3.6 DC Circuit

TRAINING NOTES(3.
6 DC Circuit)
1. Ohms law
2. Kirchhoff’s voltage and current law
3. Calculations using the above to find resistance, voltage and current.
4. Significance of the internal resistance of a supply
 Electric Circuits and Network Theorems

There are certain theorems, which when applied to the solutions of electric networks, wither
simplify the network itself or render their analytical solution very easy. These theorems can also be
applied to an a.c. system, with the only difference that impedances replace the ohmic resistance of
d.c. system. Different electric circuits (according to their properties) are defined below:
1. Circuit. A circuit is a closed conducting path through which an electric current either
flows or is intended flow.
2. Parameters. The various elements of an electric circuit are called its parameters like resistance,
inductance and capacitance. These parameters may be lumped or distributed.
3. Liner Circuit. A linear circuit is one whose parameters are constant i.e. they do not change
with voltage or current.
4. Non-linear Circuit. It is that circuit whose parameters change with voltage or current.
5. Bilateral Circuit. A bilateral circuit is one whose properties or characteristics are the same
in either direction. The usual transmission line is bilateral, because it can be made to perform
its function equally well in either direction.
6. Unilateral Circuit. It is that circuit whose properties or characteristics change with the
direction of its operation. A diode rectifier is a unilateral circuit, because it cannot perform
rectification in both directions.
7. Electric Network. A combination of various electric elements, connected in any manner
whatsoever, is called an electric network.
8. Passive Network is one which contains no source of e.m.f. in it.
9. Active Network is one which contains one or more than one source of e.m.f.
10. Node is a junction in a circuit where two or more circuit elements are connected together.
11. Branch is that part of a network which lies between two junctions.
12. Loop. It is a close path in a circuit in which no element or node is encountered more than
Once.
13. Mesh. It is a loop that contains no other loop within it. For example, the circuit of Fig. 2.1
(a) has even branches, six nodes, three loops and two meshes whereas the circuit of Fig.
2.1 (b) has four branches, two nodes, six loops and three meshes.
 Ohm's Law
This law applies to electric to electric conduction through good conductors and may be stated as follows:
The ratio of potential difference (V) between any two points on a conductor to the current (I)
Flowing between them is constant. Provided the temperature of the conductor does not change.
V/I= constant or V/I=R
where R is the resistance of the conductor between the two points considered.
Put in another way, it simply means that provided R is kept constant, current is directly proportional
to the potential difference across the ends of a conductor. However, this linear relationship between V and I
does not apply to all non-metallic conductors
 TRANSPOSITION OF OHM’S LAW:-
 THE OHM’S LAW TRIANGLE:-
By covering up the unknown quantity, the relationship between the remaining two
is directly observed.
 KIRCHHOFF’S POINT LAW OR CURRENT LAW (KCL)
It states as follows:
in any electrical network, the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a point (or junction) is zero.
Put in another way, it simply means that the total current leaving a junction is equal to the total current entering
that junction. It is obviously true because there is no accumulation of charge at the junction of the network. '
Consider the case of a few conductors meeting at a point A as in Fig.(a) Some conductors have currents
leading to point A, whereas some have currents leading away from point A. Assuming the incoming currents to
be positive and the outgoing currents negative, we have
I1+ (-I2) + (-I3) + (+ I4) + (-I5) =0
or incoming currents =outgoing currents
Similarly, in Fig. (b) for node A
+I + (-II) + (-I2) + (-I3) + (-I4) =0 or I=II + I2+ I3+ I4
We can express the above conclusion thus: Σ I= 0 at a junction
 KIRCHHOFF'S MESH LAW OR VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

It states as follows :
 the algebraic sum of the products of currents and resistances in each of the conductors in any closed
path (or mesh) in a network plus the algebraic sum of the e.mjs. in that path is zero.
 In other words, ΣIR + Σe.m.f. = 0 ...round a mesh
 It should be noted that algebraic sum is the sum which takes into account the polarities of the voltage
drops.
 The basis of this law is this : If we. start from a particular junction and go round the mesh till we come
back to the starting point, then we must be at the same potential with which we started. Hence, it
means that all the sources of e.m.f. met on the way must necessarily be equal to the voltage drops in
the resistances, every voltage being given its proper sign, plus or minus.
 2.3. Determination of Voltage Sign
In applying Kirchhoff's laws to specific problems, particular attention should be paid to the algebraic signs of
voltage drops and e.m.fs., otherwise results will come out to be wrong.
Following sign conventions is suggested :
(a) Sign of Battery E.M.F.
 A rise in voltage should be given a + ve sign and a fall in voltage a -ve sign. Keeping this in mind, it is
clear that as we go from the -ve terminal of a battery to its +ve terminal (Fig. 2.3), there is a rise in
potential, hence this voltage should be given a + ve sign.
 If, on the other hand, we go from +ve terminal to -ve terminal, then there is a fall in potential, hence this
voltage should be preceded by a -ve sign. It is important to note that the sign of the battery e.m.f is
independent of the direction of the current through that branch.
(b)Sign of IR Drop:-
 Now, take the case of a resistor (Fig. 2.4). If we go through a resistor in the same direction as the
current, then ther is a fall in potential because current flows from a higher to a lower potential..Hence,
this voltage fall should be taken -ve. However, if we go in a direction opposite to that of the current,
then there is a rise in voltage. Hence, this voltage rise should be given a positive sign.
 It is clear that the sign of voltage drop across a resistor depends on the direction of current through that
resistor but is independent of the polarity of any other source of e.m.f in the circuit under consideration
 Consider the closed path ABCDA in Fig.
2.5. As we travel around the mesh in the
clockwise direction, different voltage drops
will have the following signs :
I1R1 is - ve (fall in potential)
I2R2 is – ve (fall in potential)
I3R3 is + ve (rise in potential)
I4R4 is - ve (fall in potential)
E2 is - ve (fall in potential)
E1 is + ve (rise in potential)
Using Kirchhoff's voltage law, we get
- I1R1 – I2R2 - I3R3 - I4R4 - E2 + E1 =0
or I,R1+ I2R2 - I3R3 + I4R4 =E1 - E2
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TRAINING NOTES(3.

 Electric Circuits and Network Theorems

 THE OHM’S LAW TRIANGLE:-

 KIRCHHOFF’S POINT LAW OR CURRENT LAW (KCL)

 KIRCHHOFF'S MESH LAW OR VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

Signature of the Instructor Signature of Training Manager

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