (ISPD), 3–5
energy conservation, 349 nomenclature, 200f In-line mixers, 115–116
foam density, 480–481 overall heat transfer coefficient, 218–219 Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE),
towers, 436, 437t plate-and-frame, 203 485, 485t
troubleshooting, 436–442, 437t process data, 209–210 Instrumentation objectives, 305
Fractionators sealing strips, 217–218 Instrument bubbles, 309
composition control, 277–278 shell-and-tube, 200–202 Instrument calibration, 309
control schemes, 275–278 shell diameter, 213 Instruments
feed location, 265 shell side film coefficient, 214–215 accuracy, 308
flow control, 276 shell side pressure drop, 219–220 functions, 307
Fractionation Research, Inc., 486–488t spiral, 203, 207t load cells, 87–88
500 Index

Instruments (Continued) MotorMaster software, 355 relative overall mass transfer coefficients,
precision, 308 Motors, 355 301–302t
range, 308 air-driven, 364 separation efficiency, 289t
repeatability, 308 efficiency, 358–361 Packing factors, 286–287t
safety instrumented systems, 311–312 hydraulic, 364–365 Panhandle A equation, 58–59
specifying, 307–308 overloading, 364 Panhandle B equation, 58–59
troubleshooting, 434 partial load efficiency, 358, 362f Particle size comparison, 188t
Insulation, 352–354 power factor, 356t Particulate mixing, 116–117
Integral control, 306 service factor, 356t Petroleum, inorganic gases in, 479–480
International Association for the Properties of specifications, 356t Pharmaceutical process, 317
Water and Steam (IAPWS), 470 speed, 355 Physical absorption, 297
International Electrotechnical Commission synchronous vs. induction, 361t Pinch analysis, 350–352
(IEC), 312 useful equations, 362–364 Pipeline numbering, 310
International Society of Automation (ISA), variable frequency drive, 355 Piping & instrumentation diagrams (P&IDS),
486–488t voltages, 356–357, 357t 25–29, 231, 309
Iron in feedwater, 384 Motor starter, 362 artistic expression, 310
Irrigation conversion factors, 461 single-phase, 362t instrument bubble size, 310
three-phase, 363t reduced size, 310f
K symbols, 309
Kiefner equation, 429 N Piston pump, 127–128t
Pitting, 422–423
Kinematic viscosity, 468 Naphthenic acid corrosion, 425–426
Napier equation, 348–349 Plate-and-frame heat exchangers (PHES), 220
National Electrical Manufacturers Association troubleshooting, 434–435
L (NEMA), 312–314 Pneumatically agitated bioreactor, 332t
Leak detection, 406, 407t Pneumatic conveying, 173
Level indicating controller (LIC), 307 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA),
486–488t advantages and disadvantages, 174t
Liquid-liquid separators, 88 bends, 184
Liquid-ring vacuum pumps, 166 Net positive suction head (NPSH), 134,
140–141 dense phase, 174
single-stage, 167f design procedure, 175–177, 178f
two-stage, 168f Normal operation, 455–457
Normal shutdown, 458 disengagement, 184–185
Liquid surge volume, 89–90 feed system, 181–183
Liquid viscosity, 468–469 Normal startup, 455
flow regimes, 174
Liquid waste inactivation, 341–344 North American Mixing Forum (NAMF),
phase state diagram, 179f
Load cells, 87–88 486–488t
Nusselt number, 234, 382 piping, 183–184
Lobe pump, 127–128t pressure drop, 178–181
Lockhart-Martinelli model, 75 prime mover, 181
Log-mean temperature difference (LMTD), 211 O rotary valves, 182
Lower explosive limit (LEL), 8 Openings, 95 rules of thumb, 173–174
Operating modes, 455–458 safety concerns, 174, 175t
M Osmosis, 193 saltation velocity, 177–178
Mach number, 59 Ostwald coefficient, 479, 480t solids loading ratio, 177
Magazines, 490–491t Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE), system types, 175, 176f, 177t
415–416 wear rate in piping, 184
Mass transfer, 300–303
McCabe-Thiele, 271 Overall mass transfer coefficient, 300–303 Potential hazards, 455
McCabe-Thiele diagram, 438 Powder mixer selection decision chart, 118f
Mechanical completion, 449 P Powder mixing, 116–117
Membrane bioreactor, 332t Packaged boiler, 371, 372t Powder separation, 117
Membrane filters, 193–194 Packaged cooling towers, 387 Power number, 104–105
Metallurgy, 417 Packed bed bioreactor (PBR), 332t Prandtl number, 234, 382
Metals Packed column, 284–290 Pressure, 459–461
cost comparison, 417, 419t with chemical reaction, 298–300 Pressure drop, trays, 275
embodied energy, 417–418, 420t design pressure drop, 287t Pressure gage pigtail, 310
thermal conductivity, 222 mass transfer, 300–303 Pressure reducing valve (PRV), 346
wet processes, 417, 418t mass transfer coefficient, 300–303 Pressure Vessel Research Council (PVRC),
Methanol injection, 475–478 preliminary evaluation, 284–287 486–488t
Metzner and Otto approach, 108 vs. trays for absorption, 298t Pressure vessels, 80–81, 424
Microbiology investigation, 327 Packing Preventative maintenance (PM), 324, 413, 416
Mixer impellers, 102 application, 284–285t Problem table algorithm (PTA), 352
Mixer shaft diameter, 119–120 choosing structured/trays, 291f Process control, troubleshooting, 434
Mixing miscible liquids, 105–108 effect of viscosity on efficiency, 289t Process equipment, 38
Mixing parameters, 100, 101t manufacturers, 285–286t Process flow diagram (PFD), 23, 24f, 309
Modular construction, 28–29, 30f maximum liquid loading, 288t Process hazard analysis (PHA), 3, 232
Molkanov equation, 265 maximum size, 288t methodologies, 4t
Monte Carlo simulation, 38 pressure drop, 288f Process integration, 350
 Index 501

Process safety management (PSM), 1–2, 2t direct and indirect systems, 400, 400t Single screw compressor, application, 150–151t
Progressing cavity pump, 127–128t power per ton, 400, 401f Single-temperature central system, 240
Project management, 449 specifications, 397–400, 398t Skids, 28–29
Project Management Institute (PMI), 486–488t types, 398t Sliding vane compressor, application, 150–151t
Proportional control, 306 Relative humidity (RH), 469–470 Slip, 180
Pseudoplastic fluids, 107 Relative volatility, 255 Software, tanks, 86
Pumping number, 103–104 Reliability, 413 Solids mixing, 116–117
Pumps initial design, 414 Solids suspension, 108–114
centrifugal, 125–126 risk assessment methods, 414, 415t Solubility
Hydraulic Institute, 486–488t sustainable practices, 415–416 hydrocarbons in water, 472–474
positive displacement, 126–127 Reliability-centered maintenance (RCM), 415 inorganic gases in petroleum, 479–480
sealless, 239 Reverse osmosis filtration, 193, 194f Souders-Brown correlation, 273–275
Pump selection Reynolds number, 55, 60–61, 103, 179, 234, 382 Sparge ring, 114
affinity laws, 138–139 Risk analysis, 414 Split bounds model, 76
BEP, 132 Risk assessment, 327–328 Spray balls, 319–320
impeller size, 132 Rizk correlation, 177–178 Stack gas enthalpy, 374, 374f
multiple pumps, 141–142 Rotary pump, 127–128t Standard atmosphere table, 461t
oversized, 126 Rotary screw compressor, application, 150–151t Startup
power, 139 Rotary scroll compressor, application, 150–151t change control, 450
sensitivity, 131 Rotary valve, 182 checklists, 453–455, 454t
system curves, 130–131 Rotary valve, air leakage, 182f construction quality, 453
TDH, 131 Rotating vacuum filter, 189–191, 190f cost, 450–451
variable speed, 136–138 Rotor-stator mixers, 116 management, 449
Pump specification checklist, 128 Rounding, 459, 460t operating modes, 455–458
Pure culture, 317 systems approach, 451–453
Purging, 10 S Static mixers, 115–116
dilution, 10–11 Safety instrumented systems (SIS), 311–312 Static simulation, 37–38
displacement, 11 Safety integrity levels (SILs), 312 Steam cost, 346
evacuation-replacement, 11–12 Steam jet ejector, 164–165, 407–408
Saltation velocity, 177–178
pressure-cycle, 11 Salt spray (fog) testing, 423 datasheet, 409f
Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS), 469 design and installation, 165t
direct contact vs. surface condensers, 165t
Q Scale of agitation, 105, 110
single- and multi-stage, 164t
Quality control, 414 Scope change, 450
Scope, definition, 17–18 steam supply, 167, 169f
Scotch Marine boilers, 372t typical system, 167, 169f
Steam jet vacuum systems, troubleshooting,
R Screw pump, 127–128t
442–446, 445t
Reactors, 80–81 Selecting a column packing, 284
Reboilers Self-inspection, 453 Steam loss through failed trap, 348
advantages, 282–283t Separation factor, 255 Steam siphon, 310
Steam traps, 348–349
control, 277 Settling velocity, 109–110
forced circulation, 279f Shaft diameter, 119–120 Steam turbines
kettle, 281f Shear rate, 108 efficiency, 365, 366f
natural circulation, 280f Shear-thinning fluids, 107–108 steam rate, 365
Steel Tank Institute/Steel Plate Fabricators
quick selection guide, 282f Shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 200–202
thermosypon selection criteria, 283t troubleshooting, 434, 437t Association (STI/SPFA), 486–488t
types, 282–283t Significant figures, 459, 460t Sterile boundary, 317, 324
Sterile process, 317
Reciprocating compressor Silica
application, 150–151t in feedwater, 383, 385 Sterilize in place (SIP), 321
compression range, 144 in steam, 380 Stirred-tank reactor (STR), 332t
power, 153–154 Silo hopper angle, 183 Stochastic simulation, 38
Storage tanks, 80
temperature limit, 144 Silos, 183
Reciprocating pump, 127–128t Simulation, 37 design practices for inherent safety, 96–97
Redlich–Kwong equation of state, 478 CFD, 39 Stress cracking, 420
Reflux drum, 89–90 discrete process, 42–43 Sulfide stress cracking, 418
Superficial velocity, 115
Refrigerants, 401f equipment design, 38–39
centrifugal chiller, 404t flowsheet Surface roughness, 317
containment, 406 continuous, 39–41 Surface tension, 470
Surge, 147
hydrochlorofluorocarbons based, 403t dynamic, 41–42
long-term, 402t general purpose environments, 43 System curves, 130–131
natural hydrocarbon, 401t Microsoft Excel, 43 Systems approach, 451–453
ultra low-temperature, 404t procedure, 38
Refrigeration, 397, 446, 446t software vendors, 45t T
ammonia absorption, 408, 410t static, 37–38 Tank cleaning, 493–495
datasheet, 399f stochastic, 38 TEMA nomenclature, 200f
502 Index

Temperature control, 239–242 pinch, 436–438 VBA functions. See Visual basic for application
Temperature indicating controller (TIC), 305 refrigeration, 446, 446t (VBA) functions
Temperature indicating transmitter (TIT), shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 434, 437t Vents for storage tanks, 96
305 sieve trays, 439 Vessels
The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society siphoning, 441 cost considerations, 80
(TMS), 489–490t steam jet vacuum systems, 442–446, 445t emissions, 86–87
Thermal conductivity, metals, 222 symptoms, 434, 435t liquid-liquid separators, 88
Thermal efficiency, 373 temperature control, 440 liquid surge volume, 89–90
Thermal expansion, 427 tilted distributor, 440–441 load cells, 87–88
Thermal fatigue, 426–428 trapped water, 439 pressure vessels, 80–81
Thermal stress, 426 worksheet, for evaluating hypotheses, rules of thumb, 80–81
Thermoplastics, USP Class VI, 321 433, 433f safety considerations, 80
Thermosyphon reboilers, 278, 283t Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association specifications, 93–95
Three-temperature central system, 241–242 (TEMA), 198–199, 486–488t time to drain, 81–86
Time to drain vessels, 81–86 vapor-liquid separators, 88–91
Time to freeze in pipe, 354 U volume at any fill height, 81
Toluene, vapor pressure, 467, 467t Ultra low-temperature refrigerants, 404t Viscosity
Torispherical head, 81, 82f at agitated vessel wall, 107
Uncertainty, 18
Torque, 117–118 Underwood equation, 261 dynamic, 468
Total dissolved solids (TDS), 377, 383, 385 User group conferences, 485–491, 491t emulsions, 468–469
Total dynamic head (TDH), 131 kinematic, 468
User requirements specification (URS),
Tower diameter, 273–275 20–21, 414 mixtures, 468
Trapped water, 439 SUS, 469
Trayed column vs. packing for absorption, Visual basic for application (VBA) functions
298t V gas solubility in petroleum, 479–480
Troubleshooting Vacuum condensers, 223 relative humidity, 469–470
aeration, 441 Vacuum jet, 164–165 thermodynamic properties of, 470
blind flange, 440 Vacuum pumps, 161 Volume of various shapes, 482t
boilup control, 439 air leakage, 168–170
centrifugal pumps, 442 dry, 166–167
cocurrent flow, 439 evacuation time, 170 W
compressors, 442 liquid ring, 166 Waste heat boilers, 380–383
condenser velocity, 440 single-stage, 167f Water
control valves, 434 two-stage, 168f alkalinity, 376–377
cutting corners, 438 performance, 161 conductivity, 377, 379t
diagnostic tools, 433–434 safety concerns, 161, 162t conservation, 352
ejectors, 446 vacuum control schemes, 171t hammer, 441
foaming, 439 vacuum equipment comparison, 163, 163t impurities, 377
fractionation, 436–442, 437t Vacuum system instrumentation, 170 in natural gas, 472
general approach, 431–433, 432f Validation, 328–329 purification pretreatment, 195t
hammer, 441 Valve flow coefficient, 73 separation, 92–93
hatless riser, 440 Vane pump, 127–128t thermodynamic properties of, 470
hot-vapor bypass pressure control system, Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE), 255–258 treatment, 378–379t
441–442 Vapor-liquid separators, 88–93 Welding Research Council (WRC), 486–488t
instruments, 434 Vapor pressure, 466 Weymouth equation, 58–59
nozzle bottleneck, 440 equation, 466–467 What-If PHA, 4t
operational data, 434, 436t of toluene, 467, 467t Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG), 352
PHES, 434–435 Variable frequency drive (VFD), 136, 355 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC), 37