Module 1.

1) Engineering research involves systematic investigation conducted by engineers to advance

knowledge, develop new technologies, and solve practical problems in various fields. Its objectives
include advancing scientific understanding, innovating new solutions or products, improving existing
systems, and addressing societal needs through the application of engineering principles.

2) Types of engineering research commonly practiced include basic research, which focuses on
fundamental principles; applied research, aimed at solving specific problems; and developmental
research, focused on creating new products or processes.

3)

a) Ethics in engineering research practice involves adhering to principles of honesty, integrity,

transparency, and respect for human rights. It includes avoiding conflicts of interest, ensuring
research validity, and protecting participants' welfare.

b) Finding and solving a worthwhile problem in engineering involves identifying significant

challenges or opportunities, conducting thorough research to understand the problem's scope and
context, and developing effective solutions that address the problem's root causes.

4) Types of research misconduct in practice include fabrication (creating false data), falsification
(manipulating data), plagiarism (copying others' work without proper attribution), and improper
authorship (misrepresentation of contributors). Other forms include failure to disclose conflicts of
interest, mismanagement of research funds, and breaches of confidentiality. These actions
undermine research integrity and can have serious consequences for individuals and institutions
involved.

Module 2.

1)

a) New and existing knowledge: New knowledge represents discoveries or insights that expand
understanding, while existing knowledge refers to established theories or findings. Both are vital in
research, with new knowledge building upon existing foundations.

b) Analysis & prior art search: Analysis involves evaluating data or information to draw conclusions,
while prior art search involves reviewing existing literature, patents, and research to understand the
state of the field before conducting new research.

2)
a) Google Scholar: Google Scholar provides access to a wide range of scholarly articles, making it
valuable for literature surveys by researchers seeking relevant sources and recent developments.

b) Web of Science: Web of Science offers comprehensive coverage of scholarly literature and
citation indexing, aiding researchers in tracing citation networks and assessing the impact of
research.

3)

a) Critical & creative reading: Critical reading involves evaluating texts to assess validity and
relevance, while creative reading involves interpreting information imaginatively to generate new
ideas or perspectives.

b) Importance of technical reading: Technical reading is essential for understanding complex

concepts and methodologies in research, enabling researchers to stay informed and evaluate studies
effectively.

4) Attributions and citations are crucial in research for acknowledging sources, providing evidence,
and avoiding plagiarism. Functions of citations include giving credit to original authors, facilitating
access to sources, and providing context for research. Types of citations include in-text citations,
footnotes, endnotes, and reference lists.

5) The concept of knowledge flow through citation illustrates how ideas and information
disseminate and influence subsequent research. When a paper cites previous works, it
acknowledges their contributions and integrates them into the current study, creating a network of
interconnected knowledge.

6) Citing datasets involves acknowledging the sources of data used in research, promoting
transparency and reproducibility. Citation styles for datasets vary, but for ASCE (American Society of
Civil Engineers) and IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), they typically include
elements such as author(s), title, year, dataset identifier (e.g., DOI), and access date.

7) Acknowledgements and attributions in research articles are essential for recognizing contributions
from individuals or organizations that supported the research, fostering transparency, integrity, and
collaboration within the scholarly community. They also demonstrate ethical conduct and
professionalism.

Module 3.

1)
a) Intellectual Property (IP) plays a significant role in the economic and cultural development of
society by incentivizing innovation and creativity, fostering competition, and protecting cultural
expressions.

b) IP governance refers to the framework of laws, regulations, and policies that govern the creation,
use, and protection of intellectual property rights.

c) IP serves as a global indicator of innovation by reflecting the level of research and development
activities, technological advancements, and creative output within a country or region.

2) Major amendments in IP laws and acts in India include the Indian Patent Act of 2005, which
introduced provisions for product patents in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, and amendments
to the Copyright Act in 2012 to address digital rights management and online infringement issues.

3)

a) Copyrights and related rights protect original literary, artistic, and musical works, as well as
performances and recordings.

b) Trademarks distinguish goods or services of one entity from others in the market.

c) Geographical indications identify products originating from a specific geographical location and
possessing qualities, reputation, or characteristics attributable to that location.

d) Trade secrets safeguard confidential information, formulas, or processes that provide a

competitive advantage to businesses.

4)

a) Plant varieties protection grants exclusive rights to breeders over new plant varieties they
develop.

b) Traditional knowledge refers to knowledge passed down through generations within indigenous
communities.

c) Industrial design protects the aesthetic or ornamental aspects of products.

d) Biodiversity protection aims to conserve and sustainably use biological resources and their
ecosystems.

5)

a) Inventions eligible for patenting must be novel, inventive, and industrially applicable.

b) Non-patentable matters include discoveries, scientific theories, mathematical methods, mental

processes, business methods, and computer programs.
6) Conditions for obtaining patent protection include novelty (not publicly disclosed before),
inventive step (not obvious to a person skilled in the field), and industrial applicability (capable of
being made or used in an industry).

7) Patent infringements in India, as per the Patent Act 1970, include unauthorized making, using,
selling, or importing of patented inventions without the patent owner's permission.

8) The patenting process involves steps such as filing a patent application, examination by the patent
office, publication, pre-grant opposition (if any), examination, grant of patent, and maintenance.

9)

a) Patent databases provide access to information about patents and patent applications.

b) Non-patent literature includes scientific journals, conference proceedings, and technical reports
that contain valuable research information.

10)

a) Form 1 is the application for grant of a patent.

b) Form 2 is the specification for the patent application.

11)

a) Pre-grant opposition allows third parties to oppose the grant of a patent before it is granted.

b) Post-grant opposition allows interested parties to challenge the validity of a granted patent.

c) Examination involves assessing the patentability of an invention.

d) Grant of a patent is the official recognition of patent rights by the patent office.

12) The flow chart for filing a patent application typically includes steps such as preparing the
application, filing with the patent office, examination, publication, opposition (if any), and grant of
patent.

13) Important patent application forms in India include Form 1 (application for grant of patent) and
Form 2 (patent specification). The fee structure varies depending on factors such as the type of
applicant and the number of claims.
14) Major types of patent applications include provisional applications, non-provisional (utility)
applications, design applications, and international applications (under the Patent Cooperation
Treaty).

15)

i. Licensee: A person or entity authorized to use a patented invention under a license agreement.

ii. In force: Refers to a patent that is still valid and enforceable.

iii. Working of a patent: Refers to the commercial exploitation of a patented invention in the market.

iv. Priority right: The right to claim priority based on an earlier application for the same invention
filed in another country.

v. Priority date: The filing date of the first patent application from which priority is claimed.

vi. Patent claims: Define the scope of protection granted by a patent.

vii. Patent revocation: The legal process of invalidating a patent.

viii. Assignee: The person or entity to whom patent rights are transferred.

ix. Patent specification: Describes the invention in detail and defines its scope.

x. Restoration of patent: Allows for the restoration of a lapsed patent under certain conditions.

Module 4.

1) Different classes of copyright include literary works, artistic works, musical works, dramatic works,
cinematographic films, sound recordings, and computer software. Criteria to obtain copyright
protection typically involve originality, expression of ideas in a tangible form, and meeting statutory
requirements such as fixation and duration.

2)

a) Copyright infringement as per the Copyright Act 1970 involves unauthorized reproduction,
distribution, performance, or adaptation of copyrighted works without the permission of the
copyright owner.

b) The fair use doctrine allows limited use of copyrighted material without permission for purposes
such as criticism, commentary, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research, under certain
conditions.

c) Non-copyright work refers to works that do not qualify for copyright protection, such as ideas,
facts, procedures, methods of operation, and government documents.
3) The judicial power of the registrar of copyrights includes adjudicating disputes related to
copyright infringement, licensing, registration, and other matters under the Copyright Act.

4) The process of copyright registration typically involves submitting an application form along with
the required documents and fee to the copyright office, examination by the registrar, publication,
and issuance of the copyright certificate.

5) Important forms to obtain copyright include Form XIV (application for copyright registration) and
Form V (application for the registration of changes in the particulars of the copyright entered in the
Register of Copyrights). The fee structure varies depending on factors such as the type of work and
mode of submission.

6)

a) Transfer of copyright to a publisher involves the assignment or licensing of copyright ownership

from the creator to a publishing company for publication and distribution.

b) Copyright adaptation refers to the creation of derivative works based on existing copyrighted
material, such as translations, adaptations, or modifications.

c) Copyright and publishing are related concepts, as copyright protects the rights of authors and
creators over their published works.

7)

a) David v/s Macaques, Indonesia: A legal case involving a dispute over the copyright ownership of a
series of photographs taken by a macaque monkey.

b) "Happy Birthday to You": A copyright case challenging the validity and ownership of the copyright
for the song "Happy Birthday to You."

c) Amitabh Bachchan to lose copyrights over his father's works in 2063: A hypothetical case involving
the expiration of copyright protection for works created by Amitabh Bachchan's father, Harivansh
Rai Bachchan, after the passage of a certain period.

8) Eligibility criteria for trademarks typically include distinctiveness, non-descriptiveness, non-

genericness, and non-deceptiveness. Trademarks are classified into categories such as word marks,
device marks, service marks, collective marks, and certification marks.

9) Various trademarks registered in India under the Indian Trademarks Act 1999 include brand
names, logos, symbols, slogans, and trade dress associated with goods and services.
10) The process of trademark registration involves conducting a trademark search, filing an
application with the trademark office, examination by the registrar, publication in the trademark
journal, opposition (if any), and issuance of the trademark registration certificate.

11) The case of Coca-Cola v/s Bisleri International Pvt Limited involves a legal dispute over trademark
infringement and passing off related to the use of the mark "Maaza" for mango-flavored drinks,
wherein Coca-Cola alleged that Bisleri's use of the mark "Maaza" infringed upon its rights in the
mark "Maaza" for similar products.

Module 5.

1) Acts and laws governing Industrial Designs include the Designs Act, 2000 in India and various
international agreements such as the Hague Agreement concerning the International Registration of
Industrial Designs. Renowned Industrial Designs include the iPhone by Apple, the Volkswagen
Beetle, and the Coca-Cola bottle.

2)

a) Enforcement of Design Rights involves taking legal action against unauthorized use, imitation, or
infringement of protected industrial designs.

b) Non-protectable Industrial Designs in India may include designs that lack novelty, are solely
functional, or are dictated solely by technical or functional requirements.

3) The process of Design registration typically involves filing an application with the Design office,
examination by the registrar, publication, opposition (if any), and issuance of the design registration
certificate.

4)

a) Classification of Industrial Designs involves categorizing designs based on various criteria such as
aesthetics, functionality, and ornamental features.

b) Cancellation of the Registered Design may occur due to non-compliance with legal requirements,
lack of novelty, or invalidity.

c) Various application forms to file Industrial Designs include Form-1 (Application for Registration of
Design) and Form-8 (Request for Certificate of Validity of Cancellation of Registration of a Design).

5)

a) Registered GIs (Geographical Indications) in India include products such as Darjeeling Tea,
Kanchipuram Silk, and Alphonso Mango.
b) Classes of GI categorize geographical indications based on product types such as agricultural
products, foodstuffs, handicrafts, and industrial products.

c) Identification of registered GI involves labeling products with the registered geographical

indication to signify their origin and quality.

d) Non-registrable GI may include generic terms, names of varieties, or indications that have become
customary in the relevant trade.

6) The process of GI registration typically involves filing an application with the GI registry,
examination, publication, opposition (if any), and issuance of the GI registration certificate.

7)

a) Application forms related to file GI may include Form-1 (Application for Registration of
Geographical Indication).

b) Documents required for GI registration may include proof of origin, evidence of distinctiveness,
and details of the applicant.

c) Protection of GI involves legal measures to prevent unauthorized use, imitation, or misuse of

registered geographical indications.

8)

a) Curcuma (Turmeric) Patent: In this case, a patent was granted for a process of obtaining a wound-
healing composition from turmeric, leading to controversy over the patenting of traditional
knowledge.

b) Neem Patent: A patent was granted for the use of neem oil as a fungicide and pesticide, sparking
debates over biopiracy and the patenting of traditional knowledge.

c) Basmati Patent: A patent was granted for a strain of rice claiming characteristics similar to Basmati
rice, leading to concerns over misappropriation of traditional knowledge and geographical
indications.