Quarter 2 – Module 5

MAJOR FEATURES AND

CHEMICAL EVENTS OF
CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin
DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

WRITER: Marianne Tyche O. Lorenzana

REVIEWERS/EDITORS: Rowena D. Manaog

Jade Alberto
Ma. Lota C. Monte
Friedirick Apuli

LAYOUT ARTISTS: Jay Mark Base

Jonathan Roda
Jessica De Ocampo

1
 Explain the major features and sequence the
chemical events of cellular respiration
STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-7

MAJOR
FEATURES AND CHEMICAL EVENTS OF
CELLULAR RESPIRATION

We all need energy to function, and we get that energy from the foods we eat.
Extracting those nutrients necessary to keep us going and then converting them into useable
energy is the job of our cells. This complex yet efficient metabolic process, called cellular
respiration, converts the energy derived from sugars, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into
adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, a high-energy molecule that drives processes like muscle
contraction and nerve impulses. Cellular respiration occurs in both eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells, with most reactions taking place in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and in the
mitochondria of eukaryotes.

In this module, we consider how cells harvest the chemical energy stored in organic
molecules and use it to generate ATP, the molecule that drives most cellular work. After
presenting some basics about respiration, we’ll focus on three key pathways of respiration:
glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. We’ll also consider
fermentation, a somewhat simpler pathway coupled to glycolysis that has deep evolutionary
roots.
Similarly, you will know the major features and sequence of chemical events of
cellular respiration. Are you ready for it? Then, be prepared to learn and accomplish the
tasks ahead.

In this module you will learn to explain the major features and sequence of
chemical events of cellular respiration.
Specifically, you will learn to:
2
 o identify the major features and sequence of chemical events including
its reactants and products of the three main stages of cellular
respiration;

o explain the connection among glycolysis, citric acid cycle and oxidative
phosphorylation.

Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is true regarding glycolysis?

A. It requires glucose as a reactant. C. It is aerobic process
B. It occurs in the mitochondria D. Glycolysis produces only 2 ATP.

2. In the presence of oxygen, what is the first stage of cellular respiration?

A. Krebs cycle C. Oxidative phosphorylation
B. Fermentation D. Glycolysis

3. What is the correct pathway of aerobic respiration?

A. Glycolysis Krebs cycle oxidative phosphorylation
B. Glycolysis lactic acid fermentation
C. Glycolysis Krebs cycle fermentation
D. Glycolysis alcohol fermentation

4. Which of the following processes during cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
A. Citric acid cycle C. Krebs cycle
B. Glycolysis D. Electron Transport Chain

5. Which of the following statements regarding cellular respiration is TRUE?

A. Cellular respiration produces glucose
B. Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide as waste product.
C. Cellular respiration produces oxygen as a waste product.
D. Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just one step.

Hello! How did you find the test? Don’t worry if you got a low
score, this just means that there are more things that you can
learn on the different features and sequence of chemical events
of cellular respiration.
Do you have any idea about the three main stages of
cellular respiration? If no, then try to perform the activities provided ahead.
Good luck!

3
Build It Up!

A. Directions: Arrange the jumbled letters to reveal the key terms.

1. U C O S G L E =_________________
2. E C E N R O L T A N O R S T R P T H C A I N = _________________
3. E M E Z Y N S = _________________
4. N A O S I D N E E P H O R I H A T E S P T = _________________
5. I T H R I O M O N D O C N = _________________
6. Y C G L O S I S L Y = __________________
7. R E S K B C C L E Y = __________________
8. N O O X I A D T I = __________________
9. D U C T R E I O N = __________________
10. R A L U E L C L A E I R R P I O N S T = __________________

B. Write the revealed key terms beside the column of the following description. (Note:
Do not copy the table. Write your answers only for 1-10)

Revealed Key Terms Description

1. it is the part of the cell where cellular
respiration takes place.
2. a substance that may speed up a
chemical reaction.
3. it is the smallest form of energy that can
be used by the cell.
4. the sugar that is converted to ATP during
respiration.
5. the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
and ATP.
6. also known as citric acid cycle
7. a chemical reaction that results to the
loss of electrons from one substance
8. a chemical reaction that results to the
addition of electrons to another
substance
9. a series of chemical reactions in the
mitochondrion where molecules of
glucose are broken down to make
carbon dioxide, water and ATP.
10. a series of reactions wherein the final
electron acceptor is oxygen; the use of
NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP.

4
 Reece, J., et.al., Campbell Biology, 167
Figure 1. Overview of cellular respiration .

GLYCOLYSIS- Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It
produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP and NADH. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of a
cell and does not require oxygen.

EXPLANATION: Glycolysis breraks down glucose into pyruvate, and the by product of this reaction
include ATP and NADH, which are used as energy sources by our bodies. This reaction is oxygen-
independent and occurs in the cytosol(cytoplasm) of our bodies.

Glycolysis can be divided into two phases: the energy investment phase and the
energy payoff phase. During the energy investment phase, the cell actually spends ATP.
This investment is repaid with interest during the energy payoff phase, when ATP is
produced by substrate-level phosphorylation and NAD+ is reduced to NADH by electrons
released from the oxidation of glucose. The net energy yield from glycolysis, per glucose
molecule, is 2 ATP plus 2 NADH. The ten steps of the glycolytic pathway are shown:

Figure 2. Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase

Reece, J., et.al., Campbell Biology, 168

5
Figure 3. Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase

Reece, J., et.al., Campbell Biology, 168

PRACTICE TASK 1
A. True or False. Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is incorrect.

______1. Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose.

______2. Glycolysis can take place with or without oxygen.
______3. The products of glycolysis are three molecules of pyruvate, two molecules
of ATP, two molecules of NADH, and four molecules of water.
______4. Glycolysis takes place in the mitochondrion.
______5. There are 10 enzymes involved in breaking down sugar. The 10 steps of
glycolysis are organized by the order in which specific enzymes act upon the system.

B. Guide Questions.

6. What are the two phases of glycolysis? _____________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
7-10. Determine the energy input and energy output in the metabolic stage of glycolysis.
(See Figure 2 and 3 – Phases of Glycolysis)

Glycolysis Energy Input Energy Output

Energy Investment Phase

Energy Pay-off Phase

Net

6
 Do you have enough ideas about the first stage of metabolic stages of cellular
respiration? Now, let us proceed to next stage and perform the succeeding task.

Glycolysis releases less than a quarter of the chemical energy in glucose that can be
harvested by cells; most of the energy remains stockpiled in the two molecules of pyruvate.
When O2 is present, the pyruvate in eukaryotic cells enters a mitochondrion, where the
oxidation of glucose is completed. In aerobically respiring prokaryotic cells, this process
occurs in the cytosol. Later in the module, we’ll discuss what happens to pyruvate when O 2
is unavailable or in a prokaryote that is unable to use O2.

Reece, J., et.al., CampbellBiology, 169

Figure 4. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the step before the citric acid cycle.

COMPLETE ME!
Directions. Study Figure 4, then complete the paragraph by supplying the missing word/s.
Select your answers from the box provided below.

Upon entering the (1)_________________ via active transport, (2)______________

is first converted to a compound called acetyl coenzyme A, or acetyl CoA (Figure 4). This
step, linking (3)____________________ and the citric acid cycle, is carried out by a multi
enzyme complex that catalyzes three reactions: I. Pyruvate’s carboxyl group (—COO-),
which is already fully oxidized and thus has little chemical energy, is removed and given off
as a molecule of (4)_________________. This is the first step in which CO 2 is released
during respiration. II. The remaining two-carbon fragment is (5)_______________, forming
acetate (CH3COO-, which is the ionized form of acetic acid). The extracted electrons are
transferred to (6)___________, storing energy in the form of NADH.III. Finally,
(7)___________________, a sulfur-containing compound derived from a B vitamin, is
attached via its sulfur atom to the acetate, forming acetyl CoA, which has a high potential
energy; in other words, the reaction of acetyl CoA to yield lower-energy products is highly

7
exergonic. This molecule will now feed its acetyl group into the (8)_________________ for
further oxidation.

citric acid cycle mitochondrion NAD+ glycolysis

carbon dioxide pyruvate oxidized coenzyme A (CoA)

The Citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA)
cycle, is the second stage of cellular respiration. This cycle is catalyzed by several enzymes
and is named in honor of the British scientist Hans Krebs who identified the series of steps
involved in the citric acid cycle. The usable energy found in the carbohydrates, proteins, and
fats we eat is released mainly through the citric acid cycle. Although the citric acid cycle does
not use oxygen directly, it works only when oxygen is present.

PRACTICE TASK 2 Rank

the Flow!
Directions. Study the Figure 5 (The citric acid cycle). Using number 2-8, arrange the different
steps provided on each box to organize the events of the citric acid cycle. The first step is
done for you.

8
 Reece, J., et.al., Campbell Biology, 171

Step # 1. Acetyl CoA (from oxidation of pyruvate) adds its two-carbon acetyl group to oxaloacetate,
producing citrate.

Step # __. Addition of a water molecule rearranges bonds in the substrate.

Step # __. Another CO2 is lost, and the resulting compound is oxidized, reducing NAD+ to NADH.
The remaining molecule is then attached to coenzyme A by an unstable bond.

Step # __. The substrate is oxidized, reducing NAD+ to NADH and regenerating oxaloacetate.

9
 Step # __. Citrate is converted to its isomer, isocitrate, by removal of one water molecule and
addition of another.

Step # __. Isocitrate is oxidized, reducing NAD+ to NADH. Then the resulting compound loses a
CO2 molecule.

Step # __. Two hydrogens are transferred to FAD, forming FADH2 and oxidizing succinate

Step # __. CoA is displaced by a phosphate group, which is transferred to GDP, forming GTP,
a molecule with functions similar to ATP. GTP can also be used, as shown, to generate ATP.

Guide Questions:

1. Name the two molecules that conserve most of the energy from the redox reactions of the
citric acid cycle (see Figure 5).
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. How is this energy converted to a form that can be used to make ATP?
________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. What processes or metabolic stages in your cells produce the CO 2 that you exhale? _____
_______________________________________________________________________
__ 4. What If? The conversions shown in Figure 4 and step 4 of Figure 5 are each
catalyzed by a large multi enzyme complex. What similarities are there in the reactions
that occur in these two cases?
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
__
_________________________________________________________________________

In eukaryotic cells, the Citric Acid Cycle uses one

molecule of acetyl CoA to generate 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2
CO2, and 3 H+. Since two acetyl CoA molecules are generated from
the two pyruvic acid molecules produced in glycolysis, the total
number of these molecules yielded in the citric acid cycle is doubled
to 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, and 6 H+. Two additional
NADH molecules are also generated in the conversion of pyruvic
acid to acetyl CoA prior to the start of the cycle. The NADH and
FADH2 molecules produced in the citric acid cycle are passed along
to the final phase of cellular respiration called the electron transport chain. Here NADH
and FADH2 undergo oxidative phosphorylation to generate more ATP.

How are you now? Can you tell me what are the metabolic stages of cellular
respiration that you learn at this moment? Great! You have dissected so far,
glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, produce only 4 ATP molecules per glucose

10
molecule, all by substrate -level phosphorylation: 2 net ATP from glycolysis and 2
ATP from the citric acid cycle .

But the metabolic components of respiration. At this point, molecules of NADH

(and FADH2) account for most of the e nergy extracted from each glucose
molecule. These electron escorts link glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the
machinery of oxidative phosphorylation, which uses energy released by the
electron transport c hain to power ATP synthesis.

Now, perform the succeeding task on how energy is made.

How is Energy Made?

Directions. Check the box opposite to the following statement if you agree and cross if not
on how energy is made.

1. As electrons move along a chain, the movement or momentum is used to

create adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the main source of energy for
many cellular processes including muscle contraction and cell division.
2. Energy is released during cell metabolism when ATP is hydrolyzed. This
happens when electrons are passed along the chain from protein complex
until they are donated to oxygen forming water. ATP chemically decomposes
to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) by reacting with water. ADP is in turn used to
synthesize ATP.
3. As electrons are passed along a chain from protein complex I to protein
complex IV, energy is released and hydrogen ions (H+) are pumped out of the
mitochondrial matrix (compartment within the inner membrane) and into the
intermembrane space (compartment between the inner and outer membranes). All this
activity creates both a chemical gradient (difference in solution concentration) and an
electrical gradient (difference in charge) across the inner membrane.
4. As more H+ ions are pumped into the intermembrane space,
the higher concentration of hydrogen atoms will build up and
flow back to the matrix simultaneously powering the production
of ATP by the protein complex ATP synthase.
5. ATP synthase uses the energy generated from the movement
of H+ ions into the matrix for the conversion of ADP to ATP.
This process of oxidizing molecules to generate energy for the
production of ATP is called oxidative phosphorylation.

Figure 6. Electron Transport

Chain and ATP
synthase

In cellular
biology,
the electron
transport chain
is one of the
steps in your cell's processes
that make energy from the
foods

11
you eat. It is the third step of aerobic cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the term
for how your body's cells make energy from food consumed.
The electron transport chain is where Reece, J., et.al., Campbell Biology, 174 most of the energy cells
need to operate is generated. This "chain" is actually a series of protein complexes and
electron carrier molecules within the inner membrane of cell mitochondria, also known as the
cell's powerhouse. Oxygen is required for aerobic respiration as the chain terminates with the
donation of electrons to oxygen.

How does electron transport chain commence? NADH and FADH2 shuttle high-
energy electrons extracted from food during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle into an
electron transport chain built into the inner mitochondrial membrane. The gold arrows trace
the transport of electrons, which are finally passed to a terminal acceptor (O 2, in the case of
aerobic respiration) at the “downhill” end of the chain, forming water. Most of the electron
carriers of the chain are grouped into four complexes (I–IV). Two mobile carriers’ coenzyme,
ubiquinone (Q) and cytochrome (Cyt c), move rapidly, ferrying electrons between the large
complexes. As the complexes shuttle electrons, they pump protons from the mitochondrial
matrix into the intermembrane space. FADH2 deposits its electrons via complex II—at a
lower energy level than complex I, where NADH deposits its electrons—and so results in
fewer protons being pumped into the intermembrane space than occurs with NADH.
Chemical energy that was originally harvested from food is transformed into a proton-motive
force, a gradient of H+ across the membrane.
During chemiosmosis, the protons flow back down their gradient via ATP synthase,
which is built into the membrane nearby. The ATP synthase harnesses the proton-motive
force to phosphorylate ADP, forming ATP. Together, electron transport and chemiosmosis
make up oxidative phosphorylation.
Study the figure below, then analyze the events to match with the protein complex.

Reece, J., et.al., Campbell Biology, 174

Figure 7. Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis.

PRACTICE TASK 3
A. Match the Protein Complexes.
Directions. Study the figure shown above, then match the protein complex from the given
event.
Protein Complex Event

12
 1. Cytochrome C passes electrons to the final protein
complex in the chain, Complex IV. Two H + ions are
Complex I pumped across the inner membrane. The electrons
are then passed from Complex IV to an oxygen (O 2)
molecule, causing the molecule to split. The resulting
oxygen atoms quickly grab H+ ions to form two
molecules of water.

2. NADH transfers two electrons to Complex I resulting in

Complex II four H+ ions being pumped across the inner
membrane. NADH is oxidized to NAD +, which is
recycled back into the Krebs cycle. Electrons are
transferred from Complex I to a carrier molecule
ubiquinone (Q), which is reduced to ubiquinol (QH2).
Ubiquinol carries the electrons to Complex III.
3. FADH2 transfers electrons to Complex II and the
Complex III electrons are passed along to ubiquinone (Q). Q is
reduced to ubiquinol (QH2), which carries the
electrons to Complex III. No H+ ions are transported to
the intermembrane space in this process.

4. The passage of electrons to Complex III drives the

Complex IV transport of four more H+ ions across the inner
membrane. QH2 is oxidized and electrons are passed
to another electron carrier protein cytochrome C.

B. Guide Questions:
Directions. Answer the following questions.
1. How many protein complexes are part of the electron transport chain?

2. What is the function of these protein complexes?

3. In which specific part of the mitochondrion these complexes happen?

4. What protein complex do not have hydrogen ions transported to the intermembrane
space during the process?

13
 Do the different activities help you understand the three key pathways of
cellular respiration? Had you comprehended the sequence of events on each
key pathways if the oxygen is present in the aerobic cellular respiration?

What do you think will happens to pyruvate when oxygen is unavailable or in a

prokaryote that is unable to use oxygen? Let us find out by
performing the next task.

Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reactions

that regenerate NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH
to pyruvate or derivatives of pyruvate. The NAD+ can then
be reused to oxidize sugar by glycolysis, which nets two
molecules of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.
There are many types of fermentation, differing in the end
products formed from pyruvate. Two types commonly
harnessed by humans for food and industrial production
are alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
In alcohol fermentation
(Figure 8a), pyruvate is converted to ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
in two steps. The first step releases carbon dioxide from the
pyruvate, which is converted to the two-carbon compound
acetaldehyde. In the second step, acetaldehyde is reduced
by NADH to ethanol. This regenerates the supply of NAD+
needed for the continuation of glycolysis. Many bacteria
carry out alcohol fermentation under anaerobic conditions.
Yeast (a fungus) also carries out alcohol fermentation. For
thousands of years, humans have used yeast in brewing,
winemaking, and baking. The CO2 bubbles generated by
baker’s yeast during alcohol fermentation allow bread to
rise.
During lactic acid fermentation (Figure 8b), pyruvate
is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end
product, with no release of CO2. (Lactate is the ionized form
of lactic acid.) Lactic acid fermentation by certain fungi and
bacteria is used in the dairy industry to make cheese and
yogurt. Human muscle cells make ATP by lactic acid
fermentation when oxygen is scarce. This occurs during
strenuous exercise, when sugar catabolism for ATP
production outpaces the muscle’s supply of oxygen from the
blood. Under these conditions, the cells switch from aerobic Reece, J., et.al., Campbell Biology, 178
respiration to fermentation. The lactate that accumulates was previously thought to cause
muscle fatigue and pain, but recent research suggests instead that increased levels of
potassium ions (K+) may be to blame, while lactate appears to enhance muscle performance.
In any case, the excess lactate is gradually carried away by the blood to the liver, where it is
converted back to pyruvate by liver cells. Because oxygen is available, this pyruvate can then
enter the mitochondria in liver cells and complete cellular respiration

14
PRACTICE TASK 4
A. Thumbs Up or Thumbs Down.
Directions. Read each statement then evaluate it as fact by drawing a thumbs up
if not draw a thumbs down.

_______1. Fermentation produces organic molecules, including alcohol and lactic acid, and
it occurs in the presence of oxygen.

_______2. Cells not getting enough oxygen, excess pyruvate molecules are converted into
lactic acid molecules, raising the pH in the cells.
________3. Yeast uses alcoholic fermentation for ATP generation.
________4. Pyruvate is reduced directly to NADH to form lactate as a by-product.
________5. In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to lactate which releases
carbon dioxide.
________6. Alcohol fermentation by certain fungi and bacteria is used in the dairy industry to
make cheese and yogurt
________7. The first step in alcohol fermentation releases carbon dioxide from the pyruvate,
which is converted to the two-carbon compound acetaldehyde.
_________8. Human muscle cells make ATP by lactic acid fermentation when oxygen is
scarce.

_________9. The CO2 bubbles generated by baker’s yeast during alcohol fermentation allow
bread to rise.
________10. Glucose is incompletely oxidized either in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation.

Are you now enlightened with t he different features and sequence of

chemical events of cellular respiration? If yes, then let us strengthen it by
summing it up through performing the succeeding tasks. Good luck!

A. COMPLETE ME!

Directions. Complete the table below by supplying the missing terms.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

KEY PATHWAYS LOCATION IN RAW MATERIAL/S PRODUCTS

(PROCESS) THE CELL

GLYCOLYSIS

15
 CITRIC ACID CYCLE

OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION

B. CONCEPT MAP
Directions. Using the figure below, supply the linking word or group of words to explain the
different key pathways or process of aerobic cellular respiration.

C. CONCEPT CHECK:
1. What process or key pathways of cellular respiration happen with or without oxygen?

2. How are the product/s of the citric acid cycle used in Aerobic Respiration?

3. What do you think will happen to the molecules of carbon dioxide?

16
 4. Why is oxidative phosphorylation considered an aerobic respiration?

5. Where do you think the oxygen molecules come from?

6. How would you compare oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis and citric acid cycle
based on the number of ATP’s produced?

7. How are glycolysis, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation connected?

8. Which of the processes is more effective in releasing the energy from the glucose
molecule, anaerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration?

9. If one ATP molecule holds 7.3kcal of potential energy, how much potential energy
does 1 glucose molecule produce in cell respiration?

10. One molecule of glucose actually contains 686 kcal/mol of potential energy. Where
does the remaining energy go when glucose is reduced?

Are you done answering the tasks? Great! It is concluded that cellular
respiration and metabolic pathways play a role of central importance in
organisms. Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and ultimately leaves as
heat, while the chemical elements essential to life are recycled. The energy
that keeps us alive is released, not produced, by cellular respiration.

17
 Let us now gauge your understanding on the different features and sequence of
chemical events of cellular respiration. Answer the post-test provided. Good luck!

Directions. Make a concept map on how you understand the different processes about
cellular respiration. The figure below can help you to identify the key words that you will use
on your concept map.See the attached rubric for your reference.

https://i.stack.imgur.com/Akmzx.jpg
RUBRIC
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1

The concept The concept The concept The concept

map clearly map map indirectly map does not
communicates communicates communicates
Clarity of the features some of the the features sufficiently
Concept and sequence of features and and sequence of communicates
events sequence of events the features
about cellular events about about cellular and sequence
respiration. cellular respiration. of events
respiration. about cellular
respiration.

All of the parts Most of the Some of the The parts of

of the concept parts of the parts of the the concept
Creativity map are concept map concept map map are not
and Content properly are slightly are slightly labeled and
Organization labeled and labeled and labeled but the the ideas
reflect an reflect student ideas were were copied
exceptional ingenuity in copied from from the

18
 degree of their creation. the design of design of
student others. others.
ingenuity in
their creation.

The Most of the Some of the The constructed

Accuracy and constructed constructed constructed concept map is
Relevance of concept map is concept map is concept map is neither
the Content accurate accurate accurate accurate nor
and related to and related to and related to related to the
the overview of the overview of the overview of overview of
cellular cellular cellular cellular
respiration. respiration respiration respiration

Cells break down glucose and other organic fuels to yield chemical energy in
the form of ATP. Fermentationis a process that results in the partial
degradation of gluco
se without the use of oxygen.Cellular respirationis a
more complete breakdown of gluco
se; inaerobic respiration
, oxygen is used
as a reactant. The cell taps the energy stored in food molecules through
redox
reactions, in which one substance partially
totally
or shifts electrons to another.
Oxidationis the loss of electrons from one substa
nce, whilereductionis the
addition of electrons to the other.
During aerobic respiration, glucose 6(C
H12O6) is oxidized to CO2, and O2 is
reduced to H2O. Electrons lose potential energy during their transfer from
glucose or other organic compounds toygen.
ox Electrons are usually passed
first to NAD+, reducing it to NADH, and then from NADH to an electron
transport chain
, which conducts them to O
2 in energy-releasingsteps. The

energy is used to make ATP

.
Aerobic respiration occurs in three stages: (1) glycolysis, (2) pyruvate
oxidation and the citric acid cycle,and (3) oxidative phosphorylation
(electron transport and chemiosmosis
).

19
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Where does the process of glycolysis takes place?

A. Cytosol C. Mitochondria
B. Ribosome D. Golgi Body

2. Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of

a glucose molecule?
A. the citric acid cycle C. glycolysis
B. the electron transport chain D. reduction of pyruvate to lactate

3. What are the products of glycolysis?

A. Pyruvic acid, and ATP C. glucose and ATP
B. Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH D. glucose and NADH

4. The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic
oxidative phosphorylation is _____________
A. oxygen. B. water. C. NAD+ . D. pyruvate.

5. Which of the following processes of cellular respiration is in CORRECT order?

A. Citric acid cycle, Glycolysis, Electron transport chain
B. Glycolysis, Electron transport chain, Krebs cycle
C. Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain
D. Electron transport chain, Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle

6. When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of
the following changes occurs?
A. The pH of the matrix increases. C. The electrons gain free energy.
B. ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport. D. NAD+ is oxidized.

7. Most CO2 from catabolism is released during __________

A. glycolysis. C. lactate fermentation
B. the citric acid cycle.. D. electron transport
8. What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH
+ H+ Lactate + NAD+
A. oxygen B. NADH C. lactate D. pyruvate

9. The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during
oxidative phosphorylation is the _______________ A. oxidation of glucose and other
organic compounds.
B. flow of electrons down the electron transport chain.
C. H+ concentration gradient across the membrane holding ATP synthase.
D. transfer of phosphate to ADP.

10. In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions _____________

A. are the source of energy driving prokaryotic ATP synthesis.
20
 B. provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient.
C. reduce carbon atoms to carbon dioxide.
D. are coupled via phosphorylated intermediates to endergonic processes.

You may refer to the following vocabulary words used in this module:
ADP – Adenosine Diphosphate, stored energy
ATP – Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy carrier in living things
Carbon dioxide – given off as a waste product during cellular respiration
Cellular Respiration – The process by which organisms break down glucose into a form
that the cell can use as energy
Chemical reaction – a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are
converted to one or more different substances as products.
Chemiosmosis is an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of an
H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work

Citric Acid Cycle – second stage of aerobic respiration in which two pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
molecules from the first stage react to form ATP, NADH, and FADH 2 ; also known as the
Krebs Cycle
FADH2 – Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide; along with NAD+ will ultimately transport the electron
to the mitochondria, where the cell can harvest energy stored in the electrons.
Fermentation – An anaerobic pathway for breaking down glucose
Glycolysis – the first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
NAD+ - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, a critical coenzyme found in every cell in the
human body, and it’s involved in hundreds of metabolic processes
Oxidation – a chemical reaction that results to the loss of electrons from one substance
Oxygen – the gas that combines with glucose during cellular respiration
Pyruvate – produced by glycolysis in the cytoplasm; supplies energy to living cells through
the citric acid cycle; its slightly altered form is pyruvic acid
Reduction – a chemical reaction that results to the addition of electrons to another
substance
Water – formed when hydrogen and oxygen react during the electron transport chain

21
 1. A
2. D
3. A
4. D 5. B

ELICIT
A. Build It Up!
1. GLUCOSE 6. GLYCOLYSIS
2. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN 7. KREBS CYCLE
3. ENZYMES 8. OXIDATION
4. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE 9. REDUCTION
5. MITOCHONDRION 10. CELLULAR RESPIRATION

B.
Revealed Key Terms Description
1. MITOCHONDRION it is the part of the cell where cellular
respiration takes place.
2. ENZYME a substance that may speed up a
chemical reaction.
3. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE it is the smallest form of energy that can
be used by the cell.
4. GLUCOSE the sugar that is converted to ATP during
respiration.
5. GLYCOLYSIS the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
and ATP.
6. KREBS CYCLE also known as citric acid cycle
7. OXIDATION a chemical reaction that results to the
loss of electrons from one substance
8. REDUCTION a chemical reaction that results to the
addition of electrons to another
substance
9. CELLULAR RESPIRATION a series of chemical reactions in the
mitochondrion where molecules of
glucose are broken down to make
carbon dioxide, water and ATP.
10. ELECTRON TRANSPORT a series of reactions wherein the final
CHAIN electron acceptor is oxygen; the use of
NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP.

22
ENGAGE
Overview of the Three Main Stages
1. The image above showed the different processes of cellular respiration, both aerobic
and anaerobic, and the cell organelles where it may occur.
2. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell while Krebs cycle and electron transport
chain occur in the cell’s mitochondria.
3. The raw material of glycolysis is glucose and its end product is ATP 4. ATP is the
common product in all the processes of cellular respiration.

EXPLORE
LET IT FLOW!
PRACTICE TASK 1
True or False.
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. T
6. Energy Investment Phase and Energy Pay-off Phase
7. – 10

Glycolysis Energy Input Energy Output

Energy Investment Phase 2 ATP 2 ADP

Energy Pay-off Phase 4 ADP 4 ATP

2 NAD+ 2 NADH

Glucose Pyruvate + 2 H2O

Net 2 ADP 2 ATP
2 NAD+ 2 NADH + 2 H+

Complete Me!
1. Mitochondrion 5. oxidized
2. Pyruvate 6. NAD+
3. Glycolysis 7. Coenzymes A (CoA)
4. Carbon dioxide 8. Citric Acid Cycle

EXPLAIN PRACTICE
TASK 2
Rank the Flow!

23
 Step # 7. Addition of a water molecule rearranges bonds in the substrate.

Step # 4. Another CO2 is lost, and the resulting compound is oxidized, reducing NAD+ to
NADH. The remaining molecule is then attached to coenzyme A by an unstable bond.

Step # 8. The substrate is oxidized, reducing NAD+ to NADH and regenerating oxaloacetate.

Step # 2. Citrate is converted to its isomer, isocitrate, by removal of one water molecule and

addition of another.

Step # 3 . Isocitrate is oxidized, reducing NAD+ to NADH. Then the resulting compound loses
a CO2 molecule.

Step # 6. Two hydrogens are transferred to FAD, forming FADH2 and oxidizing succinate

Step # 5. CoA is displaced by a phosphate group, which is transferred to GDP, forming GTP,
a molecule with functions similar to ATP. GTP can also be used, as shown, to generate ATP.

1. NADH and FADH2;

2. they will donate electrons to the electron transport chain.
3. CO2 is released from the pyruvate that is the end product of glycolysis, and CO 2 is
also released during the citric acid cycle.
4. In both cases, the precursor molecule loses a CO 2 molecule and then donates
electrons to an electron carrier in an oxidation step. Also, the product has been
activated due to the attachment of a CoA group.
How is Energy Made?

1. √ 2.
√ 3. √
4. √
5. √
PRACTICE TASK 3
A.
1. Complex IV
2. Complex I
3. Complex II
4. Complex III B.
1. There are four protein complexes that are part of the electron transport chain.
2. Their function is to pass electrons down the chain and drives the transport of
hydrogen ions across the inner membrane to form water and generate more ATP.
3. These complexes are embedded within the inner mitochondrial membrane.
24
 4. Protein Complex II

PRACTICE TASK 4
1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

ELABORATE

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

KEY PATHWAYS LOCATION IN THE RAW PRODUCTS

(PROCESS) CELL MATERIAL/S

2 PYRUVATE
GLYCOLYSIS CYTOSOL GLUCOSE 2 NADH
2 ATP
2 H2O

CITRIC ACID CYCLE MITOCHONDRIAL PYRUVATE/ 4 CO2

MATRIX OF PYRUVIC ACID 6 NADH
MITOCHONDRION 2 ATP
2 FADH2

OXIDATIVE INNER
PHOSPHORYLATION MEMBRANE OF NADH AND 32 ATP’s
MITOCHONDRION FADH2

Concept Map

25
Concept Check
1. Glycolysis
2. The ATP molecules produced are used to power cellular activities while the NADH
and FADH proceed to the next process of aerobic respiration. Carbon dioxide
molecules are waste gas and are therefore exhaled.
3. The molecules of carbon dioxide will go out of the cell and be released through
exhalation.
4. Oxidative phosphorylation is an aerobic respiration because it uses oxygen in the
formation of water during the process.
5. The oxygen molecules used in oxidative phosphorylation come from the air inhaled
filtered by lungs and transported by the blood cells.
6. Oxidative phosphorylation produces the largest number of ATP’s while glycolysis and
citric acid cycle only produces 2 ATP’s.
7. Glycolysis, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are connected since the
products in each of the processes are used to ensure the occurrence of the next
process. These processes are series of reactions in cycle to produce ATP’s.
8. The most effective process is aerobic respiration since it produces 32 to 38 ATP’s.
9. At its minimum output, 32 ATP x 7.3 kcal = 235.6 kcal
At its maximum output, 38 ATP x 7.3kcal = 277.4 kcal
10. It is lost as heat which is why our bodies are warm right now.

EVALUATE / Post Test

1. A 6. A
2. C 7. B
3. B 8. D
4. A 9. C
5. C 10. B

26
Books:
Reece, J., et.al., Campbell Biology. California: Pearson Education Inc., 2014.

Internet:

• http://www.biocarta.com/pathfiles/krebpathway.asp.
• "Electron Transport in the Energy Cycle of the Cell." HyperPhysics, hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/etrans.html.
• Lodish, Harvey, et al. "Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation." Molecular Cell
Biology. 4th Edition., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2000,
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21528
• https://i.stack.imgur.com/Akmzx.jpg
• https://www.thoughtco.com/steps-of-glycolysis-373394

27