CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
An oil expeller machine, also known as an oil press or oil extraction

machine, is a device used to extract oil from various oilseeds or nuts. It is

commonly used in the agricultural industry and by small-scale oil

producers. The machine applies mechanical force to squeeze the oil out of

the seeds or nuts, separating it from the solid material. In the past,

significant efforts have been made to improve screw presses' oil

extraction efficiency. According to Ohlson (1992), the majority of them

optimize process variables like the applied pressure, pressing

temperature, and moisture conditioning of the fed samples. Depending on

the type of expeller, small, power-driven, 8 horsepower machines can

process between 8 and 45 kilograms per hour of raw materials, A palm

kernel oil expeller machine with low rotational speed and high torque is

developed in this work by incorporating a choke mechanism that can be

adjusted to adjust the back pressure. Through the space that exists

between the barrel and the screw shaft, this, in turn, regulates the

thickness and dryness of the pressed cake. Vegetable oil is in high

demand everywhere because of the growing domestic and industrial uses

it has. Due to its benefits for health, vegetable oil consumption is on the

rise in comparison to that of animal fats (Akinoso, 2006). There are many
ways to extract oil, but most of them are based on some principles which

include traditional method of rendering with water, press with a cage,

solvent extraction and screw press (Bredeson, 1983). The machine's

design makes it possible to process cold palm kernel seeds without first

treating them. The unit's screw shaft in the barrel breaks and cooks the

seeds.

1.2 Problem statement

 Seed/Nut Preprocessing Requirements

To ease oil extraction, some oilseeds and nuts require large

process, such as heating, steaming, or crushing. extensive process.

 Seed/Nut Variability

The size, hardness, and oil content of various oilseeds and nuts can

affect how well an oil expeller machine works.

 Energy Consumption

Oil expeller machines can consume a substantial amount of energy

during operation.

 Seed/Nut Variability
 The size, hardness, and oil content of various oilseeds and nuts can

affect how well an oil expeller machine works.

1.3 Problem to be solved

 The oil extraction process would be smooth by developing an oil

expeller machine that can handle a wider variety of seeds and nuts

without requiring.

 Consistent and optimal oil extraction would be achieved by

developing machines that can effectively handle a variety of seed

and nut variability and adjust parameters accordingly.

 Cost savings and environmental sustainability would result from

the creation of energy-efficient models or the implementation of

mechanisms to reduce energy consumption.

 Consistent and optimal oil extraction would be achieved by

developing machines that can effectively handle a variety of seed

and nut variability and adjust parameters accordingly.

1.4.1 Advantages of fabricating oil expeller machine

 Cost-Effectiveness

Compared to purchasing commercial machines, fabrication permits

the production of oil expeller machines at a relatively lower cost.

 Innovation and Research

Fabrication encourages oil extraction technology research and

innovation.

 Adaptability

Fabrication allows for modifications and improvements to be made

to the machine design as needed.

1.4.2 Disadvantages of fabricating oil expeller machine

 Quality Control

Maintaining consistent quality control during fabrication can be a

challenge, especially for small-scale fabricators.

 Time and Resources

Fabricating an oil expeller machine can be a time-consuming

process.

 Compliance and Safety

Fabricated machines may not be subjected to strict certification or

testing procedures to guarantee compliance with safety regulations

and standards.

1.5 Aim and objective

 To design the oil expeller machine to be versatile and capable of

processing a wide range of oilseeds or nuts.

1.6 Justification of the study

Due to the growing of domestic and industrial applications of

vegetable oil, there is a worldwide demand for it. Vegetable oil

consumption is rising at an increasing rate. Oil expeller machines

play a crucial role in oil extraction, have an effect on agriculture

and industry, and have the potential to boost efficiency, cut costs,

and protect the environment. Additionally, research-derived

knowledge can be shared, transferred, and put to use for the benefit

of oil producers, small businesses, and global food systems.

1.7 Scope of the work

This project is limited to the fabrication of oil expeller machine to

extract oil from various oilseeds or nuts to achieve separation.

 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER TWO

An oil expeller is a metal screw that feeds oil-bearing seeds into a

barrel-shaped outer casing with perforated walls. The screw rotates

horizontally. The expeller continuously grinds, crushes, and

presses the oil out of the cotton and groundnut seeds as they pass

through the machine. Oil flows through the casing's perforations

and is collected in a trough at the bottom thanks to the expeller

screws' pressure, which breaks the product's oil seeds. The oil

seeds are crushed when the haft of this screw is turned in a parallel

direction. The screw and its shaft are arranged in such a way that

the material is gradually compressed as it moves on to the

cylinder's discharge at the end. The impact of pressure can be

accomplished by diminishing the leeway between the enclosure

and the screw shaft or by sinking the length of the screw trip

toward the pivotal development. By gradually increasing pressure

on the screw shaft, the seeds release the oil. On another end of the

machine, the extracted oil seeds form a cake structure all together.

Aremu and Ogunlade, (2013) provided Kenaf with the design of an

oil expeller machine. The designed machine can work 36.5

kilograms per hour and has an oil extraction efficiency of 62.2

percent. The designed machine has the best lubrication and is

simple to maintain. Shankar et al. (2012) provided information

about the oil expellers, including the availability of raw materials

from the research study. The various issues associated with used oil

expellers, their design features and processes, and the creation of

oil expeller industry development sites were the primary focus of

this study. Deli et al. (2011) carried out the investigation into the

effects that physical parameters in screw press machines have on

machines. Using a KOMET screw oil expeller, sativa seeds were

studied in this study. The research was carried out using various

nozzle sizes and shaft speeds. Additionally, the study took into

account the various shaft diameters. At 65 rmp, it is discovered that

the shaft diameter of 11 mm performs well while the shaft diameter

of 8 mm yields little. The yield percentage for the 12 mm nozzle

was the same. The majority of the results were not the same when

the physical parameters were changed. Oil yields of 22.27% with

an 8mm diameter expeller shaft and 19.05% with an 11mm

diameter expeller shaft were recorded under optimal parameters,

Sreenatha et al. (2010) fostered a smaller than usual model of the

oil expeller screw shaft and figured out the impact of the pressure

proportion of the oil chamber alongside the speed of the screw

shaft. Pongamia and Jatropha seeds were used in the experiment,

and the shaft was rotated between 35 and 654 rmp to keep the

compression ratio between 14:1 and 21.5:1. The study concluded

that oil expeller screw performance is significantly influenced by

compression ratios. Olaniyan and Yusuf. (2012) designed and

tested an oil expeller screw press for the extraction of oil from

soybeans and palm kernels. A three-phase motor that has 15

horsepower powers the expeller. The designed expeller screw

resulted in an average extraction efficiency of 13.48 percent and a

22.79% success rate. The findings came to the conclusion that the

community could benefit from using the mini expeller to produce

oil for the extraction of palm and soybeans. Ibrahim and Onwualu.

(2005) performed the review of the various techniques for

extracting oil from agricultural products. The removal of hulls and

shells, pre-processing conditioning methods like size reduction,

moisture content adjustment, heat treatment, and pressure

application, as well as the extraction methods were all used in the

present study. This paper discussed both traditional and modern

(improved) approaches. Modh (2011), discussed the oil expeller's

thrust ball bearing analysis. Analytical design and Pro-E software

were used to create the thrust bearings. Using the ANSYS

software, bearings were analyzed in order to calculate the life of

existing bearings. The results were then summarized by contrasting

the analytical and computational approaches. The investigation

results showed that standard pressure, guideline strain, and pivotal

miss happening were diminished. Khangar and Jaju. (2012)

addressed the various methods for shat failure analysis utilized in

oil expellers. Utilizing the appropriate manufacturing procedures

and the introduction of improved material design optimization

were the primary means by which roll shaft failure could be

avoided. The comparison of the various approaches used, how they

were used, and the limitations they had that allowed them to

conclude the results. Amruthraj et al. (2014) supervised the design

of a twin-screw oil expeller for extracting oil from Pongamia

pinnata seeds as part of the research. A counter-rotating twin screw

expeller for the extraction of oil from Pongamia pinnata seeds was

created in this paper. Based on both technical and economic

evaluations, this paper compares twin screw press technology to

single screw press technology and examined how twin-screw

technology was superior to single screw press technology.

Shelling, roasting, and pressing groundnuts were all steps in the

post-processing process that results in groundnut oil. Numerous

roasting processes have been constructed to shell nuts. It increased

the items' taste and moisture content, making them more palatable

for eating. Additionally, roasting improves extraction since it

lowers moisture content, releases oil from intact cells, and reduces

viscosity of the oil. If it is properly roasted, a lot of oil will be

generated. However, excessive heating while roasting results in

protein with poor nutritional value.

Additionally, it renders the extracted oil's color black and decreases

the amount of oil. groundnut roasting and groundnut oil extraction

has a significant problem with its processing, though. Traditional

methods for roasting and oil extraction are still used in some rural

areas of the nation. Rajesh et at. (2012) developed a paint industry-

specific liquid dispensing machine. Metering, mixing, and

dispensing are the machine's primary requirements. Utilizing a

high-quality device like a solenoid valve or programmable syringe

for metering is essential. VB, .NET or MATLAB can be used to

program the Micro controller AT89C52. Dispensing machine that

is operated by touch screen. Hashemi (2006) designed fluid

dispensing is a method for precisely delivering fluid materials to

targets like substrates, boards, or workpieces. In the electronic

packaging industry, this procedure has been extensively utilized for

 processes like integrated circuit encapsulation (ICE) and surface

mount technology (MT). The dispensed fluid flow rate and the

fluid profile formed on a target are the most critical controllable

parameters in this process. Mechanical control, software/hardware,

and material science are just a few of the engineering fields

involved in modeling and controlling this kind of process.

2.2 Characteristics of various oil expeller

 Power source

Electric motors, diesel engines, or even manual operation can all be

used to power oil expellers. The expeller's efficiency and output

capacity are affected by the power source.

 Capacity

Oil expellers come in a variety of sizes and capacities, from small

units that can be used at home to large industrial machines. The

amount of oil an oil expeller can extract per hour or per day is

determined by its capacity.

 Maintenance and durability

Oil expellers' durability and maintenance requirements can vary.

While some models are designed to be more durable and require

 minimal upkeep, others may require regular lubrication and

maintenance.

 Oil filtration

After the oil is extracted, some oil expellers may have built-in

filtration systems to remove impurities and solids from the

extracted oil. This ensures a cleaner and purer final product.

 Heating

Some oil expellers incorporate a heating mechanism to facilitate

the oil extraction process. Heating the seeds or nuts helps to

increase oil yield by reducing viscosity and improving flow. The

heating can be achieved through steam or direct heating using

electric heaters or burners.

Mechanical press methods are often used to extract vegetable oil

from oilseeds having oil content higher than 20% Sinha et al.

(2015). Generally, these methods have the advantage of low

operation cost, and of producing high-quality light-colored oil with

low concentration of free fatty acids (FFAs) Ikya et al. (2013)

studied the effects of extraction methods on the yield and quality

characteristics of oils from shea nut. They compared results of

physical, chemical and sensory properties of oil extracted by

solvent extraction and old traditional extraction. methods. They

reported a higher oil yield of 47.5% for the solvent extraction

method compared to 34.1% for the old traditional method, and

better keeping quality for the solvent-extracted oil (lower moisture

content and lower flash and fire point values). In their work on the

extraction, characterization and modification of castor seed oil,

Akpan et al. (2006) employed the solvent extraction method to

extract castor seed oil from castor bean paste using soxhlet

extractor. They obtained 33.2% oil yield, which was within the

expected range for castor beans found in literature. They concluded

that mode of extraction and seed variety are very important

parameters affecting oil yield. Olaniyan and Yusuf (2012)

described the old traditional method of extracting seed oils as

roasting the seed kernels with a mortar and pestle or between two

stones, crushing the mass with water, cooking the paste to extract

the oil through floating and skimming, and then drying the oil with

more heat. In addition, they said that this method was time-

consuming, laborious, wasteful of energy, prone to monotony,

inefficient, and low on yield and quality. All in all, the old

customary techniques are unrefined, generally informal, wasteful,

and yielding low quality separated oil. Oil yield from a fatty seed
material is typically influenced by oilseed quality. In any case,

there are sure factors like dampness content of material, molecule

size and temperature that can be controlled during pretreatment to

amplify oil yield. Olaniyan (2010), asserts that oilseed pretreatment

prior to oil extraction typically has an impact on oil yield and

quality. In a similar vein, Faugno et al. (2016), who looked at the

main extraction parameters that affect oil yield from mechanically

pressed tobacco seed oil (Nicotiana tabacum L) and found that,

among other things, the combination of seed preheating and high

extraction temperature had a big effect on oil yield. As a result,

enhancing oil yield and quality can be accomplished through the

manipulation of key parameters and conditions through oilseed

processing or pretreatment. The old traditional or informal wet

extraction methods used by rural communities all over the world

are thought to be inefficient in terms of oil recovery and oil yield,

often yielding less than the range of plant oil content found in the

literature (Alonge and Olaniyan, 2006) Olaniyan (2010) outlined

three main methods for extracting oil from oleaginous plant

materials: mechanical expression, solvent extraction, and wet

extraction (using hot water or steam). Oluwole et al. (2015)

describe the wet extraction method as proffered nine significant

activities that are engaged with the extraction of castor oil by the

old conventional strategy in particular, assortment of seed. pods,

shelling the pods and winnowing them, boiling the seeds to remove

moisture, grinding the seeds into a paste, mixing the paste with

water to extract oil, boiling the oil to scoop it out, and heating the

oil to dry it.

 CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Material

The fabrication of an oil expeller machine typically involves

several materials and methods to construct the various components.

Here is a general overview of the common materials and methods

used

 Steel

Steel is widely used for the construction of the main frame, base,

and other structural components due to its strength and durability.

 Cast iron

Cast iron is used for some components, such as the gears and

bearing housings, as it offers good resistance to wear and heat.

 Aluminum alloy

Aluminum alloy may be used for certain non-load-bearing parts to

reduce weight and increase corrosion resistance.

 Stainless steel
 Stainless steel is employed for parts that come into contact with the

oil to ensure cleanliness and prevent contamination.

 Rubber and plastic

These materials are used for gaskets, seals, and other components

requiring flexibility and resistance to oil.

 Mild steel plate

 Medium carbon steel shaft

 Mild steel U- channel

 Angle bar

 Electric motor

 Speed reducer

3.2 Factors considered when selecting materials for fabrication

of the machine include

 Durability of the materials

 Availability of the materials

 Ability to withstand corrosion

 Ease of use
  Mechanical strength and rigidity

 Cost

3.3 Methods

 Cutting and shaping

The steel, cast iron, and aluminum alloy sheets or bars are

cut and shaped using various methods like sawing, shearing,

milling, or turning to create the desired components.

 Welding

Welding is employed to join the different metal components

together. Common welding techniques include arc welding, MIG

(Metal Inert Gas) welding, or TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding,

depending on the specific requirements.

 Machining

Machining processes such as milling, drilling, and turning are used

to create precise holes, threads, and surface finishes on the

components.
  Casting

Certain components made of cast iron, such as gears or bearing

housings, may be produced using casting methods. This involves

pouring molten metal into molds and allowing it to solidify into the

desired shape.

 Surface treatment

To improve the durability and appearance of the components,

processes like grinding, polishing, and coating (such as painting or

powder coating) may be applied.

 Assembly

Finally, all the fabricated components are assembled together,

including attaching gears, bearings, motors, and other necessary

parts, to create the complete oil expeller machine.

NOTE

It's important to note that the specific materials and methods used

can vary depending on the design, size, and intended application of

the oil expeller machine. Manufacturers may employ different

variations to optimize the performance and functionality of their

machines.

3.4 Design of machine component

Calculation of Shaft Diameter

The shaft was designed from ductile materials. And the design of

shaft of ductile materials based on strength is governed by

maximum shear theory of failure. Hence, applying ASME: code

equation for the design of transmitting solid shaft under torsion and

bending, the shaft diameter was computed as 53.29mm

3 16
d= √¿¿
πτall

0.5 σ y 2
Where: τall = =60 MN /m
sf

σ y=¿¿ yield strength for shaft material = 60MN/m2

sf = factor of safety 4
Kt = combined shock and fatigue factor applied to torsional

moment on shaft = 1.0

Kb =combined shock and fatigue factors applied to bending

moment = 1.5

Mt = Torque on shaft = 1780.94Nm and Mb = bending moment on

shaft =52.5Nm.

Design of hopper

The volume of the hopper through which palm kernels are fed into

the press barrel for palm kernel oil extraction was computed as

0.017m3

1
Vh = 3 (a2 + ab + b2)H

where: a = top length of hopper = 300mm

b =base length of hopper = 100mm

H= height of hopper = 400mm

Drive Power

The machine drive torque, T and power, P were computed as

1392.75Nm and 9.90Hp respectively

T=F×L×n

Fω
P=
n

where: F = compressive yield load for a mixture of tenera and dura

varieties of palm kernel = 619N Ezeoha et al. (2012)

L = length of press barrel = 450mm

n = number of screw pitches = 5

ω = angular

Electric motor/gearbox speed ratio

The input speed of the gearbox pulley, N 2 was determined as

d1 2
600rpm N 2= ×N
d2

where: N1 = electric motor speed = 1440rpm

d1 = electric motor pulley diameter = 125mm

d2 = gearbox pulley diameter = 300mm.

Size and Sphericity

Fifty replicate samples of undehulled beniseeds were randomly

selected. The three linear dimensions of each seed namely major,

intermediate and minor diameters were measured with a micro

meter screw gauge, reading to 0.01mm. The equivalent diameter

and sphericity of each seed were determined using the following

equation proposed by Mohsenin (1986)

Equivalent Diameter, D= (L X B X T)1/3

( L× B ×T )1/ 3
and Sphericity, φ=
L

where: L = Longest intercept, (Length) in mm

B = Longest intercept normal to ‘L’ (Breadth) in mm

T= Longest intercept normal to ‘L’ and ‘B’(Thickness) in mm

A-2 x 5 factorial in Completely Randomized Design, CRD

experimental design was used with a total of 500 observations (2

accessions x 5 moisture content levels x 50 samples) each for

major, intermediate, minor and equivalent diameters; and

sphericity.
 FABRICATION OF A MINI EXPELLER

BY

ABDULSALAM ABDULQOYYUM KAYODE

MATRIC NO: 2102012040

A PROJECT REPOERT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUESTS FOR THE AWARD

OF HIHGER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN AGRICULTURAL

AND BIO- ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING,

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,

LAGOS STATE POLYTECHNIC,

IKORODU, NIGERIA.

JULY, 2O23.