Sustainable Development Goals - Wikipedia

Sustainable
Development Goals
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations members in 2015,
created 17 world Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). They were created with the aim of
"peace and prosperity for people and the planet..."[1][2][3] – while tackling climate change and
working to preserve oceans and forests. The SDGs highlight the connections between the
environmental, social and economic aspects of sustainable development. Sustainability is at the
center of the SDGs.[4][5]
The short titles of the 17 SDGs are: No poverty (SDG 1), Zero hunger (SDG 2), Good health and
wellbeing (SDG 3), Quality education (SDG 4), Gender equality (SDG 5), Clean water and sanitation
(SDG 6), Affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), Decent work and economic growth (SDG 8),
Industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9), Reduced inequalities (SDG 10), Sustainable cities
and communities (SDG 11), Responsible consumption and production (SDG 12), Climate action
(SDG 13), Life below water (SDG 14), Life on land (SDG 15), Peace, justice, and strong institutions
(SDG 16), and Partnerships for the goals (SDG 17).
These goals are ambitious, and the reports and outcomes to date indicate a challenging path.
Most, if not all, of the goals are unlikely to be met by 2030. Rising inequalities, climate change,
and biodiversity loss are topics of concerns threatening progress. The COVID- 19 pandemic in
2020 to 2023 made these challenges worse. The pandemic impacted all 17 goals and
emphasized the interconnectedness of global health, economic, social, and environmental
challenges.[6] Some regions, such as Asia, have experienced significant setbacks during that time.
The global effort for the SDGs calls for
prioritizing environmental sustainability,
understanding the indivisible nature of the
Sustainable
goals, and seeking synergies across sectors.
Development Goals
With regards to the political impact of the
SDGs, it has been observed that they have (SDGs)
mainly influenced global and national debates.
By doing so, they have led to discursive
effects for global and national debates.
However, they have struggled to achieve
transformative changes in policy and
institutional structures.[6] The uneven
prioritization of goals reflects longstanding
national development policies. This
complicates the global endeavor towards
sustainable development. For example, there Mission "A shared
has long been a tendency to favor socio-
economic objectives over environmental statement blueprint
ones.[6]
for peace
Funding remains a critical issue for achieving
the SDGs. Significant financial resources would
and
be required worldwide. The UN, other
international organizations, and national
prosperity
governments are trying to assist with funding
efforts. Furthermore, the role of private
for
investment and a shift towards sustainable
financing are also essential for realizing the
people
SDGs. Examples of progress from some
countries demonstrate that achieving
sustainable development through concerted
and the
global action is possible.
planet,
now and
into the
The 17 future"
Sustainable Location Global
Development Founder United
goals Nations
Established 2015
Structure of
Website sdgs.un
goals, targets and
.org (http
indicators s://sdgs.
The lists of targets and indicators for each of un.org/)
the 17 SDGs was published in a UN resolution
in July 2017.[7] Each goal typically has 8–12
targets, and each target has between one and
four indicators used to measure progress toward reaching the targets, with the average of 1.5
indicators per target.[8] The targets are either outcome targets (circumstances to be attained) or
means of implementation targets.[9] The latter targets were introduced late in the process of
negotiating the SDGs to address the concern of some Member States about how the SDGs were
to be achieved. Goal 17 is wholly about how the SDGs will be achieved.[9]
The numbering system of targets is as follows: Outcome targets use numbers, whereas means of
implementation targets use lower case letters.[9] For example, SDG 6 has a total of 8 targets. The
first six are outcome targets and are labeled Targets 6.1 to 6.6. The final two targets are means of
implementation targets and are labeled as Targets 6.a and 6.b.
The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) website provides a current official indicator list
which includes all updates until the 51st session Statistical Commission in March 2020.[10]
The indicators for the targets have varying levels of methodological development and availability
of data at the global level.[11] Initially, some indicators (called Tier 3 indicators) had no
internationally established methodology or standards. Later, the global indicator framework was
adjusted so that Tier 3 indicators were either abandoned, replaced or refined.[11] As of 17 July
2020, there were 231 unique indicators.[11]
Data or information must address all vulnerable groups such as children, elderly people, persons
with disabilities, refugees, indigenous peoples, migrants, and internally- displaced persons.[12]
Reviews of indicators
The indicator framework was comprehensively reviewed at the 51st session of the United
Nations Statistical Commission in 2020. It will be reviewed again in 2025.[13] At the 51st session
of the Statistical Commission (held in New York City from 3–6 March 2020) a total of 36 changes
to the global indicator framework were proposed for the commission's consideration. Some
indicators were replaced, revised or deleted.[13] Between 15 October 2018 and 17 April 2020,
other changes were made to the indicators.[14] Yet their measurement continues to be fraught with
difficulties.[15]
Goal 1: No Poverty
SDG 1
SDG 1 is to: "End poverty in all its forms everywhere."[16] Achieving SDG 1 would end extreme
poverty globally by 2030. One of its indicators is the proportion of population living below the
poverty line.[16] The data gets analyzed by sex, age, employment status, and geographical location
(urban/rural).
SDG 1 aims to eradicate every form of

extreme poverty including the lack of food,
clean drinking water, and sanitation.
Achieving this goal includes finding
solutions to new threats caused by climate
change and conflict. SDG 1 focuses not
just on people living in poverty, but also on
the services people rely on and social
policy that either promotes or prevents
poverty.[17]
End poverty in all its forms everywhere, by 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people
everywhere, currently measured as people living on less that $2.15 a day. Reduce at least by half
the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimension
according to national definition. By 2030, all men and women in particular the poor and the
vulnerable have equal right to economic resources, as well as access to basic services,
ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resource,
appropriate new technology and financial services including microfinance. High fertility rates can
trap countries in poverty large family size and poverty often go hand in hand. People living in
deprived areas are usually not empowered to choose the number of children they have and in
some cases feel the need to have many so they can be provided for in their old age, when people
are poor and have many children which leads to kids not being able to attend school and girls
getting married off as child bride.
Poverty eradication is addressed in chapter II of the Johannesburg plan of implementation (2002),

which stressed that eradicating poverty is the greatest global challenges facing the world today
and indispensable requirement for sustainable development, particular for developing countries.
Priority actions on poverty eradication include:[18]
Improving access to sustainable live

hoods entrepreneurial opportunities and
productive resources
Providing universal access to basic

social services
progressively developing social

protection systems to support those
who cannot support themselves.
Empowering people living in poverty and

their organization
Addressing the disproportionate impact

of poverty on women
Working with interested donors and
recipients to allocate increased shares
of ODA to poverty eradication and
intensifying international cooperation for

poverty eradication
The General Assembly, in its 1997 programme for further implementation of agenda 21(
paragraphy27) decided that poverty eradication should be an overriding theme of sustainable
development for the coming years
Goal 2: Zero hunger (No hunger)
Sufficient and healthy foods should

be made available to everyone
SDG 2 is to: "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable
agriculture."[19] Indicators for this goal are for example the prevalence of diet, prevalence of
severe food insecurity, and prevalence of stunting among children under five years of age.
SDG 2 has eight targets and 14 indicators
to measure progress.[20] The five outcome
targets are: ending hunger and improving
access to food; ending all forms of
malnutrition; agricultural productivity;
sustainable food production systems and
resilient agricultural practices; and genetic
diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and
farmed and domesticated animals;
investments, research and technology. The
three means of implementation targets[21]
include: addressing trade restrictions and
distortions in world agricultural markets
and food commodity markets and their
derivatives.[20][22]
Goal 3: Good health and well-being
SDG 3 is to: "Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages."[23] Important
indicators here are life expectancy as well as child and maternal mortality. Further indicators are
for example deaths from road traffic injuries, prevalence of current tobacco use, and suicide
mortality rate.[23]
SDG 3 has 13 targets and 28 indicators to measure progress toward targets. The first nine targets
are outcome targets:
reducing maternal mortality
ending all preventable deaths under five

years of age
fighting communicable diseases
reducing mortality from non-

communicable diseases and promoting
mental health
preventing and treating substance abuse
reducing road injuries and deaths

granting universal access to sexual and
reproductive care, family planning and
education
achieving universal health coverage
reducing illnesses and deaths from

hazardous chemicals and pollution.
implementing the WHO Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control
supporting research, development, and

universal access to affordable vaccines
and medicines
increasing health financing and support

the health workforce in developing
countries
improving early warning systems for
global health risks.[24]
Goal 4: Quality education
School children in Kakuma refugee camp,

Kenya
SDG 4 is to: "Ensure inclusive [1] and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all."[25] The indicators for this goal are, for example, attendance rates at primary
schools, completion rates of primary school education, participation in tertiary education, and so
forth. In each case, parity indices are looked at to ensure that disadvantaged students do not miss
out (data is collected on "female/male, rural/urban, bottom/towealth quintile and others such as
disability status, indigenous peoples") . There is also an indicator around the facilities that the
school buildings have (access to electricity, the internet, computers, drinking water, toilets etc.).[25]
SDG 4 has ten targets which are measured

by 11 indicators. The seven outcome
targets are: free primary and secondary
education; equal access to quality pre-
primary education; affordable technical,
vocational and higher education; increased
number of people with relevant skills for
financial success; elimination of all
discrimination in education; universal
literacy and numeracy; and education for
sustainable development and global
citizenship. The three means of
implementation targets[26] are: build and
upgrade inclusive and safe schools;
expand higher education scholarships for
developing countries; and increase the
supply of qualified teachers in developing
countries.
Goal 5: Gender equality

SDG 5 is to: "Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls."[27] Indicators include, for
example, having suitable legal frameworks and the representation by women in national
parliament or in local deliberative bodies.[28] Numbers on forced marriage and female genital
mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) are also included in another indicator.[29][28]
ending all forms of discrimination

against all women and girls everywhere
ending violence and exploitation of

women and girls
eliminating harmful practices such as

child early and forced marriage and
female genital mutilation
increasing value of unpaid care and

promoting shared domestic
responsibilities
ensuring full participation of women in

leadership and decision-making
ensuring access to universal

reproductive rights and health.
The three means of implementation targets[30] are:
fostering equal rights to economic

resources, property ownership, and
financial services for women
promoting empowerment of women

through technology
adopting and strengthening policies for

gender equality, and supporting
legislation to enforce it.[31]
Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation
Example of sanitation for all: School

toilet (IPH school and college,
Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)
SDG 6 is to: "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all."[32]
The Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO and UNICEF is responsible for monitoring
progress to achieve the first two targets of this goal. Important indicators for this goal are the
percentages of the population that uses safely managed drinking water, and has access to safely
managed sanitation. The JMP reported in 2017 that 4.5 billion people do not have safely managed
sanitation.[33] Another indicator looks at the proportion of domestic and industrial wastewater that
is safely treated.
The six key outcome targets to be achieved by 2030 include:
1. Achieve universal and equitable

access to safe and affordable
drinking water for all,
2. Achieve access to adequate and

equitable sanitation and hygiene for
all and end open defecation, paying
special attention to the needs of
women and girls and those in
vulnerable situations
3. Improve water quality, by reducing

pollution, eliminating dumping and
minimizing release of hazardous
chemicals and materials, halving the
proportion of untreated wastewater
(wastewater treatment) and
substantially increasing recycling and
safe reuse globally
4. Substantially increase water-use

efficiency across all sectors and
ensure sustainable withdrawals and
supply of freshwater freshwater to
address water scarcity and
substantially reduce the number of
people suffering from water scarcity
5. Implement integrated water

resources management (IWRM), at all
levels, including through
transboundary cooperation as
appropriate
6. protect and restore water-related

ecosystems including mountains,
forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and
lakes
Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy

[34]
SDG 7 is to "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all."[35]
One of the indicators for this goal is the percentage of population with access to electricity
(progress in expanding access to electricity has been made in several countries, notably India,
Bangladesh, and Kenya[36]). Other indicators look at the renewable energy share and energy
efficiency.[37]
The goal has five targets to be achieved by

2030.[38] Progress towards the targets is
measured by six indicators.[38] Three out
of the five targets are outcome targets:
Universal access to modern energy;
increase global percentage of renewable
energy; double the improvement in energy
efficiency. The remaining two targets are
means of implementation targets[39]: to
promote access to research, technology
and investments in clean energy; and
expand and upgrade energy services for
developing countries. In other words, these
targets include access to affordable and
reliable energy while increasing the share
of renewable energy in the global energy
mix. They also focus on improving energy
efficiency, international cooperation and
investment in clean energy infrastructure.
Goal 8: Decent work and economic
growth
SDG 8 is to: "Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all."[40] Important indicators for this goal include economic
growth in least developed countries and the rate of real GDP per capita. Further examples are
rates of youth unemployment and occupational injuries or the number of women engaged in the
labor force compared to men.[40]
SDG 8 has twelve targets in total to be

achieved by 2030. Some targets are for
2030; others are for 2020. The first ten are
outcome targets. These are; "sustainable
economic growth; diversify, innovate and
upgrade for economic productivity",
"promote policies to support job creation
and growing enterprises", "improve
resource efficiency in consumption and
production", 'full employment and decent
work with equal pay', 'promote youth
employment, education and training', 'end
modern slavery, trafficking, and child
labour', 'protect labour rights and promote
safe working environments', 'promote
beneficial and sustainable tourism',
universal access to banking, insurance and
financial services. In addition, there are
also two targets for means of
implementation[41], which are: Increase aid
for trade support; develop a global youth
employment strategy.
Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and

Infrastructure
SDG 9 is to: "Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and
foster innovation."[42] Indicators in this goal include for example, the proportion of people who are
employed in manufacturing activities, are living in areas covered by a mobile network, or who have
access to the internet.[28] An indicator that is connected to climate change is "CO2 emissions per
unit of value added."
SDG 9 has eight targets, and progress is

measured by twelve indicators. The first
five targets are outcome targets: develop
sustainable, resilient and inclusive
infrastructures; promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization; increase
access to financial services and markets;
upgrade all industries and infrastructures
for sustainability; enhance research and
upgrade industrial technologies. The
remaining three targets are means of
implementation targets[43]: Facilitate
sustainable infrastructure development for
developing countries; support domestic
technology development and industrial
diversification; universal access to
information and communications
technology.
Goal 10: Reduced inequality

SDG 10 is to: "Reduce inequality within and among countries."[44] Important indicators for this SDG
are: income disparities, aspects of gender and disability, as well as policies for migration and
mobility of people.[45]
The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by

2019. Progress towards targets will be
measured by indicators. The first seven
targets are outcome targets: Reduce
income inequalities; promote universal
social, economic and political inclusion;
ensure equal opportunities and end
discrimination; adopt fiscal and social
policies that promotes equality; improved
regulation of global financial markets and
institutions; enhanced representation for
developing countries in financial
institutions; responsible and well-managed
migration policies. The other three targets
are means of implementation targets[46]:
Special and differential treatment for
developing countries; encourage
development assistance and investment in
least developed countries; reduce
transaction costs for migrant
remittances.[47]
Goal 11: Sustainable cities and

communities
SDG 11 is to: "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable."[48]
Important indicators for this goal are the number of people living in urban slums, the proportion of
the urban population who has convenient access to public transport, and the extent of built- up
area per person.[28]
SDG 11 has 10 targets to be achieved, and

this is being measured with 15 indicators.
The seven outcome targets include safe
and affordable housing, affordable and
sustainable transport systems, inclusive
and sustainable urbanization,[49] protection
of the world's cultural and natural heritage,
reduction of the adverse effects of natural
disasters, reduction of the environmental
impacts of cities and to provide access to
safe and inclusive green and public
spaces. The three means of
implementation targets[50] include strong
national and regional development
planning, implementing policies for
inclusion, resource efficiency, and disaster
risk reduction in supporting the least
developed countries in sustainable and
resilient building.[51][52]
Goal 12: Responsible consumption

and production
SDG 12 is to: "Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns."[53] One of the indicators
is the number of national policy instruments to promote sustainable consumption and production
patterns.[28]: 14 Another one is global fossil fuel subsidies.[28]: 14 An increase in domestic recycling
and a reduced reliance on the global plastic waste trade are other actions that might help meet the
goal.[54]
Sustainable Development Goal 12 has 11

targets. The first 8 are outcome targets,
which are: implement the 10‑Year
Framework of Programs on Sustainable
Consumption and Production Patterns;
achieve the sustainable management and
efficient use of natural resources; reducing
by half the per capita global food waste at
the retail and consumer levels and the
reduction of food losses along production
and supply chains, including post-harvest
losses; achieving the environmentally
sound management of chemicals and all
wastes throughout their life cycle; reducing
waste generation through prevention,
reduction, recycling and reuse; encourage
companies to adopt sustainable practices;
promote public procurement practices that
are sustainable; and ensure that people
everywhere have the relevant information
and awareness for sustainable
development. The three means of
implementation targets[55] are: support
developing countries to strengthen their
scientific and technological capacity;
develop and implement tools to monitor
sustainable development impacts; and
remove market distortions, like fossil fuel
subsidies, that encourage wasteful
consumption.[56]
Goal 13: Climate action

SDG 13 is to: "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating
emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy."[57] In 2021 to early 2023, the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published its Sixth Assessment Report which
assesses scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information concerning climate change.[58]
SDG 13 has five targets which are to be

achieved by 2030. They cover a wide range
of issues surrounding climate action. The
first three targets are outcome targets.
They aim to firstly strengthen resilience
and adaptive capacity to climate-related
disasters. Secondly, to integrate climate
change measures into policies and
planning. And thirdly to build knowledge
and capacity. The remaining two targets
To implement the UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),
and to promote mechanisms to raise
capacity for planning and management.
Along with each target, there are indicators
that provide a method to review the overall
progress of each target. The UNFCCC is
the main intergovernmental forum for
negotiating the global response to climate
change.
Goal 14: Life below water

SDG 14 is to: "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development."[60] The current efforts to protect oceans, marine environments and
small- scale fishers are not meeting the need to protect the resources.[28] Increased ocean
temperatures and oxygen loss act concurrently with ocean acidification to constitute the deadly
trio of climate change pressures on the marine environment.[61]
Nusa Lembongan Reef
The first seven targets are outcome

targets: Reduce marine pollution; protect
and restore ecosystems; reduce ocean
acidification; sustainable fishing; conserve
coastal and marine areas; end subsidies
contributing to overfishing; increase the
economic benefits from sustainable use of
marine resources. The last three targets
To increase scientific knowledge, research
and technology for ocean health; support
small scale fishers; implement and
enforce international sea law.[63] One
indicator (14.1.1b) under Goal 14
specifically relates to reducing impacts
from marine plastic pollution.[64]
Goal 15: Life on land

SDG 15 is to: "Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and
halt biodiversity loss."[65] The proportion of remaining forest area, desertification and species
extinction risk are example indicators of this goal.[28][66]
The nine outcome targets include:
Conserve and restore terrestrial and
freshwater ecosystems; end deforestation
and restore degraded forests; end
desertification and restore degraded land;
ensure conservation of mountain
ecosystems, protect biodiversity and
natural habitats; protect access to genetic
resources and fair sharing of the benefits;
eliminate poaching and trafficking of
protected species; prevent invasive alien
species on land and in water ecosystems;
and integrate ecosystem and biodiversity
in governmental planning. The three means
of implementation targets[67] include:
Increase financial resources to conserve
and sustainably use ecosystem and
biodiversity; finance and incentivize
sustainable forest management; combat
global poaching and trafficking.
Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong

institutions
SDG 16 is to: "Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide
access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels."[68]
Rates of birth registration and prevalence of bribery are two examples of indicators included in
this goal.[69][28]
SDG 16 has ten outcome targets: Reduce

violence; protect children from abuse,
exploitation, trafficking and violence;
promote the rule of law and ensure equal
access to justice; combat organized crime
and illicit financial and arms flows,
substantially reduce corruption and
bribery; develop effective, accountable and
transparent institutions; ensure responsive,
inclusive and representative decision-
making; strengthen the participation in
global governance; provide universal legal
identity; ensure public access to
information and protect fundamental
freedoms. There are also two means of
implementation targets[70]: Strengthen
national institutions to prevent violence
and combat crime and terrorism; promote
and enforce non-discriminatory laws and
policies.[71]
Goal 17: Strengthen the means of

Implementation and revitalize the
global Partnership for sustainable
development goals
SDG 17 is to: "Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development."[72] Increasing international cooperation is seen as vital to achieving
each of the 16 previous goals.[73] Developing multi- stakeholder partnerships to facilitate
knowledge exchange, expertise, technology, and financial resources is recognized as critical to
overall success of the SDGs. The goal includes improving north–south and South- South
cooperation. Public- private partnerships which involve civil societies are specifically
mentioned.[74][75]
SDG 17 is a vision for improved and more

equitable trade, as well as coordinated
investment initiatives to promote
sustainable development across borders.
It is about strengthening and streamlining
cooperation between nation-states, both
developed and developing, using the SDGs
as a shared framework and a shared
vision for defining that collaborative way
forward.[76] It seeks to promote
international trade and an equitable trading
system.[77] The Goal has 17 targets to be
achieved by 2030, broken down into five
categories: finance, technology, capacity
building, trade and systemic issues.
Progress towards targets will be
measured by 25 indicators.[76][78] All these
targets are regarded as means of
implementation targets.[79]
Finance
Strengthen domestic resource

mobilization, including through
international support to developing
countries, to improve domestic capacity
for tax and other revenue collection.
Developed countries to implement fully
their official development assistance
commitments, including the
commitment by many developed
counties to achieve the target of 0.7 per
cent of ODA/GNI to developing countries
and encouraged to consider setting a
target to provide at least 0.20 per cent
of ODA/GNI to least developed
countries.
Mobilize additional financial resources

for developing countries from multiple
sources.
Assist developing countries in attaining

long-term debt sustainability through
coordinated policies aimed at fostering
debt financing, debt relief and debt
restructuring as appropriate and
address external debts of highly
indebted poor countries to reduce debt
distress.
Adopt and implement investment

promotion regimes for least developed
countries
Technology
Enhance North- South- South and triangular regional international cooperation on and access to
science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms,
including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United
Nation level and through a global technology facilitation mechanism.
Public relations
SDG materials are being painted in the

form of graffiti to raise public
awareness by independent volunteers
in Dhaka, Bangladesh in collaboration
with UNDP, Bangladesh
Katherine Maher, then-Executive

Director of the Wikimedia Foundation,
talks about "The role of free
knowledge in advancing the SDGs" in
Stockholm, 2019
A proposal to visualize the 17 SDGs in
a thematic pyramid
The 2030 Agenda did not create specific authority for communicating the SDGs; however, both
international and local advocacy organizations have pursued significant non- state resources to
communicate the SDGS.[80] UN agencies which are part of the United Nations Development Group
decided to support an independent campaign to communicate the new SDGs to a wider audience.
This campaign, Project Everyone, had the support of corporate institutions and other international
organizations.[81]
Using the text drafted by diplomats at the UN level, a team of communication specialists
developed icons for every goal.[82] They also shortened the title The 17 Sustainable Development
Goals to Global Goals, then ran workshops and conferences to communicate the Global Goals to a
global audience.[83][84]
The Aarhus Convention is a United Nations convention passed in 2001, explicitly to encourage and
promote effective public engagement in environmental decision making. Information transparency
related to social media and the engagement of youth are two issues related to the Sustainable
Development Goals that the convention has addressed.[85][86]
Advocates
In 2019 and then in 2021, United Nations Secretary- General António Guterres appointed 17 SDG
advocates.[87][88] The role of the public figures is to raise awareness, inspire greater ambition, and
push for faster action on the SDGs. The co- chairs are: Mia Mottley, Prime Minister of Barbados
and Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada.
Global events
Global Goals Week logo
Global Goals Week is an annual week- long event in September for action, awareness, and
accountability for the Sustainable Development Goals.[89] It is a shared commitment for over 100
partners to ensure quick action on the SDGs by sharing ideas and transformative solutions to
global problems.[90] It first took place in 2016. It is often held concurrently with Climate Week
NYC.[91]
The Arctic Film Festival is an annual film festival organized by HF Productions and supported by
the SDGs' Partnership Platform. Held for the first time in 2019, the festival is expected to take
place every year in September in Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway.[92][93]
History
The sustainable development goals

are a UN initiative
Work of the Statistical Commission
pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development containing
the targets and indicators, July 2017
(UN resolution A/RES/71/313)
UN SDG consultations in Mariupol,

Ukraine
The Post- 2015 Development Agenda was a process from 2012 to 2015 led by the United Nations
to define the future global development framework that would succeed the Millennium
Development Goals. The SDGs were developed to succeed the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) which ended in 2015.
In 1983, the United Nations created the World Commission on Environment and Development
(later known as the Brundtland Commission), which defined sustainable development as "meeting
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs."[94] In 1992, the first United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
or Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, where the first agenda for Environment and
Development, also known as Agenda 21, was developed and adopted.
In 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), also known as
Rio+20, was held as a 20- year follow up to UNCED.[95][96] Colombia proposed the idea of the
SDGs at a preparation event for Rio+20 held in Indonesia in July 2011.[97] In September 2011, this
idea was picked up by the United Nations Department of Public Information 64th NGO Conference
in Bonn, Germany. The outcome document proposed 17 sustainable development goals and
associated targets. In the run- up to Rio+20 there was much discussion about the idea of the
SDGs. At the Rio+20 Conference, a resolution known as "The Future We Want" was reached by
member states.[98] Among the key themes agreed on were poverty eradication, energy, water and
sanitation, health, and human settlement.
In January 2013, the 30- member UN General Assembly Open Working Group (OWG) on
Sustainable Development Goals was established to identify specific goals for the SDGs. The
OWG submitted their proposal of 8 SDGs and 169 targets to the 68th session of the General
Assembly in September 2014.[99] On 5 December 2014, the UN General Assembly accepted the
Secretary General's Synthesis Report, which stated that the agenda for the post- 2015 SDG
process would be based on the OWG proposals.[100]
Background
In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) created the SDGs as part of the Post- 2015
Development Agenda. This agenda sought to design a new global development framework,
replacing the Millennium Development Goals, which were completed that same year.[101] These
goals were formally articulated and adopted in a UNGA resolution known as the 2030 Agenda,
often informally referred to as Agenda 2030.[102] On 6 July 2017, the SDGs were made more
actionable by a UNGA resolution that identifies specific targets for each goal and provides
indicators to measure progress.[7] Most targets are to be achieved by 2030, although some have
no end date.[10]
There are cross- cutting issues and synergies between the different goals; for example, for SDG
13 on climate action, the IPCC sees robust synergies with SDGs 3 (health), 7 (clean energy), 11
(cities and communities), 12 (responsible consumption and production) and 14
(oceans).[103][104]: 70 On the other hand, critics and observers have also identified trade- offs
between the goals,[104]: 67 such as between ending hunger and promoting environmental
sustainability.[105]: 26 Furthermore, concerns have arisen over the high number of goals (compared
to the eight Millennium Development Goals), leading to compounded trade- offs, a weak emphasis
on environmental sustainability, and difficulties tracking qualitative indicators.
The SDGs are monitored by the UN (United Nations) High- Level Political Forum on Sustainable
Development (HLPF), an annual forum held under the auspices of the United Nations Economic
and Social Council. However, the HLPF comes with its own set of problems due to a lack of
political leadership and divergent national interests.[106]: 206 To facilitate monitoring of progress
on SDG implementation, the online SDG Tracker was launched in June 2018 to present all available
data across all indicators.[107] The COVID- 19 pandemic had serious negative impacts on all 17
SDGs in 2020.[28] A scientific assessment of the political impacts of the SDGs found in 2022 that
the SDGs have only had limited transformative political impact thus far.[6] At the very least, they
have affected the way actors understand and communicate about sustainable development.[6]
Adoption
Transforming our world: the 2030

Agenda for Sustainable Development
(UN Resolution A/RES/70/1),
containing the goals (October 2015)
A diagram listing the 17 Sustainable
Development Goals
On 25 September 2015, the 193 countries of the UN General Assembly adopted the 2030
Development Agenda titled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development."[108][109][110] This agenda has 92 paragraphs. Paragraph 59 outlines the 17
Sustainable Development Goals and the associated 169 targets and 232 indicators.
The UN- led process involved its 193 Member States and global civil society. The resolution is a
broad intergovernmental agreement that acts as the Post- 2015 Development Agenda. The SDGs
build on the principles agreed upon in Resolution A/RES/66/288, entitled "The Future We
Want".[111] This was a non- binding document released as a result of Rio+20 Conference held in
2012.[111]
Implementation
Cost comparison for UN Goals
Implementation of the SDGs started worldwide in 2016. This process can also be called
Localizing the SDGs. In 2019 António Guterres (secretary- general of the United Nations) issued a
global call for a Decade of Action to deliver the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.[112] This
decade will last from 2020 to 2030. The plan is that the secretary general of the UN will convene
an annual platform for driving the Decade of Action.[113]
There are two main types of actors for implementation of the SDGs: state and non- state actors.[6]
State actors include national governments and sub- national authorities, whereas non- state actors
are corporations and civil society.[114]: 80 Civil society participation and empowerment is important
but there are also diverse interests in this group.[114]: 80
Building new partnerships is useful.[114] However, the SDGs are not legally binding and
purposefully designed to provide much leeway for actors. Therefore, they can interpret the goals
differently and often according to their interests.[6]
Issues
Young people holding SDG banners in

Lima, Peru
Three aspects need to come together to achieve sustainable development: the economic, socio-
political, and environmental dimensions are all vital and interdependent.[115] Multidisciplinary and
trans- disciplinary research across all three sectors are required to achieve progress. This proves
difficult when major governments fail to support it.[115]
Gender equality, education, culture and health are examples of cross cutting issues. These are
some examples of various interlinkages inherent in the SDGs.
Gender equality
The widespread consensus is that progress on all of the SDGs will be stalled if women's
empowerment and gender equality are not prioritized, and treated holistically. The SDGs look to
policy makers as well as private sector executives and board members to work toward gender
equality.[116][117] Statements from diverse sources such as the Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD), UN Women and the World Pensions Forum, have noted that
investments in women and girls have positive impacts on economies. National and global
development investments in women and girls often exceed their initial scope.[118]
Gender equality is mainstreamed throughout the SDG framework by ensuring that as much sex-
disaggregated data as possible are collected.[119]: 11
Education for sustainable development (ESD) is explicitly recognized in the SDGs as part of
Target 4.7 of the SDG on education. UNESCO promotes the Global Citizenship Education (GCED)
as a complementary approach.[120] Education for sustainable development is important for all the
other 16 SDGs.[121]
Culture is explicitly referenced in SDG 11 Target 4 ("Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard
the world's cultural and natural heritage"). However, culture is seen as a cross- cutting theme
because it impacts several SDGs.[119] For example, culture plays a role in SDG targets where they
relate to environment and resilience (within SDGs 11, 12 and 16), prosperity and livelihoods
(within SDG 8), inclusion and participation (within SDG 11 and 16).[119]: 2
SDGs 1 to 6 directly address health disparities, primarily in developing countries.[122] These six
goals address key issues in Global Public Health, Poverty, Hunger and Food security, Health,
Education, Gender equality and women's empowerment, as well as water and sanitation.[122] Public
health officials can use these goals to set their own agenda and plan for smaller scale initiatives
for their organizations.
The links between the various sustainable development goals and public health are numerous and
well established:
SDG 1: Living below the poverty line is

attributed to poorer health outcomes
and can be even worse for persons living
in developing countries where extreme
poverty is more common.[123] A child
born into poverty is twice as likely to die
before the age of five compared to a
child from a wealthier family.[124]
SDG 2: The detrimental effects of hunger

and malnutrition that can arise from
systemic challenges with food security
are enormous. The World Health
Organization estimates that 12.9
percent of the population in developing
countries is undernourished.[125]
SDG 4 and 5: Educational equity has yet

to be reached in the world. Public health
efforts are impeded by this, as a lack of
education can lead to poorer health
outcomes. This is shown by children of
mothers who have no education having
a lower survival rate compared to
children born to mothers with primary or
greater levels of education.[124]
Synergies
Synergies amongst the SDGs are "the good antagonists of trade- offs."[104]: 67 With regards to SDG
13 on climate action, the IPCC sees robust synergies particularly for the SDGs 3 (health), 7 (clean
energy), 11 (cities and communities), 12 (responsible consumption and production) and 14
(oceans).[103][104]: 70
To meet SDG 13 and other SDGs, sustained long- term investment in green innovation is required
to: decarbonize the physical capital stock – energy, industry, and transportation infrastructure –
and ensure its resilience to a changing future climate; to preserve and enhance natural capital –
forests, oceans, and wetlands; and to train people to work in a climate- neutral
economy.[126][127][128]
Results and outcomes

Most or all of the goals and targets are unlikely to be achieved by 2030.[129]: 41
Of particular concern - which cut across many of the SDGs – are rising inequalities, ongoing
climate change and increasing biodiversity loss.[129]: 41 In addition, there is a trade- off between
the planetary boundaries of Earth and the aspirations for wealth and wellbeing. This has been
described as follows: "the world's social and natural biophysical systems cannot support the
aspirations for universal human wellbeing embedded in the SDGs."[129]: 41
An independent group of scientists appointed by the Secretary General, found that: "the world is
far off track".[130] This report urges "urgent course correction" to help achieve the SDGs.[130] This
report blames the lingering drag of the COVID- 19 pandemic, a rise in conflicts and, inflation for the
lagging progress of the SDGs.[130]
Due to various economic and social issues, many countries are seeing a major decline in the
progress made. In Asia for example, data shows a loss of progress on goals 2, 8,10,11, and
15.[131] Recommended approaches to still achieve the SDGs are: "Set priorities, focus on
harnessing the environmental dimension of the SDGs, understand how the SDGs work as an
indivisible system, and look for synergies."[131]
Assessing the political impact of the

SDGs
In 2022, the last book in series of books analysed the political impacts of the SDGs.[106] It
reviewed over 3,000 scientific articles, mainly from the social sciences, and looked at possible
discursive, normative and institutional effects. The presence of all three types of effects
throughout a political system is defined as transformative impact, which is the eventual goal of
the 2030 Agenda.[6]
Discursive effects relate to changes in global and national debates that make them more aligned
with the SDGs.[6] Normative effects would be adjustments in legislative and regulatory
frameworks and policies in line with, and because of, the SDGs. Institutional effects would be the
creation of new departments, committees, offices or programs linked to the achievement of the
SDGs or the realignment of existing institutions.[6]
The review found that the SDGs are too nonspecific to be quantified or measured. Subjective
assessments are often paradoxical due to the nature of wealth and prosperity. An individual with
good health, supportive family and social wellbeing could be considered a form of wealth not
enjoyed by individuals who are isolated, in poor health and employed in labor which exacts an
extreme physical toll and frequent injuries or toxin- related illness.[6] They have had mainly
discursive effects only.[6] For example, the broad uptake of the principle of leaving no one behind
in pronouncements by policymakers and civil society activists is a discursive effect. The SDGs
have also led to some isolated normative and institutional reforms.[6] However, there is
widespread doubt that the SDGs can steer societies towards more ecological integrity at the
planetary scale.[6] This is because countries generally prioritize the more socioeconomic SDGs
(e.g. SDGs 8 to 12) over the environmentally oriented ones (e.g. SDGs 13 to 15), which is in
alignment with their longstanding national development policies.[6]
Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID- 19 pandemic in 2020 had impacts on all 17 goals. It has become "the worst human and
economic crisis in a lifetime."[28]: 2 The pandemic threatened progress made in particular for SDG 3
(health), SDG 4 (education), SDG 6 (water and sanitation for all), SDG 10 (reduce inequality) and
SDG 17 (partnerships).[28]
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has also taken the initiative to achieve the SDGs by
offering their support to developing countries.[132] For example, the IMF works to reduce poverty
in low- income developing countries by offering financial support during the COVID- 19 pandemic.
Uneven priorities of goals

In 2019 five progress reports on the 17 SDGs were published. Three came from the United
Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA),[133][134] one from the Bertelsmann
Foundation and one from the European Union.[135][136] A review of the five reports analyzed which
of the 17 Goals were addressed in priority and which ones were left behind.[137] In explanation of
the findings, the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics said Biodiversity, Peace and Social
Inclusion were "left behind" by quoting the official SDGs motto "Leaving no one behind."[137]
It has been argued that governments and businesses actively prioritize the social and economic
goals over the environmental goals (such as Goal 14 and 15) in both rhetoric and practice.[138]
SDG preferences in the World's five major SDG reports in 2019[137]
SDG Topic Rank Average Rank Mentions
Health 1 3.2 1814
Energy 1328
Climate 2 4.0 1328
Water 1784
Education 3 4.6 1351
Poverty 4 6.2 1095
Food 5 7.6 693
Economic Growth 6 8.6 387
Technology 7 8.8 855
Inequality 8 9.2 296
Gender Equality 9 10.0 338
Hunger 10 10.6 670
Justice 11 10.8 328
Governance 12 11.6 232
Decent Work 13 12.2 277
Peace 14 12.4 282
Clean Energy 15 12.6 272
Life on Land 16 14.4 250
Life below Water 17 15.0 248
Social Inclusion 18 16.4 22

Measuring progress
Countries that are closest to meeting the SDGs (in dark blue) and those with
the greatest remaining challenges (in the lightest shade of blue) in 2018[139]
Monitoring tools and websites

The online publication SDG- Tracker was launched in June 2018 and presents data across all
available indicators.[107] It relies on the Our World in Data database and is also based at the
University of Oxford.[140][141] The publication has global coverage and tracks whether the world is
making progress towards the SDGs.[142] It aims to make the data on the 17 goals available and
understandable to a wide audience.[143] The SDG- Tracker highlights that the world is currently
(early 2019) very far away from achieving the goals.
The Global SDG Index and Dashboards Report is the first publication to track countries'
performance on all 17 Sustainable Development Goals.[144] The annual publication, co- produced
by Bertelsmann Stiftung and SDSN, includes a ranking and dashboards that show key challenges
for each country in terms of implementing the SDGs. The publication also shows an analysis of
government efforts to implement the SDGs.
UN High-Level Political Forum on
Sustainable Development (HLPF)
This subdivision should be a "regular meeting place for governments and non- state
representatives to assess global progress towards sustainable development."[106]: 206 The
meetings take place under the auspices of the United Nations economic and Social Council. In
July 2020 the meeting took place online for the first time due to the COVID- 19 pandemic. The
theme was "Accelerated action and transformative pathways: realizing the decade of action and
delivery for sustainable development" and a ministerial declaration was adopted.[28]
High- level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the United
Nations Secretary General. The most recent one is from April 2020.[28]
However, the HLPF has a range of problems.[6] It has not been able to promote system- wide
coherence. The reasons for this include its broad and unclear mandate combined with a lack of
resources and divergent national interests.[6] Therefore, this reporting system is mainly just a
platform for voluntary reporting and peer learning among governments.[6]
The High- level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) replaced the United Nations
Commission on Sustainable Development in 2012.[106]: 206
Examples of progress
These are examples of what different countries have done to progress the 17 goals.
Asia and Pacific
Australia
17 individual, yet interconnected, art strips symbolising

each of the 17 interconnected Sustainable Development
Goals in the shape of the Australian continent
The Commonwealth of Australia was one of the 193 countries that adopted the 2030 Agenda in
September 2015. Implementation of the agenda is led by the Department of Foreign Affairs and
Trade (DFAT) and the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (PM&C) with different federal
government agencies responsible for each of the goals.[145]
In November 2020, the Transforming

Australia: SDG Progress Report stated that
while Australia was performing well in
health (SDG 3) and education (SDG 4) it
was falling behind in the reduction of CO2
emissions (SDG 13), waste and
environmental degradation (SDG 12, SDG
14 and SDG 15), and addressing economic
inequality (SDG 10).[146]
China
UN Secretary General Guterres has praised China's Belt and Road Initiative for its capacity to
advance the sustainable development goals.[147]: 164 Institutional connections between the BRI
and multiple UN bodies have also been established.[147]: 164
Africa
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has collected information to show how
awareness about the SDGs among government officers, civil society and others has been created
in many African countries.[148]
Nigeria
Nigeria is one of the countries that

presented its Voluntary National Review
(VNR) in 2017 and 2020 on the
implementation of the SDGs at the High-
Level Political Forum on Sustainable
Development (HLPF).[149] In 2020, Nigeria
ranked 160 on the 2020 world's SDG
Index.[150] The government affirmed that
Nigeria's current development priorities
and objectives are focused on achieving
the SDGs.[151]
Europe and Middle East

Baltic nations, via the Council of the Baltic Sea States, have created the Baltic 2030 Action
Plan.[152]
Lebanon
Lebanon adopted the Sustainable

Development Goals in 2015. It presented
its first Voluntary National Review VNR in
2018 at the High Level Political Forum in
New York. A national committee chaired
by the Lebanese Prime Minister is leading
the work on the SDGs in the country.[153] In
2019, Lebanon's overall performance in the
SDG Index ranked 6th out of 21 countries
in the Arab region.[154]
Syria
Higher education in Syria began with sustainable development steps through Damascus
University.[155]
United Kingdom
The UK's approach to delivering the Global SDGs is outlined in Agenda 2030: Delivering the Global
Goals, developed by the Department for International Development.[156] In 2019, the Bond network
analyzed the UK's global progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).[157] The Bond
report highlights crucial gaps where attention and investment are most needed. The report was
compiled by 49 organizations and 14 networks and working groups.
Challenges
Too many goals and overall problems

Scholars have pointed out flaws in the design of the SDGs for the following aspects: "the number
of goals, the structure of the goal framework (for example, the non- hierarchical structure), the
coherence between the goals, the specificity or measurability of the targets, the language used in
the text, and their reliance on neoliberal economic development- oriented sustainable
development as their core orientation."[158]: 161
The SDGs may simply maintain the status quo and fall short of delivering an ambitious
development agenda. The current status quo has been described as "separating human wellbeing
and environmental sustainability, failing to change governance and to pay attention to trade- offs,
root causes of poverty and environmental degradation, and social justice issues."[4]
A commentary in The Economist in 2015 argued that 169 targets for the SDGs is too many,
describing them as sprawling, misconceived and a mess compared to the eight Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs).[159]
Weak on environmental sustainability
SDG wedding cake model: A way of viewing the

economic, social and ecological aspects of the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).[160]
Scholars have criticized that the SDGs "fail to recognize that planetary, people and prosperity
concerns are all part of one earth system, and that the protection of planetary integrity should not
be a means to an end, but an end in itself."[158]: 147 The SDGs "remain fixated on the idea that
economic growth is foundational to achieve all pillars of sustainable development."[158]: 147 They
do not prioritize environmental protection.[158]: 144
The SDGs include three environment- focused SDGs, which are Goal 13, 14 and 15 (climate, land
and oceans), but there is no overarching environmental or planetary goal.[158]: 144 The SDGs do not
pursue planetary integrity as such.[158]: 144 Other SDGs, which as Goal 7, 12 and 13 ignore the
planetary limits and encourage consumption [161]
Environmental constraints and planetary boundaries are underrepresented within the SDGs. For
instance, the way the current SDGs are structured leads to a negative correlation between
environmental sustainability and SDGs, with most indicators within even the sustainability-
focused goals focusing on social or economic outcomes.[162] This helps further the denial that
there are absolute limits to economic growth.[161] They could unintentionally promote
environmental destruction in the name of sustainable development.[163][164]
Certain studies also argue that the focus of the SDGs on neoliberal sustainable development is
detrimental to planetary integrity and justice.[6] Both of these ambitions (planetary integrity and
justice) would require limits to economic growth.[158]: 145 This helps further the denial that there are
absolute limits to economic growth. These studies question whether economic growth and
ecological sustainability go hand in hand.
Scientists have proposed several ways to address the weaknesses regarding environmental
sustainability in the SDGs:
The monitoring of essential variables to

better capture the essence of coupled
environmental and social systems that
underpin sustainable development,
helping to guide coordination and
systems transformation.[165]
More attention to the context of the

biophysical systems in different places
(e.g., coastal river deltas, mountain
areas)[166][167]
Better understanding of feedbacks

across scales in space (e.g., through
globalization) and time (e.g., affecting
future generations) that could ultimately
determine the success or failure of the
SDGs.[168]
Reframing the message of the SDGs to

help advocate to limits to growth rather
than the empirically unfounded idea that
economic growth can continue in a
limited world.[161]
Reformulating specific goals that

emphasis reduced consumption instead
of the business as usual model.[161]
Ethical aspects
There are concerns about the ethical orientation of the SDGs: they remain "underpinned by strong
(Western) modernist notions of development: sovereignty of humans over their environment
(anthropocentricism), individualism, competition, freedom (rights rather than duties), self- interest,
belief in the market leading to collective welfare, private property (protected by legal systems),
rewards based on merit, materialism, quantification of value, and instrumentalization of
labor."[158]: 146
The SDGs have been criticized for furthering a neoliberal agenda that extends to promote
neoliberal and business interests.[169] Furthermore, the framework represents a universal
template grounded in Western ideology. This framework is then used to reproduce a flawed
Western paradigm.[169] Some scientists worry that the SDGs could be used against legitimate
protests about development initiatives.[169]
Some studies warn that the SDGs could be used to camouflage business- as- usual by disguising
it using SDG- related sustainability rhetoric.[6] A meta- analysis review study in 2022 found that:
"There is even emerging evidence that the SDGs might have even adverse effects, by providing a
"smokescreen of hectic political activity" that blurs a reality of stagnation, dead ends and
business- as- usual."[106]: 220
Difficulties with tracking qualitative

indicators
Regarding the targets of the SDGs, there is generally weak evidence linking the means of
implementation to outcomes.[9] The targets about means of implementation (those denoted with a
letter, for example, Target 6.a) are imperfectly conceptualized and inconsistently formulated, and
tracking their largely qualitative indicators will be difficult.[9]
Trade-offs not explicitly addressed

The trade- offs among the 17 SDGs might prevent their realization.[104]: 66 For example, these are
three difficult trade- offs to consider: "How can ending hunger be reconciled with environmental
sustainability? (SDG targets 2.3 and 15.2) How can economic growth be reconciled with
environmental sustainability? (SDG targets 9.2 and 9.4) How can income inequality be reconciled
with economic growth? (SDG targets 10.1 and 8.1)."[105]
The SDGs do not specifically address the tensions between economic growth and environmental
sustainability. Instead, they emphasize "longstanding but dubious claims about decoupling and
resource efficiency as technological solutions to the environmental crisis."[158]: 145 For example,
continued global economic growth of 3 percent (SDG 8) may not be reconcilable with ecological
sustainability goals, because the required rate of absolute global eco- economic decoupling is far
higher than any country has achieved in the past.[170]
Covid-19 pandemic
The COVID- 19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the mental and physical wellbeing of
communities around the world.[130] The COVID- 19 pandemic slowed progress towards achieving
the SDGs. The COVID- 19 pandemic has "exacerbated existing fault lines of inequality".[130] The
brunt of the impacts of the COVID- 19 pandemic were felt by poorer segments of the
population.[130]
At the UN High- level Political Forum on Sustainable Development in July 2023, speakers
remarked that the pandemic, and multiple worldwide crises such as climate change, threatened
decades of progress on the SDGs.[171]
Funding
Cost estimates
The United Nations estimates that for Africa, considering the continent's population growth, yearly
funding of $1.3 trillion would be needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in Africa.
The International Monetary Fund also estimates that $50 billion may be needed only to cover the
expenses of climate adaptation.[172][173][174]
Estimates for providing clean water and sanitation for the whole population of all continents have
been as high as US$200 billion.[175] The World Bank says that estimates need to be made country
by country, and reevaluated frequently over time.[175]
In 2014, UNCTAD estimated the annual costs to achieving the UN Goals at US$2.5 trillion per
year.[176] Another estimate from 2018 (by the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics, that
conducts the World Social Capital Monitor) found that to reach all of the SDGs this would require
between US$2.5 and $5.0 trillion per year.[177]
Allocation of funds
In 2017 the UN launched the Inter- agency Task Force on Financing for Development (UN IATF on
FfD) that invited to a public dialogue.[178] The top- 5 sources of financing for development were
estimated in 2018 to be: Real new sovereign debt OECD countries, military expenditures, official
increase sovereign debt OECD countries, remittances from expats to developing countries, official
development assistance (ODA).[177]
The Rockefeller Foundation asserted in 2017 that "The key to financing and achieving the SDGs
lies in mobilizing a greater share of the $200+ trillion in annual private capital investment flows
toward development efforts, and philanthropy has a critical role to play in catalyzing this shift."[179]
Large- scale funders participating in a Rockefeller Foundation- hosted design thinking workshop
concluded that "while there is a moral imperative to achieve the SDGs, failure is inevitable if there
aren't drastic changes to how we go about financing large scale change."[180]
A meta- analysis published in 2022 found that there was scant evidence that governments have
substantially reallocated funding to implement the SDGs, either for national implementation or for
international cooperation. The SDGs do not seem to have changed public budgets and financial
allocation mechanisms in any important way, except for some local governance contexts.[6]
National budgets cannot easily be reallocated.[114]: 81
SDG-driven investment
Capital stewardship is expected to play a crucial part in the progressive advancement of the SDG
agenda to "shift the economic system towards sustainable investment by using the SDG
framework across all asset classes."[117][181] The notion of SDG Driven Investment gained further
ground amongst institutional investors in 2019.[182][183]
In 2017, 2018 and early 2019, the World Pensions Council (WPC) held a series of ESG- focused
(Environmental, Social and Governance) discussions with pension board members (trustees) and
senior investment executives from across G20 nations. Many pension investment executives and
board members confirmed they were in the process of adopting or developing SDG- informed
investment processes, with more ambitious investment governance requirements – notably when
it comes to climate action, gender equality and social fairness.[184][117]
Some studies, however, warn of selective implementation of SDGs and political risks linked to
private investments in the context of continued shortage of public funding.[6]
See also
Sustainability
SDG Publishers Compact
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Sustainable

SDG 1 aims to eradicate every form of

Poverty eradication is addressed in chapter II of the Johannesburg plan of implementation (2002),

Improving access to sustainable live

Providing universal access to basic

progressively developing social

Empowering people living in poverty and

Addressing the disproportionate impact

intensifying international cooperation for

Goal 2: Zero hunger (No hunger)

Sufficient and healthy foods should

reducing maternal mortality

ending all preventable deaths under five

fighting communicable diseases

reducing mortality from non-

preventing and treating substance abuse

reducing road injuries and deaths

achieving universal health coverage

reducing illnesses and deaths from

supporting research, development, and

increasing health financing and support

Goal 4: Quality education

School children in Kakuma refugee camp,

SDG 4 has ten targets which are measured

Goal 5: Gender equality

ending all forms of discrimination

ending violence and exploitation of

eliminating harmful practices such as

increasing value of unpaid care and

ensuring full participation of women in

ensuring access to universal

fostering equal rights to economic

promoting empowerment of women

adopting and strengthening policies for

Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation

Example of sanitation for all: School

The six key outcome targets to be achieved by 2030 include:

1. Achieve universal and equitable

2. Achieve access to adequate and

3. Improve water quality, by reducing

4. Substantially increase water-use

5. Implement integrated water

6. protect and restore water-related

Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy

The goal has five targets to be achieved by

SDG 8 has twelve targets in total to be

Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and

SDG 9 has eight targets, and progress is

Goal 10: Reduced inequality

The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by

Goal 11: Sustainable cities and

SDG 11 has 10 targets to be achieved, and

Goal 12: Responsible consumption

Sustainable Development Goal 12 has 11

Goal 13: Climate action

SDG 13 has five targets which are to be

Goal 14: Life below water

Nusa Lembongan Reef

The first seven targets are outcome

Goal 15: Life on land