Road Blog 1

Main Tab: Road Construction
Sub Tabs:
1. Roads Construction Introduction, Planning and Designing

2. Subgrade & Earth Work of Roads Construction
3. Subbase of Roads Construction
4. Base of Roads Construction
5. Rigid & Flexible Pavement of Roads Construction
6. Drainage system of Roads
7. Signage and Markings of Roads
8. Materials Used in Road Construction
9. Equipments and Machinery Used in Roads Construction
10. Environmental Considerations of Roads Construction
11. Safety Measures During Roads Construction
Roads Construction Introduction, Planning and Designing
a) Roads of Construction Introduction
Road construction is the process of building or improving roads, highways, streets, and other
transportation infrastructure. The objective of road construction is to create safe, durable, and
efficient roadways to facilitate the movement of people and goods through vehicles. It involves
various stages, including planning, designing, site preparation, earthwork, pavement
construction, drainage installation, structural features, safety features, environmental
considerations, quality control, and maintenance. Road construction done in following layer as
shown in picture:-
 Sub Grade (Natural Earth layer)
 Sub Base
 Base course
 Surface layer (Flexible or Rigid Payment)
b) Planning and Designing of Roads Construction
Before start of construction work, engineers and planners carefully examine the area
where the road will be built. They consider factors like traffic volume, soil conditions,
topography, and environmental impact. This information is used to create a detailed
design that specifies the road's alignment, width, and materials etc. designing of road
construction involves Surveying and mapping the area, Soil Testing, Determining the
road alignment and grade and Designing the road structure, including the pavement
layers and drainage system etc.
Surveying and mapping the area

Surveying and mapping for road construction is the process of defining and measuring the
precise positions, distances, and elevations of points, features, and natural or manufactured
structures on the construction area. Surveying and mapping the area for road construction
involves:
1. Preliminary Survey: This is preliminary phase of survey for gathering existing data
about the area like topographic maps, satellite images, and geological surveys. This helps
in finalizing the terrain and planning the route of the road.
2. Field Surveying: In this phase surveyors visits the actual site to collect detailed
measurements by using instruments like total stations and GPS receivers to determine the
coordinates (latitude, longitude, and elevation) of key points along the proposed road
alignment.
3. Topographic Mapping: In this phase maps showing the natural and artificial features of
the area, including hills, valleys, rivers, buildings, and trees. This information is essential
for designing the road to fit the landscape and ensuring proper drainage and stability.
4. Alignment Surveys: This survey conducts to finalize the alignment of the road; it
involves laying out the horizontal and vertical curves necessary for safe and efficient
travel.
5. Right-of-Way Determination: This survey conducts to identify the boundaries of the
land needed for the road construction, ensuring that the project stays within legal and
environmental constraints.
6. Construction Staking: Marking the positions of proposed road features (such as
centerline, edges, intersections, and structures like bridges) on the ground to guide
construction crews.
7. As-Built Surveys: This is the survey that conducts after construction of roads to verify
that the road was built according to the design plans and specifications.
Soil Testing or Investigation
Soil testing for road construction is a crucial process that ensures the stability, durability, and
performance of the road infrastructure. Soil Testing or Investigation is very important for
Foundation Stability, Material Selection, Design Considerations and Environmental Impact.
Key Aspects of Soil Testing:
1. Soil Sampling: Soil samples are collected from different depths and locations across the
road construction site. The samples should be representative of the entire area to
accurately reflect soil variability.
2. Laboratory Testing: Soil samples undergo various laboratory tests to determine their
physical and mechanical properties. Common tests include:
o Particle Size Distribution: Determines the proportions of sand, silt, and clay.
o Atterberg Limits: Measures the moisture content at which soil transitions
between solid, plastic, and liquid states.
o Compaction Characteristics: Evaluates how well the soil compacts under
different moisture contents and compaction efforts.
o California Bearing Ratio (CBR): Measures the strength of the soil and its
suitability for supporting road foundations.
3. Engineering Analysis: Engineers analyze the test results to assess the soil’s suitability
for road construction and to design appropriate pavement structures.
4. Recommendations: Based on the test results, engineers provide recommendations for
soil stabilization (if necessary), pavement design parameters, and construction
techniques.
Designing the road structure

The road structure, including subbase, base, pavement, drainage, etc., is designed based
on data collected through surveys and testing.

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Main Tab: Road Construction

1. Roads Construction Introduction, Planning and Designing

Surveying and mapping the area

Soil Testing or Investigation

Key Aspects of Soil Testing:

Designing the road structure

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