CIV318 Reinforced concrete

design I

Prof. Osama Ahmed Mohamed, Ph.D., P.E., MASCE 1

Chapter 4
Design of Rectangular Beams
Structural design involves selection of materials and
dimensions of structural elements to achieve:
• Safety
• Serviceability
• Economy

2
 5.3—Load factors and combinations
5.3.1 Required strength U shall be at least equal to the effects of factored
loads in Table 5.3.1, with exceptions and additions in 5.3.3 through
5.3.12.

3
Design of Rectangular Beams

4
Serviceability Checks: Deflections
• Deflections may be calculated (Chapter 6)
• Short-term and long-term deflections
• ACI Code provides minimum depth – deflection
calculation not required (this chapter)
• If deflections are calculated, ACI minimum depth
values are not mandatory
• ACI minimums apply only to members supporting
construction not likely to be damaged by large
deflections

5
CHAPTER 9—BEAMS
9.3—Design limits 9.3.1 Minimum beam depth
• 9.3.1.1 For nonprestressed beams not supporting or attached to
partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by large
deflections, overall beam depth h shall satisfy the limits in Table
9.3.1.1, unless the calculated deflection limits of 9.3.2 are satisfied.

6
CHAPTER 9—BEAMS
9.3—Design limits 9.3.1 Minimum beam depth
•9.3.1.1.1 For fy other than 420 MPa, the
expressions in Table 9.3.1.1 shall be
multiplied by (0.4 + fy/700).

7
Member Weight

• The weight of a member is a load

which must be supported by the
members
• Member weight is not known until the
member is designed

Design is an
iterative process

8
 CHAPTER 20—STEEL REINFORCEMENT
PROPERTIES, DURABILITY, AND EMBEDMENTS
 Minimum Spacing of Bars
25.2—Minimum spacing of reinforcement
25.2.1 For parallel nonprestressed
reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear
spacing shall be at least the greatest of 25
mm, db, and (4/3)dagg.
•25.2.2 For parallel nonprestressed
reinforcement placed in two or more
horizontal layers, reinforcement in the
upper layers shall be placed directly above
reinforcement in the bottom layer with a
clear spacing between layers of at least 25
mm. 10
Minimum Edge Distance (Example)

11
Beam Design Examples

12
 Example 4.1: Designing a Section by
Assuming Dimensions

Design a rectangular beam for a 6.5 m

long simple span to carry a dead load of 5
kN/m (not including beam weight) and a
live load of 10 kN/m. Specify fc’ = 40
MPa and Grade 420 reinforcement.

Design goal: select safe dimensions

and reinforcement so shape is
economic
13
Example 4.1:
a) Estimate the beam dimensions and weight
Minimum depth for deflection control =

L/16 = 6500/16 = 406.25 mm

Assume h = 450 mm
Assume b = 250 mm
Assume Bar No.22 and cover
40mm and stirrups No.10

22.2
𝑑𝑑 = 450 − 40 − 9.5 − = 389.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2

Beam weight = 0.25 𝑚𝑚 × 0.45 𝑚𝑚 × 2400 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3 = 270 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚

= 2.65 kN/m
 Example 4.1
(b) Compute wu and Mu
wu = 1.2 (5 kN/m + 2.65 kN/m)+ 1.6(10 kN/m) = 25.18 kN/m

Mu =
wu L2
=
(25.18kN / m ) × (6.5m )
2

= 132.98 kN − m
8 8

Note that combination 2

is used here for
demonstration only
15
 Example 4.1
(c) Select the 
0.85 f c′  2R 
reinforcing ρ req = 0.85 f '  1 − 12 R−  n 
n 0.85 f ′
steel ρ reqd
= f y c 1− 1 −
 ' 
 c 
fy  0.85 f c 

=
Rn =
Mu
Rn2 =
(M
=
(
12u in ft )( 294.8
132.98 )(
k-ftkN .m )× 10
1000 lb k6 )
=2 467.7
= 3.898
psi
φ bd φbd 0.90.(914(250
2
in )(mm in ) .4mm )
24.5)(389
2

ρ req
= ρ reqd=
0 .85
0.85 ( ( 40))
4000

11
2 ( 467.7
− −1 − 1 −=
2(3).898 )
 = 0.009884
 0.00842*
420000  .85)(40) 
0.85 (04000
60, 
𝐴𝐴A𝑠𝑠s ==𝜌𝜌ρ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
= ρ=009884(250
(
bd𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏s==0.0.009884 )( )( .4mm ) ==962
= ) mm22
2
A bd 250𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
0.00842 mm ×389
14 in 389.4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
24.5 in 2.89 in962.2074
.2074 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Try 3 No 9 bars As = 3.00 in 2
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 962.2074
No. of 22 bars = = = 2.48 ≈ 3 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 22, 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 =1161𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 22 387

Note that the reduction factor assumes the section is tension-controlled 16

Remember: Minimum Reinforcement Ratio

As 0.25 f c′
ρ min = =
bd fy
As 1.4
ρ min = =
bd fy
17
Remember: Strength reduction factor
calculated from strain in tension steel

18
22.2.2.4.3 Values of β1 shall be in accordance
with Table 22.2.2.4.3.

19
 0.25 f c′ 0.25 40
Controls
Example 4.1 ρ min =
fy
=
420
= 0.00376

1.4 1.4
ρ min = = = 0.0033
(d) Check the f y 420
solution using
1161mm 2
the selected ρ = =
As
= 0.011926 ρ ≥ ρ min = 0.00376
bd 250mm × 389.4mm
steel
OK
β1 = 0.764

a=
As f y
=
(1161mm )(420MPa )
2
= 57.37 mm
0.85 f c′b 0.85(40 MPa )(250mm ) c=
a
=
57.37 mm
= 75.09mm
β1 0.764

𝑐𝑐 75.09 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
= 0.193 < 0.375 Tension
𝑑𝑑
=
389.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 φ = 0.9
controlled
 a  57.37  
φM n = φAs f y  d −  = 0.9(1161)(420 ) 389.4 −
1
 
 2  2  1000,000 
= 158.3 kN .m > 132.98 kN .m OK 20
 Example 4.1 – final beam design
250−2 40 −2(3 9.5 )
c-c 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = = 56.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
cl𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 56.5 − 22.2 = 34.3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 > 25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂!
Beam Flexural Resistance
0.85𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ab = 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
Nominal flexural strength:
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = T(d- ) = 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 (d - )
2 2

𝑎𝑎
∅𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = ∅𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 (d - )
2

𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
∅𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = ∅𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝜌𝜌(1 − )
1.7𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 =∅𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝜌𝜌(1 − ) 𝜌𝜌𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
0.85𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
(1- 1 −
2𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛
)
1.7𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
2 =𝑓𝑓
𝑦𝑦 𝜌𝜌(1 − )
∅𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑 1.7𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 Goal
=𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 =𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝜌𝜌(1 − )
∅𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑 2 1.7𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 achieved 22
 Design Equation: Different Format

Mu  1 ρf y  May be used to
= ρf y 1 −  calculate cross-section
φbd 2 1. 7 f ′ 
 c  dimensions

(
φM n = φbd 2
) 
ρf y 1 −
1
1 ρf y 
. 7 f ′


May be used to
calculate flexural
 c 
design strength
23
Example 4.2: Designing a Section
when reinforcement ratio is known

Design a rectangular beam for 𝜌𝜌 = 0.0120

(approximately) and Mu = 815 kN-m. Use
a concrete strength of 40 MPa and Grade
420 reinforcement. Assume Mu includes
beam self-weight.

Design = determine dimensions and reinforcement

24
Example 4.2
Assuming section is tension-controlled, then verify later
φ =φ 0=.0.90
Assume 9
Mu M  1 ρ f y  1 ρf y 
= ρ uf y =
1 −ρf 1' − 
φ bd φbd 2  1.7y f c  1.7
2
f c′ 

(12 in815
ft )( 600 k-ft ) (1000 lb / k )  1(0( 0.0120 )(
)( 60, 000 psi ) 
) 
=, 000 , 000 N .mm
= (00.0120
( )()(60, 000 psi ) 1 −
)
−
  1.7
1 .012 420
2
0.9bd 2 . 012 420 1 4000 psi  
0.9bd  1.7 40 
b×d
12 × 32.18
bd = 194,056
bd 2 =212, 427 in3
,751.1mm
14 × 29.79
3

16 × 27.87
Trya b=450 d=660 mm,
Try =
beam withmm =
b 14 in and h 33 in ( d = 30 in )
h=700mm
Rounded
up 25
 0.25 f c′ 0.25 40
ρ min = = = 0.00376
Example 4.2 fy 420
1.4 1.4
ρ min = = = 0.0033
f y 420
As = 0.012(450 x 660) = 3564 mm2
Try 6 No. 29, As = 3870 mm2
28.7
Recalculate actual d=700 − 40 − 9.5 − = 636.15 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
As = 0.012(450 x 636.15) = 3435.21 mm2  Try 6 No. 29, As = 3870 mm2
As ≅ ( 0.0120 ) (14 in ) ( 30 in ) =
5.04 in 2

=ρ ρ( = ) (
Try 4 No 10
3870mm 2 )
5.06 in
=
(A
2
s = 5.06 in 2

ρ = 0.01351 ≥ ρ
0.01205 >
OK
× 636
14 in )
30 in min min

ρ
= 450mmρ
0.01205 < .15mm
φ =
max 0.0181∴
= 0.9

1 (0.01351)(420 ) 
ρ  fy 
φ bd 2 ρ 1


=Mu fy 1 − 

φM n = 0.9(450mm )(636.15mm )2 (0.01351)(420)1 −

 1.7 f c' 


 1.7 40 
φM n = 852388682.3 N.mm = 852.39 kN.m

φM n = 852.39 kN.m exceeds M u = 815kN .m OK

26
 Example 4.2
Verify section is tension-controlled
a=
As f y
=
(3870 mm 2 )(420 MPa )
= 106.235mm
0.85 f c b 0.85(40 MPa )(450 mm )
′

a 106.235mm
β1 = 0.764c = =
β1 0.764
= 139.05mm

𝑐𝑐 139.05𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
= = 0.2185 ⟨ 0.375
𝑑𝑑 636.15𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

OK, shape is
tension- controlled
27
 Example 4.2 – final beam design

450−2 68.5
c-c 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = = 62.6 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
5

cl𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 62.6 − 28.7 =

33.9 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 > 28.7 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂!

28
Example 4.4
Calculate the required reinforcing steel area, As, for the
rectangular cross-section shown. Mu = 215 kN-m. Use
a concrete strength of 40 MPa and Grade 420
reinforcement.

29
Example 4.4
0.85 f c′  2 Rn 
ρ req =  1− 1−
fy  0.85 f c′ 

Rn =
Mu
=
(215kN .m ) × (1000000 )
= 3.82
φbd 0.9(250mm )(500mm )
2 2

0.85( 40)  2(3.82) 

ρ req =  1− 1−  = 0.00967
420   0.85( 40) 

0.25 f c′ 0.25 40
ρ req > ρ min = = = 0.00376 OK
fy 420

As = ρ req bd = 0.00967(250mm × 500mm ) = 1208.75 mm 2 30

Example 4.4
A
Verify
a=
s f (
section
y
=
1208
is . 75 mm)2
(420 MPa )
tension-controlled = 59.73 mm
′
0.85 f c b 0.85(40 MPa )(250 mm )

a 59.73 mm
β1 = 0.764 c= = = 78.181 mm
β1 0.764
c 78.181 mm
= = 0.156 〈 0.375
d 500 mm OK, shape is
tension- controlled

31
One-way Slabs
Slabs are called “one-way” because bending is
primarily in one direction

Two-way slabs bend in two directions and are

typically supported on four sides

One-way bending may occur in slabs supported

on four sides if L/S > 2

32
 One-way Slabs Vs. Two Way Slabs

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
> 2.0 < 2.0
𝑙𝑙𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑠𝑠

a) One-Way Floor Action b) Two-Way Floor Action 33

 One-way Slabs
A slab is to be span
in one-way if it is
supported only on
two parallel and
opposite sides

34
24.4—Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
24.4.1
Reinforcement to resist
shrinkage and
temperature
stresses shall be
provided in one-way
slabs in the direction
perpendicular to the
flexural reinforcement in
accordance with 24.4.3
or 24.4.4.

24.4.3.3 The spacing of deformed shrinkage and

temperature reinforcement shall not exceed the lesser of 5h
and 450 mm.
35
7.6—Reinforcement limits, As,min

• 7.6.1.1 A minimum area of flexural

reinforcement, As,min, shall be provided in
accordance with Table 7.6.1.

36
One-way Slabs
One-way slabs are designed as rectangular beams
Typically, a 1 meter width is designed
Poisson’s ratio is assumed to be zero

7.7.2.3 Maximum spacing s of deformed reinforcement

shall be the lesser of 3h and 450 mm.

37
One-way Slabs

Tension flexural
steel (bottom)

38
24.4—Shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement
•24.4.1 Reinforcement to resist shrinkage
and temperature stresses shall be
provided in one-way slabs in the
direction perpendicular to the flexural
reinforcement in accordance with 24.4.3
or 24.4.4.
24.4.3.3 The spacing of deformed
shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement shall not exceed the
lesser of 5h and 450 mm.
39
Example 4.5
Design the one-way slab shown in the figure. The
span length is 3.5 meters. Use a normal weight
concrete having specified compressive strength of
40 MPa ,and use Grade 420 reinforcement. The
live load to be supported is 5 kPa. The only
dead load is the slab self-weight.

1m

3.5 meters 40
Example 4.5
(a) Establish the minimum slab thickness if
deflections are not computed 7.3—Design limits
7.3.1 Minimum slab thickness
7.3.1.1 For solid nonprestressed slabs not
supporting or attached to partitions or other
l 3500mm construction likely to be damaged by large
h= = = 175 mm deflections, overall slab thickness h shall
20 20 not be less than the limits in Table 7.3.1.1,
unless the calculated deflection limits of 7.3.2
are satisfied.

d=175 mm – 20 mm (cover) – 8 mm
(half bar diameter)=147 mm

41
Example 4.5
(b) Design a 1-m wide strip, i.e. b = 1000 mm

kN  175mm  kN
Dead load = 23.54 3   = 4 .12
m  1000  m2

wu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2(4.12) + 1.6(5) = 12.94kN / m

wu L2 12.94(3.5)2
Mu = = = 19.81 kN .m
8 8
φ = 0.9
Mu 19.81(1000,000 )
= = 1.0186
φbd 2
0.9(1000mm )(147 mm )2

42
Example 4.5
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.0018𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 = 315 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
(b) Select the steel
𝜌𝜌 = 0.002463
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 0.002463 × 1000 × 147 = 362.02 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 > 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 362.02 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 2 Try No. 16 (As = 199 mm2)

1000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠
2
=
362.02 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 199 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
But this exceeds the
1000 × 199 maximum spacing of 3h or
𝑠𝑠 = = 549.7 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
362.02 450 mm

Use No. 16 @ 450 mm 43

Example 4.5 Note h, not
d, used here
(c) Shrinkage and temperature steel

As = 0.0018bh=0.0018(1000x175)=315 mm2

Try No. 13 (Area of each bar is 129 mm2 )

1000mm s
2
= S=409.52 mm
315 mm 129 mm 2
Maximum spacing = 450 mm (ACI 7.12.2.2)

Use No. 13 @ 400 mm

Or, Try No. 16, 199=.0018(175)(s), s = 631.75 mm

Or, Use No. 16 @ 450 mm 44